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+// chapter 13
+// example 13.4
+// page 279
+
+Vcc=20 // V
+Re=0 // kilo ohm, since given as negligible
+Rc=10 // kilo ohm
+Rl=30 // kilo ohm
+Vbe=0.7 // V
+
+Vce=10 // mV
+Ic=1 // mA
+
+// dc load line
+
+    // when Ic=0, Vce=Vcc i.e. Vce=15 and when Vce=0, Ic=Vcc/(Rc+Re) i.e. Ic=20/10 mA
+    // so equation of load line becomes Ic=-(1/10)*Vce+2
+
+     clf()
+    x=linspace(0,20,5)
+    y=-(1/10)*x+2
+    plot2d(x,y,style=3,rect=[0,0,21,6])
+    xtitle("dc load line-green         ac load line-blue","collector emitter voltage(volts)","collector current(mA)")
+
+// ac load line
+    
+    R_AC=Rc*Rl/(Rc+Rl) // ac load
+    V_ce=Vce+Ic*R_AC // maximum collector emitter voltage
+    I_c=Ic+Vce/R_AC // maximum collector current
+    // the equation of ac load line in terms of V_ce and I_c becomes
+    x=linspace(0,V_ce,10)
+    y=-(I_c/V_ce)*x+I_c
+     plot2d(x,y,style=2,rect=[0,0,21,6])