diff options
Diffstat (limited to '377')
100 files changed, 1255 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/377/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce b/377/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..189a15c7e --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +Z=2;
+E2=-(13.6)*(Z^2)/4;
+b=(-E2);
+printf('\n The Kinetic energy of the electron is %f',b);
+m0=(9.1)*(10^-31)*(1.6)*(10^-19);
+p=sqrt(2*b*m0);
+h=(6.6);
+disp("λ=(h)/(p)");
+c=h/p; //say c=λ
+d=c*(10^-25);
+printf('\n The value of de-Broglie wavelength is %fnm',d);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce b/377/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d9bb7231 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +disp("En=-(13.6)*(Z^2)/(n^2)");
+n1=1;n2=2;n3=3;
+Z=3;
+h=6.6*10^-34;
+c=3*10^8;
+E1=-(13.6)*(Z^2)/(n1^2);
+E2=-(13.6)*(Z^2)/(n2^2);
+E3=-(13.6)*(Z^2)/(n3^2);
+printf('\n The value of E1 is %f eV',E1);
+printf('\n The value of E2 is %f eV',E2);
+printf('\n The value of E3 is %f eV',E3);
+a1=91.8;a2=108.8;a3=114.75; //say a1,a2,a3 are hv1,hv2,hv3 respectively
+v1=a1*1.6*(10^-19)/(h);
+v2=a2*1.6*(10^-19)/(h);
+v3=a3*1.6*(10^-19)/(h);
+//say b1,b2,b3 are λ1,λ2,λ3 respectively
+b1=c/v1;b2=c/v2;b3=c/v3;
+c1=b1*10^9;c2=b2*10^9;c3=b3*10^9;
+printf('\n The value of λ1 is %f nm',c1);
+printf('\n The value of λ2 is %f nm',c2);
+printf('\n The value of λ3 is %f nm',c3);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce b/377/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..839041fc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +c=3*(10^8);
+pi=3.14;
+m0=(549*1.6*10^-13)/(c^2)*(10^28);
+printf('\n The value of m0 is %f*(10^-28) kg',m0);
+disp("Δm0*Δt >= h/(2*pi*c^2)");
+a=7*10^-19; //say Δt=a
+h=1.055*(10^-34);
+d=(a*3*10^16);
+b=h/d; //say Δm0=b
+e=(b)/(m0);
+printf('\n The Uncertainity in terms of rest mass is %f',e);
+disp("p^2/(2*m0) = K and (p+Δp)^2/(2*m0) = K+(10^3*1.6*10^-19)");
+disp("(p+Δp)^2 - p^2 = 2*m0*(10^3*1.6*10^-19)");
+f=2*1.672*1.6*(10^-1);
+g=sqrt(f);
+k=h/j;
+l=k*10^13;
+printf('\n The value of minimum uncertainity is %f m',l);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce b/377/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe21c65d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +r=5*10^-15; //say r=∆x
+h=1.055;
+c=3*10^8;
+m0=9.1;
+disp("∆p >= h/(4*pi*∆x)");
+a=h/(2*r);
+b=a*(10^-14);
+printf('\n The uncertainity in momentum is %f *(10^-20) kg m/s',b);
+d=0.511;
+e=1.6;
+f=d*e;
+printf('\n The rest mass enrgy of electron is %f*(10^-13) J',f);
+g=b*c;
+k=g*10^-8;
+printf('\n The value of ∆p*c is %f*(10^-12) J',k);
+disp("E=sqrt((m0*c^2)^2+(p*c)^2)");
+disp("Emin=3.165*10^-12");
+i=3.165*(10^-12)/(1.6*(10^-19)*10^6);
+printf('\n The value of Emin in Mev is %f',i);
+j=5.3;
+l=h/(2*j);
+m=l*10^2;
+printf('\n The uncertainity in momentum is when %f *(10^-23) kg m/s',m);
+n=(m^2)/(2*m0);
+printf('\n The value of kinetic energy is %f*(10^-19) J',n);
+o=n/1.6;
+printf('\n The value of kinetic energy in eV is %f eV',o);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce b/377/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f358ba5d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +a=1*10^-8;
+pi=3.14;
+disp("∆E*∆t=h*∆v*∆t >= h/(4*pi)");
+b=1/(4*pi*a);
+printf('\n So, ∆v >= %f Hz',b);
+disp("E=p^2/(2*m0)+(-e^2/(4*pi*Є0*r))");
+printf('\n');
+disp("The minimum value of E occurs at r=5.3*10^-11 m");
+m0=9.31;
+e=1.6;
+h=1.054;
+d=8.85; //say d=Є0
+c=((-m0)*(e^4)*4*((pi)^2))/(2*(h^2)*(4*pi*d)^2);
+d=c*1.6*10^2;
+printf('\n The value of minimum energy Emin is %f eV',d);
diff --git a/377/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce b/377/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a770cfb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +disp("T=16*exp(-2αβ/((1+β/α)^2)*((1+α/β)^2)))");
+E=1;
+V0=4;
+pi=3.14;
+m0=1.67*(10^-27)*1.6*(10^-13);
+h=1.055*10^-34;
+disp("β^2=4*pi^2*m0*(V0-E)/(h^2)");
+printf('\n');
+disp("α^2=4*pi^2*m0*E/(h^2)");
+b1=sqrt(2*m0*(V0-E)/(h^2));
+printf('\n The value of β is %f*10^14',b1*10^-14);
+c=3^0.5; //say c=β/α
+a=1.9*10^14;
+b=10^-14;
+T=16*(exp(((-2)*a*b))/(((1+c)^2)*((1+(1/c))^2)));
+printf('\n The value of T is %fpercent',T*100);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce b/377/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59ef1b4db --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +disp("E=(pi^2)*(h^2)/(2*me*Lx^2)+(pi^2)*(h^2)/(2*me*Ly^2)+(pi^2)*(h^2)/(2*me*Lz^2)");
+pi=3.14;
+h=1.055;
+me=0.04*9.1;
+L=50;
+E=(pi^2)*(h^2)/(2*me*L^2);
+printf('\n The value of E in Joules is %f *(10^-17)',E);
+f=E/1.6*10^2;
+printf('\n The value of E in eV is %f',f);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce b/377/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3e2d9d30 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +disp("E=(pi^2)*(h^2)/(2*me*Lx^2)+(pi^2)*(h^2)/(2*me*Ly^2)+(pi^2)*(h^2)/(2*me*Lz^2)");
+pi=3.14;
+h=1.055;
+me=0.01*9.1;
+L=50;
+E=3*(pi^2)*(h^2)/(2*me*L^2);
+printf('\n The value of E in Joules is %f *(10^-18)',E);
+f=E/1.6*10;
+printf('\n The value of E in eV is %f',f);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce b/377/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f1288baf --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +disp("v=(1/(2*pi))*sqrt(k/m0)");
+pi=3.14;
+k=10;
+m0=1*10^-3;
+h=6.6;
+v=(1/(2*pi))*sqrt(k/m0);
+printf('\n The value of v is %f Hz',v);
+E0=(h/2)*v;
+printf('\n The zero point energy is %f *10^-32 J',E0);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce b/377/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11b3d51ed --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +disp("E1=-(4*pi^2*μ*e^4)/(32*pi^2*Є0^2*h^2)");
+printf('\n');
+disp("r1=4*pi*Є0*h^2/(4*pi*μ*e^2)");
+printf('\n');
+disp("Thus from the above formulae, the ratio of energies of muon and electrons is 100 while that of radii is 0.01");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce b/377/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b16a3630e --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +Ic=1*10^-3;
+Ib=10*10^-6;
+b=Ic/Ib; //say b=β
+printf('\n The value of β is %f',b);
+Ie=Ic+Ib;
+printf('\n The value of Ie is %f A',Ie);
+a=Ic/Ie;
+printf('\n The value of α is %f',a);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce b/377/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f17729867 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +b=50; //say b=β
+a=b/(b+1); //say a=α
+printf('\n The value of α is %f',a);
+Ie=1.5*10^-3;
+Ic=a*Ie;
+printf('\n The value of Ic is %fmA',Ic*10^3);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce b/377/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7299742aa --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +disp("Vbe(T)=Vbe(25)-(αt*(T-25))");
+V25=0.7;
+a=2.2*10^-3; //say a=αt
+T=50;
+V50=V25-(a*(T-25));
+printf('\n The Base to emitter voltage at 50 deg.C is %fV',V50);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce b/377/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..728dfbf80 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +Iep=2*10^-3;
+Ien=10^-5;
+Icp=1.98*10^-3;
+Icn=10^-6;
+a=Icp/Iep; //say a=α
+printf('\n The value of α is %f',a);
+Ie=Ien+Iep;
+c=Iep/Ie; //say c=γ
+printf('\n The value of γ is %f',c);
+a1=Icp/Ie;
+b=a1/(1-a1); //say b=β
+printf('\n The value of β is %f',b);
+Ic=Icp+Icn;
+Ib=Ie-Ic;
+printf('\n The value of Ib is %fmA',Ib*10^3);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce b/377/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..50eee10c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +a=500; //say a=μh
+b=0.5; //say b=ρb
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+disp("Na=1/(q*μh*ρb);");
+Na=1/(q*a*b);
+printf('\n The value of Na is %f*10^16/cm^3',Na/10^16);
+Wb=10^-4;
+c=8.854*12*10^-14; //say c=Єs
+disp("Vb=q*Na*(Wb^2)/(2*Єs)");
+Vb=q*Na*(Wb^2)/(2*c);
+printf('\n The value of Vb is %fV',Vb);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH10/EX10.6/10_6.sce b/377/CH10/EX10.6/10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff85f560e --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH10/EX10.6/10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +W=2*10^-6;
+Dp=1.25*10^-3;
+Tp=10^-6;
+Lp=sqrt(Dp*Tp);
+a=(W^2)/(2*(Lp^2)); //to prove a<<1
+printf('\n The value of (W^2)/(2*(Lp^2)) is %f which is <<1',a);
+W=2*10^-6;
+We=1*10^-6;
+c=1/0.0010;
+d=1/0.000010;
+disp("γ=1/(1+((σn*W)/(σp*We)))");
+b=1/(1+((c*W)/(d*We))); //say γ=b
+printf('\n The value of γ is %f',b);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH10/EX10.7/10_7.sce b/377/CH10/EX10.7/10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f50b1b771 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH10/EX10.7/10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +disp("Peo=nc^2/Ne");
+Ne1=10^18;
+nc=1.5*10^10;
+Peo1=nc^2/Ne1;
+printf('\n The value of Peo when Ne=10^18 is %f/cm^3',Peo1);
+Ne2=10^19;
+Peo2=nc^2/Ne2;
+printf('\n The value of Peo when Ne=10^19 is %f/cm^3',Peo2);
+ni=1.5*10^10;
+a=0.026; //say a=K*T
+Eg=0.030; //Eg=ΔEg
+Peo3=(ni^2)*(exp(Eg/a))/Ne1; //considering the effect of bandgap narrowing
+printf('\n The value of Peo considering the effect of bandgap narrowing is %f/cm^3',Peo3);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce b/377/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b265d7f7c --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH11/EX11.1/11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +disp("Vbi=(K*T/q)*log(Na*Nd/(ni^2))");
+k=0.026; //say a=K*T/q
+Na=10^18;
+Nd=10^17;
+ni=1.5*10^10;
+a=0.25*10^-4;
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+c=11.9*8.854*10^-14;
+Vbi=k*log(Na*Nd/(ni^2));
+printf('\n The value of built in voltage is %fV',Vbi);
+printf('\n');
+disp("b=q*(a^2)*Nd/(2*Єs)");
+b=q*(a^2)*Nd/(2*c); //say b=Vbi-Vg
+printf('\n The total voltage drop required to pinch the channel is %fV',b);
+Vg=Vbi-b;
+printf('\n The value of gate bias at pinch-off is %fV',Vg);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce b/377/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fca66f2a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH11/EX11.2/11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +disp("Vbi=(K*T/q)*log(Na*Nd/ni^2)");
+k=0.026; //say a=K*T/q
+Na=10^16;
+Nd=10^19;
+ni=1.5*10^10;
+Vbi=k*log(Na*Nd/ni^2);
+printf('\n The value of built-in-voltage is %fV',Vbi);
+disp("Vp=q*Nd*a^2/(2*Єs)");
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+a=10^-8;
+b=11.9*8.854*10^-14; //say b=Єs
+Vp=q*Nd*a^2/(2*b);
+printf('\n The value of pinch-off voltage is %fV',Vp*10^5);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce b/377/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b0ef0d33 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH11/EX11.3/11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +disp("R=L/(q*Nd*μe*W*(a-(2*b)))");
+L=10*10^-4;
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+Nd=10^16;
+c=1500; //say c=μe
+W=100*10^-4;
+d=2*10^-4; //say d=(a-(2*b))
+R=L/(q*Nd*c*W*d);
+printf('\n The minimum value of the linear resistor is %fohm',R);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce b/377/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8dd706d78 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH11/EX11.4/11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +disp("Vp=σ*(a^2)/(2*μh*Єs)");
+b=1/10; //say b=σ
+c=500; //say c=μh
+d=12*8.854*10^-14; //say d=Єs
+a=2*10^-4;
+Vp=b*(a^2)/(2*c*d);
+printf('\n The value of pinch-off voltege is %fV',Vp);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce b/377/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f4dacf9a --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH11/EX11.5/11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +k=0.026; //say k=K*T/q
+Na=5*10^16;
+Nd=5*10^18;
+ni=1.5*10^10;
+Vbi=k*log(Na*Nd/ni^2);
+printf('\n The value of built-in-potential is %fV',Vbi);
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+a=0.25*10^-4;
+c=11.9*8.854*10^-14; //say c=Єs
+Vp=q*Na*(a^2)/(2*c);
+printf('\n The value of pinch-off voltage is %fV',Vp);
+Vg=1;
+disp("b=sqrt(2*Єs*(Vbi+Vg)/(q*Na))");
+b=sqrt(2*c*(Vbi+Vg)/(q*Na));
+printf('\n The depletion width is %f μm',b*10^4);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce b/377/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79ac5bc6b --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH12/EX12.1/12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +q=1.6*10^-19;
+Nd=10^17;
+a=0.25*10^-4;
+c=13.1*8.854*10^-14; //say c=Єs
+Vp=q*Nd*a^2/(2*c);
+printf('\n The value of Vp is %fV',Vp);
+disp("Vbi=φb0+(Ec-Ef)");
+e=0.88; //say e=φb0
+f=0.037; //say f=(Ec-Ef)/q
+Vbi=e-f;
+printf('\n The value of Vbi is %fV',Vbi);
+Vt=Vbi-Vp;
+printf('\n The value of Vt is %fV and this is a depletion mode device',Vt);
+Vsat=Vp-Vbi; //say for Vg=0
+printf('\n The value of Vsat at Vg=0 is %fV',Vsat);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce b/377/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8b56a8075 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH12/EX12.2/12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +q=1.6*10^-19;
+Nd=2*10^15;
+a=0.6*10^-4;
+c=12.4*8.854*10^-14; //say c=Єs
+Vp=q*Nd*a^2/(2*c);
+printf('\n The value of Vp is %fV\n',Vp);
+d=0.026; //sat d=K*T/q
+Nc=4.7*10^17;
+disp("φn=(K*T/q)*log(Nc/Nd)");
+b=d*log(Nc/Nd);
+printf('\n The value of φn is %fV\n',b);
+disp("Vbi=φb0-φn");
+e=0.89; //say e=φb0
+Vbi=e-b;
+printf('\n The value of Vbi is %fV\n',Vbi);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce b/377/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df87d2876 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH12/EX12.3/12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +Vbi=0.74;
+Vg=0.5;
+c=13.2*8.854*10^-14; //say c=Єs
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+Nd=5*10^16;
+b=(2*c*(Vbi-Vg)/(q*Nd))^(1/2);
+printf('\n The value of depletion width near drain is %f*10^-2 μm',b*10^6);
+d=0.8-(b*10^4);
+printf('\n The maximum undepleted channel width is near the drain end of the gate is %f μm',d);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce b/377/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..954a18141 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH12/EX12.4/12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +disp("Ef=(Ec/q)+(K*T/q)*log(Nd/Nc)");
+d=0.026; //say d=K*T/q
+Nd1=2*10^16;
+Nc=4.45*10^17;
+c1=d*log(Nd1/Nc); //say c1=(K*T/q)*log(Nd1/Nc)
+printf('\n The value is Ef1 is Ec/q%f V',c1);
+Vbi1=0.8-(-c1);
+printf('\n The value is Vbi1 is %f V',Vbi1);
+e1=13.2*8.854*10^-14;
+b1=sqrt(2*e1*Vbi1/(q*Nd1));
+printf('\n The value is b1 is %f μm',b1*10^4);
+Nd2=2*10^17;
+c2=d*log(Nd2/Nc); //say c2=(K*T/q)*log(Nd2/Nc)
+printf('\n The value is Ef2 is Ec/q%f V',c2);
+Vbi2=0.8-(-c2);
+printf('\n The value is Vbi2 is %f V',Vbi2);
+e2=12.2*8.854*10^-14;
+b2=sqrt(2*e2*Vbi2/(q*Nd2));
+printf('\n The value is b2 is %f μm',b2*10^4);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce b/377/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..035cd5442 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH12/EX12.5/12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +d=0.026; //sat d=K*T/q
+Nc=4.7*10^17;
+Nd=2*10^15;
+b=d*log(Nc/Nd);
+printf('\n The value of φn is %fV\n',b);
+e=0.89; //say e=φb0
+Vbi=e-b;
+printf('\n The value of Vbi is %fV\n',Vbi);
+Vt=0.25;
+Vp=Vbi-Vt;
+printf('\n The value of Vp is %fV\n',Vp);
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+c=13.1*8.854*10^-14; //say c=Єs
+a=sqrt(Vp*2*c/(q*Nd));
+printf('\n The value of a is %f μm',a*10^4);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce b/377/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ae6bf52d --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH12/EX12.6/12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +disp("Ef=(Ec/q)+(K*T/q)*log(Nd/Nc)");
+d=0.026; //say d=K*T/q
+Nd=10^16;
+Nc=2.8*10^19;
+c=d*log(Nd/Nc); //say c=(K*T/q)*log(Nd/Nc)
+printf('\n The value is Ef is Ec/q%f V',c);
+Vbi=0.7-(-c);
+printf('\n The value is Vbi is %f V',Vbi);
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+c=11.9*8.854*10^-14; //say c=Єs
+Vp=0.796;
+a=sqrt(Vp*2*c/(q*Nd));
+printf('\n The value of a is %f μm',a*10^4);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce b/377/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf2a53ca5 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH13/EX13.1/13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +q=1.6*10^-19;
+Nd=2*10^18;
+d=500*10^-8;
+d0=50*10^-8;
+c=12.2*8.854*10^-14; //say c=Єs
+Vp2=q*Nd*((d-d0)^2)/c;
+printf('\n The value of Vp2 is %fV',Vp2);
+disp("Voff=φb0-ΔEc/q-Vp2");
+a=0.9; //say a=φb0
+b=0.24; //say b=ΔEc/q
+Voff=a-b-Vp2;
+printf('\n The value of Voff is %fV',Voff);
+disp("ns=Єs*(Vg-Voff)/(q*d)");
+Vg=0;
+ns=c*(Vp2)/(q*d);
+printf('\n The value of ns is %f*10^12 cm^2',ns*10^-12);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce b/377/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a85a7aed --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH13/EX13.2/13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +Voff=0.5;
+Vp2=0.9-0.24-Voff;
+printf('\n The value of Vp2 is %fV',Vp2);
+disp("d-d0=sqrt(Єs*Vp2/(q*Nd))");
+c=12.2*8.854*10^-14; //say c=Єs
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+Nd=10^18;
+a=sqrt(c*Vp2/(q*Nd));
+printf('\n The value of (d-d0) is %fA',a*10^8);
+Vg=0.7;
+d=153.9*10^-8;
+ns=c*(Vg-Voff)/(q*d);
+printf('\n The value of ns is %f*10^11/ cm^2',ns*10^-11);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce b/377/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9ad25495 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH13/EX13.3/13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +q=1.6*10^-19;
+Nd=10^18;
+d=500*10^-8;
+d0=20*10^-8;
+c=12.2*8.854*10^-14; //say c=Єs
+Vp2=q*Nd*((d-d0)^2)/c;
+printf('\n The value of Vp2 is %fV',Vp2);
+disp("Voff=φb0-ΔEc/q-Vp2");
+a=0.85; //say a=φb0
+b=0.22; //say b=ΔEc/q
+Voff=a-b-Vp2;
+printf('\n The value of Voff is %fV',Voff);
+disp("ns=Єs*(Vg-Voff)/(q*d)");
+Vg=0;
+ns=c*(Vg-Voff)/(q*d);
+printf('\n The value of ns is %f*10^12 cm^2',ns*10^-12);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce b/377/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd2aee3b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH13/EX13.4/13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +ns=2*10^12;
+E1=(1.11*10^-19)*((ns)^(2/3));
+E2=(1.95*10^-19)*((ns)^(2/3));
+printf('\n The value of E1 is %feV',E1*10^10);
+printf('\n The value of E2 is %feV',E2*10^10);
+Ef=0.24418;
+nE=2.79*10^13;
+a=0.026; //say a=K*T/q
+ns1=nE*a*log(1+exp((Ef-(E1*10^10))/a));
+ns2=nE*a*log(1+exp((Ef-(E2*10^10))/a));
+printf('\n The value of ns1 is %f*10^12',ns1*10^-12);
+printf('\n The value of ns2 is %f*10^12',ns2*10^-12);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce b/377/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6d27e956f --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH14/EX14.1/14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +disp("φs=χsi+Eg+(Ev-Ef)");
+k=0.026; //say k=K*T/q
+p=7*10^14;
+Nv=3.08*10^19;
+a=4.05; //say a=χsi
+b=1.125; //say b=Eg
+c=k*log(p/Nv); //say c=Ev-Ef
+printf('\n The value of Ev-Ef is %fV',c);
+d=a+b+c; //say d=φs
+printf('\n The value of φs is %fV\n',d);
+disp("φms=φm-φs");
+f=4.05; //say f=φm
+g=f-d; //say g=φms
+printf('\n The value of φms is %1.2fV\n',g);
+eox=3.9*8.854*10^-14; //say eox=Єox
+dox=200*10^-7;
+cox=eox/dox;
+printf('\n The oxide capacitance per unit area is %f*10^-8F/cm^2',cox*10^8);
+printf('\n The value of flat band voltage is %1.2fV\n',g);
+disp("Ld=sqrt(Є*Vt/(q*Na));");
+e=11.7*8.854*10^-14;
+Vt=0.025852;
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+Na=7*10^14;
+Ld=sqrt(e*Vt/(q*Na));
+printf('\n The value of Ld is %f*10^-5cm\n',Ld*10^5);
+esi=11.7*8.854*10^-14;
+Cfb=1/((dox/eox)+(Ld/esi));
+printf('\n The capacitance per unit area at the flat band condition is %f*10^-8F/cm^2\n',Cfb*10^8);
+printf('\n The capacitance per unit area for deep accumulation of majority carriers Caccum=%f*10^-8F/cm^2',cox*10^8);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH14/EX14.10/14_10.sce b/377/CH14/EX14.10/14_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..838318ef5 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH14/EX14.10/14_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +disp("(W/L)=2*Idsat/(μ*cox*((Vg-Vt)^2))");
+Idsat=500*10^-8;
+un=500;//say un=μe
+uh=300;//say uh=μh
+b=4.3;//say b=(Vg-Vt)
+eox=3.9*8.85*10^-14; //say eox=Єox
+dox=5*10^-3;
+cox=eox/dox;
+printf('\n The value of Cox is %fnF/cm^2',cox*10^9);
+an=2*Idsat/(un*cox*(b^2));
+ap=2*Idsat/(uh*cox*(b^2));
+printf('\n The value of W/L for n-MOSFET is %f',an);
+printf('\n The value of W/L for p-MOSFET is %f',ap*0.1);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce b/377/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07a880c26 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH14/EX14.2/14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +disp("φs=χsi+(Ev-Ef)");
+k=0.025852; //say k=K*T/q
+n=1*10^15;
+Nc=2.84*10^19;
+a=4.05; //say a=χsi
+b=k*log(Nc/n); //say b=Ev-Ef
+printf('\n The value of Ev-Ef is %fV',b);
+d=a+b; //say d=φs
+printf('\n The value of φs is %fV\n',d);
+disp("φms=φm-φs");
+c=4.1; //say f=φm
+e=c-d; //say g=φms
+printf('\n The value of φms is %1.3fV\n',e);
+Vfb1=e;
+disp("Vfb=Vfb1-(Qss1/cox1)");
+Qss1=1.6*10^-8;
+cox1=3.45*10^-8;
+Vfb=Vfb1-(Qss1/cox1);
+printf('\n The value of Vfb is %fV\n',Vfb);
+Nd=1*10^15;
+ni=1.07*10^10;
+f=k*log(Nd/ni); //say f=φb
+printf('\n The value of φb is %1.3f\n',f);
+g=11.7*8.854*10^-14; //say Єs=g
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+Xdmax=sqrt(2*g*2*f/(q*Nd));
+printf('\n The value of Xdmax is %f*10^-5cm\n',Xdmax*10^5);
+Cmin=1/((1/cox1)+(Xdmax/g));
+printf('\n The value of Cmin is %f*10^-9F/cm^2\n',Cmin*10^9);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce b/377/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec9b812ad --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH14/EX14.3/14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +k=0.025852; //say k=K*T/q
+Na=3*10^14;
+Nv=3.08*10^19;
+a=4.05; //say a=χsi
+c=k*log(Nv/Na); //say c=Ef-Ev
+printf('\n The value of Ef-Ev is %fV',c);
+b=1.125; //say b=Eg
+d=a+b-c; //say d=φs
+printf('\n The value of φs is %fV\n',d);
+e=11.7*8.854*10^-14; //say e=Єs
+Vt=0.025852;
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+Na=3*10^14;
+Ld=sqrt(e*Vt/(q*Na));
+printf('\n The value of Ld is %f*10^-5cm\n',Ld*10^5);
+eox=3.9*8.854*10^-14; //say eox=Єox
+dox=350*10^-7;
+cox=eox/dox;
+printf('\n The oxide capacitance per unit area is %f*10^-9F/cm^2',cox*10^9);
+esi=11.7*8.854*10^-14;
+Cdiffb=1/((dox/eox)+(Ld/esi));
+printf('\n The capacitance per unit area at the flat band condition is %f*10^-9F/cm^2\n',Cdiffb*10^9);
+Vfb1=a-d;
+printf('\n The value of Vfb1 is %fV\n',Vfb1);
+ni=1*10^10;
+f=k*log(ni/Na); //say f=φb
+printf('\n The value of φb is %1.3f\n',f);
+Xdmax=sqrt(2*e*2*(-f)/(q*Na));
+printf('\n The value of Xdmax is %f*10^-4cm\n',Xdmax*10^4);
+Qdmax=-q*Na*Xdmax;
+printf('\n The value of Qdmax is %f*10^-9C/cm^2\n',Qdmax*10^9);
+Emax=-Qdmax/e;
+printf('\n The value of Emax is %fV/cm\n',Emax);
+VT=Vfb1-(2*f)-(Qdmax/cox);
+printf('\n The value of Threshold voltage is %fV\n',VT);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce b/377/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..589c488ae --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH14/EX14.4/14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +disp("φs=χsi+(Eg/(2*q))+(Ev-Ef)");
+k=0.026; //say k=K*T/q
+ni=10^10;
+Na=10^17;
+a=4.05; //say a=χsi
+b=0.56; //say b=Eg/(2*q)
+c=k*log(Na/ni); //say c=Ev-Ef
+printf('\n The value of Ev-Ef is %fV',c);
+d=a+b+c; //say d=φs
+printf('\n The value of φs is %fV\n',d);
+disp("φms=φm-φs");
+f=4.1; //say f=φm
+g=f-d; //say g=φms
+printf('\n The value of φms is %1.2fV\n',g);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce b/377/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..acfbe592b --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH14/EX14.5/14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +disp("VT=Vfb+(2*φb)+(sqrt(4*Єs*q*Na*φb)/cox)");
+Vfb=-0.93;
+a=0.42; //say a=φb
+e=11.9*8,85*10^-14; //say e=Єs
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+Na=10^17;
+eox=3.9*8,85*10^-14; //say eox=Єox
+dox=20*10^-7;
+cox=eox/dox;
+VT=Vfb+(2*a)+(sqrt(4*e*q*Na*a)/cox);
+printf('\n The value of VT is %fV',VT);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce b/377/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..33b8f0a03 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH14/EX14.6/14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +eox=3.9*8.85*10^-14; //say eox=Єox
+dox=20*10^-7;
+cox=eox/dox;
+printf('\n The value of Cox is %fnF/cm^2',cox*10^9);
+disp("Cfb=1/((1/cox)+(Ld/Єs))");
+es=11.9*8.85*10^-14;
+Vt=0.0259;
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+Na=10^17;
+Ld=sqrt(es*Vt/(q*Na));
+printf('\n The value of Ld is %fnm',Ld*10^7);
+Cfb=1/((1/cox)+(Ld/es));
+printf('\n The value of Cfb is %fnF/cm^2',Cfb*10^9);
+xdT=1.05*10^-5;
+Chf=1/((1/cox)+(xdT/es));
+printf('\n The value of Chf is %fnF/cm^2',Chf*10^9);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce b/377/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0dc16513 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH14/EX14.7/14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +eox=3.9*8.85*10^-14; //say eox=Єox
+dox=20*10^-7;
+cox=eox/dox;
+printf('\n The value of Cox is %fnF/cm^2',cox*10^9);
+Vgs=3;
+Vt=1;
+W=10;
+L=1;
+u=300; //say u=μe
+disp("Id=μe*cox*W*((Vgs-Vt)^2)/(2*L);");
+Id=u*cox*W*((Vgs-Vt)^2)/(2*L);
+printf('\n The value of Id is %fmA',Id*10^3);
+disp("gm=μe*cox*W*(Vgs-Vt)/L");
+gm=u*cox*W*(Vgs-Vt)/L;
+printf('\n The value of gm is %fms',gm*10^3);
+Vds=0;
+gd=u*cox*W*(Vgs-Vt-Vds)/L;
+printf('\n The value of gd is %fms',gd*10^3);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce b/377/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee03f228e --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH14/EX14.8/14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +disp("γ=sqrt(2*Єs*q*Na)/cox");
+es=11.9*8.85*10^-14;
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+Na=10^17;
+eox=3.9*8.85*10^-14; //say eox=Єox
+dox=20*10^-7;
+cox=eox/dox;
+printf('\n The value of Cox is %fnF/cm^2',cox*10^9);
+c=sqrt(2*es*q*Na)/cox;
+printf('\n The value of γ is %fV^-0.5',c);
+disp("Vt=vt0+((γ/sqrt(2*φb))*(sqrt(1+(Vsb/(2*φb)))-1))");
+Vt0=-0.09;
+d=0.75; //say d=γ
+b=0.42; //say b=φb
+Vsb=2.5;
+Vt=Vt0+((d/sqrt(2*b))*(sqrt(1+(Vsb/(2*b)))-1));
+printf('\n The value of Vt is %fV',Vt);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce b/377/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0eadb41ac --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH15/EX15.1/15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +disp("T=Tr*Tnr/(Tr+Tnr)");
+Tr=60;
+Tnr=100;
+T=Tr*Tnr/(Tr+Tnr);
+printf('\n Total carrier recombination lifetime is %fnS',T);
+disp("η=T/Tr");
+n=T/Tr;
+printf('\n The internal quantum efficiency is %fpercent',n*100);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce b/377/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2edc942b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH15/EX15.2/15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +P=10;//assumed for calculation purpose
+disp("Pin=0.5*P");
+printf('\n');
+Pin=0.5*P;
+disp("Pe=0.013*Pin");
+printf('\n');
+Pe=0.013*Pin;
+disp("ηext=Pe/p");
+n=Pe/P;
+printf('\n The external power efficiency is %fpercent',n*100);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sce b/377/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..094fd9e09 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH15/EX15.3/15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +disp("η=no. of electrons collected/no. of incident photons");
+a=1.2*10^11;//say a=no. of electrons collected
+b=3*10^11;//say b=no. of incident photon
+n=a/b;
+printf('\n The value of quantum efficiency is %fpercent',n*100);
+disp("R=Ip/Po=n*e*λ/(h*c)");
+e=1.602*10^-19;
+d=0.85*10^-6;//say d=λ
+h=6.626*10^-34;
+c=2.998*10^8;
+R=n*e*d/(h*c);
+printf('\nThe value of R is %fA/W',R);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce b/377/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79c872aa6 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH15/EX15.4/15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +disp("λ=c*h/E");
+h=6.626*10^-34;
+c=2.998*10^8;
+E=1.5*10^-19;
+d=c*h/E;
+printf('\nThe value of λ is %fμm',d*10^6);
+n=0.65;
+e=1.602*10^-19;
+R=n*e/E;
+printf('\nThe value of R is %fA/W',R);
+disp("Po=Ip/R");
+Ip=2.5*10^-6;
+Po=Ip/R;
+printf('\nThe required incident opticalpower is %fμW',Po*10^6);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce b/377/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc1784cf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH15/EX15.5/15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +disp("λ=c*h/Eg");
+h=6.626*10^-34;
+c=2.998*10^8;
+E=1.43*1.6*10^-19;
+d=c*h/E;
+printf('\nThe value of λ is %fμm',d*10^6);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.sce b/377/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8508db84e --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH15/EX15.6/15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +disp("Pout=I*V");
+I=14*10^-3;
+V=0.425;
+Pout=I*V;
+printf('\n The value of Pout is %fW',Pout);
+disp("Pin=li*A");
+li=50*10^-1;//say li=light intensity
+A=0.01;//say A=surface area
+Pin=li*A;
+printf('\n The value of Pin is %fW\n',Pin);
+disp("η=(Pout/Pin)*100");
+n=(Pout/Pin)*100;
+printf('\n The photo voltaic efficiency is %fpercent',n);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH15/EX15.7/15_7.sce b/377/CH15/EX15.7/15_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f19ac501 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH15/EX15.7/15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +disp("It/(2*It)=exp((27/100)-(T/110))");
+T=110*(log(2)+(27/100));
+printf('\n The value of T is %fCentigrade',T);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH15/EX15.8/15_8.sce b/377/CH15/EX15.8/15_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63e05ce91 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH15/EX15.8/15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +disp("Voc=k*log(Il/Is)");
+k=0.026;//say k=K*T/q
+Il=100*10^-3;
+Is=1*10^-9;
+Voc=k*log(Il/Is);
+printf('\n The value of Voc is %1.2fV',Voc);
+disp("P=(Il*V)-(Is*exp((V/k)-1))");
+V=0.35;
+P=(Il*V)-(Is*exp((V/k)-1));
+printf('\n The Output power is %f*10^-4W',P*10^4);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH15/EX15.9/15_9.sce b/377/CH15/EX15.9/15_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a080c38f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH15/EX15.9/15_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +disp("Emax=q*Na*d/Єs");
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+Na=6.42*10^18;
+d=50*10^-8;
+es=12.9*8.854*10^-14;//say es=Єs
+Emax=q*Na*d/es;
+printf('\n The value of Emax is %fkV/cm',Emax*10^-3);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce b/377/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..321c2a43a --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH3/EX3.1/3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +disp("E(r) = A*r^-6 + B*r^-12");
+disp("dE(r)/dr = 6*A*r^-7 - 12*B*r^-13");
+A=8*(10^-77);B=1.12*(10^133);
+r0=3.75;
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+Eb=((-A)*(r0^(-6)))+(B*(r0^(-12)));
+b=Eb*10^-126;
+printf('\n The value of binding energy is %f*10^-20J',b);
+c=b/e*10^-20;
+printf('\n The value of binding energy is %fJ',c);
diff --git a/377/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce b/377/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..295d6e9f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH3/EX3.2/3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +a=0.095;b=0.181;
+c=a+b; //say c=sum of radii of Na+ and Cl-
+d=c*10;
+Z1=1;
+Z2=-1;
+e=1.6;
+pi=3.14;
+f=8.85; //say f=Є0
+Fa=-(Z1)*(Z2)*(e^2)/(4*pi*f*(d^2));
+printf('\n The force of attraction is %f*10^-6 N',Fa);
+printf('\n The force of repulsion is -%f*10^-6 N',Fa);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce b/377/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9cbb3c7b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH3/EX3.3/3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +disp("F*(a^(n+1))/n");
+F=3.02;
+n=9;
+a=2.76;
+b=F*(a^(n+1))/n;
+Z1=1;Z2=-1;e=1.6;f=8.85;pi=3.14;
+printf('\n The value of b is %f*(10^-109) (Nm)^10',b);
+E1=(Z1*Z2*(e^2)/(4*pi*f*a));
+e1=E1*10^3;
+E2=(b/(a^n));
+E=e1+E2;
+printf('\n The net potentila energy of NaCl is %f*(10^-19)',E);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce b/377/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..726d85eb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH3/EX3.4/3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +disp(" % ionic character = (1-exp((-1/4)*(Xa-Xb)^2))*100");
+Xa1=1.8;Xb1=2.2;Xa2=1.7;Xb2=2.5;
+a = (1-exp((-1/4)*((Xa1-Xb1)^2)))*100;
+b = (1-exp((-1/4)*((Xa2-Xb2)^2)))*100;
+printf('\n For GaAs,percent ionic character=%f',a);
+printf('\n For ZnSe,percent ionic character=%f',b);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce b/377/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b15d48ced --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +printf('K(ph)=2*pi/λph\n=ħ*ω/ħ*ν\n=Eg/ħ*ν'); //k-vector of a photon
+Eg=(1.5)*(1.6)*(10^-19);
+b=(1.05)*(10^-26); //say (ħ*ν)=b
+a=(Eg)/(b);
+printf('\nthe k-vector of photon for GaAs will be %f',a);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.sce b/377/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..570dcc96e --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +disp("∆Ed=13.64*(me/mo)*(1/(Єr^2)) eV");
+disp("me = (0.015)*m0");
+a=0.015;
+c=18; //say Єr=c
+d=13.64*(a)*(1/(c^2));
+printf('the value of the ∆Ed = %f eV',d);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH4/EX4.11/4_11.sce b/377/CH4/EX4.11/4_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2b2bb098 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH4/EX4.11/4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +disp("Ei=((Ec+Ev)/2)+((3*K*T/4)*log(mh/me))");
+disp("me=(0.328)m0 & mh=(0.55)mo");
+b=1.12; //say b=(Ec+Ev)=1.12eV
+c=0.0259; //say c=(K*T)=0.0259
+d=1.6768; //say d=(mh/me)
+a=((b)/2)+(((3*c)/4)*log(d));
+printf('\n The value of Ei = %f eV',a);
+disp("Ef=Ei+((K*T)*log(Nd/ni))");
+e=10^17; //say e=Nd
+f=10^10; //say f=ni
+g=a+((c)*log(e/f));
+printf('\nThus, the Fermi level is located at %f eV above the valence band',g);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce b/377/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b98952147 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +disp("E=(ħ*k*ħ*k)/(2*me)");
+m0=9.1*10^-31;
+E=0.8*10^-19;
+me=0.067*m0;
+b=(sqrt(2*me*E))*(10^25);
+printf('the value of ħ*k =%f *(10^-26)',b);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce b/377/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f4392f007 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +disp("Ef=K*T*log(n/Nc)"); // Ef measured from the conduction band edge
+a=0.026; //say (K*T)=a
+n=10^17;
+Nc=4.45*(10^17);
+b=(a)*log((n)/(Nc)); //say Ef=b
+printf('the value of Ef = %f eV',b);
+disp("Ef=K*T*[(log(n/Nc))+((n)/(sqrt(8)*(Nc)))]");//using Joyce-Dixon approximation
+c=(a)*[(log((n)/(Nc)))+((n)/(sqrt(8)*(Nc)))];
+printf('the value of Ef using Joyce-Dixon approximation method is %f eV',c);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce b/377/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f89a95c83 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +Ega=0.36;
+Egb=0.72;
+T=300;
+K=8.617*10^-5;
+disp("ni=sqrt(Nc*Nv)*exp(Eg/2*K*T)");
+b = exp(-(Ega-Egb)/(2*K*T));
+printf('value of (niA/niB)= %f',b);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce b/377/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af4f5ec0b --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +disp("∆Ed = 13.64*(me/mo)*(1/(Єr^2))");
+disp("me = 0.43m0");
+d=11.7; //say d=Єr
+a=((d)^2);
+c=(0.43); //since me* = 0.43m0 and assumed (me*/m0)=c;
+b=(13.64)*((c)/(a)); //say (∆Ed)=b
+printf('\n∆Ed value is %f eV',b);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce b/377/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f4f87eaa --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +disp("Nd = f*(Ec-Ed) = (exp(((Ec-Ed-Ef)/(K)*(T))+1))^-1");
+disp("Ef=Ec-45 & Ed=45meV");
+disp("(Ec-Ed-Ef)=(Ec-45-(Ec-200)) = 155 meV = 2.48*10^-20 J");
+a= (2.48)*(10^-20); //say (Ec-Ed-Ef)=a
+K=(1.38)*(10^-23);
+T=300;
+b=(exp(((a)/(K*T)))+1)^(-1);
+printf('the value of Nd = %f',b);
+d=b*100; //'d' is the percentage value of Nd
+printf('\nSo the percentage of donor states that are occupied are %f percent',d);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce b/377/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31fc0a947 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +disp("g(E)=(8*pi*sqrt(2))*((m0/(ħ^2))^(3/2))*sqrt(E)");
+a=9.1*(10^-31); //say m0=a
+b=6.626*(10^-34); //say ħ=b
+E=5*1.6*(10^-19);
+pi=3.14;
+f=0.026*1.6*(10^-19);
+c=(8*pi*sqrt(2))*((a/(b^2))^(3/2))*sqrt(E); //say gcentre=c
+printf('\nthe value of gcentre in (m^-3)*(J^-1) is %f (m^-3)*(J^-1)',c);
+d=(c)*(10^-6)*(1.6*(10^-19));
+printf('\nthe value of gcentre in (cm^-3)*(eV^-1) is %f (cm^-3)*(eV^-1)',d);
+e=(8*pi*sqrt(2))*((a/(b^2))^(3/2))*sqrt(f); //say f=K*T=0.026eV & e=g at K*T
+printf('\nthe value of g at K*T in (m^-3)*(J^-1) is %f (m^-3)*(J^-1)',e);
+g=(e)*(10^-6)*(1.6*(10^-19));
+printf('\nthe value of g at K*T in (cm^-3)*(eV^-1) is %f (cm^-3)*(eV^-1)',g);
+h=g*0.026;
+printf('\nthe volume density of states is %f (cm^-3)',h);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.sce b/377/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b38382745 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +disp("(E-Ef)=3*K*T");
+T=300;
+K=1.38*(10^-23);
+a=3*K*T;
+b=K*T;
+c=1/(1+exp(a/b)); //say probability,f(E)=c
+d=c*100;
+printf('the probablity that an energy level 3*K*T above the fermi level Ef is occupied by an electron at T=300k is %f percent',d);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.sce b/377/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3edfad6f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +disp("Nc=2((2*pi*me*K*T)/(h^2))^(3/2)");
+disp("Nv=2((2*pi*mh*K*T)/(h^2))^(3/2)");
+c=1.08*9.1*(10^-31); //say effective mass of electrons=me=c
+d=0.56*9.1*(10^-31); //say effective mass of holes=mh=d
+pi=3.14;
+K=1.38*(10^-23);
+T=300;
+h=6.63*(10^-34);
+a=2*(((2*pi*c*K*T)/(h^2))^(3/2)); //value in (m^-3)
+b=2*(((2*pi*d*K*T)/(h^2))^(3/2)); //value in (m^-3)
+e=a*(10^-6); //value in (cm^-3)
+f=b*(10^-6); //value in (cm^-3)
+printf('\nthe value of Nc = %f (cm^-3)',e);
+printf('\nthe value of Nv = %f (cm^-3)',f);
+disp("ni=sqrt(NcNv)*exp((-Eg)/(2*K*T))");
+g=1.10; //say g=Eg
+K1=8.62*(10^-5);
+l=(sqrt(e*f))*exp((-g)/(2*K1*T)); //say K1 is in eV/K;
+printf('\nthe value of ni = %f (cm^-3)',l);
+disp("σ = [e*n*μ(e) + e*p*μ(h)] = e*ni*(μ(e)+ μ(h))");
+n=1.6*(10^-19); //say e(in formula)=n
+p=1350; //say μ(e)(in formula)=p
+q=450; //say μ(h)(in formula)=q
+m=n*l*(p+q);
+printf('\n the value of Conductivity,σ = %f (ohm^-1)(cm^-1)',m);
+disp("ρ=1/σ");
+r=(1/m);
+printf('\n the value of Resistivity,ρ = %f (ohm)(cm)',r);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce b/377/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3a329d4e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +disp("nd/(n+nd) = 1/[((Nc/(2*Nd))*exp(-(Ec-Ef)/(K*T))+1]");
+Nc=2.8*10^19;
+Nd1=1*10^16;
+Nd2=1*10^18;
+b=0.045; //say (Ec-Ef)=b
+c=0.026; //sat K*T=c
+a=1/(((Nc/(2*Nd1))*exp((-b)/(c))+1));
+printf('\n The value of (nd/(n+nd)) for (10^16) is %f',a);
+d=1/(((Nc/(2*Nd2))*exp((-b)/(c))+1));
+printf('\n The value of (nd/(n+nd)) for (10^18) is %f',d);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce b/377/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b91c320f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +ni=1.5*10^16;
+n=10^22;
+Nd=10^22;
+T=300;
+p=(ni^2)/n;
+printf('\n The value of p = %f',p);
+a=0.913; //say a=me/m0;
+b=-log(10^22/(4.83*10^21*(T^1.5)*(a^1.5)))*0.026; //say b=Ec-Ef
+printf('\n The value of Ec-Ef is %f eV',b);
+printf('\n The fermi energy is %f eV below the conduction band edge',b);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce b/377/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43beb567c --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +disp("Ef-Ec = K*T*((log(n/Nc))+((1/sqrt(8))*(n/Nc)))");
+a=4.4; //say n/Nc=a
+Nc=2.78*10^19;
+n=a*Nc;
+a1=4.51;
+n1=a*a1*10^17;
+printf('\n For GaAs, the density for degeneracy is %f',n1);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce b/377/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..25ba35159 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +disp("From Boltzmann approximation, n=Nc=2.78*10^19 cm^3");
+Nc=2.78*10^19;
+n=Nc*0.78;
+pi=3.14;
+a=0.65; //say a=ξ(0)
+printf('\n The value of n form Joyce-Dixon approximation is %f',n);
+n1=2*a/sqrt(pi);
+printf('\n The value of n form graph is %f*Nc',n1);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce b/377/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c54dbc49a --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +disp("ρ=1/(q*μe*n)");
+n=9*10^14;
+c=1400; //say c=μe
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+a=1/(q*c*n);
+printf('\n The value of ρ is %f ohm-cm',a);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce b/377/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..772198890 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +disp("σ=q*(μe*n+μh*p)");
+b=510; //say μe=b
+c=187; //say μh=c
+n=10^16;
+p=2.25*10^4;
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+a=q*((b*n)+(c*p));
+printf('\n The value of σ is %f/ohm/cm',a);
+d=a*10^-2;
+l=2;A=2;
+R=l/(d*A);
+printf('\n The value of Resistance is %fohm',R);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce b/377/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..401293f1b --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +disp("σn=q*μe*n and σp=q*μh*p");
+n=10^16;p=10^4;
+a=626; //say μe=a
+b=292; //say μh=b
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+c=q*a*n; //say c=σn
+d=q*b*p*10^13; //say d=σp
+printf('\n The value of σn is %f/ohm/cm',c);
+printf('\n The value of σp is %f*10^-13/ohm/cm',d);
+e=c+(d*10^-13); //say e=σ=σn+σp
+A=2*10^-2;
+l=2.5;
+R=l/(e*A);
+printf('\n The value of resistance is %fohm',R);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce b/377/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bab54c5ab --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +p0=10^15;
+n0=10^5;
+a=1331; //say μe=a
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+b=0.0259; //sat K*T/q=b
+c=-10^14;
+disp("Dn=(K*T/q)*μe");
+Dn=b*a;
+printf('\n The value of Dn is %fcm^2/s',Dn);
+disp("Jn=q*Dn*(dn/dx)");
+Jn=q*Dn*c;
+d=Jn*10^3;
+printf('\n The value of Jn is %fmA/cm^2',d);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce b/377/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9db2450b --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +disp("n=dNa/Mat");
+a=5.9*10^5; //say a=σ
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+n=8.5*10^22;
+me=9.1;
+disp("μe=σ/(e*n)");
+b=a/(e*n); //say μe=b
+printf('\n The value of μe is %fcm^2/V/s',b);
+disp("τ=μe*me/e");
+c=b*me/e; //say c=τ
+d=c*10^-21;
+printf('\n The value of τ is %f*10^-14s',d);
diff --git a/377/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce b/377/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..528a5f3fa --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +u=10^6;
+disp("vdx=0.001*u");
+vdx=0.001*u;
+a=43.4*10^-4; //say a=μe
+b=5.9*10^7; //say b=σ
+disp("Ex=vdx/a");
+Ex=vdx/a;
+printf('\n The value of Ex is %fV/m',Ex);
+disp("Jx=σ*Ex");
+Jx=b*Ex;
+printf('\n The value of Jx is %fA/m^2',Jx);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce b/377/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94045f704 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +disp("(1/2)*m*vf^2=Ef0");
+Ef0=1.6*7*10^-19;
+m0=9.1*10^-31;
+vF=sqrt(2*Ef0/m0);
+printf('\n The value of vF is %1.1f*(10^6)m/s',vF/(10^6));
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce b/377/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11aa5ae34 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +N1=5.5*10^18;
+N2=4.5*10^18;
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+K=1.38*10^-23;
+T=500;
+N=N1+N2;
+printf('\n The total doping is %fcm^-3',N);
+De=a*K*T/q;
+printf('\n The value of De is %fcm^2/s',De);
+c=-10^7; //say c=dn/dx
+F=-De*c;
+printf('\n The value of F is %felectrons/cm^2-s',F);
+J=q*F;
+printf('\n The diffusion current density is %fpA/cm2',J*10^12);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.sce b/377/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..756b73c74 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +disp("np0=n0p+(g*τe)");
+n0p=4.5*10^5;
+g=10^15;
+a=10^-5; //say a=τe
+np0=n0p+(g*a);
+printf('\n The value of np0 is %fcm^-3',np0);
+t=-a*log(n0p/np0);
+printf('\n The value of t is %fms',t*10^3);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce b/377/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85ea4dde5 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +disp("Eg=1.420+(1.087*x)+(0.438*x^2)");
+x=800*10^-9;
+Eg=1.420+(1.087*x)+(0.438*x^2);
+printf('\n The value of Eg is %feV',Eg);
+printf('\n');
+disp("The corresponding bandgap value for x=800nm from Eg(x) is 0.11");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce b/377/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bcc869cdc --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +disp("The absorption edge of the quantum well structureoccurs at Eg+Ehh1+Ee1");
+Ehh1=0.002;
+Ee1=0.014;
+Eg=1.424;
+E=Eg+Ehh1+Ee1;
+printf('\n The band edge therefore shifts from 1.424eV to %f eV',E);
+printf('\n');
+disp("This corresponds to a blue shift of 10nm");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce b/377/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f177b73d --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +disp("The absorption edge of the quantum well structureoccurs at Eg+Ehh1+Ee1");
+Ehh1=0.003;
+Ee1=0.025;
+Eg=1.424;
+E=Eg+Ehh1+Ee1;
+printf('\n The band edge therefore shifts from 1.424eV to %f eV',E);
+printf('\n');
+disp("This corresponds to a wavelength of 854nm");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce b/377/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d1538a77 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +a=2.75;
+b=0.3;
+c=1.43;
+d=0.7;
+Eg=a*b+c*d;
+printf('\n For the Al0.3Ga0.7As alloy, the bandgap energy is %feV',Eg);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce b/377/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff04dbec6 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +a=1.247;
+b=0.3;
+c=a*b; //say c=ΔEg
+printf('\n The value of ΔEg is %feV',c);
+d=c*0.6; //say ΔEc=d
+printf('\n The value of ΔEc is %feV',d);
+e=c-d; //say ΔEv=e
+printf('\n The barrier height for valence band is %feV',e);
diff --git a/377/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce b/377/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a6101c7c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +disp("α(620nm)/α(775nm)=(2-Eg)^0.5/(1.6-Eg)^0.5");
+a=56*10^6; //say a=α
+l=10^-7;
+b=exp(-a*l); //say b=T(620nm)
+printf('\n The value of T(620nm) is %f percent',b*100);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce b/377/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5836ee06c --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +disp("μd=-Rh*σ");
+Rh=-0.55*10^-10;
+a=5.9*10^7; //say σ=a
+b=-Rh*a; //say μd=b
+printf('\n The value of μd is %f*10^-3 m^2/V/s',b*10^3);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce b/377/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76e8f07e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +disp("n=σ/(e*μd)");
+a=5.9*10^7; //say σ=a
+b=3.2*10^-3; //say μd=b
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+d=8.5*10^28;
+n=a/(e*b);
+printf('\n The value of n is %f*10^29 m^-3',n*10^-29);
+c=n/d; //say d=concentration of copper atoms and c=avg. no. of electrons/atom
+printf('\n The average number of electrons/atom is %1.2f',c);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce b/377/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..207f6bfe1 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +disp("σ=e*n*μe+e*p*μh=e*ni*(μe+μh)");
+b=1350; //say b=μe
+c=450; //say c=μh
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+ni=1.45*10^10;
+a=e*ni*(b+c);
+printf('\n The value of σ is %1.2f*10^-6',a*10^6);
+L=1;A=1;
+g=4.18*10^-6; //rounding off σ
+R=L/(g*A);
+printf('\n The value of R is %f',R);
+Nsi=5*10^22;
+Nd=Nsi/10^9;
+n=5*10^13;
+h=5*10^13;
+printf('\n The value of Nd is %f',Nd);
+p=(ni^2)/Nd;
+printf('\n Tha value of p is %f',p);
+a1=e*n*b; //say σ=a1
+printf('\n The value of σ1 is %f/ohm/cm',a1);
+R1=L/(a1*A);
+printf('\n The value of R1 is %f ohm',R1);
+a2=e*h*c; //say a2=σ
+printf('\n The value of σ2 is %f/ohm/cm',a1);
+R2=L/(a2*A);
+printf('\n The value of R2 is %f ohm',R2);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce b/377/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..957018194 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +disp("σ=q*μe*n0");
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+b=700; //say b=μe
+n0=10^17;
+a=q*b*n0; //say a=σ
+printf('\n The value of σ is %f /ohm/cm',a);
+disp("ρ=σ^-1");
+c=1/a; //say c=ρ
+printf('\n The value of resistivity is %f ohm-cm',c);
+Rh=-1/(q*n0);
+printf('\n The value of Hall coefficient is %f cm^3/C',Rh);
+Ix=10^3;
+Bz=10^-5;
+t=10^-2;
+Vh=Ix*Bz*Rh/t;
+printf('\n The value of Hall voltage is %f μV',Vh);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.sce b/377/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..556450698 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH8/EX8.6/8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +disp("It=I0*exp(-α*l)");
+a=5*10^4; //say α=a
+l=0.46*10^-4;
+I0=10^-2;
+It=I0*exp(-a*l);
+printf('\n The value of It is %f W',It);
+p1=10;
+p2=1;
+Pab=p1-p2;
+printf('\n The value of Pab is %f mW(or)*10^-3J/s',Pab);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce b/377/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..64e9e97f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +a=1.6; //say a=σn
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+b=4000; //say b=μe
+c=0.8; //say c=σp
+d=2000; //say d=μh
+e=0.0258; //sat e=K*T/q
+g=16*8.854*10^-14;
+ni-2.1*10^13;
+Nd=a/(q*b);
+Na=c/(q*d);
+printf('\n The value of Nd is %f/cm^3',Nd);
+printf('\n The value of Na is %f/cm^3',Na);
+Vbi=e*log(Nd*Na/(ni^2))/2.303;
+printf('\n The value of Vbi is %fV',Vbi);
+h=5*10^15;
+i=1;
+j=1;
+W=((2*g*0.2467/(q*(h)))^0.5)*2;
+printf('\n The value of depletion bandwidth is %f cm',W);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH9/EX9.10/9_10.sce b/377/CH9/EX9.10/9_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4862a724c --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH9/EX9.10/9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +b=4.55; //say b=φm
+x=4.01; //say x=χ
+a=b-x; //say a=φb
+printf('\n The Schottky barrier height is %fV',a);
+disp("Vbi=(K*T/q)*log(Nc/Nd);");
+Nc=2.8*10^19;
+Nd=10^16;
+c=0.0259; //say c=K*T/q
+Vbi=c*log(Nc/Nd);
+printf('\n The built in potential is %fV',Vbi);
+disp("W=sqrt(2*Єs*Vbi/(q*Nd))");
+d=11.7*8.854*10^-14;
+Vbi1=0.33;
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+W=sqrt(2*d*Vbi1/(q*Nd));
+printf('\n The space charge width at zero bias is %fcm',W*10^4);
+disp("|Emax|=q*Nd*Wn/Єs");
+Emax=q*Nd*W*10^-4/d;
+printf('\n The maximum electric field is %f*10^4 V/cm',Emax);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH9/EX9.11/9_11.sce b/377/CH9/EX9.11/9_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0da234704 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH9/EX9.11/9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +disp("Is=A*R*T*exp(-q*Va/(K*T))");
+A=10^-3;
+R=110;
+T=300;
+Va=0.67;
+Va1=0.3;
+a=0.026; //say a=K*T/q
+Is=A*R*T*exp(-Va/a)*10^8;
+printf('\n The value of Is is %f*10^-8 A',Is*10^2);
+I=Is*exp(-Va1/a)*10^7;
+printf('\n The value of I is %f*10^-3 A',I);
diff --git a/377/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce b/377/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c98653a62 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +p1=2*10^16; ////say p1 is in p-region
+Na=2*10^16;
+ni=10^10;
+n1=ni^2/p1; //say n1 is in p-region
+printf('\n The value of n in p-region is %f/cm^3',n1);
+n2=9*10^16; //say n2 is in n-region
+p2=(ni^2)/n2; //say p2 is in n-region
+printf('\n The value of p in n-region is %f/cm^3',p2);
+a=0.0259;
+pp=2*10^16;
+nn=9*10^16;
+Vbi=a*log(pp*nn/(ni^2)); //say a=K*T/q at room temp. i.e., 300k
+printf('\n The value of Vbi,built-in-potential at 300K is %fV',Vbi);
+b=0.0345; //say b=K*T/q at 400k
+ni1=4.52*10^12; //say ni at 400K=ni1
+Vbi1=b*log(pp*nn/(ni1^2)); //say Vbi1 is built in potential at 400K
+printf('\n The value of Vbi,built-in-potential at 400K is %fV',Vbi1);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce b/377/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e889c0d54 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +a=1000; //say a=μe
+Vt=0.0258;
+c=300; //say c=μh
+Dn=a*Vt;
+Dp=c*Vt;
+printf('\n The value of Dn is %f cm^2/V-s',Dn);
+printf('\n The value of Dp is %f cm^2/V-s',Dp);
+ni=10^10;
+Na=10^16;
+Nd=4*10^16;
+np0=ni^2/Na;
+pn0=ni^2/Nd;
+printf('\n The value of np0 is %f cm^-3',np0);
+printf('\n The value of pn0 is %f cm^-3',pn0);
+tn=10^-5;
+tp=10^-5;
+Ln=sqrt(Dn*tn);
+Lp=sqrt(Dp*tp);
+f=Ln*10^-2;
+g=Lp*10^-2;
+printf('\n The value of Ln is %fm',f);
+printf('\n The value of Lp is %fm',g);
+disp("I=q*A*((Dn*np0/Ln)+(Dp*pn0/Lp))*exp((Va/Vt)-1);");
+q=1.6;
+A=10^4;
+Va=0.6;
+I=q*A*3*((Dn*np0/f)+(Dp*pn0/g))*exp((Va/Vt)-1);
+printf('\n The value of I is %f μA',I*10^-22);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce b/377/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..86ddd5632 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +Na=3*10^16;
+Nd=8*10^15;
+ni=10^10;
+a=0.025852; //say a=K*T/q
+disp("Vbi=a*log(Na*Nd/ni^2);");
+Vbi=a*log(Na*Nd/ni^2);
+printf('\n The value of built-in-potential is %1.3fV',Vbi);
+disp("Xn=sqrt((2*Єs*Vbi*Na)/(q*Nd*(Na+Nd)))");
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+b=11.7*8.85*10^-14;
+Xn=sqrt((2*b*Vbi*Na)/(q*Nd*(Na+Nd)));
+printf('\n The value of depletion width is %f*10^-5 cm',Xn*10^5);
+Neff=Na*Nd/(Na+Nd);
+printf('\n The value of Neff is %f*10^15',Neff*10^-15);
+c=11.7*8.85;
+q1=1.6;
+Cj0=sqrt(c*q1*Neff/(2*Vbi))/3;
+printf('\n The value of Cj0 is %f*10^-8 F/cm^2',Cj0*10^-8);
+Va=-3;
+Cj3=Cj0*10^-8*sqrt(Vbi/(Vbi-Va));
+printf('\n The value of Cj(-3) is %f*10^-8 F/cm^2',Cj3);
+W=sqrt(2*b*(Vbi-Va)/(q*Neff));
+printf('\n The value of total depletion width is %f*10^-5 cm',W*10^5);
+Emax=2*(Vbi-Va)/W;
+printf('\n The value of maximum electric field is %f V/cm',Emax);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.sce b/377/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf8bc8976 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +Na=10^17;
+Nd=10^16;
+ni=10^10;
+a=0.0259; //say a=K*T/q
+V0=a*log(Na*Nd/ni^2);
+printf('\n The value of V0 is %1.2fV',V0);
+Va=0.5;
+b=11.8*8.85*10^-14;
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+xp=sqrt(2*b*Nd*(V0-Va)/(q*Na*(Na+Nd)));
+xn=sqrt(2*b*Na*(V0-Va)/(q*Nd*(Na+Nd)));
+printf('\n The value of xp is %f*10^-6 cm',xp*10^6);
+printf('\n The value of xn is %f*10^-5 cm',xn*10^5);
+tn=10^-6;
+tp=2*10^-6;
+c=800; //say c=μe
+d=410; //say d=μh
+Ln=sqrt(0.0259*c*tn);
+Lp=sqrt(0.0259*d*tp);
+printf('\n The value of Ln is %f cm',Ln);
+printf('\n The value of Lp is %f cm',Lp);
+A=10^-2;
+Cj=A*sqrt(q*b*Na*Nd/(2*(V0-Va)*(Na+Nd)))*10^10;
+printf('\n The value of Cj is %f*10^-10 F',Cj);
+Cs=(1/sqrt(a))*q*A*(ni^2)*((sqrt(tp*d)*(1/Nd))+(sqrt(tn*c)*(1/Na)))*exp(Va/a)*10^10;
+printf('\n The value of Cs is %f*10^-10 F',Cs);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sce b/377/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2acd2d4ef --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +K=8.62*10^-5;
+T=300;
+a=K*T;
+printf('\n The value of K*T is %fV',a);
+I0=10^-6;
+Va=0.15;
+disp("rac=1/((I0/K*T)*exp(Va/K*T));");
+rac=1/((I0/a)*exp(Va/a));
+printf('\n The value of rac is %f ohm',rac);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.sce b/377/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbe542f42 --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +disp("Va=(K*T/q)*log((J/Js)+1)");
+a=0.0259; //say
+J=10^5;
+Js=250*10^-3;
+Va=a*log((J/Js)+1);
+printf('\n The value of Va is %fV',Va);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH9/EX9.8/9_8.sce b/377/CH9/EX9.8/9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f4d3b9ad --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH9/EX9.8/9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +disp("I=Is*(exp(e*Va/(K*T)-1))");
+Is=1*10^-6;
+a=0.025875; //say a=K*T/q
+Va=0.2;
+I=Is*(exp(Va/a)-1);
+printf('\n The value of I is %f A',I);
+rdc=Va/I;
+printf('\n The value of rdc is %f ohm',rdc);
+rac=a/I;
+printf('\n The value of rac is %f ohm',rac);
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/377/CH9/EX9.9/9_9.sce b/377/CH9/EX9.9/9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..052cec22d --- /dev/null +++ b/377/CH9/EX9.9/9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +disp("Vbi=φm-((K*T/q)*log(Nc/n))");
+a=0.72; //say φm=a
+b=0.0259; //say b=K*T/q
+Nc=3.22*10^19;
+n=10^15;
+Vbi=a-(b*log(Nc/n));
+printf('\n The value of Vbi is %fV',Vbi);
+disp("W=sqrt(2*Єs*(Vbi-V)/(q*Nd))");
+c=11.9*8.854*10^-14;
+V=0;
+q=1.6*10^-19;
+Nd=10^15;
+W=sqrt(2*c*(Vbi-V)/(q*Nd));
+printf('\n The value of W is %f*10^-5 cm',W*10^5);
\ No newline at end of file |