diff options
Diffstat (limited to '3507')
285 files changed, 4987 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/3507/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3507/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78551dda3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter 1 +//example 1.1 +//page8 + +Eg=24 // V +Ri=.01 // ohm +P=100 // W + +I=P/Eg // we know that P=Eg*I since for ideal source, V is equivalent to Eg +Vi=I*Ri +V=Eg-(I*Ri) + +printf("voltage drop in internal resistance = %.3f V \n",Vi) +printf("terminal voltage = %.3f V",V) diff --git a/3507/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/3507/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fecffbd30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter1
+//example1.10
+//page18
+
+V=120 // V
+R1=40 // ohm
+R2=20 // ohm
+R3=60 // ohm
+
+//removing load, voltage across AB is
+E0=R2*V/(R1+R2)
+
+//replacing voltage source by short and removing load, resistance across AB is
+R0=R3+(R1*R2/(R1+R2))
+
+//for maximum power transfer, load must be equal to resistance across AB so
+Rl=R0
+
+P=E0^2/(4*Rl)
+printf("load resistance for maximum power transfer = %.3f ohm \n",Rl)
+printf("maximum power to load = %.3f W",P)
diff --git a/3507/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce b/3507/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..661645acc --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//chapter1
+//example1.11
+//page20
+
+R1=4 // ohm
+R2=6 // ohm
+R3=5 // ohm
+R4=8 // ohm
+V=40 // V
+
+// load is removed and A and B are shorted
+load_source=R1+(R2*R3/(R2+R3))
+source_current=V/load_source
+
+norton_current=source_current*(R2/(R2+R3)) // short circuit current in AB
+
+printf("shortcircuit current in AB = %.3f A \n",norton_current)
+
+// load is removed and battery is replaced by a short
+norton_resistance=R3+(R1*R2/(R1+R2))
+printf("norton resistance= %.3f ohm \n",norton_resistance)
+
+// equivalent circuit is norton current source in parallel with norton resistance
+I=norton_current*(norton_resistance/(norton_resistance+R4)) // current through 8 ohm resistance
+printf("current through 8ohm resistor = %.3f A",I)
diff --git a/3507/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce b/3507/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ab35bba4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// chapter 1
+// example 1.12
+// page 21
+
+printf("To find Norton equivalent circuit we need to find \nNorton current I_N and Norton resistance R_N \n \n")
+printf("If Thevenin resistnce = Ro and Thevenin voltage = Eo then \n \n")
+printf("To convert Thevenin circuit to Norton circuit, \n")
+printf("I_N=Eo/Ro and R_N=Ro \n \n")
+printf("To convert Norton circuit to Thevenin circuit, \n")
+printf("Eo=I_N*R_N and Ro=R_N \n")
diff --git a/3507/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3507/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..32b015ae5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter1
+//example1.2
+//page10
+
+Eg=500 // V
+Ri=1000 // ohm
+
+// for Rl=10 ohm
+Rl1=10 // ohm
+I1=Eg/(Rl1+Ri)
+printf("load current for Rl=10ohm is %.3f A \n",I1)
+
+// for Rl=10 ohm
+Rl2=50 // ohm
+I2=Eg/(Rl2+Ri)
+printf("load current for Rl=50ohm is %.3f A \n",I2)
+
+// for Rl=10 ohm
+Rl3=100 // ohm
+I3=Eg/(Rl3+Ri)
+printf("load current for Rl=100ohm is %.3f A",I3)
diff --git a/3507/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3507/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23978aa3a --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter1
+//example1.3
+//page11
+
+V=10 // V
+R=10 // ohm
+
+I=V/R // calculate short-circuit current by shorting AB
+printf("equivalent current source has magnitude = %.3f A",I)
+
+// no load is connected across AB and 10V source has negligible resistance
+// so resistance across AB is 10 ohm
+
+// the constant voltage source when converted to constant current source will thus have a source of 1A in parallel with resistor of 10 ohm
diff --git a/3507/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3507/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea879a23d --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter1
+//example1.4
+//page12
+
+I=6 // mA
+R=2 // kilo ohm
+
+V=I*R // by ohm law
+printf("voltage of voltage source = %.3f V",V)
+
+// this voltage source when connected in series with 2000 ohm gives equivalent voltage source for the given constant current source
diff --git a/3507/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/3507/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6cef9cd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//chapter1
+//example1.5
+//page13
+
+E=200 // V
+Ri=100 // ohm
+
+Rl=100 // for load=100ohm
+I=E/(Ri+Rl)
+Pl=I^2*Rl
+Pt=I^2*(Rl+Ri)
+efficiency=(Pl/Pt)*100
+printf("for load=100 ohm, power delivered to load= %.3f W and efficiency=%.3f percentage \n \n",Pl,efficiency)
+
+Rl=300 //for load=300ohm
+I=E/(Ri+Rl)
+Pl=I^2*Rl
+Pt=I^2*(Rl+Ri)
+efficiency=(Pl/Pt)*100
+printf("for load=300 ohm, power delivered to load= %.3f W and efficiency=%.3f percentage \n \n",Pl,efficiency)
+
+printf("comment: \n ")
+printf("if load resistance is equal to internal resistance,maximum power is \n transferred but efficiency is low \n ")
+printf("if load resistance is more than internal resistance, power transferred \n is less but efficiency is high")
+
diff --git a/3507/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/3507/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d09f8b850 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter1
+//example1.6
+//page14
+
+//for maximum power transfer, resistance of load and amplifier should match
+//so we take load=15 ohm
+
+Rl=15 // ohm
+Ri=15 // ohm
+V=12 // V
+
+Rt=Rl+Ri
+I=V/Rt
+P=I^2*Rl
+
+printf("for maximum power transfer load must equal amplifier resistance \nso required load = %d ohm\n \n",Rl)
+printf("power delivered to load = %.3f W",P)
diff --git a/3507/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/3507/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f9c90470 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//chapter1
+//example1.7
+//page14
+
+V=50 // V
+Rl=100 // ohm
+Zi=100+50*%i
+//for maximum power transfer load impedence should be conjugate of internal resistance so
+Zl=100-50*%i
+
+Zt=Zi+Zl
+I=V/Zt
+P=I^2*Rl
+
+printf("load for maximum power (in ohms)=")
+disp(Zl)
+
+printf("maximum power transfered to load=%.3f W",P)
diff --git a/3507/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/3507/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bc0893ce1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//chapter1
+//example1.8
+//page21
+
+R=8 // ohm
+R1=10 // ohm
+R2=20 // ohm
+R3=12 // ohm
+//removing 100 ohm resistance, we form linear equations by assuming currents I1 through loop1 and I2 through loop2
+
+//100=10*I1+20*(I1-I2)
+//0=(12+8)*I2+20*(I2-I1)
+
+//thus we get the following linear equations
+
+//30*I1-20*I2=100
+//-20*I1+40*I2=0
+//solving these equations
+
+a=[30 -20;-20 40]
+b=[100;0]
+x=inv(a)*b // matrix of I1 and I2
+
+I2=x(2,1) // current through 8 ohm resistor
+
+E0=I2*R
+printf("voltage across AB with 100 ohm resistance not connected = %.3f V \n",E0)
+
+R_equi=(R1*R2/(R1+R2))+R3
+R0=R_equi*R/(R_equi+R)
+printf("resistance between AB with 100 ohm removed and voltage source shorted = %.3f ohm \n",R0)
+
+I=E0/(R0+Rl)
+printf("current through 100 ohm resistor = %.3f A",I)
+
diff --git a/3507/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/3507/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8272208d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter1
+//exzmple1.8
+//page16
+
+R1=1 // kilo ohm
+R2=1 // kilo ohm
+R3=1 // kilo ohm
+V=20 // V
+
+E0=(R3/(R1+R2))*V // thevenin voltage = voltage across R3 since A and B are open circuited which means no drop across R2
+R0=R2+(R1*R3/(R1+R3)) // thevenin resistance = resistance between A and B with no load and voltage source shorted
+
+printf("thevenin voltage = %.2f V \nthevenin resistance = %.2f kilo ohm",E0,R0)
diff --git a/3507/CH1/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce b/3507/CH1/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c61fd4e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH1/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter17 +//example17.1 +//page375 + +L1=58.6d-6 // H +C1=300d-12 // F + +f=1/(2*%pi*(L1*C1)^0.5) +printf("frequency of oscillations = %.3f Hz or %.3f kHz",f,f/1000) + +// in book the answer is 1199 kHz but the accurate answer is 1200.358 kHz diff --git a/3507/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3507/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd93ec879 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter10 +//example10.1 +//page182 + +Vs=10 // V +Vd=1.6 // V +If=20d-3 // A + +Rs=(Vs-Vd)/If + +printf("required series resistor = %.3f ohm",Rs) diff --git a/3507/CH10/EX10.11/Ex11_11.sce b/3507/CH10/EX10.11/Ex11_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97928507e --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH10/EX10.11/Ex11_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter11
+//example11.11
+//page210
+
+V_Rc=1
+gain_beta=45
+Rc=1 // kilo ohm
+
+Ic=V_Rc/Rc
+//since gain_beta=Ic/Ib
+Ib=Ic/gain_beta
+
+printf("base current = %.3f mA",Ib)
diff --git a/3507/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3507/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..724cadbd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter10
+//example10.2
+//page183
+
+Vs=15 // V
+Vd=2 // V
+Rs=2.2d3 // ohm
+
+If=(Vs-Vd)/Rs
+
+printf("current through LED = %.3f A or %.3f mA",If,If*1000)
diff --git a/3507/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3507/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b41c29bd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter10
+//example10.3
+//page187
+
+//from graph, we see that for zero illumination, the reverse current i.e. dark current is 50 micro ampere
+
+Ir=50d-6 // A
+Vr=10 // V
+
+Rr=Vr/Ir
+
+printf("dark resistance = %.3f ohm or %.3f kilo ohm",Rr,Rr/1000)
diff --git a/3507/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3507/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e46952a9c --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter10
+//example10.4
+//page188
+
+m=37.4 // microA/mW/cm^2
+E=2.5 // mW/cm^2
+
+//since reverse current = sensitivity*illumination we can write
+Ir=m*E
+
+printf("reverse current = %.3f micro ampere",Ir)
diff --git a/3507/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/3507/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..579e93bcd --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter10
+//example10.5
+//page192
+
+L=1d-3 // H
+C=100d-12 // F
+
+fr=1/(2*%pi*(L*C)^0.5)
+
+printf("resonant frequency = %.3f Hz or %.3f kHz",fr,fr/1000)
diff --git a/3507/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3507/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ae079f9ad --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter11
+//example11.1
+//page202
+
+Rin=20 //ohm
+Rout=100d3 //ohm
+Rc=1d3 //ohm
+signal=500d-3 //V
+
+Ie=signal/Rin // A
+Ic=Ie
+Vout=Ic*Rc
+Av=Vout/signal
+
+printf("voltage amplification = %.2f \n",Av)
diff --git a/3507/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce b/3507/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1280e5c59 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter11
+//example11.10
+//page210
+
+gain_beta=49
+Ib=240d-3 // mA
+Ie=12 // mA
+
+alpha=gain_beta/(1+gain_beta)
+Ic=alpha*Ie // or Ic=gain_beta*Ib
+
+printf("collector current = %.3f mA \n",Ic)
diff --git a/3507/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce b/3507/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97928507e --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter11
+//example11.11
+//page210
+
+V_Rc=1
+gain_beta=45
+Rc=1 // kilo ohm
+
+Ic=V_Rc/Rc
+//since gain_beta=Ic/Ib
+Ib=Ic/gain_beta
+
+printf("base current = %.3f mA",Ib)
diff --git a/3507/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce b/3507/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8793e5102 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter11
+//example11.12
+//page210
+
+Rc=800d-3 // kilo ohm
+V_Rc=0.5 // V
+Vcc=8 // V
+alpha=0.96
+
+Vce=Vcc-V_Rc
+Ic=V_Rc/Rc // mA
+gain_beta=alpha/(1-alpha)
+Ib=Ic/gain_beta
+
+printf("collector emitter voltage = %.3f V \n",Vce)
+printf("base current = %.3f mA \n",Ib)
diff --git a/3507/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.sce b/3507/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4de28cdd --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter11
+//example11.13
+//page211
+
+Ic=1000 // micro ampere
+// when emitter circuit is open, leakage current = Icbo so
+Icbo=0.2 // micro ampere
+
+// when base is open, leakage current = Iceo so
+Iceo=20 // micro ampere
+
+//since Iceo=Icbo/(1-alpha) we get
+alpha=1-(Icbo/Iceo)
+
+// since Ic=alpha*Ie+Icbo we get
+Ie=(Ic-Icbo)/alpha
+Ib=Ie-Ic
+
+printf("alpha = %.3f \n",alpha)
+printf("emitter current = %.3f micro ampere \n",Ie)
+printf("base current = %.3f micro ampere \n",Ib)
diff --git a/3507/CH11/EX11.14/Ex11_14.sce b/3507/CH11/EX11.14/Ex11_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62badf0ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH11/EX11.14/Ex11_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter11
+//example11.14
+//page218
+
+Vcc=12.5 // V
+Rc=2.5 // kilo ohm
+
+// we know that Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rc
+// when Ic=0, Vce=Vcc i.e. 12.5V
+// when Vce=0, Ic=Vcc/Rc i.e.5mA
+
+// so equation of load line becomes Ic=-0.4*Vce+5
+x=linspace(0,12.5,5)
+y=-0.4*x+5
+clf()
+xtitle("dc load line","Vce(volts)","Ic(mA)")
+plot2d(x,y,style=3,rect=[0,0,13,6])
diff --git a/3507/CH11/EX11.15/Ex11_15.sce b/3507/CH11/EX11.15/Ex11_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c34638fe --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH11/EX11.15/Ex11_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//chapter11
+//example11.15
+//page219
+
+Vcc=12 // V
+Rc=6 // kilo ohm
+
+// we know that Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rc
+// when Ic=0, Vce=Vcc i.e. 12V
+// when Vce=0, Ic=Vcc/Rc i.e.2mA
+
+// so equation of load line becomes Ic=-(1/6)*Vce+2
+x=linspace(0,12,5)
+y=-(1/6)*x+2
+clf()
+xtitle("dc load line","Vce(volts)","Ic(mA)")
+plot2d(x,y,style=3,rect=[0,0,13,6])
+
+
+// for Q point
+Ib=20d-3 // mA
+gain_beta=50
+
+Ic=gain_beta*Ib
+Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rc
+
+printf("Q point = %.3f V and %.3f mA i.e. (%.3f,%.3f) \n",Vce,Ic,Vce,Ic)
diff --git a/3507/CH11/EX11.16/Ex11_16.sce b/3507/CH11/EX11.16/Ex11_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42df577c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH11/EX11.16/Ex11_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter11
+//example11.16
+//page219
+
+Vcc=10
+Ic=1 // mA
+Rc1=4 // kilo ohm
+Rc2=5 // kilo ohm
+
+Vce1=Vcc-Ic*Rc1
+Vce2=Vcc-Ic*Rc2
+
+printf("for collector load = 4 kilo ohm, operating point is %.3f V,%.3f mA \n",Vce1,Ic)
+printf("for collector load = 5 kilo ohm, operating point is %.3f V,%.3f mA \n",Vce2,Ic)
diff --git a/3507/CH11/EX11.17/Ex11_17.sce b/3507/CH11/EX11.17/Ex11_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c20aab087 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH11/EX11.17/Ex11_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter11
+//example11.17
+//page222
+
+del_Vbe=200 //mV
+del_Ib=100 // micro ampere
+
+Ri=del_Vbe/del_Ib
+
+printf("input resistance = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Ri)
diff --git a/3507/CH11/EX11.18/Ex11_18.sce b/3507/CH11/EX11.18/Ex11_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f6dbe648a --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH11/EX11.18/Ex11_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter11
+//example11.18
+//page222
+
+Vce2=10 // V
+Vce1=2 // V
+Ic1=2 // mA
+Ic2=3 // mA
+
+del_Vce=Vce2-Vce1 // V
+del_Ic=Ic2-Ic1 // mA
+
+Ro=del_Vce/del_Ic
+
+printf("output resistance = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Ro)
diff --git a/3507/CH11/EX11.19/Ex11_19.sce b/3507/CH11/EX11.19/Ex11_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9fb46ec0e --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH11/EX11.19/Ex11_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter11
+//example11.19
+//page223
+
+Rc=2 // kilo ohm
+Ri=1 // kilo ohm
+gain_beta=50
+
+// for single stage, R_AC=Rc so voltage gain becomes
+Av=gain_beta*Rc/Ri
+
+printf("voltage gain = %.3f \n",Av)
diff --git a/3507/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3507/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca0f347f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter11
+//example11.2
+//page205
+
+Ie=1 //mA
+Ic=0.95 //mA
+
+// since Ie=Ib+Ic we get
+Ib=Ie-Ic
+
+printf("base current = %.3f mA \n",Ib)
diff --git a/3507/CH11/EX11.20/Ex11_20.sce b/3507/CH11/EX11.20/Ex11_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..024a57f96 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH11/EX11.20/Ex11_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//chapter11
+//example11.20
+//page224
+
+Vcc=20 // V
+Rc=1 // kilo ohm
+
+// for saturation collector current, knee voltage becomes 0V so we get
+Ic_sat=Vcc/Rc
+
+// it can be seen from the circuit that cut-off voltage (i.e. when Ib=0) equals Vcc itself
+Vce_cutoff=Vcc
+
+// the equation of load line becomes Ic=-Vce+20
+
+clf()
+x=linspace(0,20,5)
+y=-x+20
+plot2d(x,y,style=3,rect=[0,0,21,21])
+xtitle("dc load line","Vce(volts)","Ic(mA)")
+
+printf("saturation collector current = %.3f mA \n",Ic_sat)
+printf("cut-off collector emitter voltage = %.3f V \n",Vce_cutoff)
diff --git a/3507/CH11/EX11.21/Ex11_21.sce b/3507/CH11/EX11.21/Ex11_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f732955e --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH11/EX11.21/Ex11_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter11
+//example11.21
+//page225
+
+Vce=20 // V
+Pd=100 // mW
+
+// since Pd=Vce*Ic we get
+Ic=Pd/Vce
+
+printf("maximum allowable collector current = %.3f mA \n ",Ic)
diff --git a/3507/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3507/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b08301db2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter11
+//example11.3
+//page205
+
+alpha=0.9
+Ie=1 //mA
+
+// since alpha=Ic/Ie we get
+
+Ic=alpha*Ie
+
+// since Ie=Ic+Ib we get
+
+Ib=Ie-Ic
+
+printf("base current = %.3f mA \n",Ib)
diff --git a/3507/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3507/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2c1b38bb --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter11
+//example11.4
+//page205
+
+Ic=0.95
+Ib=0.05
+
+Ie=Ib+Ic
+alpha=Ic/Ie
+
+printf("amplification factor = %.3f \n",alpha)
diff --git a/3507/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/3507/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b17431c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter11
+//example11.5
+//page205
+
+Ie=1 //mA
+alpha=0.92
+Icbo=50d-3 //mA
+
+Ic=alpha*Ie+Icbo
+
+printf("collector current = %.3f mA \n",Ic)
diff --git a/3507/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/3507/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..082cceecb --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter11
+//example11.6
+//page205
+
+alpha=0.95
+V_Rc=2 // V
+Rc=2 //kilo ohm
+
+Ic=V_Rc/Rc // mA
+
+// since alpha=Ic/Ie
+Ie=Ic/alpha
+
+// since Ie=Ib+Ic
+Ib=Ie-Ic
+
+printf("base current = %.3f mA \n",Ib)
diff --git a/3507/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce b/3507/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6aa057349 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter11
+//example11.7
+//page206
+
+Vbe=0.7 // V
+Vcc=18 // V
+Vee=8 // V
+Rc=1.2 // kilo ohm
+Re=1.5 //kilo ohm
+
+// by Kirchoff's voltage law to emitter side loop, we get Vee=Ie*Re+Vbe so
+Ie=(Vee-Vbe)/Re
+Ic=Ie // nearly
+
+// by Kirchoff's voltage law to collector side loop, we get Vcc=Ic*Rc=Vcb so
+Vcb=Vcc-Ic*Rc
+
+printf("collector curent = %.3f mA \n",Ic)
+printf("collector base voltage = %3f V \n",Vcb)
diff --git a/3507/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce b/3507/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..93fd88c30 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter11
+//example11.8
+//page209
+
+alpha1=0.9
+alpha2=0.98
+alpha3=0.99
+
+beta1=alpha1/(1-alpha1)
+beta2=alpha2/(1-alpha2)
+beta3=alpha3/(1-alpha3)
+
+printf("for alpha=0.9, beta=%.1f \n",beta1)
+printf("for alpha=0.98, beta=%.1f \n",beta2)
+printf("for alpha=0.99, beta=%.1f \n",beta3)
diff --git a/3507/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce b/3507/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0da9b7b3c --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter11
+//example11.9
+//page210
+
+gain_beta=50
+Ib=20d-3 // mA
+
+// since gain_beta = Ic/Ib we get
+Ic=gain_beta*Ib
+Ie=Ic+Ib
+
+printf("emitter current = %.3f mA \n",Ie)
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78ed01951 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// chapter 12
+// example 12.1
+// page 235
+
+V_CC=6 // V
+R_C=2.5 // kilo ohm
+
+// for faithful amplification V_CE should not be less than V_CC for Si transistor so
+V_max=V_CC-1
+I_max=V_max/R_C
+
+// As negative and positive half cyces of input are equal, change in collector current will be equal and opposite so
+I_min=I_max/2
+
+printf("Maximum allowable collector current = %.3f mA \n",I_max)
+printf("Minimum zero signal collector current = %.3f mA \n",I_min)
+
+// the circuit diagram is constructed on xcos and its screenshot has been taken.
+// the waveform given can not be obtained in xcos unless we assume necessary values as data is insufficient for plotting graph in scilab.
+// so waveform is constructed as below
+
+clf()
+x=linspace(1,5*%pi,100)
+[t]=sin(x)+1
+plot(x,[t])
+xtitle("max and min allowable collector currents","t","i_c (mA)")
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ec23c585 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.10/Ex12_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter12
+//example12.10
+//page246
+
+V_BE=0.7 // V
+gain_beta=100
+I_C=1 // mA
+V_CE=2 // V
+
+I_B=I_C/gain_beta
+
+// since V_CE=V_BE+V_CB we get
+V_CB=V_CE-V_BE
+
+R_B=V_CB/I_B
+
+printf("base resistance=%.3f kilo ohm \n",R_B)
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8099712f --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//chapter12
+//example12.11
+//page248
+
+Vcc=15 // V
+Re=2 // kilo ohm
+Rc=1 // kilo ohm
+gain_beta=100
+Vbe=0.7 // V
+R1=10 // kilo ohm
+R2=5 // kilo ohm
+
+// when Ic=0, Vce=Vcc i.e. Vce=6 and when Vce=0, Ic=Vcc/(Rc+Re) i.e. Ic=15/(1+2)
+// so equation of load line becomes Ic=-(1/3)*Vce+5
+
+clf()
+x=linspace(0,15,5)
+y=-(1/3)*x+5
+plot2d(x,y,style=3,rect=[0,0,16,6])
+xtitle("dc load line","Vce(volts)","Ic(mA)")
+
+V2=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2) // voltage across R2 i.e. 5 kilo ohm
+Ie=(V2-Vbe)/Re
+Ic=Ie
+Vce=Vcc-Ic*(Rc+Re)
+
+printf("the operating point is %.3f V and %.3f mA \n",Vce,Ic)
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..75c4b3b09 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//chapter12
+//example12.12
+//page249
+
+Vcc=15 // V
+Re=2 // kilo ohm
+Rc=1 // kilo ohm
+gain_beta=100
+Vbe=0.7 // V
+R1=10 // kilo ohm
+R2=5 // kilo ohm
+
+Eo=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2)
+Ro=R1*R2/(R1+R2)
+
+printf("thevenin voltage = %.3f V \n",Eo)
+printf("thevenin resistance = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Ro)
+
+// here Eo=Ib*Ro+Vbe+Ie*Re
+// now considering Ie=gain_beta*Ib, and making Ib as subject we get
+// Ib=(Eo-Vbe)/(Ro+gain_beta*Re)
+// Ic=gain_beta*Ib=gain_beta*(Eo-Vbe)/(Ro+gain_beta*Re)
+// dividing numerator and denominator by gain_beta we get
+// Ic=(Eo-Vbe)/(Re+Ro/gain_beta)
+// Ro/gain_beta is negligible compared to Re so
+Ic=(Eo-Vbe)/Re
+Vce=Vcc-Ic*(Rc+Re)
+
+printf("the operating point is %.3f V and %.3f mA \n",Vce,Ic)
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c8d7bae0f --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//chapter12
+//example12.13
+//page250
+
+R1=50 // kilo ohm
+R2=10 // kilo ohm
+Re=1 // kilo ohm
+Vcc=12 // V
+Vbe1=0.1 // V
+Vbe2=0.3 // V
+
+V2=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2) // voltage across R2
+
+// for Vbe=0.1 V
+Ic1=(V2-Vbe1)/Re
+
+// for Vbe=0.3 V
+Ic2=(V2-Vbe2)/Re
+
+printf("for V_BE=0.1 V, collector current = %.3f mA \n",Ic1)
+printf("for V_BE=0.3 V, collector current = %.3f mA \n \n",Ic2)
+
+Vbe_change=100*(Vbe2-Vbe1)/Vbe1
+Ic_change=-100*(Ic2-Ic1)/Ic1 // negative sign since Ic decreases
+printf("comment : if V_BE changes by %.5f percent, \ncollector current changes by %.3f percent \n",Vbe_change,Ic_change)
+printf("so collector current is independent of transistor parameter variations \n")
+
+// the change in V_BE is 200 percent not 300 percent.It is mistake in textbook
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df5ab4cff --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//chapter12
+//example12.14
+//page251
+
+Vcc=20 // V
+Re=5 // kilo ohm
+Rc=1 // kilo ohm
+Vbe=0 // considering it as negligible
+R1=10 // kilo ohm
+R2=10 // kilo ohm
+
+V2=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2)
+
+// since V2=Vbe+Ie*Re so
+Ie=(V2-Vbe)/Re
+Ic=Ie
+
+Vce=Vcc-Ic*(Rc+Re)
+Vc=Vcc-Ic*Rc
+
+printf("emitter current = %.3f mA \n",Ie)
+printf("collector emitter voltage = %.3f V \n",Vce)
+printf("collector potential = %.3f V \n",Vc)
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a998d17bd --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.15/Ex12_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//chapter12
+//example12.15
+//page252
+
+R_C=2.2 // kilo ohm
+V_CC=9 // V
+gain_beta=50
+V_BE=0.3 // V
+I_C=2 // mA
+V_CE=3 // V
+
+I_B=I_C/gain_beta
+I1=10*I_B
+
+// I1=V_CC/(R1+R2) so let Rt=R1+R2 thus we get
+Rt=V_CC/I1
+
+// by Kirchoff voltage law to collector side we get
+// V_CC=I_C*R_C+V_CE+I_E*R_E and also we have I_C=I_E so
+// V_CC=I_C*R_C+V_CE+I_C*R_E so making R_E as subject we get
+R_E=((V_CC-V_CE)/I_C)-R_C // in kilo ohm
+
+V2=V_BE+I_C*R_E // since V_E=I_C*R_E
+R2=V2/I1
+R1=Rt-R2
+
+printf("emitter resistance = %.3f ohm \n",R_E*1000)
+printf("R1 = %3f kilo ohm \n",R1)
+printf("R2 = %3f kilo ohm \n",R2)
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.16/Ex12_16.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.16/Ex12_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc7a9eb5a --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.16/Ex12_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//chapter12
+//example12.16
+//page252
+
+alpha=0.985
+V_BE=0.3 // V
+V_CC=16 // V
+V_CE=6 // V
+I_C=2 // mA
+R_E=2 // kilo ohm
+R2=20 // kilo ohm
+
+gain_beta=alpha/(1-alpha)
+I_B=I_C/gain_beta
+
+V_E=I_C*R_E
+V2=V_BE+V_E
+V1=V_CC-V2
+
+I1=V2/R2
+R1=V1/I1
+
+V_RC=V_CC-V_CE-V_E
+R_C=V_RC/I_C
+
+printf("R1 = %.3f kilo ohm \n",R1)
+printf("collector resistance = %.3f kilo ohm \n",R_C)
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.17/Ex12_17.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.17/Ex12_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81fb8181e --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.17/Ex12_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//chapter12
+//example12.17
+//page253
+
+Vcc=15 // V
+Re=2 // kilo ohm
+Rc=1 // kilo ohm
+gain_beta=100
+Vbe=0.7 // V
+R1=10 // kilo ohm
+R2=5 // kilo ohm
+
+Eo=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2)
+Ro=R1*R2/(R1+R2)
+
+printf("thevenin voltage = %.3f V \n",Eo)
+printf("thevenin resistance = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Ro)
+
+// here Eo=Ib*Ro+Vbe+Ie*Re
+// now considering Ie=gain_beta*Ib, we can replace Ib=Ie/gain_beta
+// Eo=(Ie/gain_beta)*Ro+Vbe+Ie*Re
+// making Ie as subject we get
+Ie=(Eo-Vbe)/(Re+Ro/gain_beta)
+
+printf("emitter current = %.3f mA \n",Ie)
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.18/Ex12_18.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.18/Ex12_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c08002fc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.18/Ex12_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter12
+//example12.18
+//page254
+
+V_CC=10 // V
+V_BE=0.2 // V
+I_E=2 // mA
+I_B=50d-3 // mA
+R_E=1 // kilo ohm
+R2=10 // kilo ohm
+
+V2=V_BE+I_E*R_E
+I2=V2/R2
+
+I1=I2+I_B
+V1=V_CC-V2
+R1=V1/I1
+
+printf("R1 = %.3f kilo ohm \n",R1)
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.19/EX12_19.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.19/EX12_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e93146d97 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.19/EX12_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter12
+//example12.19
+//page255
+
+printf(" i) if R2 is shorted, base will be grounded. It will be \n left without forward bias and transistor \n will be cutoff so output is zero.\n \n")
+printf(" ii) if R2 is open,forward bias will be very high. The \n collector current will be very high and collector \n emitter voltage will be very low. \n \n")
+printf(" iii) if R1 is shorted, transistor will be in saturation \n due to excessive forward bias. The base will be at \n Vcc and emitter will be slightly below Vcc.\n \n")
+printf(" iv) if R1 is open, transistor will be without forward bias.\n Hence transistor will be cutoff i.e. output will be zero. \n")
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4527c8cfd --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.2 +//page236 + +Vcc=13 // V +V_knee=1 // V +Rc=4 // kilo ohm +gain_beta=100 + +V_Rc=Vcc-V_knee +Ic=V_Rc/Rc +Ib=Ic/gain_beta +Vs=Ic/5 // since Ic/Vs = 5 mA/V given + +printf("maximum input signal voltage = %.3f V or %.3f mV \n",Vs,Vs*1000) diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.20/Ex12_20.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.20/Ex12_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..400a639a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.20/Ex12_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//chapter12
+//example12.20
+//page256
+
+Vcc=8 // V
+Rb=360 // kilo ohm
+Rc=2 // kilo ohm
+gain_beta=100
+Vbe=0.7 // V
+
+// when Ic=0, Vce=Vcc i.e. Vce=8 and when Vce=0, Ic=Vcc/Rc i.e. Ic=8/2
+// so equation of load line becomes Ic=-0.5*Vce+4
+
+clf()
+x=linspace(0,8,5)
+y=-0.5*x+4
+plot2d(x,y,style=3,rect=[0,0,9,5])
+xtitle("dc load line","Vce(volts)","Ic(mA)")
+
+// since Vcc=Ib*Rb+Vbe we get
+Ib=(Vcc-Vbe)/Rb
+Ic=Ib*gain_beta
+Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rc
+
+printf("the operating point is %.3f V and %.3f mA \n",Vce,Ic)
+if Vce<Vcc/2+0.1 | Vce>Vcc/2-0.1 // check if V_CE is nearly half of V_CC
+ printf("circuit is mid-point biased \n")
+else
+ printf("circuit is not mid-point biased. \n")
+end
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.21/Ex12_21.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.21/Ex12_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e2afa4d54 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.21/Ex12_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//chapter12
+//example12.21
+//page257
+
+V_CC=10 // V
+R1=12 // kilo ohm
+R2=2.7 // kilo ohm
+V_BE=0.7 // V
+R_E=180d-3 // kilo ohm
+R_C=620d-3 // kilo ohm
+
+V2=V_CC*R2/(R1+R2)
+I_E=(V2-V_BE)/R_E
+I_C=I_E
+V_CE=V_CC-I_C*(R_C+R_E)
+
+printf("the operating point is %.3f V and %.3f mA \n",V_CE,I_C)
+if V_CE<V_CC/2+0.1 | V_CE>V_CC/2-0.1 // check if V_CE is nearly half of V_CC
+ printf("circuit is mid-point biased \n")
+else
+ printf("circuit is not mid-point biased. \n")
+end
+
+// the accurate answer for collector current is 6.315 mA but in book it is given as 6.33 mA
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.22/Ex12_22.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.22/Ex12_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5df65f147 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.22/Ex12_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter12
+//example12.22
+//page257
+
+V_CC=10 // V
+R1=1.5 // kilo ohm
+R2=0.68 // kilo ohm
+R_E=0.24 // kilo ohm
+V_BE=0.7 // V
+beta_min=100
+beta_max=400
+
+V2=V_CC*R2/(R1+R2)
+I_E=(V2-V_BE)/R_E
+I_C=I_E
+
+beta_avg=(beta_min*beta_max)^0.5
+I_B=I_E/(beta_avg+1)
+
+printf("base current = %f micro ampere \n",I_B*1000)
+
+// the accurate answer for base current is 50.151 micro ampere but in book it is given as 49.75 micro ampere
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.23/Ex12_23.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.23/Ex12_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..451224a5e --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.23/Ex12_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//chapter12
+//example12.23
+//page258
+
+gain_beta=40
+I_C1=2 // mA
+t1=25 // degrees
+t2=55 // degrees
+I_CBO1=5d-3 // mA
+
+// for I_CBO=5 micro ampere at 25 degrees
+I_CEO1=(1+gain_beta)*I_CBO1
+
+I_CBO2=I_CBO1*2^((t2-t1)/10) // since it doubles every 10 degrees. So for t2-t1, it becomes 2^((t2-t1)/10) times.
+I_CEO2=(1+gain_beta)*I_CBO2
+I_C2=I_CEO2+I_C1
+I_C_change=100*(I_C2-I_C1)/I_C1
+
+// for I_CBO=0.1 micro ampere at 25 degrees
+t1_dash=25 // degrees
+t2_dash=55 // degrees
+I_CBO1_dash=0.1d-3 // mA
+I_C1_dash=2 // mA
+
+I_CBO2_dash=I_CBO1_dash*2^((t2-t1)/10) // since it doubles every 10 degrees. So for t2-t1, it becomes 2^((t2-t1)/10) times.
+I_CEO2_dash=(1+gain_beta)*I_CBO2_dash
+I_C2_dash=I_CEO2_dash+I_C1_dash
+I_C_change_dash=100*(I_C2_dash-I_C1_dash)/I_C1_dash
+
+printf("collector cutoff current = %.3f mA \n \n",I_CEO1)
+printf("percent change in zero signal current given that \nI_CBO=5 micro ampere at 25 degree is = %.3f percent \n \n",I_C_change)
+printf("percent change in zero signal current given that \nI_CBO=0.01 micro ampere at 25 degree is = %.3f percent \n",I_C_change_dash)
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.24/Ex12_24.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.24/Ex12_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a52928277 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.24/Ex12_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter12
+//example12.24
+//page259
+
+alpha=0.99
+I_E=1 // mA
+t1=27 // degrees
+t2=57 // degrees
+I_CBO1=0.02d-3 // mA
+
+I_CBO2=I_CBO1*2^((t2-t1)/6) // since it doubles every 6 degrees. So for t2-t1, it becomes 2^((t2-t1)/6) times.
+
+I_C=alpha*I_E+I_CBO2
+I_B=I_E-I_C
+
+printf("base current = %.1f micro ampere",I_B*1000)
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.25/Ex12_25.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.25/Ex12_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3e903c684 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.25/Ex12_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//chapter12
+//example12.25
+//page261
+
+printf("since base voltage is zero, it means that there is no path \nfor current in the base circuit. So the transistor will be off i.e. I_C=0,I_E=0. \nSo V_C=10V and V_E=0.\nSo obvious fault is R1 is open.\n")
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.26/Ex12_26.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.26/Ex12_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..94b923c6b --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.26/Ex12_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter12
+//example12.26
+//page261
+
+R1=18 // kilo ohm
+R2=4.7 // kilo ohm
+Re=1 // kilo ohm
+Vcc=10 // V
+
+V_B=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2)
+
+printf("voltage at base = %.3f V \n",V_B)
+printf("The fact that V_C=10V and V_E is nearly equal to V_B reveals \nthat I_C=0 and I_E=0.So I_B drops to zero.So obvious fault is R_E is open. \n")
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e66d126c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//chapter12
+//example12.3
+//page240
+
+Vbb=2 // V
+Vcc=9 // V
+Rc=2 // kilo ohm
+Rb=100 // kilo ohm
+gain_beta=50
+
+// by Kirchoff voltage law on base side, we get Ib*Rb+Vbe=Vbb so
+Ib=Vbb/Rb // Vbe is negligible
+Ic=gain_beta*Ib
+
+// by Kirchoff voltage law on collector side, we get Ic*Rc+Vce=Vcc so
+Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rc
+
+// now for Rb=50 kilo ohm
+Rb2=50 // kilo ohm
+
+// since Rb is halved, Ib is doubled so
+Ib2=2*Ib
+Ic2=Ib2*gain_beta
+Vce2=Vcc-Ic2*Rc
+
+printf("for Rb = 100 kilo ohm, collector current = %.3f mA \nand collector emitter voltage = %.3f V \n \n",Ic,Vce)
+printf("for Rb = 50 kilo ohm, collector current = %.3f mA \nand collector emitter voltage = %.3f V \n",Ic2,Vce2)
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6874d8acd --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//chapter12
+//example12.4
+//page241
+
+Vcc=6 // V
+Rb=530 // kilo ohm
+Rc=2 // kilo ohm
+gain_beta=100
+Vbe=0.7 // V
+
+// when Ic=0, Vce=Vcc i.e. Vce=6 and when Vce=0, Ic=Vcc/Rc i.e. Ic=6/2
+// so equation of load line becomes Ic=-0.5*Vce+3
+
+x=linspace(0,6,5)
+y=-0.5*x+3
+plot2d(x,y,style=3,rect=[0,0,7,4])
+xtitle("dc load line","Vce(volts)","Ic(mA)")
+
+// since Vcc=Ib*Rb+Vbe we get
+Ib=(Vcc-Vbe)/Rb
+Ic=Ib*gain_beta
+Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rc
+
+printf("the operating point is %.3f V and %.3f mA \n",Vce,Ic)
+
+stability_factor=gain_beta+1
+
+printf("stability factor=%.1f \n",stability_factor)
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d8b2f445 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//chapter12
+//example12.5
+//page242
+
+Vcc=12 // V
+gain_beta=100
+Vbe=0.3 // V
+Ic=1 // mA
+
+// since gain_beta=Ic/Ib
+Ib=Ic/gain_beta
+
+// since Vcc=Ib*Rb+Vbe we get
+Rb=(Vcc-Vbe)/Ib
+
+gain_beta2=50
+
+// since Vcc=Ib*Rb+Vbe we get
+Ib2=(Vcc-Vbe)/Rb
+Ic2=Ib2*gain_beta2
+
+printf("for beta = 100, base resistor = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Rb)
+printf("for beta = 50, zero signal collector current for same Rb is = %.3f mA \n",Ic2)
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cacf6eac8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter12 +//example12.6 +//page242 + +Vcc=10 // V +R_B=1d3 // kilo ohm +R_E=1 // kilo ohm +Vbe=0 // since it is negligible +gain_beta=100 + +// by Kirchoff voltage law to base side we get Vcc=I_B*R_B+Vbe+I_E*R_E +// but I_E=I_B+I_C and I_C=gain_beta*I_B +// so we get Vcc=I_B*R_B+Vbe+R_E*I_B*(1+gain_beta) +// making I_B as subject we get + +I_B=(Vcc-Vbe)/(R_B+R_E*(1+gain_beta)) // in ampere +I_C=gain_beta*I_B // in ampere +I_E=I_C+I_B // in ampere + +printf("base current = %.4f mA \n",I_B) +printf("collector current = %.4f mA \n",I_C) +printf("emitter current = %.4f mA \n",I_E) diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22eace9cd --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//chapter12
+//example12.7
+//page243
+
+V_CC=15 // V
+gain_beta=100
+V_BE=0.6 // V
+V_CE=8 // V
+I_C=2 // mA
+
+// here V_CC=V_CE+I_C*R_C so we get
+R_C=(V_CC-V_CE)/I_C
+
+I_B=I_C/gain_beta
+
+// also V_CC=I_B*R_B+V_BE so we get
+R_B=(V_CC-V_BE)/I_B
+
+printf("collector resistance = %.3f kilo ohm \n",R_C)
+printf("base resistance = %.3f kilo ohm \n",R_B)
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd17c8763 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter12
+//example12.8
+//page245
+
+V_CC=20 // V
+R_B=100 // kilo ohm
+R_C=1 // kilo ohm
+V_BE=0.7 // V
+
+// we know that R_B=(V_CC-V_BE-gain_beta*R_C*I_B)/I_B so we get
+I_B=(V_CC-V_BE)/(R_B+gain_beta*R_C)
+
+I_C=gain_beta*I_B
+
+V_CE=V_CC-I_C*R_C
+
+printf("operating point is %.3f V, %.3f mA \n",V_CE,I_C)
+
+// the accurate answer is 10.35V,9.65mA but in book it is given as 10.4V,9.6mA
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce b/3507/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b49db335a --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//chapter12
+//example12.9
+//page245
+
+V_CC=12 // V
+gain_beta1=100
+gain_beta2=50
+V_BE=0.3 // V
+V_CE=8 // V
+I_C=1 // mA
+
+// here V_CC=V_CE+I_C*R_C so we get
+R_C=(V_CC-V_CE)/I_C
+
+I_B=I_C/gain_beta1
+
+// we know that R_B=(V_CC-V_BE-gain_beta1*R_C*I_B)/I_B so
+R_B=(V_CC-V_BE-gain_beta1*R_C*I_B)/I_B
+
+
+// for gain_beta=50 i.e. gain_beta2
+
+// we know that R_B=(V_CC-V_BE-gain_beta2*R_C*I_B)/I_B so we get
+I_B2=(V_CC-V_BE)/(R_B+gain_beta2*R_C)
+
+I_C2=gain_beta2*I_B2
+
+V_CE2=V_CC-I_C2*R_C
+
+printf("for beta=100,required base resistance = %.3f kilo ohm \n",R_B)
+printf("for beta=50,new operating point is %.3f V, %.3f mA \n",V_CE2,I_C2)
diff --git a/3507/CH12/EX19.12/Ex19_12.sce b/3507/CH12/EX19.12/Ex19_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d1341b7a --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH12/EX19.12/Ex19_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter19
+//example19.12
+//page424
+
+It=8.93 // A
+Ic=8 // A
+
+// we know that (It/Ic)^2=1+m^2/2 so making m as subject we get
+m=(2*((It/Ic)^2-1))^0.5
+
+printf("modulation factor = %.3f or %.3f percent \n",m,m*100)
diff --git a/3507/CH13/EX1.1/Ex13_1.sce b/3507/CH13/EX1.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7f1089f3f --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH13/EX1.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// chapter 13 +// example 13.1 +// page 272 + +Rc=4 // kilo ohm +Vcc=10 // V +Ib_zero=10d-3 // mA +Ib_max=15d-3 // mA +Ib_min=5d-3 // mA +gain_beta=100 + +Ic_zero=Ib_zero*gain_beta +Ic_max=Ib_max*gain_beta +Ic_min=Ib_min*gain_beta + +Vc_zero=Vcc-Ic_zero*Rc +Vc_max=Vcc-Ic_max*Rc +Vc_min=Vcc-Ic_min*Rc + +printf("As collector current increases from %.3f mA to %.3f mA \noutput voltage decreases from %.3f V to %.3f V \n",Ic_zero,Ic_max,Vc_zero,Vc_max) +printf("As collector current decreases from %.3f mA to %.3f mA \noutput voltage increases from %.3f V to %.3f V \n",Ic_max,Ic_min,Vc_max,Vc_min) +printf("Thus output voltage is 180 degrees out of phase from input voltage \n") + +printf("Note : \ni) input voltage and input current are in phase \nii) input voltage and output current are in phase \niii) output voltage is 180 degrees out of phase with input voltage\n") + + +// plotting base current and collector current and output voltage in same graph using following code instead of xcos +clf() +x=linspace(0,2*%pi,100) +ib=5*sin(x)+10 +ic=0.5*sin(x)+1 +vc=-4*sin(x)+6 +plot2d(x,ib,style=1,rect=[0,0,20,20]) +xtitle("base current(micro ampere) - Black collector current(mA) - Blue output voltage(V) - Green ","t") +plot2d(x,ic,style=2,rect=[0,0,20,20]) +plot2d(x,vc,style=3,rect=[0,0,20,20]) diff --git a/3507/CH13/EX1.2/Ex13_2.sce b/3507/CH13/EX1.2/Ex13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9ba15390 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH13/EX1.2/Ex13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// chapter 13
+// example 13.2
+// page 274
+
+printf("i)Refering to the Thevenin circuit, we see that voltage source \nis short and resistances except Rc and Re are bypassed.\nThus dc load = Rc + Re \n\n")
+printf(" Refering to ac equivalent circuit, Rc is parallel with Rl.\nThus ac load = Rc*Rl/(Rc+Rl) \n \n \n")
+printf("ii)Since Vcc=Vce+Ic*(Rc+Re) we get \n max Vce = Vcc and max Ic = Vcc/(Rc+Re) \n \n \n")
+printf("iii)On applying ac signal, collector current and collector emitter \nvoltage change about Q point.\nMaximum collector current = Ic.\nMaximum positive swing of ac collector emitter voltage = Ic*R_AC \n So total maximum collector emitter voltage = Vce+Ic*R_AC \n\nMaximum positive swing of ac collector current = Vce/R_AC so \nTotal maximum collector current = Ic+Vce/R_AC \n")
diff --git a/3507/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce b/3507/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de91a22a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH13/EX13.10/Ex13_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter13
+//example13.10
+//page283
+
+R1=1 // kilo ohm
+R2=2 // kilo ohm
+Vt=6 // V
+
+Vb=Vt*R1/(R1+R2)
+
+if Vb==4
+ printf("circuit is operating properly \n")
+else
+ printf("circuit is not operating properly because voltage at B should be %.1f V instead of 4 V \n",Vb)
+end
diff --git a/3507/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce b/3507/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d7e17d095 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter13
+//example13.11
+//page284
+
+R1=40 // kilo ohm
+R2=10 // kilo ohm
+Re=2 // kilo ohm
+Vcc=10 // V
+Vbe=0.7 // V
+
+V2=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2) // voltage across R2
+Ve=V2-Vbe // voltage across Re
+Ie=Ve/Re
+re_dash=25/Ie
+
+printf("ac emitter resistance = %.3f ohm \n",re_dash)
diff --git a/3507/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce b/3507/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de4340b1e --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//chapter13
+//example13.12
+//page286
+
+R1=150 // kilo ohm
+R2=20 // kilo ohm
+Re=2.2 // kilo ohm
+Rc=12 // kilo ohm
+Vcc=20 // V
+Vbe=0.7 // V
+
+V2=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2) // voltage across R2
+Ve=V2-Vbe // voltage across Re
+Ie=Ve/Re
+re_dash=1d-3*25/Ie // in kilo ohm
+Av=Rc/re_dash
+
+printf("voltage gain = %.3f \n",Av)
+
+// the accurate answer is 360.642
diff --git a/3507/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce b/3507/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dd67b8c51 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter13
+//example13.13
+//page287
+
+Rc=12 // kilo ohm
+Rl=6 // kilo ohm
+re_dash=33.3d-3 // kilo ohm
+
+R_AC=Rc*Rl/(Rc+Rl)
+Av=R_AC/re_dash
+
+printf("voltage gain = %.3f \n",Av)
+
+// the accurate answer is 120.120
diff --git a/3507/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.sce b/3507/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6e2a0064 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH13/EX13.14/Ex13_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter13
+//example13.14
+//page288
+
+R1=45 // kilo ohm
+R2=15 // kilo ohm
+Re=7.5 // kilo ohm
+Vcc=30 // V
+Vbe=0.7 // V
+gain_beta=200
+
+V2=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2) // voltage across R2
+Ve=V2-Vbe // voltage across Re
+Ie=Ve/Re
+re_dash=1d-3*25/Ie // in kilo ohm
+Zin_base=gain_beta*re_dash
+Zin=Zin_base*(R1*R2/(R1+R2))/(Zin_base+R1*R2/(R1+R2))
+
+printf("input impedence of amplifier circuit = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Zin)
+
+// the accurate answer for input impedence is 3.701 kilo ohm but in book it is given as 3.45 kilo ohm
diff --git a/3507/CH13/EX13.15/Ex13_15.sce b/3507/CH13/EX13.15/Ex13_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7a7a1a7a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH13/EX13.15/Ex13_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter13
+//example13.15
+//page289
+
+printf("i) Class A amplifier means that it raises voltage level of signal and its \nmode of operation is such that collector current flows for whole input signal. \n \n")
+printf("ii) Audio voltage amplifier means it raises voltage level of audio signal \nand its mode of operation is class A. \n \n")
+printf("iii) Class B power amplifier means that it raises power level of signal and its \nmode of operation is such that collector current flows for half cycle of input signal only. \n \n")
+printf("iv) Class A transformer coupled power amplifier means that power amplification \nis being done, coupling is by tranformer and mode of operation is class A. \n")
diff --git a/3507/CH13/EX13.16/Ex13_16.sce b/3507/CH13/EX13.16/Ex13_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b84af237c --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH13/EX13.16/Ex13_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter13
+//example13.16
+//page290
+
+Ao=1000
+Rout=1 // ohm
+Rl=4 // ohm
+Rin=2d3 // ohm
+I2=0.5 // A
+
+// here I2/I1=Ao*Rin/(Rout+Rl) so
+I1=I2*(Rout+Rl)/(Ao*Rin)
+V1=I1*Rin // in V
+
+printf("required input signal voltage = %.3f mV \n",V1*1d3)
diff --git a/3507/CH13/EX13.17/Ex13_17.sce b/3507/CH13/EX13.17/Ex13_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b4625c492 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH13/EX13.17/Ex13_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter13
+//example13.17
+//page291
+
+Es=10d-3 // V
+Rs=3d3 // ohm
+Rin=7d3 // ohm
+Rout=15 // ohm
+Rl=35 // ohm
+
+I1=Es/(Rs+Rin)
+V1=I1*Rin
+Av=Ao*Rl/(Rout+Rl)
+// since V2/V1=Av, we get
+V2=V1*Av
+
+P2=V2^2/Rl
+P1=V1^2/Rin
+Ap=P2/P1
+
+printf("magnitude of output voltage = %.2f V \n",V2)
+printf("power gain = %.2f \n",Ap)
diff --git a/3507/CH13/EX13.18/Ex13_18.sce b/3507/CH13/EX13.18/Ex13_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..76ee06ab8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH13/EX13.18/Ex13_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter13
+//example13.18
+//page292
+
+Av=80
+Ai=120
+V2=1 // V
+Rout=1 // ohm
+Rl=2 // ohm
+
+V1=V2/Av // in V
+
+// Av=Ao*Rl/(Rout+Rl) and Ai=Ao*Rin/(Rout+Rl) so
+// Av/Ai=Rl/Rin hence
+Rin=Rl*Ai/Av
+
+I1=V1/Rin // in mA
+Ap=Av*Ai
+
+printf("required signal voltage = %.2f mV and current = %.2f micro ampere \n",V1*1d3,I1*1d3)
+printf("power gain = %.3f \n",Ap)
diff --git a/3507/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce b/3507/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ecf2a54d --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// chapter 13 +// example 13.3 +// page 278 + +Vcc=15 // V +Re=2 // kilo ohm +Rc=1 // kilo ohm +Rl=1 // kilo ohm +Vbe=0.7 // V + +// dc load line + + // when Ic=0, Vce=Vcc i.e. Vce=15 and when Vce=0, Ic=Vcc/(Rc+Re) i.e. Ic=15/3 + // so equation of load line becomes Ic=-(1/3)*Vce+15 + + clf() + x=linspace(0,15,5) + y=-(1/3)*x+5 + plot2d(x,y,style=3,rect=[0,0,16,6]) + xtitle("dc load line-green ac load line-blue","collector emitter voltage(volts)","collector current(mA)") + + V2=5 // V + // since voltage across R2 is V2=5 V and V2=Vbe+Ie*Re we get + Ie=(V2-Vbe)/Re + Ic=Ie + Vce=Vcc-Ic*(Rc+Re) + + printf("the operating point is %.3f V and %.3f mA \n",Vce,Ic) + + +// ac load line + + R_AC=Rc*Rl/(Rc+Rl) // ac load + V_ce=Vce+Ic*R_AC // maximum collector emitter voltage + I_c=Ic+Vce/R_AC // maximum collector current + // the equation of ac load line in terms of V_ce and I_c becomes + y=-(I_c/V_ce)*x+I_c + plot2d(x,y,style=2,rect=[0,0,10,20]) + diff --git a/3507/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce b/3507/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3dd7c236d --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// chapter 13 +// example 13.4 +// page 279 + +Vcc=20 // V +Re=0 // kilo ohm, since given as negligible +Rc=10 // kilo ohm +Rl=30 // kilo ohm +Vbe=0.7 // V + +Vce=10 // mV +Ic=1 // mA + +// dc load line + + // when Ic=0, Vce=Vcc i.e. Vce=15 and when Vce=0, Ic=Vcc/(Rc+Re) i.e. Ic=20/10 mA + // so equation of load line becomes Ic=-(1/10)*Vce+2 + + clf() + x=linspace(0,20,5) + y=-(1/10)*x+2 + plot2d(x,y,style=3,rect=[0,0,21,6]) + xtitle("dc load line-green ac load line-blue","collector emitter voltage(volts)","collector current(mA)") + +// ac load line + + R_AC=Rc*Rl/(Rc+Rl) // ac load + V_ce=Vce+Ic*R_AC // maximum collector emitter voltage + I_c=Ic+Vce/R_AC // maximum collector current + // the equation of ac load line in terms of V_ce and I_c becomes + x=linspace(0,V_ce,10) + y=-(I_c/V_ce)*x+I_c + plot2d(x,y,style=2,rect=[0,0,21,6]) diff --git a/3507/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce b/3507/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9f6b39c5e --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// chapter 13
+// example 13.5
+// page 280
+
+printf("operating point is (8V,1mA). During positive half cycle of \nac signal collector current swings from 1 mA to 1.5 mA \nand collector emitter voltage swings from 8 V to 7 V.\nThis is at A.During negative half cycle of \nac signal collector current swings from 1 mA to 0.5 mA \nand collector emitter voltage swings from 8 V to 9 V.\nThis is at B. \n \n")
+
+printf("Note : When ac signal is applied, ac signal collector current and \ncollector emitter voltage variations take place about Q point. \nAlso, operating point moves along load line.\n")
+
+clf()
+x=linspace(-3*%pi,-%pi,10)
+plot(x,-0.5*sin(x)+1)
+
+x=linspace(7,9,10)
+plot(x,5-0.5*x)
+
+x=linspace(-3*%pi,-%pi,10)
+plot(-sin(x)+8,x)
+plot(x,xgrid())
+xtitle("collector current and collector emitter voltage swings","collector emitter voltage (volts)","collector current (mA)")
+a=gca(); // Handle on axes entity
+a.x_location = "origin";
+a.y_location = "origin";
+
+// Some operations on entities created by plot ...
+a=gca();
+a.isoview='on';
+a.children // list the children of the axes : here it is an Compound child composed of 2 entities
+poly1= a.children.children(2); //store polyline handle into poly1
+poly1.foreground = 4; // another way to change the style...
+poly1.thickness = 3; // ...and the tickness of a curve.
+poly1.clip_state='off' // clipping control
+a.isoview='off';
diff --git a/3507/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce b/3507/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a7872087 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter13 +//example13.6 +//page282 + +Rc=2 // kilo ohm +Rl=0.5 // kilo ohm +Rin=1 // kilo ohm +gain_beta=60 + +R_AC=Rc*Rl/(Rc+Rl) +Av=gain_beta*R_AC/Rin + +printf("voltage gain = %.3f \n",Av) diff --git a/3507/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce b/3507/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abaf43a45 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter13
+//example13.7
+//page282
+
+Rc=10 // kilo ohm
+Rl=10 // kilo ohm
+Rin=2.5 // kilo ohm
+gain_beta=100
+Vin=1 // mV
+
+R_AC=Rc*Rl/(Rc+Rl)
+Av=gain_beta*R_AC/Rin
+
+// since Av=Vout/Vin we get
+Vout=Av*Vin
+
+printf("output voltage = %.3f mV \n",Vout)
diff --git a/3507/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce b/3507/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ab7ab3d76 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH13/EX13.8/Ex13_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//chapter13
+//example13.8
+//page282
+
+del_Ib=10d-3 // mA
+del_Ic=1 // mA
+del_Vbe=0.02 // V
+Rc=5 // kilo ohm
+Rl=10 // kilo ohm
+
+Ai=del_Ic/del_Ib
+Rin=del_Vbe/del_Ib
+R_AC=Rc*Rl/(Rc+Rl)
+Av=gain_beta*R_AC/Rin
+Ap=Av*Ai
+
+printf("current gain = %.3f \n",Ai)
+printf("input impedence = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Rin)
+printf("ac load = %.3f kilo ohm \n",R_AC)
+printf("voltage gain = %.3f \n",Av)
+printf("power gain = %.3f \n",Ap)
+
+// the accurate answer for voltage gain = 166.667 and for power gain = 16666.667 but in book they are given as 165 and 16500 respectively.
diff --git a/3507/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce b/3507/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d078898cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter13
+//example13.9
+//page283
+
+Rc=3 // kilo ohm
+Rl=6 // kilo ohm
+Rin=0.5 // kilo ohm
+Vin=1 // mV
+gain_beta=50
+
+R_AC=Rc*Rl/(Rc+Rl)
+Av=gain_beta*R_AC/Rin
+
+// since Av=Vout/Vin we get
+Vout=Av*Vin
+
+printf("output voltage = %.3f mV \n",Vout)
diff --git a/3507/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/3507/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3b83779b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter 14 +//example 14.1 +//page 301 + +Av=20*log10(30) + +Pv=10*log10(100) + +printf("voltage gain = %.3f db \n",Av) +printf("power gain = %.3f db \n",Pv) diff --git a/3507/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce b/3507/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..071c86897 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH14/EX14.10/Ex14_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// chapter14
+// example14.10
+// page 305
+
+Rc=500 // ohm
+Rin=1d3 // ohm
+
+// gain of second stage is 60 since it has no loading effect of any stage so
+Av2=60
+load1=Rc*Rin/(Rc+Rin)
+Av1=Av2*load1/Rc
+Av=Av1*Av2
+
+printf("total gain = %.3f \n",Av)
+printf("comment : gain of one stage=60.So total gain should be 60*60=%d but here it is %.3f.\nThis is because of loading effect of input impedence of second stage on first stage. \n",60*60,Av)
+printf("So gain of first stage decreases.\nHowever, second stage has no loading effect of any next stage.So its gain does not decrease. \n")
+
+// the accurate answer for total gain is 2400 but in book it is given as 2397
diff --git a/3507/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce b/3507/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d699f977b --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH14/EX14.11/Ex14_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// chapter14
+// example14.11
+// page 306
+
+Rin=1 // kilo ohm
+Rc= 2 // kilo ohm
+gain_beta=100
+
+// since first stage has loading effect of input impedence of second stage, we get effective load of first stage as
+R_AC=Rc*Rin/(Rc+Rin)
+Av1=gain_beta*R_AC/Rin
+
+// second stage has no loading effect so its gain
+Av2=gain_beta*Rc/Rin
+Av=Av1*Av2
+
+printf("voltage gain of first stage = %.3f \n",Av1)
+printf("voltage gain of second stage = %.3f \n",Av2)
+printf("total voltage gain = %.3f \n",Av)
+
+// the accurate answer for gain of first stage is 66.667 and total gain is 13333.33 but in book they are given as 66 and 13200 respectively
diff --git a/3507/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce b/3507/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f79b65a17 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH14/EX14.12/Ex14_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// chapter14
+// example14.12
+// page 307
+
+Rin=1d3 // ohm
+Rc= 10d3 // ohm
+Rl=100 // ohm
+gain_beta=100
+
+// effective collector load is
+R_AC=Rc*Rl/(Rc+Rl)
+Av=gain_beta*R_AC/Rin
+
+printf("voltage gain = %.3f \n",Av)
+printf("comment : load is only 100 ohm so efective load of amplifier is too much reduced.\nThus voltage gain is very small.\n")
+printf("In such cases we can use a step down transformer to serve the purpose. \n")
diff --git a/3507/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.sce b/3507/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..43cf07d00 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH14/EX14.13/Ex14_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// chapter14
+// example14.13
+// page 307
+
+Vcc=20 // V
+R3=10 // kilo ohm
+R4=2.2 // kilo ohm
+Rc=3.6 // kilo ohm
+
+V_B=Vcc*R4/(R3+R4)
+
+// replacing Cc by wire
+Req=R3*Rc/(R3+Rc)
+V_B2=Vcc*R4/(Req+R4)
+
+printf("biasing potential before replacing Cc = %.3f V \n",V_B)
+printf("biasing potential after replacing Cc = %.3f V \n \n",V_B2)
+printf("thus biasing potential of second stage changes.\nThis could cause the transistor to saturate and it would not work as amplifier.\n")
+printf("Also, we see the use of coupling capacitor to maintain \nindependent biasing potential for each stage.\nThis allows ac output from one stage to pass to next stage.\n")
diff --git a/3507/CH14/EX14.14/Ex14_14.sce b/3507/CH14/EX14.14/Ex14_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9a4d0451a --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH14/EX14.14/Ex14_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +// chapter14
+// example14.14
+// page 308
+
+Vcc=15 // V
+R1=22 // kilo ohm
+R2=3.3 // kilo ohm
+R3=5 // kilo ohm
+R4=1 // kilo ohm
+R5=15 // kilo ohm
+R6=2.5 // kilo ohm
+R8=1 // kilo ohm
+R3=5 // kilo ohm
+R7=5 // kilo ohm
+Rl=10 // kilo ohm
+gain_beta=200
+Vbe=0.7 // V
+
+// for second stage
+V_R6=Vcc*R6/(R6+R5)
+V_R8=V_R6-Vbe
+I_E2=V_R8/R8 // emitter current in R8
+re_dash2=25d-3/I_E2
+Zin_base=gain_beta*re_dash2
+Zin=R5*(R6*Zin_base/(R6+Zin_base))/(R5+(R6*Zin_base/(R6+Zin_base)))
+R_AC2=R7*Rl/(R7+Rl)
+Av2=R_AC2/re_dash2
+
+// for first stage
+V_R2=Vcc*R2/(R2+R1)
+V_R4=V_R2-Vbe
+I_E1=V_R4/R4 // emitter current in R4
+re_dash1=25d-3/I_E1
+R_AC1=R3*Zin/(R3+Zin)
+Av1=R_AC1/re_dash1
+
+Av=Av1*Av2
+
+printf("voltage gain of first stage = %.3f \n",Av1)
+printf("voltage gain of second stage = %.3f \n",Av2)
+printf("overall voltage gain= %.3f \n",Av)
+
+// the accurate answers are voltage gain of first stage = 52.616, voltage gain of second stage = 192.381, overall voltage gain= 10122.329. In book the answers are 53,191.4 and 10144
+// respectively
diff --git a/3507/CH14/EX14.15/Ex14_15.sce b/3507/CH14/EX14.15/Ex14_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a7377c594 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH14/EX14.15/Ex14_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// chapter14
+// example14.15
+// page 311
+
+// for maximum power transfer, primary impedence = transistor output impedence and secondary impedence = load impedence
+Rp=1d3 // ohm
+Rs=10 // ohm
+
+// since Rp=(Np/Ns)^2*Rs, making Np/Ns i.e. n as subject we get
+n=(Rp/Rs)^(0.5)
+
+printf("required turn ratio = %d \n",n)
+
+if n>1
+ printf("transformer required is step down tranformer \n")
+elseif n<1
+ printf("transformer required is step up tranformer \n")
+else // n=1
+ printf("transformer is not required \n")
+end
diff --git a/3507/CH14/EX14.16/Ex14_16.sce b/3507/CH14/EX14.16/Ex14_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34b02f332 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH14/EX14.16/Ex14_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// chapter14
+// example14.16
+// page 312
+
+Vp=10 // V
+// for maximum power transfer, primary impedence = output impedence of aource
+Rp=10d3 // ohm
+Rs=16 // ohm
+
+// since Rp=(Np/Ns)^2*Rs, making Np/Ns i.e. n as subject we get
+n=(Rp/Rs)^(0.5)
+
+// since Vs/Vp=Ns/Np, making Vs as subject we get
+Vs=(1/n)*Vp
+printf("required turn ratio = %d \n",n)
+printf("voltage across external load = %.3f V \n",Vs)
diff --git a/3507/CH14/EX14.17/Ex14_17.sce b/3507/CH14/EX14.17/Ex14_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cfec23734 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH14/EX14.17/Ex14_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// chapter14
+// example14.17
+// page 312
+
+Rp=300 //ohm
+Rs=3 // ohm
+Ro=3d3 // ohm
+
+// since output resistance of transistor Ro=Rp+n^2*Rs for maximum power transfer, making n as subject we get
+n=((Ro-Rp)/Rs)^0.5
+
+printf("turn ratio for maximum power transfer = %d \n",n)
diff --git a/3507/CH14/EX14.18/Ex14_18.sce b/3507/CH14/EX14.18/Ex14_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6c34bbbaf --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH14/EX14.18/Ex14_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// chapter14
+// example14.18
+// page 313
+
+f=200 // Hz
+Ro=10d3 // ohm, transistor output impedence
+Zi2=2.5d3 // ohm, input impedence of next stage
+
+// since Ro=2*%pi*f*Lp, making Lp as subject we get
+Lp=Ro/(2*%pi*f)
+
+// since Zi2=2*%pi*f*Ls, making Ls as subject we get
+Ls=Zi2/(2*%pi*f)
+
+printf("primary inductance = %.1f H \n",Lp)
+printf("secondary inductance = %.1f H \n",Ls)
diff --git a/3507/CH14/EX14.19/Ex14_19.sce b/3507/CH14/EX14.19/Ex14_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe94681db --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH14/EX14.19/Ex14_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// chapter14
+// example14.19
+// page 313
+
+L=10d-6 // H
+N=1 // turn
+Lp=8 // H
+Ls=2 // H
+
+// since L is proportional to N^2, L=K*N^2 so making K as subject we get
+K=L/N^2
+
+// Lp=K*Np^2 so
+Np=(Lp/K)^0.5
+
+// Ls=K*Ns^2 so
+Ns=(Ls/K)^0.5
+
+printf("primary turns = %d \n",Np)
+printf("secondary turns = %d \n",Ns)
diff --git a/3507/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce b/3507/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16fd1481e --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter 14
+//example 14.2
+//page 301
+
+Ap1=40 // db
+Ap2=43 // db
+
+// since Ap = 10*log10(power_gain), we get
+power_gain1=10^(Ap1/10)
+power_gain2=10^(Ap2/10)
+
+printf("power gain of 40 db = %.3f \n",power_gain1)
+printf("power gain of 43 db = %.3f \n",power_gain2)
+
+// the accurate answer for power gain of 43 db is 19952 but in book it is given as 20000 db
diff --git a/3507/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/3507/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58e2e92de --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter 14
+//example 14.3
+//page 301
+
+Av1=20*log10(100) // db
+Av2=20*log10(200) // db
+Av3=20*log10(400) // db
+
+Av_total=Av1+Av2+Av3
+
+printf("total voltage gain = %.3f db \n",Av_total)
diff --git a/3507/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/3507/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5f6ebd77d --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter 14
+//example 14.4
+//page 302
+
+gain_abs=30
+n=5
+
+Ap1=10*log10(gain_abs) // db
+Ap_tot=Ap1*n
+Ap_f=Ap_tot-10 // db
+
+printf("total power gain = %.3f db \n",Ap_tot)
+printf("power gain with negative feedback = %.3f db \n",Ap_f)
diff --git a/3507/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce b/3507/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..778c7df21 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter 14
+//example 14.5
+//page 302
+
+P1=1.5 // W
+P2=0.3 // W
+Pi=10d-3 // W
+
+// power gain at 2 kHz
+Ap1=10*log10(P1/Pi)
+
+// power gain at 20 Hz
+Ap2=10*log10(P2/Pi)
+
+Ap_diff=Ap1-Ap2
+printf("fall in gain from 2 kHz to 20 Hz = %.3f db \n",Ap_diff)
diff --git a/3507/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce b/3507/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f01458167 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter 14
+//example 14.6
+//page 302
+
+Av=15 // db
+V1=0.8 // V
+
+// since db voltage gain Av=20*log10(V2/V1) making V2 as subject we get
+
+V2=V1*10^(Av/20)
+
+printf("output voltage = %.2f V \n",V2)
diff --git a/3507/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce b/3507/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbc051eab --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter 14
+//example 14.7
+//page 302
+
+Ao_db=70 // db
+Av_db=67 // db
+Rout=1.5 // kilo ohm
+
+// since 20*log(Ao)-20*log(Av)=Ao_db-Av_db we get
+// 20*log(Ao/Av) = Ao_db-Av_db so
+// Ao/Av = 10^((Ao_db-Av_db)/20)
+// and also Ao/Av=1+Rout/Rl since Av/Ao=Rl/(Rl+Rout)
+
+// so making Rl as subject we get
+Rl=Rout/(10^((Ao_db-Av_db)/20)-1)
+
+printf("minimum value of load resistance = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Rl)
+
+// the accurate answer is 3.636 kilo ohm
diff --git a/3507/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce b/3507/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d0addc4a --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH14/EX14.8/Ex14_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter 14
+//example 14.8
+//page 303
+
+gain_db=40 // db
+Vin=10d-3 // mV
+Rl=1 // kilo ohm
+
+// we know that Vout/Vin=10^(gain_db/20) so making Vout as subject we get
+Vout=Vin*10^(gain_db/20)
+P_load=Vout^2/Rl
+
+printf("output voltage = %.3f V \n",Vout)
+printf("load power = %.3f mW \n",P_load)
diff --git a/3507/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.sce b/3507/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b1f2a0fb --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH14/EX14.9/Ex14_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// chapter14
+// example14.9
+// page 303
+
+// figure given in book is for reference only. It is not required to solve the example since the required details are very clearly specified in the problem statement.
+// moreover more data is needed to plot the graph given in book.
+
+Av_max1=2000 // for 2 kHz
+Av_sqrt_2=1414 // for 10 kHz and 50 Hz
+
+percent_Av_max1=70.7*Av_max1/100
+printf("70.7 percent of maximum gain 2000 is = %.3f \n",percent_Av_max1)
+
+if Av_sqrt_2==percent_Av_max1
+printf("we observe that 70.7 percent of max gain 2000 is 1414 \n")
+printf("this gain 1414 is at 50 Hz and 10 kHz \n")
+printf("so bandwidth = 50 Hz to 10 kHz \n \n")
+
+printf("since frequency on lower side at which gain falls to \n70.7 percent is 50 Hz.So lower cutoff frequency = 50 Hz \n \n")
+printf("since frequency on upper side at which gain falls to \n70.7 percent is 10 kHz.So upper cutoff frequency = 10 kHz \n \n")
+else printf("data is insuficient for finding bandwidth and cutoff frequencies \n")
+end
diff --git a/3507/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce b/3507/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2f36b431e --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter15
+//example15.1
+//page321
+
+V=12 // V
+P=2 // W
+
+// since P=V*Ic we get
+Ic_max=P/V // in ampere
+
+printf("maximum collector current = %.3f mA \n",Ic_max*1000)
diff --git a/3507/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce b/3507/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4c683c021 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH15/EX15.10/Ex15_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter15
+//example15.10
+//page333
+
+P_total=4 // W
+T_Jmax=90 // degree celcius
+theta=10 // degree celcius per watt
+
+// P_total=(T_Jmax-Tamb)/theta so making Tamb as subject we get
+Tamb=T_Jmax-P_total*theta
+
+printf("maximum ambient temperature at which transistor can be operated = %.3f degree C \n",Tamb)
diff --git a/3507/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.sce b/3507/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bdd76b5f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH15/EX15.11/Ex15_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter15
+//example15.11
+//page333
+
+T_Jmax=90 // degree celcius
+T_amb=30 // degree celcius
+
+//case 1 : without heat sink
+theta1=300 // degree celcius per watt
+P_total1=(T_Jmax-T_amb)/theta1
+
+//case 2 : with heat sink
+theta2=60 // degree celcius per watt
+P_total2=(T_Jmax-T_amb)/theta2
+
+printf("case 1 : without heat sink \n maximum power dissipation = %.3f mW \n",P_total1*1000)
+printf("case 2 : with heat sink \n maximum power dissipation = %.3f mW \n",P_total2*1000)
diff --git a/3507/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.sce b/3507/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..61157998e --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH15/EX15.12/Ex15_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//chapter15
+//example15.12
+//page334
+
+T_Jmax=200 // degree celcius
+T_amb1=25 // degree celcius
+T_amb2=75 // degree celcius
+theta=20 // degree celcius per watt
+Vcc=4 // V
+
+P_total1=(T_Jmax-T_amb1)/theta
+Ic1=P_total1/Vcc
+
+P_total2=(T_Jmax-T_amb2)/theta
+Ic2=P_total2/Vcc
+
+printf("for ambient = 25 degree C, allowed collector current = %.3f A \n",Ic1)
+printf("for ambient = 75 degree C, allowed collector current = %.3f A \n",Ic2)
diff --git a/3507/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce b/3507/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3224dbefc --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter15
+//example15.2
+//page321
+
+V=12 // V
+R=4 // kilo ohm
+
+//since maximum collector current will flow when whole battery voltgage is dropped across Rc, we get
+Ic_max=V/R
+
+printf("maximum collector current = %.3f mA \n",Ic_max)
diff --git a/3507/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce b/3507/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..048dc3129 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter15
+//example15.3
+//page321
+
+P=50 // W
+R=8 // ohm
+
+// since p=V^2/R we get
+V=(P*R)^0.5
+I=V/R
+
+printf("ac output voltage = %.3f V \n",V)
+printf("ac output current = %.3f A \n",I)
diff --git a/3507/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce b/3507/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5cd26059 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//chapter15
+//example15.4
+//page325
+
+Vcc=20 // V
+Vbe=0.7 // V
+Rb=1d3 // ohm
+Rc=20 // ohm
+gain=25
+
+Ib=(Vcc-Vbe)/Rb
+Ic=Ib*gain
+Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rc
+
+ib_peak=10d-3
+ic_peak=gain*ib_peak
+Po_ac=ic_peak^2*Rc/2
+P_dc=Vcc*Ic
+eta=(Po_ac/P_dc)*100
+
+printf("operating point = %.3f V and %.3f mA \n",Vce,Ic*1000)
+printf("output power = %.3f W \n",Po_ac)
+printf("input power = %.3f W \n",P_dc)
+printf("collector efficiency = %.3f percent \n",eta)
diff --git a/3507/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce b/3507/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31e7b1a4f --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter15
+//example15.5
+//page328
+
+Pdc=10 // W
+Po=4 // W
+
+eta=(Po/Pdc)*100
+
+// maximum power dissipation in a transistor occurs under zero signal conditions so
+P=Pdc
+
+printf("collector efficiency = %.3f percent \n",eta)
+printf("power rating of transistor = %.3f W \n",P)
diff --git a/3507/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce b/3507/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ac1f21e0a --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH15/EX15.6/Ex15_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter15
+//example15.6
+//page328
+
+Rl=100 // ohm
+n=10
+Ic=100d-3 // ampere
+
+Rl_1=n^2*Rl
+Pmax=0.5*Ic^2*Rl_1
+
+printf("maximum ac power output = %.3f W \n",Pmax)
diff --git a/3507/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce b/3507/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6cf6b970 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH15/EX15.7/Ex15_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter15
+//example15.7
+//page329
+
+Vcc=5 // V
+Ic=50d-3 // ampere
+
+Pac_max=Vcc*Ic/2
+Pdc=Vcc*Ic
+Pdis=Pac_max*2
+eta=(Pac_max/Pdc)*100
+
+printf("maximum power output= %.3f mW \n",Pac_max*1000)
+printf("power dissipation = %.3f mW \n",Pdis*1000)
+printf("maximum collector efficiency = %.3f percent \n",eta)
diff --git a/3507/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce b/3507/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1d6ca41a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH15/EX15.8/Ex15_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter15
+//example15.8
+//page329
+
+del_Ic=100d-3 // ampere
+del_Vce=12 // V
+Rl=5 // ohm
+
+//case 1 : louspeaker directly connected
+V=del_Ic*Rl
+P=V*del_Ic
+
+//case2 : loudspreaker transformer coupled
+R_primary=del_Vce/del_Ic // for maximum power transfer the primary resistance should be equal to R
+n=(R_primary/Rl)^0.5
+V_secondary=del_Vce/n
+Il=V_secondary/Rl
+P_1=Il^2*Rl
+
+printf("case1 : loudspeaker connected directly \n power transferred to loudspeaker = %.3f mW \n",P*1000)
+printf("case2 : loudspeaker is transformer coupled \n power transferred to loudspeaker = %.3f mW \n",P_1*1000)
diff --git a/3507/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce b/3507/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9c90e542 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH15/EX15.9/Ex15_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//chapter15
+//example15.9
+//page331
+
+Vcc=17.5 // V
+ic_max=35d-3 // ampere
+ic_min=1d-3 // ampere
+IC=18 // ampere
+gain=100
+vce_max=30 // V
+vce_min=5 // V
+Rl=81.6 // ohm
+
+IC=ic_min+((ic_max-ic_min)/2)
+IB=IC/gain
+VCE=vce_min+((vce_max-vce_min)/2)
+
+Pdc=Vcc*IC
+Vce=(vce_max-vce_min)/(2*2^0.5)
+Ic=(ic_max-ic_min)/(2*2^0.5)
+Pac=Vce*Ic
+
+eta=(Pac/Pdc)*100
+
+slope=(ic_max-ic_min)/(vce_min-vce_max)
+Rl_dash=-1/slope
+n=(Rl_dash/Rl)^0.5
+
+printf("zero signal collector current = %.3f mA \n",IC*1000)
+printf("zero signal base current = %.3f mA \n",IB*1000)
+printf("dc power = %.3f mW and ac power = %.3f mW \n",Pdc*1000,Pac*1000)
+printf("collector efficiency = %.3f percent \n",eta)
+printf("transformer turn ratio = %.1f \n",n)
diff --git a/3507/CH16/EX12.2/Ex16_2.sce b/3507/CH16/EX12.2/Ex16_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b6f5cd221 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH16/EX12.2/Ex16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter16
+//example16.2
+//page346
+
+Av=140
+Avf=17.5
+
+// since Avf=Av/(1+Av*mv), making mv as subject we get
+mv=(Av/Avf-1)/Av
+printf("fraction of output fed back to input = %.3f \n",mv)
diff --git a/3507/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce b/3507/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba54c7b98 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter16
+//example16.1
+//page345
+
+Av=3000
+mv=0.01
+
+Avf=Av/(1+Av*mv)
+printf("voltge gain with negative feedback = %.3f \n",Avf)
+
+// accurate answer is 96.774 but in book it is given as 97
diff --git a/3507/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.sce b/3507/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..adab184d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter16
+//example16.10
+//page352
+
+Av=150
+D=5/100
+mv=10/100
+
+Dvf=100*D/(1+Av*mv) // in percent
+
+printf("distortion of amplifier with negative feedback = %.3f percent",Dvf)
diff --git a/3507/CH16/EX16.11/Ex16_11.sce b/3507/CH16/EX16.11/Ex16_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..942d03814 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH16/EX16.11/Ex16_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter16
+//example16.11
+//page352
+
+Av=1000
+mv=0.01
+f1=1.5 // kHz
+f2=501.5 // kHz
+
+f_1f=f1/(1+Av*mv)
+f_2f=f2*(1+mv*Av)
+
+printf("new lower cutoff frequency with negative feedback = %.3f kHz or %.3f Hz \n",f_1f,f_1f*1000)
+printf("new upper cutoff frequency with negative feedback = %.3f kHz or %.3f MHz \n",f_2f,f_2f/1000)
+
+// the accurate answers are 136.364 Hz and 5.516 MHz but in book they are given as 136.4 Hz and 5.52 MHz respectively
diff --git a/3507/CH16/EX16.12/Ex16_12.sce b/3507/CH16/EX16.12/Ex16_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4aa2137ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH16/EX16.12/Ex16_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter16
+//example16.12
+//page353
+
+Ai=200
+mi=0.012
+
+Aif=Ai/(1+mi*Ai)
+
+printf("effective current gain of amplifier = %.3f \n",Aif)
diff --git a/3507/CH16/EX16.13/Ex16_13.sce b/3507/CH16/EX16.13/Ex16_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4d0effc69 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH16/EX16.13/Ex16_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter16
+//example16.13
+//page354
+
+Zin=15// kilo ohm
+Ai=240
+mi=0.015
+
+Zin_dash=Zin/(1+mi*Ai)
+
+printf("input impedence with negative feedback = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Zin_dash)
diff --git a/3507/CH16/EX16.14/Ex16_14.sce b/3507/CH16/EX16.14/Ex16_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffb9af39b --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH16/EX16.14/Ex16_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter16
+//example16.14
+//page355
+
+Zout=3 // kilo ohm
+Ai=200
+mi=0.01
+
+Zout_dash=Zout*(1+mi*Ai)
+
+printf("output impedence with negative feedback = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Zout_dash)
diff --git a/3507/CH16/EX16.15/Ex16_15.sce b/3507/CH16/EX16.15/Ex16_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..98d14e99c --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH16/EX16.15/Ex16_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter16
+//example16.15
+//page355
+
+BW=400 // kHz
+Ai=250
+mi=0.01
+
+BW_dash=BW*(1+mi*Ai)
+
+printf("Bandwidth with negative feedback = %.3f kHz \n",BW_dash)
diff --git a/3507/CH16/EX16.16/Ex16_16.sce b/3507/CH16/EX16.16/Ex16_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..92b999d85 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH16/EX16.16/Ex16_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter16
+//example16.16
+//page356
+
+Vcc=18 // V
+R1=16 // kilo ohm
+R2=22 // kilo ohm
+Vbe=0.7 // V
+Re=910d-3 // kilo ohm
+
+V2=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2)
+Ve=V2-Vbe
+Ie=Ve/Re
+
+printf("voltage across Re = %.3f V \n",Ve)
+printf("emitter current = %.3f mA \n",Ie)
+
+clf()
+x=linspace(0,18,100)
+y=-(19.78/18)*x+19.78
+xtitle("dc load line","Vce(volts)","Ic(mA)")
+plot2d(x,y,style=3,rect=[0,0,19,20])
diff --git a/3507/CH16/EX16.17/Ex16_17.sce b/3507/CH16/EX16.17/Ex16_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e36e9c680 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH16/EX16.17/Ex16_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter16
+//example16.17
+//page357
+
+Vcc=10 // V
+R1= 10 // kilo ohm
+R2=10 // kilo ohm
+Vbe=0.7 // V
+Re=5000 // ohm
+
+V2=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2)
+Ve=V2-Vbe
+Ie=Ve/(Re/1000) // in mA
+re_dash=25/Ie
+Av=Re/(re_dash+Re)
+
+printf("voltage gain = %.3f \n",Av)
diff --git a/3507/CH16/EX16.18/Ex16_18.sce b/3507/CH16/EX16.18/Ex16_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9fc76495 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH16/EX16.18/Ex16_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter16
+//example16.18
+//page358
+
+Re=5d3 // ohm
+Rl=5d3 // ohm
+re_dash=29.1 // in ohm, from example 16_17
+
+Re_dash=Re*Rl/(Re+Rl)
+Av=Re_dash/(re_dash+Re_dash)
+
+printf("voltage gain = %.3f \n",Av)
diff --git a/3507/CH16/EX16.19/Ex16_19.sce b/3507/CH16/EX16.19/Ex16_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26694f69c --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH16/EX16.19/Ex16_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter16
+//example16.19
+//page359
+
+Vcc=10 // V
+R1= 10 // kilo ohm
+R2=10 // kilo ohm
+Vbe=0.7 // V
+Re=4.3 // kilo ohm
+gain_beta=200
+
+V2=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2)
+Ve=V2-Vbe
+Ie=Ve/Re
+re_dash=25/Ie
+Re_dash=Re*Rl/(Re+Rl)
+Zin_base=gain_beta*(re_dash+Re_dash)
+Zin=Zin_base*(R1*R2/(R1+R2))/(Zin_base+R1*R2/(R1+R2))
+
+printf("input impedence = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Zin)
+
+// the accurate answer is 4.996 kilo ohm but in book it is given as 4.96 kilo ohm
diff --git a/3507/CH16/EX16.20/Ex16_20.sce b/3507/CH16/EX16.20/Ex16_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7f4c6803 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH16/EX16.20/Ex16_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter16
+//example16.20
+//page361
+
+R1=3d3 // ohm
+R2=4.7d3 // ohm
+Rs=600 // ohm
+re_dash=20// ohm
+gain_beta=200
+
+Rin_dash=R1*(R2*Rs/(R2+Rs))/(R1+(R2*Rs/(R2+Rs)))
+
+Zout=re_dash+Rin_dash/gain_beta
+
+printf("output impedence = %.1f ohm \n",Zout)
diff --git a/3507/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce b/3507/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5632671a --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter16
+//example16.3
+//page346
+
+Av1=100
+Avf1=50
+Avf2=75
+
+// since Avf=Av/(1+Av*mv), we get
+mv=(Av1/Avf1-1)/Av1
+Av2=Avf2/(1-mv*Avf2)
+
+printf("fraction of output fed back to input = %.3f \n",mv)
+printf("for overall gain = 75 and same fraction, required gain = %.3f \n",Av2)
diff --git a/3507/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce b/3507/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..629a75f34 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter16
+//example16.4
+//page346
+
+Vo=10
+Vi=0.25
+Vif=0.5
+
+Av=Vo/Vi
+Avf=Vo/Vif
+
+// since Avf=Av/(1+Av*mv), we get
+mv=(Av/Avf-1)/Av
+
+printf("fraction of output fed back to input = %.3f \n",mv)
diff --git a/3507/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce b/3507/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd9b904df --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter16
+//example16.5
+//page347
+
+Av=50
+Avf=25
+
+// since Avf=Av/(1+Av*mv), we get
+mv=(Av/Avf-1)/Av
+
+// without feedback, gain falls from 50 to 40
+Av1=50
+Av2=40
+reduction1=100*(Av1-Av2)/Av1
+
+// with feedback
+Av3=25
+Av4=Av2/(1+mv*Av2)
+reduction2=100*(Av3-Av4)/Av3
+
+printf("percentage reduction in gain : \n with feedback = %.3f percent \n ",reduction1)
+printf("without feedback = %.3f perent",reduction2)
diff --git a/3507/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce b/3507/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d68cbc564 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter16
+//example16.6
+//page347
+
+Av=100
+mv=0.1
+
+Avf=Av/(1+Av*mv)
+mv=(Av/Avf-1)/Av
+
+// fall in gain is 6dB so 20log(Av/Av1)=6
+// making Av1 as subject we get
+Av1=Av/exp(6*log(10)/20)
+Avf_new=Av1/(1+Av1*mv)
+change=100*(Avf-Avf_new)/Avf
+
+printf("percentage change in gain = %.3f percent \n",change)
+
+// the accurate answer is 8.297 percent but in book it is given as 8.36 percent
diff --git a/3507/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce b/3507/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..237c9d7d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter16
+//example16.7
+//page348
+
+A0=1000
+Rout=100 // ohm
+Rl=900
+mv=1/50
+
+Av=A0*Rl/(Rout+Rl)
+Avf=Av/(1+Av*mv)
+printf("voltage gain with negative feedback = %.3f \n",Avf)
+
+// the accurate answer is 47.368 but in book it is given as 47.4
diff --git a/3507/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce b/3507/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18f644aae --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//chapter16 +//example16.8 +//page351 + +Av=10000 +R1=2 // kilo ohm +R2=18 // kilo ohm +Vi=1 // mV + +mv=R1/(R1+R2) +Avf=Av/(1+Av*mv) +Vout=Avf*Vi + +printf("feedback fraction = %.1f \n",mv) + +printf("voltage gain with negative feedback = %.1f \n",Avf) + +printf("output voltage = %.1f mV \n",Vout) diff --git a/3507/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.sce b/3507/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1f6fd1870 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter16
+//example16.9
+//page351
+
+Av=10000
+R1=10 // kilo ohm
+R2=90 // kilo ohm
+Zin=10 // kilo ohm
+Zout=100d-3 // kilo ohm
+
+mv=R1/(R1+R2)
+Avf=Av/(1+Av*mv)
+Zin_dash=(1+Av*mv)*Zin
+Zout_dash=Zout/(1+Av*mv)
+
+printf("feedbackfraction = %.1f \n",mv)
+
+printf("voltage gain with negative feedback = %.1f \n",Avf)
+
+printf("input impedence with feedback = %.3f kilo ohm or %.3f mega ohm \n",Zin_dash,Zin_dash/1000)
+
+printf("output impedence with feedback = %f kilo ohm or %.3f ohm \n",Zout_dash,Zout_dash*1000)
diff --git a/3507/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce b/3507/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c61fd4e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH17/EX17.1/Ex17_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter17 +//example17.1 +//page375 + +L1=58.6d-6 // H +C1=300d-12 // F + +f=1/(2*%pi*(L1*C1)^0.5) +printf("frequency of oscillations = %.3f Hz or %.3f kHz",f,f/1000) + +// in book the answer is 1199 kHz but the accurate answer is 1200.358 kHz diff --git a/3507/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce b/3507/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45a226e29 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH17/EX17.2/Ex17_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter17 +//example17.2 +//page377 + +C1=0.001d-6 // F +C2=0.01d-6 // F +L=15d-6 // H + +Ct=C1*C2/(C1+C2) // since both are in series + +f=1/(2*%pi*(L*Ct)^0.5) +mv=C1/C2 + +printf("operating frequency = %.3f Hz or %.3f kHz \n",f,f/1000) +printf("feedback function = %.3f",mv) + +//in book the answer given is 1361 kHz but accurate answer is 1362.922 kHz diff --git a/3507/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce b/3507/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..888bfd574 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH17/EX17.3/Ex17_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//chapter17 +//example17.3 +//page379 + +L1=1000d-6 // H +L2=100d-6 // H +M=20d-6 // H +C=20d-12 // F + +Lt=L1+L2+2*M + +f=1/(2*%pi*(Lt*C)^0.5) +mv=L2/L1 + +printf("operating frequency = %.3f Hz or %.3f kHz \n",f,f/1000) +printf("feedback function = %.3f",mv) + +//in book the answer is 1052 kHz but the accurate answer is 1054.029 kHz diff --git a/3507/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce b/3507/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e772d2f9a --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH17/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter17 +//example17.4 +//page381 + +R=1d6 // ohm +C=68d-12 // F + +fo=1/(2*%pi*R*C*(6)^0.5) +printf("frequency of oscillations = %.3f Hz",fo) + +// in book the answer given is 954 Hz but the accurate answer is 955.511 Hz diff --git a/3507/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce b/3507/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6ce3295da --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH17/EX17.5/Ex17_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter17 +//example17.5 +//page382 + +R=220d3 // ohm +C=250d-12 // F + +f=1/(2*%pi*R*C) +printf("frequency of oscillations = %.3f Hz",f) + +//in book the answer given is 2892 Hz but the accurate answer is 2893.726 Hz diff --git a/3507/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce b/3507/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d13c95412 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH17/EX17.6/Ex17_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter17 +//example17.6 +//page387 + +// frequency is inversely proportional to thickness +// so if thickness is reduced by 1%, frequency increases by 1% + +printf("If thickness of crystal is reduced by 1 percent, then \nfrequency is increased by 1 percent \nbecause frequency is inversely proportional to thickness \n") diff --git a/3507/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce b/3507/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..206c8d983 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH17/EX17.7/Ex17_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter17 +//example17.7 +//page387 + +L=1 // H +C=0.01d-12 // F +Cm=20d-12 // F + +fs=1/(2*%pi*(L*C)^0.5) +Ct=C*Cm/(C+Cm) +fp=1/(2*%pi*(L*Ct)^0.5) + +printf("series resonant frequency = %.3f Hz or %.3f kHz\n",fs,fs/1000) +printf("parallel resonant frequency = %.3f Hz or %.3f kHz\n",fp,fp/1000) + +// in book the answer given is 1589 kHz for series resonant frequency but the accurate answer is 1591.549 kHz +// in book the answer given is 1590 kHz for parallel resonant frequency but the accurate answer is 1591.947 kHz diff --git a/3507/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce b/3507/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3c144cf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH18/EX18.1/Ex18_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter18 +//example18.1 +//page396 +L=1.25d-3 // H +C=250d-12 // F +R=10 // ohm + +fr=(((1/(L*C))-(R^2/L^2))^0.5)/(2*%pi) +Zr=L/(C*R) +Q=2*%pi*fr*L/R + +printf("resonant frequency of circuit = %.3f Hz or %.3f kHz \n",fr,fr/1000) +printf("impedence of circuit at resonance = %.3f ohm or %.3f kilo ohm \n",Zr,Zr/1000) +printf("quality factor of the circuit = %.3f",Q) diff --git a/3507/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce b/3507/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..01978f9bf --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH18/EX18.2/Ex18_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//chapter18 +//example18.2 +//page396 + +L=100d-6 // H +C=100d-12 // F +R=10 // ohm +V=10 // V + +fr=(((1/(L*C))-(R^2/L^2))^0.5)/(2*%pi) +Zr=L/(C*R) +I=V/Zr + +printf("resonant frequency of circuit = %.3f Hz or %.3f kHz \n",fr,fr/1000) +printf("impedence of circuit at resonance = %.3f ohm or %.3f kilo ohm or %.3f mega ohm\n",Zr,Zr/1000,Zr/1d6) +printf("line current = %.4f ampere or %.3f micro ampere",I,I*1d6) + +// the accurate answer for resonant frequency is 1591.470 kHz diff --git a/3507/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce b/3507/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2535724f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH18/EX18.3/Ex18_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter18 +//example17.3 +//page398 + +fr=1200 // kHz +Q=60 + +BW=fr/Q +f1=fr-(BW/2) +f2=fr+(BW/2) + +printf("bandwidth = %.3f kHz \n",BW) +printf("lower cut-off frequency = %.3f kHz \n",f1) +printf("upper cut-off frequency = %.3f kHz \n",f2) diff --git a/3507/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce b/3507/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dce805930 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH18/EX18.4/Ex18_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter18 +//example18.4 +//page401 + +L=33d-3 // H +C=0.1d-6 // F +R=25 // ohm + +fr=1/(2*%pi*(L*C)^0.5) +Xl=2*%pi*fr*L +Q=Xl/R +BW=fr/Q + +printf("resonant frequency = %.3f Hz or %.3f kHz \n",fr,fr/1000) +printf("quality factor = %.3f \n",Q) +printf("bandwidth = %.3f Hz \n",BW) + +// the accurate answer for bandwidth is 120.572 Hz but in book it is given as 120 Hz +// the accurate answer for quality factor is 22.978 but in book it is given as 23 diff --git a/3507/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce b/3507/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc96c1c1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH18/EX18.5/Ex18_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter18 +//example18.5 +//page402 + +BW=200 // kHz +fr=10d3 // kHz + +k=BW/fr + +printf("co-efficient of coupling = %.3f \n",k) diff --git a/3507/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.sce b/3507/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d8340ef3e --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH18/EX18.6/Ex18_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//chapter18 +//example18.6 +//page405 + +L=50.7d-6 // H +C=500d-12 // F +R=10 // ohm +Rl=1d6 // ohm + +fr=1/(2*%pi*(L*C)^0.5) +R_dc=R +Xl=2*%pi*fr*L +Q=Xl/R +Rp=Q*Xl +R_ac=Rp*Rl/(Rp+Rl) + +printf("resonant frequency = %.3f Hz or %.3f kHz \n",fr,fr/1000) // amswer in book is incorrect +printf("dc load = %.3f ohm \n",R_dc) +printf("ac load = %.3f ohm or %.3f kilo ohm \n",R_ac,R_ac/1000) + +// in book the aswer for resonant frequency is 106 Hz which is incorrect +// the correct answer is 999.611 kHz + +// the accurate answer for ac load is 10.038 kilo ohm diff --git a/3507/CH18/EX18.7/Ex18_7.sce b/3507/CH18/EX18.7/Ex18_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..96d22ac67 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH18/EX18.7/Ex18_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter18 +//example18.7 +//page406 + +Vcc=50 // V +Np=5 +Ns=1 +R=50 // ohm +R_ac=(Np/Ns)^2*R +Po=Vcc^2/R_ac + +printf("ac load = %.3f ohm \n",R_ac) +printf("maximum load power = %.3f W \n",Po) diff --git a/3507/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce b/3507/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..592a83af6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH19/EX19.1/Ex19_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter19
+//example19.1
+//page416
+
+// the figure in book is for reference only as equations for Ec and Es are already explained in the theory in the book.
+
+printf("Ec=(Vmax+Vmin)/2 \n")
+printf("Es=(Vmax-Vmin)/2 \n")
+printf("But, Es=m*Ec \n")
+printf("So (Vmax-Vmin)/2 = m*(Vmax+Vmin)/2 \n")
+printf("thus, m = (Vmax-Vmin)/(Vmax+Vmin) \n")
diff --git a/3507/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.sce b/3507/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6988255cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH19/EX19.10/Ex19_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter19
+//example19.10
+//page423
+
+fc=500 // kHz
+fs=1 // kHz
+
+lower_sideband=fc-fs
+upper_sideband=fc+fs
+BW=upper_sideband-lower_sideband
+
+printf("sideband frequencies = %.3f kHz and %.3f kHz \n",lower_sideband,upper_sideband)
+printf("bandwidth required = %.3f kHz \n",BW)
diff --git a/3507/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.sce b/3507/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c26d64a3b --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH19/EX19.11/Ex19_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter19
+//example19.11
+//page423
+
+m=0.4
+Ic=8 // A
+// Pt=Pc+Ps and Ps=0.5*m^2*Pc so Pt=Pc*(1+m^2/2)
+// so Pt/Pc=1+m^2/2 but P is proportional to I^2 so
+// (It/Ic)^2=1+m^2/2 and thus we get
+
+It=Ic*(1+m^2/2)^0.5
+
+printf("antenna current for m=0.4 is = %.3f A \n",It)
diff --git a/3507/CH19/EX19.12/Ex19_12.sce b/3507/CH19/EX19.12/Ex19_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d1341b7a --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH19/EX19.12/Ex19_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter19
+//example19.12
+//page424
+
+It=8.93 // A
+Ic=8 // A
+
+// we know that (It/Ic)^2=1+m^2/2 so making m as subject we get
+m=(2*((It/Ic)^2-1))^0.5
+
+printf("modulation factor = %.3f or %.3f percent \n",m,m*100)
diff --git a/3507/CH19/EX19.13/Ex19_13.sce b/3507/CH19/EX19.13/Ex19_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3fd4e697a --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH19/EX19.13/Ex19_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter19
+//example19.13
+//page424
+
+Vt=110 // V
+Vc=100 // V
+
+// since Pt/Pc=1+m^2/2 and P is proportional to V^2 we get (Vt/Vc)^2=1+m^2/2
+// making m as subject we get
+
+m=(2*((Vt/Vc)^2-1))^0.5
+
+printf("modulation factor = %.3f or %.3f percent \n",m,m*100)
diff --git a/3507/CH19/EX19.14/Ex19_14.sce b/3507/CH19/EX19.14/Ex19_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be01ac88b --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH19/EX19.14/Ex19_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//chapter19
+//example19.14
+//page424
+
+Vc=5 // V
+V_lower=2.5 // V
+V_upper=2.5 // V
+R=2 // kilo ohm
+
+// figure given in book is just for understanding purpose.It is not a part of solution.
+// however, the figure has been made in xcos and screenshot has been attached for reference
+
+// since power=(rms voltage)^2/R we get
+
+Pc=(0.707*Vc)^2/R
+P_lower=(0.707*V_lower)^2/R
+P_upper=(0.707*V_upper)^2/R
+Pt=Pc+P_lower+P_upper
+
+printf("power delivered by carrier = %.3f mW \n",Pc)
+printf("power delivered by lower sideband = %.3f mW \n",P_lower)
+printf("power delivered by upper sideband = %.3f mW \n",P_upper)
+printf("total power delivered by AM wave = %.3f mW \n",Pt)
diff --git a/3507/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce b/3507/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..17a5275ad --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH19/EX19.2/Ex19_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter19
+//example19.2
+//page416
+
+// figure is given in book for understanding purpose only.It is not required for solving the example as maximum and minimum peak voltages are given in the problem statement itself.
+
+Vmax_pp=16 // mV
+Vmin_pp=4 // mV
+
+Vmax=Vmax_pp/2
+Vmin=Vmin_pp/2
+
+m=(Vmax-Vmin)/(Vmax+Vmin)
+
+printf("modulation factor = %.3f \n",m)
+
+
diff --git a/3507/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce b/3507/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e055486c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH19/EX19.3/Ex19_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter19
+//example19.3
+//page417
+
+Es=50 // V
+Ec=100 // V
+
+m=Es/Ec
+
+printf("modulation factor = %.3f \n",m)
diff --git a/3507/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce b/3507/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3502e0608 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH19/EX19.4/Ex19_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter19
+//example19.4
+//page419
+
+fc=2500 // kHz
+fs_min=0.05 // kHz
+fs_max=15 // kHz
+
+upper_sideband_min=fc+fs_min
+upper_sideband_max=fc+fs_max
+
+lower_sideband_min=fc-fs_min
+lower_sideband_max=fc-fs_max
+
+BW=upper_sideband_max-lower_sideband_max
+
+printf("lower sideband is from %.3f to %.3f kHz \n",lower_sideband_min,lower_sideband_max)
+printf("upper sideband is from %.3f to %.3f kHz \n",upper_sideband_min,upper_sideband_max)
+printf("Bandwidth for RF amplifier = %.3f kHz \n",BW)
diff --git a/3507/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce b/3507/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b743848ea --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH19/EX19.5/Ex19_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//chapter19
+//example19.5
+//page420
+
+// v=5*(1+0.6*cos(6280*t))*sin(211d4*t) V
+// compare with v=Ec*(1+m*cos(ws*t))*sin(wc*t) we get
+Ec=5 // V
+m=0.6
+fs=6280/(2*%pi) // Hz
+fc=211d4/(2*%pi) // Hz
+
+Vmin=Ec-m*Ec
+Vmax=Ec+m*Ec
+
+f1=(fc-fs)/1000 // in kHz
+f2=fc/1000 // in kHz
+f3=(fc+fs)/1000 // in kHz
+
+V1=m*Ec/2
+V2=Ec
+V3=m*Ec/2
+
+printf("minimum amplitude = %.3f V and maximum amplitude = %.3f V \n",Vmin,Vmax)
+printf("frequency components = %.1f kHz, %.1f Hz, %.1fkHz \n",f1,f2,f3)
+printf("amplitudes of components = %.3f V, %.3f V, %.3f V \n",V1,V2,V3)
+
+// in book there is error of 0.2 kHz in every frequency component. The accurate answers are 334.8,335.8,336.8 kHz
diff --git a/3507/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce b/3507/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..81b60bd43 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH19/EX19.6/Ex19_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter19
+//example19.6
+//page420
+
+fc=1000 // kHz
+fs=5 // kHz
+m=0.5
+Ec=100 // V
+
+lower_sideband=fc-fs
+upper_sideband=fc+fs
+amplitude=m*Ec/2
+
+printf("lower and upper sideband frequencies = %.3f kHz and %.3f kHz \n",lower_sideband,upper_sideband)
+printf("amplitude of each sideband term = %.3f V \n",amplitude)
diff --git a/3507/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.sce b/3507/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba286e153 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH19/EX19.7/Ex19_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter19
+//example19.7
+//page422
+
+Pc=500 // W
+m=1
+
+Ps=0.5*m^2*Pc
+Pt=Pc+Ps
+
+printf("sideband power = %.3f W \n",Ps)
+printf("power of modulated wave = %.3f W \n",Pt)
diff --git a/3507/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.sce b/3507/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3dc0d537e --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH19/EX19.8/Ex19_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter19
+//example19.8
+//page422
+
+m1=0.8
+m2=0.1
+Pc=50 // kW
+
+Ps1=0.5*m1^2*Pc
+Ps2=0.5*m2^2*Pc
+
+printf("for m=0.8, sideband power = %.3f kW \n",Ps1)
+printf("for m=0.1, sideband power = %.3f kW \n",Ps2)
diff --git a/3507/CH19/EX19.9/Ex19_9.sce b/3507/CH19/EX19.9/Ex19_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ec82705a --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH19/EX19.9/Ex19_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter19
+//example19.9
+//page422
+
+// block diagram is for understanding purpose inly.It is not required to solve the example
+m=1
+eta=0.72
+// carrier is not affected by modulating signal so its power level remains unchanged before and after modulation
+Pc=40 // kW
+Ps=0.5*m^2*Pc
+P_audio=Ps/eta
+
+printf("carrier power after modulation = %.3f kW \n",Pc)
+printf("required audio power = %.3f kW \n",P_audio)
diff --git a/3507/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce b/3507/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74fdbe589 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH2/EX2.1/Ex2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter 2
+//example 2.1
+//page 29
+
+A=60.2d4 // ampere per square m per square kelvin
+T=2500 // kelvin
+phi=4.517 // eV
+d=0.01d-2 // m
+l=5d-2 // m
+
+b=11600*phi
+Js=A*T^2*exp(-b/T)
+a=%pi*d*l
+
+emission_current=Js*a
+
+printf("emission current=%f A",emission_current)
diff --git a/3507/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/3507/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..63dae71ae --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Chapter 2
+// example 2.2
+// page 29
+Js=0.1 // ampere per square cm
+A=60.2 // ampere per square cm per square kelvin
+T=1900 // kelvin
+
+// Js=A*T^2*exp(-b/T) so b=-T*log(Js/(A*T^2))
+
+b=-T*log(Js/(A*T^2))
+
+// b=11600*phi so making phi as subject
+
+phi=b/11600
+
+printf("work function=%f eV \n",phi)
+// the accurate answer is 3.521466
+// but in the book it is mistakenly written as 3.56
+
+if(2.63<phi & phi<4.52)
+ printf("thoriated tungsten has work function between 2.63eV to 4.52eV.\nSo sample is likely to be thoriated tingsten")
+elseif(phi<=2.63 | phi>4.52)
+ printf("tungsten is contaminated") // for pure tungsten, phi must be 4.52 exactly
+else
+ printf("tungsten is pure") // phi=4.52 implies tungsten is pure
+end
+
+// please note that there is error in the answer of work function phi in the book
+// The correct answer is 3.521466 eV and not 3.56 eV
diff --git a/3507/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce b/3507/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..beac32ff8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH20/EX20.1/Ex20_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter20
+//example20.1
+//page437
+
+V_NL=400 // V
+V_FL=300 // V
+
+regulation=((V_NL-V_FL)/V_FL)*100
+
+printf("percent voltage regulation = %.3f percent \n",regulation)
diff --git a/3507/CH20/EX20.10/Ex20_10.sce b/3507/CH20/EX20.10/Ex20_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..757b6d5d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH20/EX20.10/Ex20_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter20
+//example20.10
+//page445
+
+R2=1 // kilo ohm
+R1=2 // kilo ohm
+Vz=6 // V
+Vbe=0.7 // V
+
+m=R2/(R1+R2)
+A_CL=1/m
+Vout=A_CL*(Vz+Vbe)
+
+printf("regulated output voltage = %.3f V \n",Vout)
diff --git a/3507/CH20/EX20.11/Ex20_11.sce b/3507/CH20/EX20.11/Ex20_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b1b99296d --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH20/EX20.11/Ex20_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter20
+//example20.11
+//page445
+
+R2=10 // kilo ohm
+R1=30 // kilo ohm
+
+m=R2/(R1+R2)
+A_CL=1/m
+
+printf("closed loop voltage gain = %.3f \n",A_CL)
diff --git a/3507/CH20/EX20.12/Ex20_12.sce b/3507/CH20/EX20.12/Ex20_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..de84e1d7d --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH20/EX20.12/Ex20_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter20
+//example20.12
+//page446
+
+Vz=8.3 // V
+Vbe=0.7 // V
+Rl=100 // ohm
+Rs=130 // ohm
+Vin=22 // V
+
+Vout=Vz+Vbe
+Il=Vout/Rl
+Is=(Vin-Vout)/Rs
+Ic=Is-Il
+
+printf("regulated output voltage = %.3f V \n",Vout)
+printf("load current = %.3f mA \n",Il*1000)
+printf("current through Rs = %.3f mA \n",Is*1000)
+printf("collector current = %.3f mA \n",Ic*1000)
diff --git a/3507/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce b/3507/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3bf880b67 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH20/EX20.2/Ex20_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter20
+//example20.2
+//page437
+
+V_NL=30 // V
+regulation=1
+
+// since regulation=((V_NL-V_FL)/V_FL)*100, we get V_FL as
+
+V_FL=100*V_NL/(100+regulation)
+printf("full load voltage = %.3f V \n",V_FL)
diff --git a/3507/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.sce b/3507/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..57e193c15 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH20/EX20.3/Ex20_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//chapter20
+//example20.3
+//page437
+
+// for power supply A
+V_NL1=30 // V
+V_FL1=25 // V
+
+regulation1=((V_NL1-V_FL1)/V_FL1)*100
+
+//for power supply B
+V_NL2=30 // V
+V_FL2=29 // V
+
+regulation2=((V_NL2-V_FL2)/V_FL2)*100
+
+printf("regulation for power supply A =%.3f percent \n",regulation1)
+printf("regulation for power supply B =%.3f percent \n",regulation2)
+
+if regulation1>regulation2 then
+ printf("thus, power supply B is better \n")
+ elseif regulation2>regulation1 then
+ printf("thus, power supply A is better \n")
+ else printf("both are equally good \n")
+end
diff --git a/3507/CH20/EX20.4/Ex20_4.sce b/3507/CH20/EX20.4/Ex20_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bd995ee57 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH20/EX20.4/Ex20_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter20
+//example20.4
+//page438
+
+V_NL=500 // V
+V_FL=300 // V
+I_FL=120 // mA
+
+regulation=((V_NL-V_FL)/V_FL)*100
+
+Rl_min=V_FL/I_FL
+
+printf("voltage regulation = %.3f percent \n",regulation)
+printf("minimum load resistance = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Rl_min)
diff --git a/3507/CH20/EX20.5/Ex20_5.sce b/3507/CH20/EX20.5/Ex20_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f9f400065 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH20/EX20.5/Ex20_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//chapter20
+//example20.5
+//page441
+
+Vin=24 // V
+Vout=12 // V
+Rs=160 // ohm
+Rl_min=200 // ohm
+
+Is=(Vin-Vout)/Rs // in ampere
+
+// minimum load occurs when Rl tends to infinity so
+Il_min=0
+
+// maximum load occurs when Rl=200 ohm
+Il_max=Vout/Rl_min // in ampere
+
+Iz_min=Is-Il_max // in ampere
+Iz_max=Is-Il_min // in ampere
+
+printf("current through series reistance = %.3f mA \n \n",Is*1000)
+printf("minimum load current = %.3f mA \n",Il_min*1000)
+printf("maximum load current = %.3f mA \n",Il_max*1000)
+printf("minimum zener current = %.3f mA \n",Iz_min*1000)
+printf("maximum zener current = %.3f mA \n \n",Iz_max*1000)
+
+printf("comment : current Is through Rs is constant.\nAs load current increases from 0 to 60 mA, zener current decreases from 75 to 15 mA, \nmaintaining Is constant.\nThis is the normal operation of zener regulator \ni.e.Is and Vout remain constant inspite of changes in load or source voltage.")
diff --git a/3507/CH20/EX20.6/Ex20_6.sce b/3507/CH20/EX20.6/Ex20_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9d8b36c89 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH20/EX20.6/Ex20_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter20
+//example20.6
+//page441
+
+Vin_min=22 // V
+Vout=15 // V
+Il_max=0.1 // A
+
+// for maximum series resistance, we consider the case when input voltage is minimum and load current is maximum because then zener current drops to minimum.Thus,
+Rs_max=(Vin_min-Vout)/Il_max
+
+printf("required series resistance = %.3f ohm \n",Rs_max)
diff --git a/3507/CH20/EX20.7/Ex20_7.sce b/3507/CH20/EX20.7/Ex20_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3caf439c --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH20/EX20.7/Ex20_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter20
+//example20.7
+//page442
+
+Vz=10 // V
+Vbe=0.5 // V
+Rl=1000 // ohm
+
+Vout=Vz-Vbe
+Il=Vout/Rl
+
+printf("load voltage = %.3f V \n",Vout)
+printf("load current = %.3f mA \n",Il*1000)
diff --git a/3507/CH20/EX20.8/Ex20_8.sce b/3507/CH20/EX20.8/Ex20_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..42392619e --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH20/EX20.8/Ex20_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//chapter20
+//example20.8
+//page441
+
+Ic=1 // A
+gain=50
+Vout=6 // V
+Vbe=0.5 // V
+Vin=10 // V
+Iz=10d-3 // A
+
+Ib=Ic/gain
+Vz=Vbe+Vout // Vout=Vz-Vbe
+
+V_Rs=Vin-Vz
+Rs=V_Rs/(Ib+Iz)
+
+printf("required breakdown voltage for zener diode = %.3f V \n",Vz)
+printf("required value of Rs = %.3f ohm \n",Rs)
+
+// in book Rs=117 ohm but accurate answer is 116.667 ohm
+
+// note : in xcos, there is no Zener diode so in the result (circuit) file a simple diode is used to represent a zener diode
diff --git a/3507/CH20/EX20.9/Ex20_9.sce b/3507/CH20/EX20.9/Ex20_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..309661ca2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH20/EX20.9/Ex20_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter20
+//example20.9
+//page443
+
+Vz=12 // V
+Vbe=0.7 // V
+Vin=20 // V
+Rs=220 // ohm
+Rl=1d3 // ohm
+gain=50
+
+Vout=Vz-Vbe
+V_Rs=Vin-Vz
+I_Rs=V_Rs/Rs
+Il=Vout/Rl
+Ic=Il
+Ib=Ic/gain
+Iz=I_Rs-Ib
+
+printf("output voltage = %.3f V \n",Vout)
+printf("zener current = %.3f mA \n",Iz*1000)
diff --git a/3507/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce b/3507/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..49644cd47 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH21/EX21.1/Ex21_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter21
+//example21.1
+//page456
+
+Vcc=10 // V
+Vbe=0.7 // V
+Rb=47d3 // ohm
+Rc=1d3 // ohm
+gain=100
+
+Ic_sat=Vcc/Rc
+Ib=Ic_sat/gain
+V_plus=Ib*Rb+Vbe
+
+printf("voltage required to saturate transistor = +%.3f V \n",V_plus)
diff --git a/3507/CH21/EX21.10/Ex21_10.sce b/3507/CH21/EX21.10/Ex21_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0517ec4b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH21/EX21.10/Ex21_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// chapter 21
+// example 21.10
+// page 478
+
+V=2 // V
+Vin=5 // V
+
+// during positive half cycle
+Vc_p=Vin-V // since Vin-Vc-V=0
+// thus capacitor charges to Vc_p
+
+// during negative half cycle
+Vout=-Vin-Vc_p // since Vin-Vc_p-Vout=0
+
+// we plot input and output waveforms using the following code instead of using xcos
+
+clf()
+t=0:0.1:5*%pi
+plot(t,5*squarewave(t,50))
+plot2d(t,-Vc_p+(-Vout+V)*squarewave(t,50)/2,style=3)
+xtitle("input - blue output - green","t","volts")
diff --git a/3507/CH21/EX21.11/Ex21_11.sce b/3507/CH21/EX21.11/Ex21_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7b66cfd3f --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH21/EX21.11/Ex21_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// chapter 21
+// example 21.11
+// page 479
+
+V=-2 // V
+Vin=5 // V
+
+// during positive half cycle
+Vc_p=Vin-V // since Vin-Vc-V=0
+// thus capacitor charges to Vc_p
+
+// during negative half cycle
+Vout=-Vin-Vc_p // since Vin-Vc_p-Vout=0
+
+// we plot input and output waveforms using the following code instead of using xcos
+
+clf()
+t=0:0.1:5*%pi
+plot(t,5*squarewave(t,50))
+plot2d(t,-Vc_p+(-Vout+V)*squarewave(t,50)/2,style=3)
+xtitle("input - blue output - green","t","volts")
diff --git a/3507/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce b/3507/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..105359a2a --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH21/EX21.2/Ex21_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter21
+//example21.2
+//page463
+
+R=10d3 // ohm
+C=0.01d-6 // F
+
+T=1.4*R*C
+f=1/T
+
+printf("time period of square wave = %.3f ms \n",T*1000)
+printf("frequency of square wave = %.3f kHz \n",f/1000)
+
+// the accurate answer for frequency is 7.143 kHz but in book it is given 7 kHz
diff --git a/3507/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce b/3507/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c8d3a592 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH21/EX21.3/Ex21_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +// chapter 21
+// example 21.3
+// page 468
+
+printf("In RC differentiating circuit, the output votage is taken across \nR and waveform of output depends on time constant of \ncircuit. For proper functioning, product RC should be many \ntimes smaller than time period of input wave. \n")
diff --git a/3507/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce b/3507/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a125015c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH21/EX21.4/Ex21_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter21
+//example21.4
+//page468
+
+R=10d3 // ohm
+C=2.2d-6 // F
+V1=0 // V
+V2=10 // V
+t1=0 // sec
+t2=0.4 // sec
+
+Eo=R*C*(V2-V1)/(t2-t1)
+
+printf("output voltage = %.3f V \n",Eo)
diff --git a/3507/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.sce b/3507/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cb2ba3cbe --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH21/EX21.5/Ex21_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter21
+//example21.5
+//page472
+
+Vin_peak=12 // V
+
+// for positive half cycle diode conducts so
+Vout_peak=Vin_peak-0.7 // V
+
+// for negative half cycle diode does not conduct so
+Vout_min=0 // V
+
+printf("peak output voltage = %.3f V in positive half cycle and \n %.3f V in negative half cycle",Vout_peak,Vout_min)
+
+// plotting input and output waveforms in same graph using following code instead of using xcos
+clf()
+t=linspace(0,2*%pi,100)
+Vin=12*sin(t)
+Vout=Vout_peak*sin(t)+Vout_min
+plot2d(t,Vin,style=2,rect=[0,0,10,20])
+xtitle("input - blue output - green","t","volts")
+plot2d(t,Vout,style=3,rect=[0,0,10,20])
diff --git a/3507/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce b/3507/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a3200f544 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH21/EX21.6/Ex21_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//chapter21
+//example21.6
+//page472
+
+Rl=4 // kilo ohm
+R=1 // kilo ohm
+Vin_peak=10 // V
+
+Vout_peak=Vin_peak*Rl/(Rl+R)
+Vout_min=0 // because of diode
+printf("peak output voltage = %.3f V \n",Vout_peak)
+
+// plotting input and output waveforms in same graph using following code instead of using xcos
+clf()
+t=linspace(0,2*%pi,100)
+Vin=Vin_peak*sin(t)
+Vout=Vout_peak*sin(t)+Vout_min
+plot2d(t,Vin,style=2,rect=[0,0,10,20])
+xtitle("input - blue output - green","t","volts")
+plot2d(t,Vout,style=3,rect=[0,0,10,20])
diff --git a/3507/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.sce b/3507/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a93e937c --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH21/EX21.7/Ex21_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//chapter21
+//example21.7
+//page473
+
+V=-10 // V
+Vout=-0.7 // V
+
+Vr=V-Vout
+
+printf("output voltage = %.3f V \n",Vout)
+printf("voltage across R = %.3f V \n",Vr)
+
+// plotting input and output waveforms in same graph using following code instead of using xcos
+clf()
+t=linspace(0,%pi,100)
+Vin=V*sin(t)
+Vout=Vr*sin(t)
+subplot(1,2,2)
+plot2d(t,Vout,style=3,rect=[0,-0.7,10,11])
+xtitle("Vout","t","volts")
+
+subplot(1,2,1)
+plot2d(t,Vin,style=2,rect=[0,-11,10,1])
+xtitle("Vin","t","volts")
diff --git a/3507/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.sce b/3507/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..973855372 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH21/EX21.8/Ex21_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//chapter21
+//example21.8
+//page473
+
+Rl=1d3 // ohm
+R=200 // ohm
+
+// for positive half cycle, diode is forward biased and since load is in parallel with diode we get
+V_out_p=0.7 // V
+
+// for negative half cycle, diode is reverse biased so it is open. Hence
+V_in=-10 // V
+V_out_n=V_in*Rl/(Rl+R)
+
+printf("output voltage for positive cycle = %.3f V \nand for negative cycle = %.3f V",V_out_p,V_out_n)
+
+// plotting input and output waveforms in same graph using following code instead of using xcos
+clf()
+t=linspace(0,%pi,100)
+Vin=V_in*sin(t)
+Vout=-V_out_n*sin(t)
+subplot(2,2,1)
+plot2d(t,-Vin,style=3,rect=[0,0,10,11])
+xtitle("Vin +ve","t","volts")
+subplot(2,2,2)
+plot2d(t,Vout,style=2,rect=[0,-5,10,0.7])
+xtitle("Vout","t","volts")
+t=linspace(%pi,2*%pi,100)
+Vin=V_in*sin(t)
+subplot(2,2,3)
+plot2d(t,-Vin,style=3,rect=[0,-11,10,0])
+xtitle("Vin -ve","t","volts")
+subplot(2,2,4)
+plot2d(t,-Vout,style=2,rect=[0,-11,10,0])
+xtitle("Vout","t","volts")
diff --git a/3507/CH21/EX21.9/Ex21_9.sce b/3507/CH21/EX21.9/Ex21_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eea342ef5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH21/EX21.9/Ex21_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//chapter21
+//example21.9
+//page474
+
+printf("The purpose of using series resistance R is : \n 1) if R is not present, diode will short voltage source in positive half cycle \n 2) so large current will flow which may damage voltage source or diode. \n To prevent this i.e. to protect diode and voltage source, R is used.")
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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3507/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.sce b/3507/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d0faca4ac --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH22/EX22.1/Ex22_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chpater22 +//example22.1 +//page491 + +I_DSS=12 // mA +V_GS_off=-5 // V + +printf("I_D=%d*(1+V_GS/%d)^2 mA \n",I_DSS,-V_GS_off) diff --git a/3507/CH22/EX22.10/Ex22_10.sce b/3507/CH22/EX22.10/Ex22_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f839457b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH22/EX22.10/Ex22_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter22
+//example22.10
+//page498
+
+V_DD=30 // V
+I_D=2.5d-3 // A
+R_D=5d3 // ohm
+R_S=200 // ohm
+
+V_DS=V_DD-I_D*(R_D+R_S)
+V_GS=-I_D*R_S
+
+printf("V_DS = %.3f V \n",V_DS)
+printf("V_GS = %.3f V \n",V_GS)
diff --git a/3507/CH22/EX22.11/Ex22_11.sce b/3507/CH22/EX22.11/Ex22_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cc20d48a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH22/EX22.11/Ex22_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter22
+//example22.11
+//page498
+
+V_DD=30 // V
+I_D1=2.15d-3 // A
+I_D2=9.15d-3 // A
+R_D1=8.2d3 // ohm
+R_D2=2d3 // ohm
+R_S1=680 // ohm
+R_S2=220 // ohm
+
+V_RD1=I_D1*R_D1
+V_D1=V_DD-V_RD1
+V_S1=I_D1*R_S1
+
+V_RD2=I_D2*R_D2
+V_D2=V_DD-V_RD2
+V_S2=I_D2*R_S2
+
+printf("For stage 1 : dc voltage of drain = %.3f V and source = %.3f V \n",V_D1,V_S1)
+printf("For stage 2 : dc voltage of drain = %.3f V and source = %.3f V \n",V_D2,V_S2)
diff --git a/3507/CH22/EX22.2/Ex22_2.sce b/3507/CH22/EX22.2/Ex22_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf9bc854a --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH22/EX22.2/Ex22_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter22
+//example22.2
+//page491
+
+I_DSS=32 // mA
+V_GS=-4.5 // V
+V_GS_off=-8 // V
+
+I_D=I_DSS*(1-V_GS/V_GS_off)^2
+
+printf("drain current = %.3f mA \n",I_D)
diff --git a/3507/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.sce b/3507/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..97de46294 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH22/EX22.3/Ex22_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter22
+//example22.3
+//page491
+
+I_D=5 // mA
+I_DSS=10 // mA
+V_GS_off=-6 // V
+
+// we know that I_D=I_DSS*(1-V_GS/V_GS_off)^2 so making V_GS as subject we get
+
+V_GS=V_GS_off*(1-(I_D/I_DSS)^0.5)
+V_P=-V_GS_off
+
+printf("gate source voltage = %.3f V \n",V_GS)
+printf("pinch off voltage = %.3f V \n",V_P)
diff --git a/3507/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.sce b/3507/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a01b294ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH22/EX22.4/Ex22_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter22
+//example22.4
+//page493
+
+V_GS=15 // V
+I_G=1d-9 // A
+
+R_GS=V_GS/I_G
+
+printf("gate source resistance = %.3f ohm or %.3f mega ohm \n",R_GS,R_GS/1d6)
diff --git a/3507/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.sce b/3507/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b860fd695 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH22/EX22.5/Ex22_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter22
+//example22.5
+//page493
+
+Vgs1=-3.1 // V
+Vgs2=-3 // V
+Id1=1d-3 // A
+Id2=1.3d-3 // A
+
+g_fs=(Id2-Id1)/(Vgs2-Vgs1)
+
+printf("transconductance = %.3f mho or %.3f micro mho \n",g_fs,g_fs*1d6)
diff --git a/3507/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.sce b/3507/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..670c18ffa --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH22/EX22.6/Ex22_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//chapter22
+//example22.6
+//page493
+
+// for V_GS = 0V constant
+V_DS1=7 // V
+V_DS2=15 // V
+I_D1=10 // mA
+I_D2=10.25 // mA
+
+rd=(V_DS2-V_DS1)/(I_D2-I_D1)
+
+// for V_DS = 15V constant
+V_GS1=0
+V_GS2=0.2
+I_D1=9.65
+I_D2=10.25
+
+g_fs=(I_D2-I_D1)/(V_GS2-V_GS1)
+
+mu=rd*g_fs
+
+printf("ac drain resistance = %.3f ohm or %.3f kilo ohm \n",rd/1000,rd)
+printf("transconductance = %.3f mho or %.3f micro mho \n",g_fs,g_fs*1000)
+printf("amplification factor = %.3f \n",mu)
diff --git a/3507/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.sce b/3507/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d90eb9bd --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH22/EX22.7/Ex22_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter22
+//example22.7
+//page496
+
+I_DSS=5d-3 // A
+V_DD=20 // V
+V_DS=10 // V
+V_P=-2 // V
+V_G=0 // V
+I_D=1.5d-3 // A
+
+V_GS=V_P*(1-((I_D/I_DSS)^0.5)) // I_D=I_DSS*(1-V_GS/V_P)^2
+V_S=V_G-V_GS
+R_S=V_S/I_D
+
+// by Kirchoff's law we get V_DD=I_D*R_D+V_DS+I_D*R_S so making R_D as subject we get
+R_D=(V_DD-V_DS-I_D*R_S)/I_D
+
+printf("Rs = %.3f kilo ohm and Rd = %.3f kilo ohm \n",R_S/1000,R_D/1000)
diff --git a/3507/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.sce b/3507/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6b92192a --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH22/EX22.8/Ex22_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter22
+//example22.8
+//page496
+
+V_P=-5 // V
+V_DD=30 // V
+I_DSS=10 // mA
+I_D=2.5 // mA
+R1=1000 // kilo ohm
+R2=500 // kilo ohm
+
+// since I_D=I_DSS*(1-(V_GS/V_P))^2, making V_GS as subject we get
+
+V_GS=V_P*(1-(I_D/I_DSS)^0.5)
+
+V2=V_DD*R2/(R1+R2)
+
+// since V2 = V_GS + I_D*Rs, making Rs as subject we get
+
+Rs=(V2-V_GS)/I_D
+
+printf("required value of Rs = %.3f kilo ohm \n",Rs)
diff --git a/3507/CH22/EX22.9/Ex22_9.sce b/3507/CH22/EX22.9/Ex22_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0242a9496 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH22/EX22.9/Ex22_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter22
+//example22.9
+//page497
+
+R_L=10d3 // ohm
+g_fs=3000d-6 // mho
+
+// since rd >> R_L, we can write
+
+Av=g_fs*R_L
+
+printf("voltage amplification of the circuit = %.3f \n",Av)
diff --git a/3507/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce b/3507/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a2fe9015 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH23/EX23.1/Ex23_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//chapter23
+//example23.1
+//page509
+
+printf("1) Breakover voltage of 400V : It means that if gate is open and the \n")
+printf(" supply voltage is 400V, then SCR will start conducting heavily. \n")
+printf(" However,as long as the supply voltage < 400V, SCR stays open. \n \n")
+
+printf("2) Trigger current of 10mA : It means that if the supply voltage is \n")
+printf(" less than breakover voltage and a minimum gate current of 10 mA \n")
+printf(" is passed, SCR conducts. It wont conduct if gate current is less \n")
+printf(" than 10mA. \n \n")
+
+printf("3) Holding current of 10mA : When SCR is conducting, it will not open \n")
+printf(" even if triggering current is removed. However, if supply voltage \n")
+printf(" is reduced, anode current also decreases. When anode current drops \n")
+printf(" to 10mA, the holding current, SCR turns off. \n \n")
+
+printf("4) If gate current is increased to 15mA, the SCR will be turned on \n")
+printf(" lower supply voltage. \n")
diff --git a/3507/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.sce b/3507/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..163b56b86 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH23/EX23.2/Ex23_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter23 +//example23.2 +//page510 + +t=12d-3 // sec +I=50 // A +fuse_rating=I^2*t + +if fuse_rating < 90 + printf("rating = %.3f ampere square second which is less than maximum \nrating so device will not be destroyed \n",fuse_rating) +else printf("rating = %.3f ampere square second which is more than maximum \nrating so device may get damaged \n",fuse_rating) + +end diff --git a/3507/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce b/3507/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..086b52896 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH23/EX23.3/Ex23_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter23
+//example23.3
+//page510
+
+rating=50 // ampere square second
+Is=100 // A
+
+t_max=rating/Is^2
+
+printf("maximum allowable duration of surge = %.3f s or %.3f ms\n",t_max,t_max*1000)
diff --git a/3507/CH23/EX23.4/Ex23_4.sce b/3507/CH23/EX23.4/Ex23_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0827e46c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH23/EX23.4/Ex23_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//chapter23
+//example23.4
+//page514
+
+v=100 // V
+Vm=200 // V
+R_L=100 // ohm
+
+// since v=Vm*sin(theta), we get
+
+theta=asin(v/Vm)*180/%pi // in terms of degrees
+
+phi=180-theta
+
+V_avg=Vm*(1+cos(theta*%pi/180))/(2*%pi)
+
+I_avg=V_avg/R_L
+
+printf("firing angle = %.2f degrees \n",theta)
+printf("conduction angle = %.2f degrees \n",phi)
+printf("average current = %.4f A \n",I_avg)
+
+// the accurate answer for average current is 0.594 A but in book it is given as 0.5925 A
diff --git a/3507/CH23/EX23.5/Ex23_5.sce b/3507/CH23/EX23.5/Ex23_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3b2db276 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH23/EX23.5/Ex23_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter23
+//example23.5
+//page515
+
+Vm=400 // V
+v=150 // V
+R_L=200 // ohm
+
+// since v=Vm*sin(theta), we get
+
+theta=asin(v/Vm)*180/%pi // in terms of degrees
+
+V_av=Vm*(1+cos(theta*%pi/180))/(2*%pi)
+I_av=V_av/R_L
+P=V_av*I_av
+
+printf("firing angle = %.2f degrees \n",theta)
+printf("average output voltage = %.3f V \n",V_av)
+printf("average current for load of 200 ohm = %.3f A \n",I_av)
+printf("power output = %.3f W \n",P)
+
+// the accurate answer for power output is 75.250 W but in book it is given as 75.15 W
diff --git a/3507/CH23/EX23.6/Ex23_6.sce b/3507/CH23/EX23.6/Ex23_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9b7f3c6d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH23/EX23.6/Ex23_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//chapter23
+//example23.6
+//page515
+
+Vm=240 // V
+v=180 // V
+
+// figure given is for understanding purpose only. It is not required to solve the example
+
+// SCR remains off till it reaches 180 V i.e. forward breakdown voltage
+
+// since v=Vm*sin(theta), we get
+
+theta=asin(v/Vm) // firing angle in terms of degrees
+
+// since theta=314*t, we get
+
+t=theta/314 // seconds
+
+printf("off duration of SCR = %.3f ms \n",t*1000) //multiply t by 1000 to display time in milliseconds
diff --git a/3507/CH23/EX23.7/Ex23_7.sce b/3507/CH23/EX23.7/Ex23_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa25b3945 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH23/EX23.7/Ex23_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//chapter23
+//example23.7
+//page517
+
+alpha=60 // degrees
+Vm=200 // V
+R_L=100 // ohm
+
+V_av=Vm*(1+cos(alpha*%pi/180))/%pi
+
+I_av=V_av/R_L
+
+printf("dc output voltage = %.3f V \n",V_av)
+printf("load current for firing angle of 60 degrees = %.3f A \n",I_av)
diff --git a/3507/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce b/3507/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..30ff788e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH24/EX24.1/Ex24_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//chapter24
+//example24.1
+//page533
+
+RBB=10 // kilo ohm
+eta=0.6
+
+//eta=RB1/(RB1+RB2) = RB1/Rbb so
+RB1=eta*RBB
+RB2=RBB-RB1
+printf("RB1 = %.3f kilo ohm \n",RB1)
+printf("RB2 = %.3f kilo ohm",RB2)
diff --git a/3507/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce b/3507/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..16cd5e786 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH24/EX24.2/Ex24_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter24
+//example24.2
+//page533
+
+VBB=10 // V
+eta=0.65
+VD=0.7 // V
+
+stand_off_voltage=eta*VBB
+peak_point_voltage=VD+eta*VBB
+
+printf("stand off voltage = %.3f V \n",stand_off_voltage)
+printf("peak point voltage = %.3f V \n",peak_point_voltage)
diff --git a/3507/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce b/3507/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c3508e03c --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH25/EX25.1/Ex25_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//chapter25
+//example25.1
+//page543
+
+Ig=1d-3 // A
+
+S=1/Ig
+
+printf("sensitivity = %.3f ohm per volt \n",S)
diff --git a/3507/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce b/3507/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..449d9ac2f --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH25/EX25.2/Ex25_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter25
+//example25.2
+//page543
+
+S=1000 // ohm per volt
+V=50 // V
+R=50d3 // ohm
+
+R_meter=S*V
+
+R_equi=R*R_meter/(R+R_meter) //equivalent resistance of meter and given resistance across which meter is connected
+
+printf("ratio of circuit resistance before and after connecting multimeter = %.3f \n",R/R_equi)
+printf("Thus equivalent resistance is reduced to half. So current drawn is double \n")
+printf("Thus multimeter will give highly incorrect reading \n \n")
+printf("As a rule, multimeter resistance should be 100 times the resistance across \nwhich voltage is to be measured \n")
diff --git a/3507/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.sce b/3507/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7dfefa420 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH25/EX25.3/Ex25_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter25
+//example25.3
+//page544
+
+S=4 // kilo ohm per volt
+V_range=10 // V
+V=20 // V
+R=10 // kilo ohm
+
+R_meter=S*V_range
+R_equi=R+R*R_meter/(R+R_meter)
+I=V/R_equi
+V_reading=I*R*R_meter/(R+R_meter)
+
+printf("voltage read by multimeter = %.3f V \n",V_reading)
diff --git a/3507/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.sce b/3507/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e248d143f --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH25/EX25.4/Ex25_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter25
+//example25.4
+//page544
+
+S=20 // kilo ohm per volt
+V_range=10 // V
+V=20 // V
+R=10 // kilo ohm
+
+R_meter=S*V_range
+R_equi=R+R*R_meter/(R+R_meter)
+I=V/R_equi
+V_reading=I*R*R_meter/(R+R_meter)
+
+printf("voltage read by multimeter = %.3f V \n",V_reading)
+
+// answer in book is 9.88V but accurate answer is 9.756V
diff --git a/3507/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.sce b/3507/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c525ff699 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH25/EX25.5/Ex25_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +//chapter25
+//example25.5
+//page545
+
+R1=20d3 // ohm
+R2=20d3 // ohm
+R3=30d3 // ohm
+R4=30d3 // ohm
+V=100 // V
+Rm=60d3 // ohm
+
+// case 1 : meter is not connected
+R=R1+R2+R3+R4
+I=V/R
+V_A=V
+V_B=V-I*R2
+V_C=V-I*(R1+R2)
+V_D=V-I*(R1+R2+R3)
+
+// case2 : meter is connected
+ // At A
+ V_A1=V
+
+ // At B
+ R_total_B=R1+(Rm*(R2+R3+R4)/(Rm+R2+R3+R4))
+ I1=V/R_total_B
+ V_B1=I1*(Rm*(R2+R3+R4)/(Rm+R2+R3+R4))
+
+ // At C
+ R_total_C=R1+R2+(Rm*(R3+R4)/(Rm+R3+R4))
+ I2=V/R_total_C
+ V_C1=V*(Rm*(R3+R4)/(Rm+R3+R4))/R_total_C
+
+ // At D
+ R_total_D=R1+R2+R3+(Rm*R4/(Rm+R4))
+ I2=V/R_total_D
+ V_D1=V*(Rm*R4/(Rm+R4))/R_total_D
+
+printf("CASE 1 : meter is not connected \n Voltage at A = %.3f V \n Volatge at B = %.3f V \n Volatge at C = %.3f V \n Volatge at D = %.3f V \n",V_A,V_B,V_C,V_D)
+printf("CASE 2 : meter is connected \n At A then voltage at A = %.3f V",V_A1)
+printf("\n At B then voltage at B = %.3f V",V_B1)
+printf("\n At C then voltage at C = %.3f V",V_C1)
+printf("\n At D then voltage at D = %.3f V \n \n",V_D1)
+
+printf("resistance of voltmeter should be 100 times the resistance across \nwhich voltage is to be measured.Since this condition is not \nsatisfied here, readings are wrong. \n")
diff --git a/3507/CH25/EX25.6/Ex25_6.sce b/3507/CH25/EX25.6/Ex25_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03e969187 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH25/EX25.6/Ex25_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter25
+//example25.6
+//page552
+
+S=0.01 //mm per volt
+V=400 // V
+
+spot_shift=S*V
+
+printf("spot shift = %.3f mm \n",spot_shift)
diff --git a/3507/CH25/EX25.7/Ex25_7.sce b/3507/CH25/EX25.7/Ex25_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73ae81a85 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH25/EX25.7/Ex25_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter25
+//example25.7
+//page552
+
+S=0.03 // mm per volt
+spot_shift=3 // mm
+
+V=spot_shift/S // since spot shift = deflection sensitivity * applied voltage
+
+printf("applied voltage = %.3f V \n",V)
diff --git a/3507/CH25/EX25.8/Ex25_8.sce b/3507/CH25/EX25.8/Ex25_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4bdc18155 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH25/EX25.8/Ex25_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter25
+//example25.8
+//page555
+
+V1=200 // V
+d1=2 // cm
+d2=3 // cm
+
+// since sensitivity = voltage / deflcetion we get
+S=V1/d1
+V2=S*d2
+
+printf("unknown voltage = %.3f V",V2)
diff --git a/3507/CH25/EX25.9/Ex25_9.sce b/3507/CH25/EX25.9/Ex25_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..18d87afe4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH25/EX25.9/Ex25_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//chapter25
+//example25.9
+//page556
+
+fh=1000 // Hz
+
+// case (i) :- ratio of fv to fh = 1:1
+fv1=1*fh
+
+// case (ii) :- ratio = 2:1
+fv2=2*fh
+
+// case (iii) :- ratio = 6:1
+fv3=6*fh
+
+printf("for case1 i.e. fv/fh = 1/1, fv = %.3f Hz \n",fv1)
+printf("for case2 i.e. fv/fh = 2/1, fv = %.3f Hz \n",fv2)
+printf("for case3 i.e. fv/fh = 6/1, fv = %.3f Hz \n",fv3)
diff --git a/3507/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.sce b/3507/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2aeae6cc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH26/EX26.1/Ex26_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter26
+//example26.1
+//page570
+
+R2=2.4d3 // ohm
+R1=240 // ohm
+
+V_out=1.25*(1+R2/R1)
+
+printf("regulated dc output voltage = %.3f V \n",V_out)
diff --git a/3507/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.sce b/3507/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d7b48b61 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH27/EX27.1/Ex27_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//chapter27
+//example27.1
+//page574
+
+R1=10 // ohm
+R2=5 // ohm
+
+// for h11 and h21, imagine that output terminals are shorted hence it is clear that input impedence is equal to R1.
+ // this is h11 by definition so
+ h11=R1
+
+ // now current will flow of same magnitude but in opposite directions through input and output terminals so output_current/input_current = -1
+ // but this ratio is h21 by definition. Thus
+ h21=-1
+
+// for h12 and h22 imagine a voltage source on output terminals
+ // this voltage will be avilable on input terminals also since current through 10 ohm resistor = 0.
+ // hence input_voltage/output_voltage = 1
+ // but this ratio is h12 by definition. Thus
+ h12=1
+
+ // here output impedence looking into output terminals with input terminals open is 5 ohm.
+ // its reciprocal is h22 by definition. Thus
+ h22=1/5
+
+printf("h11 = %.3f ohm \n",h11)
+printf("h21 = %.3f \n",h21)
+printf("h12 = %.3f \n",h12)
+printf("h22 = %.3f ohm \n",h22)
diff --git a/3507/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.sce b/3507/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1fa39220f --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH27/EX27.2/Ex27_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//chapter27
+//example27.2
+//page575
+
+R1=4 // ohm
+R2=4 // ohm
+R3=4 // ohm
+
+// for h11 and h21, imagine that output terminals are shorted hence it is clear that input impedence is equal to R1+R2*R3/(R2+R3)
+ // this is h11 by definition so
+ h11=R1+R2*R3/(R2+R3)
+
+ // now current will divide equally at junction of 4 ohm resistors so output_current/input_current = -0.5
+ // but this ratio is h21 by definition. Thus
+ h21=-0.5
+
+// for h12 and h22 imagine a voltage source on output terminals
+ // this voltage will be divided by a factor 2
+ // hence input_voltage/output_voltage = 0.5
+ // but this ratio is h12 by definition. Thus
+ h12=0.5
+
+ // here output impedence looking into output terminals with input terminals open is 8 ohm.
+ // its reciprocal is h22 by definition. Thus
+ h22=1/8
+
+printf("h11 = %.3f ohm \n",h11)
+printf("h21 = %.3f \n",h21)
+printf("h12 = %.3f \n",h12)
+printf("h22 = %.3f ohm \n",h22)
diff --git a/3507/CH27/EX27.3/EX27_3.sce b/3507/CH27/EX27.3/EX27_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2655dac1f --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH27/EX27.3/EX27_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter27
+//example27.3
+//page578
+
+h11=10
+h12=1
+h21=-1
+h22=0.2
+rL=5 // ohm
+
+Zin=h11-(h12*h21/(h22+1/rL))
+Av=-h21/(Zin*(h22+1/rL))
+
+printf("input impedence = %.3f ohm \n",Zin)
+printf("voltage gain of circuit = %.3f \n",Av)
diff --git a/3507/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.sce b/3507/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ad3116d2f --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH27/EX27.4/Ex27_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//chapter27
+//example27.4
+//page581
+
+hie=2000 // ohm
+hoe=1d-4 // mho
+hre=1d-3
+hfe=50
+rL=600 // ohm
+
+Zin=hie-hre*hfe/(hoe+1/rL)
+// here second term can be neglected compared to hie so
+Zin_approx=hie
+
+Ai=hfe/(1+hoe*rL)
+// if hoe*rL << 1 then
+Ai_approx=hfe
+
+Av=-hfe/(Zin*(hoe+1/rL))
+// negative sign indicates phase shift between input and output
+
+printf("input impedence = %.3f ohm \n",Zin)
+printf("current gain = %.3f \n",Ai)
+printf("voltage gain = %.3f. Here negative sign indicates phase shift between input and output.\n \n",Av)
+
+printf("approximate input impedence = %.3f ohm \n",Zin_approx)
+printf("approximate current gain = %.3f \n",Ai_approx)
diff --git a/3507/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.sce b/3507/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa7b2b3df --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH27/EX27.5/Ex27_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter27
+//example27.5
+//page582
+
+hie=1700 // ohm
+hre=1.3d-4
+hoe=6d-6 // mho
+hfe=38
+rL=2000 // ohm
+
+Zin=hie-hre*hfe/(hoe+1/rL)
+
+Ai=hfe/(1+hoe*rL)
+
+Av=-hfe/(Zin*(hoe+1/rL))
+
+printf("input impedence = %.3f ohm \n",Zin)
+printf("current gain = %.3f \n",Ai)
+printf("voltage gain = %.3f \n",-Av) // considering magnitude of Av,we neglect its negative sign and so we display -Av instead of Av
diff --git a/3507/CH27/EX27.6/Ex27_6.sce b/3507/CH27/EX27.6/Ex27_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ec45beda --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH27/EX27.6/Ex27_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//chapter27
+//example27.6
+//page582
+
+hie=1500 // ohm
+hre=4d-4
+hoe=5d-5 // mho
+hfe=50
+Rc=10d3 // ohm
+R_L=30d3 // ohm
+R1=80d3 // ohm
+R2=40d3 // ohm
+
+rL=Rc*R_L/(Rc+R_L)
+Zin=hie-hre*hfe/(hoe+1/rL)
+Zin_stage=Zin*(R1*R2/(R1+R2))/(Zin+(R1*R2/(R1+R2)))
+
+Av=-hfe/(Zin*(hoe+1/rL))
+
+printf("input impedence = %.3f ohm \n",Zin_stage)
+printf("voltage gain = %.3f \n",Av)
+
+// the accurate answers are input impedence = 1321.957 ohm and voltage gain = -196.078 but in book they are given as 1320 ohm and -196 respectively
diff --git a/3507/CH27/EX27.7/Ex27_7.sce b/3507/CH27/EX27.7/Ex27_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f350bc872 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH27/EX27.7/Ex27_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//chapter27
+//example27.7
+//page584
+
+Vbe=10d-3 // V
+Vbe2=0.65d-3 // V
+Vce=1 // V
+Ib=10d-6 // A
+Ic=1d-3 // A
+Ic2=60d-6 // A
+
+hie=Vbe/Ib // in ohm
+hfe=Ic/Ib // in ohm
+hre=Vbe2/Vce
+hoe=Ic2/Vce // in mho
+
+printf("hie = %.3f ohm \n",hie)
+printf("hfe = %.3f ohm \n",hfe)
+printf("hre = %.5f \n",hre)
+printf("hoe = %.3f micro mho \n",hoe*1d6)
diff --git a/3507/CH28/EX28.1/Ex28_1.sce b/3507/CH28/EX28.1/Ex28_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7bbf45559 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH28/EX28.1/Ex28_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//chapter28
+//example28.1
+//page590
+
+a= dec2bin (37)
+disp(a,'binary equivalent of decimal number 37 = ')
diff --git a/3507/CH28/EX28.10/Ex28_10.sce b/3507/CH28/EX28.10/Ex28_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1384b904 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH28/EX28.10/Ex28_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter28
+//example28.10
+//page607
+
+printf("1) Y = A . B . C` + A . ( B . C )` \n")
+printf(" Y` = ( A . B . C` + A . ( B . C )` )` \n")
+printf(" By De Morgan theorem \n")
+printf(" Y` = ( A . B . C`)` . ( A . ( B . C)` )` \n")
+printf(" By De Morgan theorem \n")
+printf(" Y` = ( A` + B` + C ) . ( A` + B + C ) \n \n")
+printf("2) Y = A` . ( B .C` + B` . C ) \n")
+printf(" Y` = ( A` . ( B .C` + B` . C ) )` \n")
+printf(" By De Morgan theorem \n")
+printf(" Y` = A + ( B . C` + B` .C )` \n")
+printf(" By De Morgan theorem \n")
+printf(" Y` = A + ( B . C`)` . ( B` . C )` \n")
+printf(" By De Morgan theorem \n")
+printf(" Y` = A + ( B` + C ) . ( B + C`) \n")
+printf(" Y` = A + ( B . C )` + ( B . C ) \n")
diff --git a/3507/CH28/EX28.11/Ex28_11.sce b/3507/CH28/EX28.11/Ex28_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..03ccc64a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH28/EX28.11/Ex28_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//chapter28
+//example28.11
+//page608
+
+printf("1) Y = ( A + B + C ) . ( A + B ) \n")
+printf(" Y = A . A + A . B + B . A + B . B + C . A + C . B \n")
+printf(" Using A . A = A we get \n")
+printf(" Y = A + A . B + A . B + B + A . C + B . C \n")
+printf(" Using A . B + A . B = A . B we get \n")
+printf(" Y = A + A . B + B + A . C + B . C \n")
+printf(" Using A + A . B = A we get \n")
+printf(" Y = A + B + A . C + B . C \n")
+printf(" = A . ( 1 + C ) + B . ( 1 + C ) \n")
+printf(" Using 1 + C = 1 we get \n")
+printf(" Y = A . 1 + B . 1 \n")
+printf(" Y = A + B \n \n")
+
+printf("2) Y = A . B + A . B . C + A . B . C` \n")
+printf(" = A . B + A . B ( C + C` ) \n")
+printf(" Since C + C` = 1 we get \n")
+printf(" Y = A . B + A . B \n")
+printf(" = A . B \n \n")
+
+
+printf("3) Y = 1 + A . ( B . C` + B . C + B` . C`) + A . B` . C + A . C \n")
+printf(" Using 1 + A = 1 and 1 + A . ( B . C` + B . C + ( B . C )` ) = 1 we get \n")
+printf(" Y = 1 + A . B` . C + A . C \n")
+printf(" Y = 1 + A . C \n")
+printf(" Y = 1 \n \n")
+
+printf("4) Y = ( ( A + B` + C ) + ( B + C` ))` \n")
+printf(" By De Morgan theorem \n")
+printf(" Y = ( A + B` + C )` . ( B + C` )` \n")
+printf(" By De Morgan theorem \n")
+printf(" Y = ( A` . B . C` ) . ( B` . C ) \n")
+printf(" Since B . B` = 0 and C . C` = 0 we get \n")
+printf(" Y = 0 \n")
diff --git a/3507/CH28/EX28.12/Ex28_12.sce b/3507/CH28/EX28.12/Ex28_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be9de6438 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH28/EX28.12/Ex28_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter28
+//example28.12
+//page609
+
+printf(" Y = A . B` . D + A . B` . D` \n")
+printf(" Factor out A . B` by theorem 14 \n")
+printf(" Y = A . B` ( D + D` ) \n")
+printf(" But by theorem 3 D + D` = 1 \n")
+printf(" Y = A . B` . 1 \n")
+printf(" By theorem 2 \n")
+printf(" Y = A . B` \n")
diff --git a/3507/CH28/EX28.13/Ex28_13.sce b/3507/CH28/EX28.13/Ex28_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1a835d6c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH28/EX28.13/Ex28_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter28
+//example28.13
+//page609
+
+printf(" Y = ( A` + B ) . ( A + B ) \n")
+printf(" By theorem 15 \n")
+printf(" Y = A` . A + A` . B + B . A + B . B \n")
+printf(" By theorem 4 and 6 \n")
+printf(" Y = 0 + A` . B + B . A + B \n")
+printf(" Y = A` . B + B . A + B \n")
+
+printf(" By theorem 14 \n")
+printf(" Y = B . ( A` + A + 1 ) \n")
+printf(" By theorem 7 \n")
+printf(" Y = B . ( A` + 1 ) \n")
+printf(" By theorem 7 \n")
+printf(" Y = B . 1 ) \n")
+printf(" By theorem 2 \n")
+printf(" Y = B \n")
diff --git a/3507/CH28/EX28.2/Ex28_2.sce b/3507/CH28/EX28.2/Ex28_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fe53d95ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH28/EX28.2/Ex28_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//chapter28
+//example28.2
+//page590
+
+a= dec2bin (23)
+disp(a,'binary equivalent of decimal number 23 = ')
diff --git a/3507/CH28/EX28.3/Ex28_3.sce b/3507/CH28/EX28.3/Ex28_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7708f253c --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH28/EX28.3/Ex28_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//chapter28
+//example28.3
+//page591
+
+a= bin2dec ( ' 110001 ' )
+printf("equivalent decimal of binary 110001 is %d \n",a)
diff --git a/3507/CH28/EX28.4/Ex28_4.sce b/3507/CH28/EX28.4/Ex28_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e6352d36c --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH28/EX28.4/Ex28_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//chapter28
+//example28.4
+//page598
+
+disp(" A B Y_dash = A + B Y = Y_dash.A ")
+disp(" 0 0 0 0 ")
+disp(" 1 0 1 1 ")
+disp(" 0 1 1 0 ")
+disp(" 1 1 1 1 ")
+
+printf("\nexplanation: \n")
+printf("A=0 and B=0 give A`=1 and B`=1 so Y_dash = A + B is 0 and Y = Y_dash.A is 0 \n")
+
+printf("A=1 and B=0 give A`=0 and B`=1 so Y_dash = A + B is 1 and Y = Y_dash.A is 1 \n")
+
+printf("A=0 and B=1 give A`=1 and B`=0 so Y_dash = A + B is 1 and Y = Y_dash.A is 0 \n")
+
+printf("A=1 and B=1 give A`=0 and B`=0 so Y_dash = A + B is 1 and Y = Y_dash.A is 1 \n")
diff --git a/3507/CH28/EX28.5/Ex28_5.sce b/3507/CH28/EX28.5/Ex28_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e36b0a2b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH28/EX28.5/Ex28_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//chapter28 +//example28.5 +//page598 + +disp(" A B A` Y_dash = A`. B B` Y = Y_dash + B` ") +disp(" 0 0 1 0 1 1 ") +disp(" 1 0 0 0 1 1 ") +disp(" 0 1 1 1 0 1 ") +disp(" 1 1 0 0 0 0 ") + +printf("\nexplanation: \n") +printf("A=0 and B=0 give A`=1 and B`=1 so Y_dash = A`.B is 0 and Y = Y_dash + B` is 1 \n") + +printf("A=1 and B=0 give A`=0 and B`=1 so Y_dash = A`.B is 0 and Y = Y_dash + B` is 1 \n") + +printf("A=0 and B=1 give A`=1 and B`=0 so Y_dash = A`.B is 1 and Y = Y_dash + B` is 1 \n") + +printf("A=1 and B=1 give A`=0 and B`=0 so Y_dash = A`.B is 0 and Y = Y_dash + B` is 0 \n") diff --git a/3507/CH28/EX28.6/Ex28_6.sce b/3507/CH28/EX28.6/Ex28_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c0a60a6fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH28/EX28.6/Ex28_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// chapter28
+// example28.6
+//page606
+
+printf("Y = A . B . C` . D` + A` . B . C` . D` + A` . B . C . D` + A . B . C . D` \n")
+printf("taking out the common factors \n")
+printf("Y = B . C` . D` . ( A + A` ) + B . C . D` . ( A + A`) \n")
+printf("By theorem 3 \n")
+printf("Y = B . C` . D` + B . C . D` \n")
+printf("again factorize \n")
+printf("Y = B . D` ( C + C` ) \n")
+printf("By theorem 3 \n")
+printf("Y = B . D` . 1 \n")
+printf("thus \n")
+printf("Y = B . D` \n")
diff --git a/3507/CH28/EX28.7/Ex28_7.sce b/3507/CH28/EX28.7/Ex28_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..699426835 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH28/EX28.7/Ex28_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// chapter28
+// example28.7
+//page606
+
+printf("Y = A . B + A . ( B + C ) + B . ( B + C ) \n")
+printf("By thoerem 14 \n")
+printf("Y = A . B + A . B + A . C + B . B + B .C \n")
+printf("By theorem 6 \n")
+printf("Y= A . B + A . B + A . C + B + B .C \n")
+printf("By theorem 5 \n")
+printf("Y = A . B + A . C + B + B . C \n")
+printf("Factor B out of last 2 terms \n")
+printf("Y = A . B + A . C + B . ( 1 + C ) \n")
+printf("Apply cummulative law and theorem 7 \n")
+printf("Y = A . B + A . C + B . 1 \n")
+printf("Apply theorem 2 \n")
+printf("Y = A . B + A . C + B \n")
+printf("Factor B out of first and third terms \n")
+printf("Y = B . ( A + 1 ) + A . C \n")
+printf("Apply theorem 7 \n")
+printf("Y = B . 1 + A . C \n")
+printf("Apply theorem 2 \n")
+printf("Y = B + A . C \n")
diff --git a/3507/CH28/EX28.8/Ex28_8.sce b/3507/CH28/EX28.8/Ex28_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af6063265 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH28/EX28.8/Ex28_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter28 +//example28.8 +//page607 + +printf("i) Y = A + A` . B \n") +printf(" By theorem 16 \n") +printf(" Y = A + A . B + A` . B \n") +printf(" = A + B ( A + A`) \n") +printf(" By theorem 3 \n") +printf(" Y = A + B \n \n") + +printf("ii) Y = A . B + A` . C + B . C \n") +printf(" = A . B + A` . C + B . C ( A + A` )\n") +printf(" = A . B + A` . C + A . B . C + A` . B . C \n") +printf(" = A . B ( 1 + C ) + A` . C( 1 + B ) \n") +printf(" = A . B + A` . C \n") diff --git a/3507/CH28/EX28.9/Ex28_9.sce b/3507/CH28/EX28.9/Ex28_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..626a38a37 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH28/EX28.9/Ex28_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter28
+//example28.9
+//page607
+
+printf("Y = ( ( A + B )` . C . D` )` \n")
+printf("Using De Morgan theorem \n")
+printf("Y = ( A + B ) + C` + D \n")
+printf("Y = A + B + C` + D \n")
diff --git a/3507/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3507/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..222e66c72 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter3 +//example3.1 +//page41 + +Ib1=10 // mA +Eb1=100 // V +Ib2=20 // mA + +// Ib is proportional to Eb^(3/2) +// so we can say Ib1/Ib2 = Eb1^1.5/Eb2^1.5 +//thus we can write + +log_Eb2=(2/3)*log(Eb1^1.5*Ib2/Ib1) +Eb2=exp(log_Eb2) +printf("required plate voltage = %.3f V",Eb2) diff --git a/3507/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3507/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ea2fc8fa --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//chapter3
+//example3.2
+//page49
+
+mu=20
+rp=8000 // ohm
+
+gm=mu/rp // since mu=rp*gm
+gm_micro=gm*10^6 //micro mho
+printf("mutual conductance of triode = %f mho or %.3f micro mho",gm,gm_micro)
diff --git a/3507/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3507/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..542d1a2ab --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//chapter3 +//example3.3 +//page49 + +// for constant Ec=-1.5 +Eb1=100 // V +Eb2=150 // V +Ib1=7.5d-3 // A +Ib2=12d-3 // A + +Eb_diff=Eb2-Eb1 +Ib_diff=Ib2-Ib1 + +rp=Eb_diff/Ib_diff +rp_kilo_ohm=rp/10^3 //kilo ohm + +printf("plate resistance = %.3f ohm or %.3f kilo ohm \n",rp,rp_kilo_ohm) + +// for constant Eb=150 +Ib1=5d-3 // A +Ib2=12d-3 // A +Ec1=-3 // V +Ec2=-1.5 // v + +Ib_diff=Ib2-Ib1 +Ec_diff=Ec2-Ec1 + +gm=Ib_diff/Ec_diff +gm_micro_mho=gm*10^6 //micro mho +printf("mutual conductance=%.3f mho or %.3f micro mho \n",gm,gm_micro_mho) + +mu=rp*gm +printf("amplification factor = %.3f",mu) + +//in book the answer of amplification factor i.e. 51.852 is rounded off to 52 diff --git a/3507/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3507/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2368bf5b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +//chapter3 +//example3.4 +//page50 + +Eb=250 // V +Ec=-3 // V + +// given that Ib=0.003*(Eb+30*Ec)^1.5 mA +// differentiating w.r.t Ec with Eb=constant, we get +gm=0.003*1.5*(Eb+30*Ec)^0.5*30*10^-3 +mutual_inductance_micro=gm*10^6 + +printf("mutual conductance = %f mho or %.3f micro mho \n",gm,mutual_inductance_micro) + +// differentiating given equation w.r.t Ec with Ib=constant, we get +// 0=0.003*10^-3*1.5*(Eb+Ec)^1.5*(mu+30) where mu is equal to ratio of changes in Eb and Ec i.e. amplification factor +// thus mu+30=0 hence we get +mu=-30 + printf("here negative sign of amplification factor indicates that Eb and Ec are in opposite direction. \n \n") +// here we need not worry as to if mu may be positive because the equation given in problem statement will always give mu+30=0 i.e. mu=-30 + +printf("amplification factor = %.3f \n",mu) + +rp=mu/gm +if rp<0 // rp can not be negative + rp=-rp +end + +printf("plate resistance = %.3f ohm \n",rp) + +//in book, the answers are less accurate. The accurate answers are +// gm=1707.630 micro mho +// plate resistance=17568.209 ohm diff --git a/3507/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3507/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2bea9eed8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter3
+//example3.5
+//page58
+
+// use of Rsg = to obtain desired potential on screen grid since it is connected between power supply and screen grid
+// use of Csg = to provide ac grounding for the screen
+
+Ebb=300 // V
+Ib=10d-3 // A
+Rl=4.7d3 // ohm
+Rk=68 // ohm
+Isg=3d-3 // A
+Vsg=150 // V
+
+cathode_voltage=Ebb-(Ib*Rl)
+grid_cathode_bias=-Rk*(Ib+Isg) // since current through cathode resistance is Ib+Isg
+Rsg=(Ebb-Vsg)/Isg // since plate supply voltage = grid voltage + drop across Rsg
+Rsg_kilo_ohm=Rsg/10^3 // in kilo ohm
+
+printf("zero signal plate cathode voltage = %.3f V \n",cathode_voltage)
+printf("grid cathode bias = %.3f V \n",grid_cathode_bias)
+printf("Resistor Rsg = %.3f ohm or %.3f kilo ohm \n",Rsg,Rsg_kilo_ohm)
diff --git a/3507/CH4/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce b/3507/CH4/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e772d2f9a --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH4/EX17.4/Ex17_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter17 +//example17.4 +//page381 + +R=1d6 // ohm +C=68d-12 // F + +fo=1/(2*%pi*R*C*(6)^0.5) +printf("frequency of oscillations = %.3f Hz",fo) + +// in book the answer given is 954 Hz but the accurate answer is 955.511 Hz diff --git a/3507/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3507/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..949a3acaf --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter4 +//example4.1 +//page68 + +rp=300 // ohm +Rl=1200 // ohm + +Vm=200*2^0.5 //V +Im=Vm/(rp+Rl) +Idc=Im/%pi // in ampere +Idc_mA=Idc*1000 // in mA +Irms=Im/2 +Irms_mA=Irms*1000 +Pdc=Idc^2*Rl +Pac=Irms^2*(rp+Rl) +efficiency=(Pdc/Pac)*100 + +printf("dc current = %.3f A or %.3f mA \n",Idc,Idc_mA) +printf("rms current = %.3f A or %.3f mA \n",Irms,Irms_mA) +printf("rectification efficiency = %.2f percentage",efficiency) + +// accurate answer of rms current is 94.281 mA but in book it is given as 94.5 mA diff --git a/3507/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3507/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c31699d80 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter4
+//example4.2
+//page68
+
+rp=200 // ohm
+Rl=800 // ohm
+Edc=100 // V
+
+// if maximum ac voltage required=Vm then
+// Edc=Idc*Rl i.e. Edc=Vm*Rl/(%pi*(rp+Rl))
+// thus
+
+Vm=Edc*%pi*(rp+Rl)/Rl
+efficiency=(0.406/(1+(rp/Rl)))*100
+
+printf("required ac voltage = %.3f V \n",Vm)
+printf("rectification efficiency = %.3f percentage",efficiency)
diff --git a/3507/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3507/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..274385a96 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//chapter4
+//example4.3
+//page69
+
+Vm=1000 // V
+rp=500 // ohm
+Rl=4500 // ohm
+
+Im=Vm/(rp+Rl) // in A
+Idc=Im/%pi // in A
+Idc_mA=Idc*1000 // in mA
+Irms=Im/2 // since ac current is equal to rms current
+Irms_mA=Irms*1000 // in mA
+W=Irms^2*(rp+Rl) // in watts
+
+printf("dc ammeter reading = %.3f A or %.3f mA \n",Idc,Idc_mA)
+printf("reading of ac ammeter = %.3f A or %.3f mA \n",Irms,Irms_mA)
+printf("reading of wattmeter = %.3f W",W)
diff --git a/3507/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3507/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d9adac616 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//chapter4
+//example4.4
+//page74
+
+Vs=300 // V
+rp=500 // ohm
+Rl=2000 // ohm
+Vm=Vs*2^0.5 // in V
+Im=Vm/(rp+Rl) // A
+Idc=2*Im/%pi // A
+Pdc=Idc^2*Rl // W
+Irms=Im/2^0.5 //A
+Pac=Irms^2*(rp+Rl) // W
+efficiency=(Pdc/Pac)*100
+
+printf("dc power output = %.3f W \n",Pdc)
+printf("ac power input = %.3f W \n",Pac)
+printf("efficiency = %.2f percentage",efficiency)
diff --git a/3507/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/3507/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..44b3f65b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter4
+//example4.5
+//page74
+
+Vm=1000 // V
+rp=500 // ohm
+Rl=4500 // ohm
+
+Im=Vm/(rp+Rl) // in ampere
+Idc=2*Im/%pi // in ampere
+Idc_mA=Idc*1000 // in mA
+Iac=Im/2^0.5 // in ampere
+Iac_mA=Iac*1000 // in mA
+
+printf("dc ammeter reading = %.3f A or %.3f mA \n",Idc,Idc_mA)
+printf("ac ammeter reading = %.3f A or %.3f mA",Iac,Iac_mA)
diff --git a/3507/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3507/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d04943f60 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chspter5
+//example5.1
+//page85
+
+mu=20
+rp=10 // kilo ohm
+Rl=15 // kilo ohm
+
+Av=mu*Rl/(rp+Rl)
+
+printf("voltage gain = %.3f",Av)
diff --git a/3507/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/3507/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0323e4bec --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//chspter5
+//example5.2
+//page85
+
+mu=20
+rp=10 // kilo ohm
+Rl=15 // kilo ohm
+Eg=3 // V
+
+// the diagram in book is for understanding only. Also we do not have a block of "triode" in scilab xcos. The figure is not required to solve the problem.
+
+Av=mu*Rl/(rp+Rl)
+Ip=(mu*Eg/2^0.5)/(rp+Rl)
+V_out=Ip*Rl
+
+printf("voltage gain = %.3f \n",Av)
+printf("load current = %.3f mA \n",Ip)
+printf("output voltage = %.3f V",V_out)
+
+// the accurate answer for output voltage is 25.456V but in book it is given as 25.35V
diff --git a/3507/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3507/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ca406c06 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//chapter5
+//example5.3
+//page85
+
+// for Rl=50, Av=30
+//for Rl=85, Av=34
+
+// Av=mu*Rl/(rp+Rl)
+// thus
+// Av*rp-mu*Rl=-Av*rl
+// substituting for Rl=50 and Rl=85 we get the following linaer equations
+
+// 30*rp-50*mu=-1500 and
+// 34*rp-85*mu=-2890
+// solving by matrix
+
+a=[30 34 ; -50 -85]
+b=[-1500 -2890]
+solution=b/a
+mu=solution(1,2)
+rp=solution(1,1) // in kilo ohms since RL was in kilo ohm in the equations
+
+gm_kilo_mho=mu/rp
+gm=gm_kilo_mho/1000
+printf("mu = %.3f \n",mu)
+printf("rp = %.3f kilo ohm \n",rp)
+printf("gm = %.4f mho \n",gm)
diff --git a/3507/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3507/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eb940987c --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter5
+//example5.4
+//page86
+
+mu=6
+Eg=9 // V
+rp=2400 // ohm
+Rl=3000 // ohm
+
+Ip=mu*Eg/(rp+Rl) // A
+power=Ip^2*Rl // W
+
+printf("ac power in load = %.3f W",power)
diff --git a/3507/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3507/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dcc87b75f --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter5
+//example5.5
+//page95
+
+rp=1000 // ohm
+Rl=10 // ohm
+Eg=8 // V
+mu=20
+
+// the diagram in book is for understanding only. Also we do not have a block of "triode" in scilab xcos. The figure is not required to solve the problem.
+// however, the equivalent circuit has been drawn in xcos for reference.
+
+// since rp=n^2*Rl for maximum power transfer so
+n=(rp/Rl)^0.5
+
+// P_max=Ip^2*RE where Ip=mu*Eg/(rp+RE) and RE=rp
+// thus
+P_max=((mu*Eg)^2)/(4*rp)
+
+printf("transformation ratio n= %.2f \n",n)
+printf("power supplied to speaker when signal is 8V rms is = %.3f W",P_max)
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX19.14/Ex19_14.sce b/3507/CH9/EX19.14/Ex19_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be01ac88b --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX19.14/Ex19_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//chapter19
+//example19.14
+//page424
+
+Vc=5 // V
+V_lower=2.5 // V
+V_upper=2.5 // V
+R=2 // kilo ohm
+
+// figure given in book is just for understanding purpose.It is not a part of solution.
+// however, the figure has been made in xcos and screenshot has been attached for reference
+
+// since power=(rms voltage)^2/R we get
+
+Pc=(0.707*Vc)^2/R
+P_lower=(0.707*V_lower)^2/R
+P_upper=(0.707*V_upper)^2/R
+Pt=Pc+P_lower+P_upper
+
+printf("power delivered by carrier = %.3f mW \n",Pc)
+printf("power delivered by lower sideband = %.3f mW \n",P_lower)
+printf("power delivered by upper sideband = %.3f mW \n",P_upper)
+printf("total power delivered by AM wave = %.3f mW \n",Pt)
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a59df5cf --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.1 +//page142 + +printf("in fig. (i), the conventional current coming out of battery flows in the \nbranch circuits. In diode D1,the conventional current flows in the \ndirection of arrowhead and hence this diode is forward biased. \nHowever in diode D2, the conventional current flows opposite \nto arrowhead and hence this diode is reverse biased.\n \n") +printf("in fig. (ii), During the positive half cycle of input ac voltage, the \nconventional current flows in the direction of arrowhead and hence diode \nis forward biased. However, during the negative half cycle \nof input ac voltage, the diode is reverse biased.\n \n") +printf("in fig. (iii), During the positive half cycle of input ac voltage, the \nconventional current flows in the direction of arrowhead in D1 but it flows \nopposite to arrowhead in D2. So during positive half cycle, \ndiode D1 is forward biased and diode D2 is reverse biased. \nHowever in the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diode D2 \nis forward biased and diode D1 is reverse biased.\n \n") +printf("in fig. (iv), During the positive half cycle of input ac voltage, \nboth diodes are reverse biased. However in the negative half cycle of the \ninput ac voltage, both diodes are forward biased.\n \n") diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..10b306ed8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.10/Ex9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.10
+//page152
+
+n=10
+Vp=230 // V
+
+Vpm=2^0.5*Vp
+Vsm=Vpm/n // since n=Vpm/Vsm=N1/N2
+
+// Idc=Im/%pi and Vdc=Idc*Rl so
+// Vdc=(Im/%pi)*Rl .Also Im*Rl=Vsm so
+Vdc=Vsm/%pi
+
+// in negative half cycle diode is reverse biased so maximum secondary voltage appears across diode.
+PIV=Vsm
+
+printf("output dc voltage = %.2f V \n",Vdc)
+printf("peak inverse voltage = %.2f V \n",PIV)
+
+// accurate answer for output dc voltage is 10.35 V not 10.36 V
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d6283d547 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.11/Ex9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.11
+//page152
+
+rf=20 // ohm
+Rl=800 // ohm
+Vm=50 // V
+
+Im=Vm/(rf+Rl) // in ampere
+Idc=Im/%pi // in ampere
+Irms=Im/2 // in ampere
+Pac=Irms^2*(rf+Rl)
+Pdc=Idc^2*Rl
+Vout=Idc*Rl
+efficiency=100*Pdc/Pac
+
+printf("Im = %.1f mA \n",Im*1000)
+printf("Idc = %.1f mA \n",Idc*1000)
+printf("Irms = %.1f mA \n \n",Irms*1000)
+printf("ac power input = %.3f W \n",Pac)
+printf("dc power output = %.3f W \n \n",Pdc)
+printf("dc output voltage = %.3f V \n \n",Vout)
+printf("efficiency = %.3f percent \n",efficiency)
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e3d154950 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.12/Ex9_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.12
+//page153
+
+Vdc=50 // V
+rf=25 // ohm
+Rl=800 // ohm
+
+// Vdc=Idc*Rl and Idc=Im/%pi so
+// Vdc=Im*Rl/%pi
+// but Im=Vm/(rf+Rl) so
+// Vdc=Vm*Rl/(%pi*(rf+Rl))
+// making Vm as subject we get
+
+Vm=Vdc*%pi*(rf+Rl)/Rl
+
+printf("ac voltage required = %.1f V \n",Vm)
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..206331305 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.13/Ex9_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.13
+//page157
+
+rf=20 // ohm
+Rl=980 // ohm
+Vs=50 // V
+
+Vm=Vs*2^0.5
+Im=Vm/(rf+Rl)
+Idc=2*Im/%pi // in ampere
+Irms=Im/2^0.5 // in ampere
+
+printf("mean load current = %.3f mA \n",Idc*1000)
+printf("rms load current = %.3f mA \n",Irms*1000)
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3c3d9f6ee --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.14/Ex9_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.14
+//page157
+
+rf=0
+n=5
+Vp=230 // V rms
+Rl=100 //ohm
+
+Vs=Vp/n // V rms
+Vsm=Vs*2^0.5 // maximum voltage across secondary
+Vm=Vsm/2 // maximum voltage across half secondary winding
+
+Idc=2*Vm/(%pi*Rl)
+Vdc=Idc*Rl
+PIV=Vsm
+efficiency=100*0.812/(1+rf/Rl)
+
+printf("dc output voltage = %.3f V \n",Vdc)
+printf("PIV = %.3f V \n",PIV)
+printf("efficiency = %.3f percent \n",efficiency)
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..faa0de2cc --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.15/Ex9_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.15
+//page158
+
+n=4
+Rl=200 // ohm
+fin=50 // Hz
+Vp=230 // V rms
+
+Vs=Vp/n // V rms
+Vsm=Vs*2^0.5 // maximum voltage across secondary
+
+Idc=2*Vsm/(%pi*Rl)
+Vdc=Idc*Rl
+PIV=Vsm
+
+// in full wave rectifier, output frequency is twice input frequency since there are two ouput pulses for each cycle of input
+fout=2*fin
+
+printf("dc output voltage = %.3f V \n",Vdc)
+printf("peak inverse voltage = %.3f V \n",PIV)
+printf("output frequency = %.3f Hz",fout)
+
+// the accurate answer for dc output voltage is 51.768 V but in book it is given as 52 V
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..945120c2c --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.16/Ex9_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.16
+//page158
+
+// for dc output
+ // for centre-tap circuit
+ n=5
+ Vp=230 // V rms
+ Rl=100 //ohm
+ Vs=Vp/n // V rms
+ Vsm=Vs*2^0.5 // maximum voltage across secondary
+ Vm=Vsm/2 // maximum voltage across half secondary winding
+ Vdc=2*Vm/%pi // since Vdc=Idc*Rl and Idc=2*Vm/(%pi*Rl)
+
+ // for bridge circuit
+ n_dash=5
+ Vp_dash=230 // V rms
+ Rl_dash=100 //ohm
+ Vs_dash=Vp_dash/n_dash// V rms
+ Vsm_dash=Vs*2^0.5 // maximum voltage across secondary
+ Vm_dash=Vsm_dash
+ Vdc_dash=2*Vm_dash/%pi // since Vdc=Idc*Rl and Idc=2*Vm/(%pi*Rl)
+
+
+// for same dc output Vm must be same for both circuits i.e. n=5 for centre-tap and n=10 for bridge
+ // for centre-tap circuit
+ n1=5
+ Vs1=Vp/n1 // V rms
+ Vsm1=Vs1*2^0.5 // maximum voltage across secondary
+ Vm1=Vsm1/2
+ PIV1=2*Vm1
+
+ // for bridge circuit
+ n2=5
+ Vs2=Vp/n2 // V rms
+ Vsm2=Vs2*2^0.5 // maximum voltage across secondary
+ Vm2=Vsm2/2
+ PIV2=Vm2
+
+printf("dc output voltage for centre-tap circuit = %.3f V \n",Vdc)
+printf("dc output voltage for bridge circuit = %.3f V \n \n",Vdc_dash)
+
+printf("for same output, PIV for centre-tap circuit = %.3f V and bridge circuit = %.3f V \n",PIV1,PIV2)
+
+// the figure of transformer is for reference only. Also it cannot be plotted in scilab since scilab does not have centre-tap transformer
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.17/Ex9_17.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.17/Ex9_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..247da0d1b --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.17/Ex9_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.17
+//page160
+
+Vin=240 // V rms
+Rl=480 // ohm
+rf=1 // ohm
+
+Vm=Vin*2^0.5
+// for bridge rectifier we know that
+Im=Vm/(2*rf+Rl)
+Idc=2*Im/%pi
+Irms=Im/2
+P=Irms^2*rf
+
+printf("mean load current = %.3f A \n",Idc)
+printf("power dissipated in each diode = %.3f W \n",P)
+
+// the accurate answers are mean load current = 0.448 A and power dissipated in each diode = 0.124 W
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.18/Ex9_18.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.18/Ex9_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fffee6cdd --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.18/Ex9_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.18
+//page162
+
+Vrms_A=0.5 // V
+Vdc_A=10 // V
+Vrms_B=1 // V
+Vdc_B=25 // V
+
+ripple_A=Vrms_A/Vdc_A
+ripple_B=Vrms_B/Vdc_B
+
+if ripple_A>ripple_B
+ printf("power supply B is better \n")
+elseif ripple_B>ripple_A
+ printf("power supply A is better \n")
+else
+ printf("both are equal \n")
+end
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.19/Ex9_19.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.19/Ex9_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cd493b012 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.19/Ex9_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.19
+//page165
+
+// the waveform given in book is for understanding only. It is not required to solve the problem. Also it cannot be plotted in scilab unless Vm and Vdc are given.
+
+R=25 // ohm
+Rl=750 // ohm
+Vm=25.7 // V
+
+Vdc_dash=2*Vm/%pi
+Vdc=Vdc_dash*Rl/(R+Rl)
+
+printf("voltage across load is %.3f V plus a small ripple \n",Vdc)
+
+// the accurate answer is 15.833 V but in book it is given as 15.9 V
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..99a44add5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.2
+//page145
+
+Vi_p=20 // V
+rf=10 // ohm
+Rl=500 // ohm
+Vo=0.7 // V
+Vin=20 // V
+
+// peak current through diode will occur when Vin=Vf so
+Vf=Vin
+// since Vf=Vo+If_peak(rf+Rl) making If_peak as subject we get
+If_peak1=(Vf-Vo)/(rf+Rl) // in ampere
+Vout_peak1=If_peak1*Rl
+
+// for ideal diode, Vo=0 and rf=0 so
+// Vf=If_peak*Rl so we get
+If_peak2=Vf/Rl // in ampere
+Vout_peak2=If_peak2*Rl
+
+printf("peak current through given diode = %.3f mA and peak output voltage = %.3f V \n",If_peak1*1000,Vout_peak1)
+printf("peak current through ideal diode = %.3f mA and peak output voltage = %.3f V \n",If_peak2*1000,Vout_peak2)
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.20/Ex9_20.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.20/Ex9_20.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..19c9f7120 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.20/Ex9_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.20
+//page170
+
+R=5 // kilo ohm
+Rl=10 // kilo ohm
+Ei=120 // V
+Vz=50 // V
+
+V=Ei*Rl/(R+Rl) // voltage across open circuit if zener diode is removed
+Vo=Vz // output voltage
+V_R=Ei-Vz // drop across R
+Il=Vz/Rl // load current
+I=V_R/R // current through R
+
+// by Kirchoff first law I=Iz+Il
+Iz=I-Il
+
+printf("output voltage = %.3f V \n",Vo)
+printf("voltage drop across series resistance = %.3f V \n",V_R)
+printf("current through Zener diode = %.3f mA \n",Iz)
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.21/Ex9_21.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.21/Ex9_21.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8d4c037ef --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.21/Ex9_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//chapter9 +//example9.21 +//page171 + +Vmax=120 // V +Vmin=80 // V +Vz=50 // V +R_L=10 // kilo ohm +R1=5 // kilo ohm + +// zener diode is on for Vmax and Vmin both since they are > Vz + +// for max Iz + V_R1=Vmax-Vz + I=V_R1/R1 // current through R1 + I_L=Vz/R_L // current through load + // by Kirchoff first law I=I_L+Iz so applying it we get + Iz_max=I-I_L + +// for min Iz + V_R1_dash=Vmin-Vz + I_dash=V_R1_dash/R1// current through R1 + I_L_dash=Vz/R_L // current through load + // by Kirchoff first law I=I_L+Iz so we get + Iz_min=I_dash-I_L_dash + +printf("maximum zener current = %.3f mA \n",Iz_max) +printf("minimum zener current = %.3f mA \n",Iz_min) diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.22/Ex9_22.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.22/Ex9_22.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7562ad518 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.22/Ex9_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.22
+//page172
+
+Ei=12 // V
+Vz=7.2 // V
+Eo=Vz
+Iz_min=10d-3 // A
+Il_max=100d-3 // A
+
+// we see that R=(Ei-Eo)/(Iz-Il) and minimum Iz occurs when Il is maximum so
+R=(Ei-Eo)/(Iz_min+Il_max)
+
+printf("required series resistance = %.3f ohm \n",R)
+
+// on inserting this series resistance the output voltage will remain constant at 7.2 V
+
+// the accurate answer is 43.636 ohm but in book it is given as 43.5 ohm
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.23/Ex9_23.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.23/Ex9_23.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3bdcdc0e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.23/Ex9_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.23
+//page172
+
+Ei=22 // V
+Vz=18 // V
+Rl=18 // ohm
+Eo=Vz
+Iz_min=200d-3 // A
+
+// Zener current will be min when input voltage is min
+
+// load current is
+Il_max=Vz/Rl
+
+// we see that R=(Ei-Eo)/(Iz-Il) and minimum Iz occurs when Il is maximum so
+R=(Ei-Eo)/(Iz_min+Il_max)
+
+printf("required series resistance = %.3f ohm \n",R)
+
+// on inserting this series resistance the output voltage will remain constant at 18 V
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.24/Ex9_24.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.24/Ex9_24.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..88ca8041f --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.24/Ex9_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.24
+//page172
+
+Ei=13 // V
+Vz=10 // V
+Eo=Vz
+Iz_min=15d-3 // A
+Il_max=85d-3 // A
+
+// Zener current will be min when input voltage is min
+
+// we see that R=(Ei-Eo)/(Iz-Il) and minimum Iz occurs when Il is maximum so
+R=(Ei-Eo)/(Iz_min+Il_max)
+
+printf("required series resistance = %.3f ohm \n",R)
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.25/Ex9_25.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.25/Ex9_25.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..07a5e64c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.25/Ex9_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.25
+//page173
+
+Ei=45 // V
+Vz1=15 // V
+Vz2=15 // V
+Iz=200d-3 // current rating for each zener in ampere
+
+Eo=Vz1+Vz2
+
+R=(Ei-Eo)/Iz
+
+printf("regulated output voltage = %.3f V \n",Eo)
+printf("required series resistance = %.3f ohm \n",R)
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.26/Ex9_26.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.26/Ex9_26.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2c56fe3c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.26/Ex9_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.26
+//page173
+
+Ei=45 // V
+Vz1=10 // V
+Vz2=10 // V
+Vz3=10 // V
+Iz=1000d-3 // current rating for each zener in ampere
+
+Eo=Vz1+Vz2+Vz3
+
+R=(Ei-Eo)/Iz
+
+printf("required series resistance = %.3f ohm \n",R)
+
+// since zener diode is not available in xcos, simple diodes are used to represent zener diode in the circuit made in xcos
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.27/Ex9_27.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.27/Ex9_27.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb5c3e7bf --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.27/Ex9_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.27
+//page174
+
+R=200 // ohm
+Rl=2000 // ohm
+Eo=30 // V
+
+// for minimum input voltage i.e. Iz=0
+Il=Eo/Rl
+I=Il // since Iz=0
+Vin_min=Eo+I*R
+
+// for maximum input voltage i.e. Iz=25 mA
+Iz=25d-3 // A
+Il_dash=Eo/Rl
+I_dash=Il_dash+Iz
+Vin_max=Eo+I_dash*R
+
+printf("minimum input voltage = %.3f V \n",Vin_min)
+printf("maximum input voltage = %.3f V \n",Vin_max)
+printf("thus range of input = %.3f to %.3f V \n",Vin_min,Vin_max)
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.28/Ex9_28.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.28/Ex9_28.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c47a0026c --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.28/Ex9_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.28
+//page174
+
+Ei=16 // V
+Vz=12 // V since we want to ragulate at 12 V
+Eo=Vz
+Iz_min=0 // A
+Il_max=200d-3 // A
+
+// Zener current will be min when input voltage is min
+
+// we see that R=(Ei-Eo)/(Iz-Il) and minimum Iz occurs when Il is maximum so
+R=(Ei-Eo)/(Iz_min+Il_max)
+
+Izm=Il_max
+Pzm=Vz*Izm
+
+printf("Zener voltage = %.3f V \n",Vz)
+printf("required series resistance = %.3f ohm \n",R)
+printf("maximum power rating of zener diode = %.3f W \n",Pzm)
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a8cfcef5 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.3
+//page146
+
+R1=50 // ohm
+R2=5 // ohm
+V=10 // V
+
+Eo=V*R2/(R1+R2) // thevenin voltage
+Ro=R1*R2/(R1+R2) // thevenin resistance
+I_D=Eo/Ro // current through diode in ampere
+
+printf("current through diode = %.3f mA \n",I_D*1000)
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2352c5c8c --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.4
+//page146
+
+V=10 // V
+V_D1=0.7 // V
+V_D2=0.7 // V
+R=48 // ohm
+R_D1=1 // ohm
+R_D2=1 // ohm
+
+// D1 and D3 are forward biased while D2 and D4 are reverse biased thus
+V_net=V-V_D1-V_D2
+R_t=R_D1+R+R_D2
+I=V_net/R_t
+
+printf("circuit current = %.3f mA \n",I*1000)
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c9fc15b5d --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.5/Ex9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.5
+//page147
+
+E1=24 // V
+E2=4 // V
+Vo=0.7 // V
+R=2 // kilo ohm
+
+// diode D1 is forward biased and diode D2 is reverse biased so
+I=(E1-E2-Vo)/R
+
+printf("current in the circuit = %.3f mA \n",I)
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2a6c9bc34 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.6/Ex9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.6
+//page147
+
+V=20 // V
+V_D_Ge=0.3 // V
+
+// when voltage is applied, Ge diode turns on first and 0.3 V is maintained across circuit so Si diode never turns on. So
+V_A=V-V_D_Ge
+
+printf("voltage V_A at point A = %.3f V \n",V_A)
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b5e10407a --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.7
+//page148
+
+V=10 // V
+V_D=0.7 // V
+R_BC=2 // kilo ohm
+R=2 // kilo ohm
+
+// by Kirchoff voltage law we get
+// -V_D-I_D*R_BC-2*I_D*R+V=0 thus making I_D as subject we get
+I_D=(V-V_D)/(R_BC+2*R)
+V_Q=2*I_D*R
+
+printf("I_D = %.3f mA \n",I_D)
+printf("V_Q = %.3f V \n",V_Q)
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3567f74b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.8
+//page148
+
+V=15 // V
+R=0.5 // kilo ohm
+V_D=0.7 // V
+
+// both diodes are forward biased
+
+I1=(V-V_D)/R
+I_D1=I1/2
+I_D2=I_D1
+
+printf("current through diode D1 = %.3f mA and diode D2 = %.3f mA \n",I_D1,I_D2)
diff --git a/3507/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce b/3507/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6b33fcb1e --- /dev/null +++ b/3507/CH9/EX9.9/Ex9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//chapter9
+//example9.9
+//page151
+
+P_dc=40 // W
+P_ac=100 // W
+
+efficiency=100*P_dc/P_ac
+
+printf("rectification efficiency = %.3f percent \n \n",efficiency)
+printf("remaining 60 watts are not lost. Crystal diode consumes only a \nlittle power due to its small internal resistance. \nActualy 100 W ac power is contained as 50 W in positive half \ncycle and 50 W in negative half cycle.\nThe 50 W of negative half cycle are not supplied at all. \nThe 50 W of positive half cycle are converted to 40 W \n")
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