diff options
Diffstat (limited to '3665')
103 files changed, 1723 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/3665/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/3665/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85906a944 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+e=1.602*10^-19; //charge of electron(c)
+epsilon0=8.85*10^-12; //permittivity(C/Nm)
+r=3*10^-10; //seperation(m)
+N=6.022*10^20;
+Ea=502; //ionisation energy of A(kJ/mol)
+Eb=-335; //electron affinity for B(kJ/mol)
+
+//Calculation
+E=-e^2*N/(4*%pi*epsilon0*r); //electrostatic attraction(kJ/mol)
+nE=Ea+Eb+E; //net change in energy per mole(kJ/mol)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n net change in energy per mole is %0.0f kJ/mol",nE)
+printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors")
+printf("\n since the net change in energy is negative, the A+B- molecule will be stable")
diff --git a/3665/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/3665/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3bd749051 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+IPk=4.1; //IP of K(eV)
+EACl=3.6; //EA of Cl(eV)
+e=1.602*10^-19; //charge of electron(c)
+onebyepsilon0=9*10^9;
+
+//Calculation
+deltaE=IPk-EACl;
+Ec=deltaE; //energy required(eV)
+R=e*onebyepsilon0/deltaE; //seperation(m)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n energy required is %0.3f eV",Ec)
+printf("\n seperation is %0.2f nm",R*10^9)
diff --git a/3665/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/3665/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f94fa722e --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+e=1.602*10^-19; //charge of electron(c)
+epsilon0=8.85*10^-12; //permittivity(C/Nm)
+r0=236*10^-12; //seperation(m)
+N=6.022*10^20;
+IP=5.14; //ionisation energy of A(kJ/mol)
+EA=3.65; //electron affinity for B(kJ/mol)
+
+//Calculation
+Ue=-e^2/(4*%pi*epsilon0*r0*e); //potential energy(eV)
+BE=-Ue-IP+EA; //bond energy(eV)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n bond energy is %0.2f eV",BE)
diff --git a/3665/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/3665/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2bbe73b8a --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+A=1.748; //madelung constant
+n=9; //born repulsive exponent
+e=1.602*10^-19; //charge of electron(c)
+epsilon0=8.85*10^-12; //permittivity(C/Nm)
+r0=0.281*10^-9; //seperation(m)
+IE=5.14; //ionisation energy of A(kJ/mol)
+EA=3.61; //electron affinity for B(kJ/mol)
+
+//Calculation
+CE=A*e^2*(1-(1/n))/(4*%pi*epsilon0*r0*e); //cohesive energy(eV)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n cohesive energy is %0.3f eV",CE)
diff --git a/3665/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/3665/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2df972e1d --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+C=2*10^-6; //capacitance(F)
+V=1000; //voltage(V)
+epsilon_r=100;
+
+//Calculation
+W=C*V^2/2; //energy stored in the condenser(J)
+C0=C/epsilon_r;
+W0=C0*V^2/2;
+E=1-W0; //energy stored in the dielectric(J)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n energy stored in the condenser is %0.3f J",W)
+printf("\n energy stored in the dielectric is %0.3f J",E)
diff --git a/3665/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/3665/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..578cbae28 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+epsilon_r=4.94;
+n2=2.69;
+
+//Calculation
+x=(epsilon_r-1)/(epsilon_r+2);
+y=(n2-1)/(n2+2);
+r=(x/y)-1; //ratio betwen electronic and ionic polarizability
+
+//Result
+printf("\n ratio betwen electronic and ionic polarizability is %0.3f ",1/r)
diff --git a/3665/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/3665/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..713ce8f72 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+epsilon_r=2.56;
+epsilon_R=2.65*0.7*10^-4;
+tan_delta=0.7*10^-4;
+A=8*10^-4; //area(m^2)
+d=0.08*10^-3; //diameter(m)
+f=1*10^6; //frequency(Hz)
+epsilon0=8.85*10^-12;
+
+//Calculation
+Rp=d/(2*%pi*f*epsilon0*epsilon_R*A); //parallel loss resistance(ohm)
+Cp=A*epsilon0*epsilon_r/d; //parallel loss capacitance(Farad)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n parallel loss resistance is %0.0f ohm",Rp/10^6)
+printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors")
+printf("\n parallel loss capacitance is %0.2f *10^-12 Farad",Cp*10^12)
diff --git a/3665/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/3665/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..371d670fc --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+N=3*10^28; //number of atoms(per m^3)
+alphae=10^-40;
+epsilon0=8.854*10^-12;
+
+//Calculation
+epsilon_r=1+(N*alphae/epsilon0); //dielectric constant of material
+
+//Result
+printf("\n dielectric constant of material is %0.3f ",epsilon_r)
diff --git a/3665/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/3665/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb19ac1ff --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+N=2.7*10^25; //number of atoms(per m^3)
+epsilon0=8.854*10^-12;
+epsilon_r=1.0000684;
+
+//Calculation
+alphae=epsilon0*(epsilon_r-1)/N; //electronic polarizability(Fm^2)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n electronic polarizability is %0.3f *10^-41 Fm^2",alphae*10^41)
diff --git a/3665/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/3665/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a5ade568c --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+epsilon0=8.85*10^-12;
+A=100*10^-4; //area(m^2)
+d=10^-2; //diameter(m)
+V=100; //potential(V)
+
+//Calculation
+C=epsilon0*A/d; //capacitance(F)
+Q=C*V; //charge on plates(coulomb)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n capacitance is %e F",C)
+printf("\n charge on plates is %e coulomb",Q)
diff --git a/3665/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce b/3665/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba25790e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+n=6.02*10^26; //avagadro number
+d=2050; //density(kg/m^3)
+w=32; //atomic weight
+gama=1/3; //internal field constant
+epsilon0=8.55*10^-12;
+epsilon_r=3.75;
+
+//Calculation
+N=n*d/w; //number of atoms(per m^3)
+alphae=3*epsilon0*((epsilon_r-1)/(epsilon_r+2))/N; //electronic polarizability(Fm^2)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n electronic polarizability is %0.3f *10^-40 Fm^2",alphae*10^40)
diff --git a/3665/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce b/3665/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..09198a560 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+Q=2*10^-10; //charge(C)
+d=4*10^-3; //seperation(m)
+epsilon_r=3.5;
+A=650*10^-6; //area(m^2)
+epsilon0=8.85*10^-12;
+
+//Calculation
+V=Q*d/(epsilon0*epsilon_r*A); //resultant voltage(V)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n resultant voltage is %0.2f Volts",V)
diff --git a/3665/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce b/3665/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ec70eab96 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+d=2*10^-3; //seperation(m)
+epsilon_r=6;
+V=10; //voltage(V)
+epsilon0=8.85*10^-12;
+
+//Calculation
+E=V/d;
+D=epsilon0*epsilon_r*E; //dielectric displacement(C m^-2)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n dielectric displacement is %0.1f *10^-9 C m^-2",D*10^9)
diff --git a/3665/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/3665/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0cb889a05 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+M=1.4; //magnetic field(T)
+H=6.5*10^-4; //magnetic field(T)
+
+//Calculation
+chi=M/H;
+mew_r=1+chi; //relative permeability of iron
+
+//Result
+printf("\n relative permeability of iron is %0.3f ",mew_r)
+printf("\n answer given in the book is wrong")
diff --git a/3665/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce b/3665/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..58918918f --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+d=7.8*10^3; //density(kg/m^3)
+n=6.025*10^26; //number of atoms
+w=157.26; //atomic weight(kg)
+mewm=9.27*10^-24;
+mew=7.1*mewm;
+mew0=4*%pi*10^-7;
+
+//Calculation
+N=d*n/w; //number of atoms
+mew_B=N*mew/10^3; //magnetic moment per gram(Am^2)
+Bs=N*mew0*mew;
+
+//Result
+printf("\n magnetic moment per gram %0.3f Am^2",mew_B)
+printf("\n magnetic moment per gram is %0.4f Wb/m^2",Bs)
+printf("\n answer given in the book varies due to rounding off errors")
diff --git a/3665/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce b/3665/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ba4e8490a --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+Tc=3.7; //temperature(K)
+Hc0=0.0306; //critical field(T)
+T=2; //temperature(K)
+
+//Calculation
+Hc2=Hc0*(1-(T/Tc)^2); //critical field(T)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n critical field is %0.5f Tesla",Hc2)
diff --git a/3665/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce b/3665/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..168488472 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clear//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+Tc=7.18; //temperature(K)
+H0=6.5*10**4; //critical field(T)
+T=4.2; //temperature(K)
+d=1*10**-3; //diameter(m)
+
+//Calculation
+Hc=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2); //critical field(T)
+ic=%pi*d*Hc; //critical current(A)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n critical current is %0.2f A",ic)
+printf("\n answer given in the book is wrong")
diff --git a/3665/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce b/3665/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..569e95da2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+M=3300; //magnetic field(amp/m)
+H=220; //magnetic field(amp/m)
+
+//Calculation
+chi=M/H;
+mew_r=1+chi; //relative permeability
+
+//Result
+printf("\n relative permeability is %0.3f ",mew_r)
diff --git a/3665/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/3665/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2bbe579ce --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+H=10^6; //magnetic field(amp/m)
+chi=1.5*10^-3;
+mew0=4*%pi*10^-7;
+
+//Calculation
+M=chi*H; //magnetisation of material(A/m)
+B=mew0*(M+H); //flux density(T)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n magnetisation of material is %0.3f *10^3 A/m",M/10^3)
+printf("\n flux density is %0.4f T",B)
+printf("\n answer given in the book varies due to rounding off errors")
diff --git a/3665/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/3665/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6ba74b94 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+H=10^4; //magnetic field(amp/m)
+chi=3.7*10^-3;
+mew0=4*%pi*10^-7;
+
+//Calculation
+M=chi*H; //magnetisation of material(A/m)
+B=mew0*(M+H); //flux density(T)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n magnetisation of material is %0.3f A/m",M)
+printf("\n flux density is %0.4f wb/m^2",B)
diff --git a/3665/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce b/3665/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ce3e122a --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+r=5*10^-2 //radius(m)
+I=500*10^-3; //current(A)
+
+//Calculation
+A=2*%pi*r^2;
+mew_m=I*A; //magnetic moment(Am^2)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n magnetic moment is %0.3f *10^-3 Am^2",mew_m*10^3)
+printf("\n answer given in the book varies due to rounding off errors")
diff --git a/3665/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/3665/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3f8e2c8e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+r=5.29*10^-11; //radius(m)
+B=2; //magnetic field(T)
+e=1.602*10^-19; //charge(c)
+m=9.108*10^-31; //mass(kg)
+
+//Calculation
+mew_ind=e^2*r^2*B/(4*m); //change in magnetic moment(Am^2)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n change in magnetic moment is %0.3f *10^-29 Am^2",mew_ind*10^29)
diff --git a/3665/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce b/3665/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..08147d6e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+chi1=2.8*10^-4; //susceptibility
+T1=350; //temperature(K)
+T2=300; //temperature(K)
+
+//Calculation
+chi2=chi1*T1/T2; //susceptibility
+
+//Result
+printf("\n susceptibility is %0.3f *10^-4",chi2*10^4)
diff --git a/3665/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce b/3665/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fc6a60ccd --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+Bs=0.65; //magnetic induction(wb/m^2)
+d=8906; //density(kg/m^3)
+n=6.025*10^26; //avagadro number
+mew0=4*%pi*10^-7;
+w=58.7; //atomic weight(kg)
+
+//Calculation
+N=d*n/w; //number of nickel atoms(per m^3)
+mew_m=Bs/(N*mew0*9.27*10^-24); //magnetic moment(mewB)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n magnetic moment is %0.2f mewB",mew_m)
diff --git a/3665/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce b/3665/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cd76e706 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+mew=9.4*10^-24;
+H=2; //magnetic field(weber/m^2)
+k=1.38*10^-23; //boltzmann constant
+
+//Calculation
+T=2*mew*H/(log(2)*k); //temperature(K)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n temperature is %0.1f K",T)
diff --git a/3665/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/3665/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f3f96aa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+e=1.6*10^-19; //charge(coulomb)
+h=6.6*10^-34; //planck's constant(J sec)
+c=3*10^8; //velocity of light(m/sec)
+lamda=6943*10^-10; //wavelength(m)
+k=8.61*10^-5;
+T=300; //temperature(K)
+
+//Calculation
+dE=h*c/(e*lamda);
+N2byN1=exp(-dE/(k*T)); //relative population
+
+//Result
+printf("\n relative population is %0.4f *10^-30",N2byN1*10^30)
+printf("\n answer given in the book is wrong")
diff --git a/3665/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/3665/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..353be8717 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+a1=4*10^-3; //diameter(m)
+a2=6*10^-3; //diameter(m)
+d1=1; //distance(m)
+d2=2; //distance(m)
+
+//Calculation
+theta=(a2-a1)/(2*(d2-d1)); //divergence(radian)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n divergence is %0.3f milli radian",theta*10^3)
diff --git a/3665/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/3665/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b09b3d599 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+s=1*10^-3; //size(m)
+l=1*10^-3; //length(m)
+lamda=650*10^-9; //wavelength(m)
+
+//Calculation
+tantheta=(l/2)/s;
+theta=atan(tantheta); //angle(radian)
+sintheta=(sin(theta));
+
+ss=0.6*lamda/sintheta; //spot size(m)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n spot size is %0.3f micro m",ss*10^6)
diff --git a/3665/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/3665/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a37b1124d --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+n1=1.55; //refractive index of core
+n2=1.50; //refractive index of cladding
+
+//Calculation
+NA=sqrt(n1^2-n2^2); //numerical aperture
+
+//Result
+printf("\n numerical aperture is %0.3f ",NA)
diff --git a/3665/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/3665/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2bf8392bd --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+n1=1.563; //refractive index of core
+n2=1.498; //refractive index of cladding
+
+//Calculation
+NA=sqrt(n1^2-n2^2); //numerical aperture
+alpha_i=asin(NA); //angle of acceptance(radian)
+alpha_i=(alpha_i*180/%pi); //angle(degrees)
+alpha_id=int(alpha_i);
+alpha_im=60*(alpha_i-alpha_id);
+
+//Result
+printf("\n angle of acceptance is %0.3f degrees %0.1f minutes",alpha_id,alpha_im)
+printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors")
diff --git a/3665/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce b/3665/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..06aadd71d --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+NA=0.39; //numerical aperture
+delta=0.05; //difference of indices
+
+//Calculation
+n1=NA/sqrt(2*delta); //refractive index of core
+
+//Result
+printf("\n refractive index of core is %0.4f ",n1)
+printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors")
diff --git a/3665/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce b/3665/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..48776b901 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+n1=1.563; //refractive index of core
+n2=1.498; //refractive index of cladding
+
+//Calculation
+delta=(n1-n2)/n1; //fractional index change
+
+//Result
+printf("\n fractional index change is %0.4f ",delta)
diff --git a/3665/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce b/3665/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df365d6e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+n1=1.48; //refractive index of core
+n2=1.45; //refractive index of cladding
+
+//Calculation
+NA=sqrt(n1^2-n2^2); //numerical aperture
+alpha_i=asin(NA); //angle of acceptance(radian)
+alpha_i=(alpha_i*180/%pi); //angle(degrees)
+alpha_id=int(alpha_i);
+alpha_im=60*(alpha_i-alpha_id);
+
+//Result
+printf("\n numerical aperture is %0.4f ",NA)
+printf("\n angle of acceptance is %0.3f degrees %0.0f minutes",alpha_id,alpha_im)
diff --git a/3665/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce b/3665/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..34c967bb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+Pout=40; //power(mW)
+Pin=100; //power(mW)
+
+//Calculation
+al=-10*log10(Pout/Pin); //attenuation loss(dB)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n attenuation loss is %0.2f dB",al)
diff --git a/3665/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce b/3665/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b63a731ca --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH14/EX14.1/Ex14_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+V=475; //volume(m^3)
+aw=200; //area of wall(m^2)
+ac=100; //area of ceiling(m^2)
+ac_w=0.025; //absorption coefficient of wall
+ac_c=0.02; //absorption coefficient of ceiling
+ac_f=0.55; //absorption coefficient of floor
+
+//Calculation
+sigma_as=(aw*ac_w)+(ac*ac_c)+(ac*ac_f);
+T=0.165*V/sigma_as; //reverberation time of hall(s)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n reverberation time of hall is %0.3f s",T)
diff --git a/3665/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce b/3665/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..15b5c44c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+V=12500; //volume(m^3)
+T1=1.5; //reverberation time(sec)
+n=200; //number of cushioned chairs
+
+//Calculation
+sigma_as=0.165*V/T1;
+T2=0.165*V/(sigma_as+n); //new reverberation time(s)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n new reverberation time is %0.2f s",T2)
diff --git a/3665/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/3665/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff3f8ff17 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+V=5000; //volume(m^3)
+T=1.25; //time(s)
+
+//Calculation
+sigma_as=0.165*V/T; //total absorption in the hall(OWU)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n total absorption in the hall is %0.3f OWU",sigma_as)
diff --git a/3665/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce b/3665/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b7bfcb747 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH14/EX14.4/Ex14_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+V=9500; //volume(m^3)
+T=1.5; //time(s)
+x=100; //absorption(sabines)
+
+//Calculation
+sigma_as=0.165*V/T; //total absorption in the hall(OWU)
+T=0.165*V/(sigma_as+x); //new period of reverberation(s)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n total absorption in the hall is %0.3f OWU",sigma_as)
+printf("\n new period of reverberation is %0.3f s",T)
diff --git a/3665/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce b/3665/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..52fb55ba8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+V=20*15*5; //volume(m^3)
+T=3.5; //time(s)
+A=950; //surface area(m^2)
+
+//Calculation
+sigma_as=0.165*V/T; //total absorption in the hall(OWU)
+ac=sigma_as/A; //average absorption coefficient
+
+//Result
+printf("\n total absorption in the hall is %0.3f OWU",sigma_as)
+printf("\n average absorption coefficient is %0.3f sabine/m^2",ac)
diff --git a/3665/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce b/3665/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4f2f9ab4e --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+V=2265; //volume(m^3)
+sigma_as=92.9; //absorption(m^2)
+a=18.6; //area(m^2)
+
+//Calculation
+T=0.165*V/sigma_as; //reverberation time of hall(s)
+T1=0.165*V/2;
+inc=T1-sigma_as; //increase in absorption(OWU)
+n=inc/a; //number of persons to be seated
+
+//Result
+printf("\n reverberation time of hall is %0.3f s",T)
+printf("\n number of persons to be seated is %0.3f ",n)
diff --git a/3665/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/3665/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b2854f248 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+r=1; //assume
+
+//Calculation
+a=4*r/sqrt(2);
+R=(a/2)-r; //radius of interstitial sphere(r)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n radius of interstitial sphere is %0.3f r",R)
diff --git a/3665/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/3665/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5242d3576 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+a=0.356*10^-9; //cube edge(m)
+m=12.01; //atomic weight of carbon
+N=6.023*10^26; //avagadro number
+
+//Calculation
+n=8/a^3; //number of atoms per m^3
+M=m/N;
+d=M*n; //density of diamond(kg/m^3)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n number of atoms per m^3 is %0.2f *10^29",n/10^29)
+printf("\n density of diamond is %0.1f kg/m^3",d)
+printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors")
diff --git a/3665/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/3665/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c5873c5b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+mw=23+35.5; //molecular weight of NaCl(gm/mol)
+N=6.023*10^23; //avagadro number(per mol)
+d=2.18; //mass of unit volume
+
+//Calculation
+M=mw/N; //mass of NaCl molecule(gm)
+n=2*d/M; //number of atoms per unit volume(atoms/cm^3)
+a=(1/n)^(1/3); //distance between 2 adjacent atoms(cm)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n distance between 2 adjacent atoms is %e cm = %0.2f angstrom ",a,a*10^8)
+
diff --git a/3665/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/3665/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85e209fd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+M=63.5; //atomic weight
+N=6.023*10^23; //avagadro number
+r=1.278*10^-8; //radius(m)
+n=4;
+
+//Calculation
+m=M/N; //mass of copper atom(gm)
+a=4*r/sqrt(2);
+Mu=n*m; //mass of unit cell
+d=Mu/a^3; //density of copper crystal(gm/cm^3)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n density of copper crystal is %0.3f gm/cm^3",d)
diff --git a/3665/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/3665/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79ea68824 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+r=0.1249*10^-9; //radius(m)
+pf=0.68; //packing factor
+
+//Calculation
+a=4*r/sqrt(3); //lattice constant(m)
+v=a^3; //volume of unit cell(m^3)
+Fv=(1-pf)*v; //free volume per unit cell(m^3)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n free volume per unit cell is %0.4f *10^-30 m^3",Fv*10^30)
+printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors")
diff --git a/3665/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/3665/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..79e8d2f29 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+r=0.1278; //atomic radius(m)
+h1=1;
+k1=1;
+l1=0;
+h2=2;
+k2=1;
+l2=2;
+
+//Calculation
+a=(4*r/sqrt(2));
+
+d110=a/sqrt(h1^2+k1^2+l1^2); //interplanar spacing for (110)(nm)
+d212=a/sqrt(h2^2+k2^2+l2^2); //interplanar spacing for (212)(nm)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n interplanar spacing for (110) is %0.4f nm",d110)
+printf("\n interplanar spacing for (212) is %0.3f nm",d212)
diff --git a/3665/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/3665/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e8622c10 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+h1=1;
+k1=0;
+l1=0;
+h2=1;
+k2=1;
+l2=0;
+h3=1;
+k3=1;
+l3=1;
+
+//Calculation
+d100=1/sqrt(h1^2+k1^2+l1^2); //interplanar spacing for (110)
+d110=1/sqrt(h2^2+k2^2+l2^2); //interplanar spacing for (110)
+d111=1/sqrt(h3^2+k3^2+l3^2); //interplanar spacing for (111)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n seperation between successive lattice planes is %0.3f : %0.2f : %0.2f ",d100,d110,d111)
diff --git a/3665/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/3665/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fb23b75dc --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+a=1;
+b=1/2;
+c=3;
+
+//Calculation
+A=1/a;
+B=1/b;
+C=1/c;
+h=A*c;
+k=B*c;
+l=C*c; //miller indices of plane
+
+//Result
+printf("\n miller indices of plane is ( %0.3f %0.3f %0.3f)",h,k,l)
diff --git a/3665/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/3665/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8ec0b99f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+r=1; //assume
+
+//Calculation
+a=4/sqrt(3);
+R=(a-(2*r))/2; //radius of interstitial sphere(r)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n radius of interstitial sphere is %0.3f r",R)
diff --git a/3665/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/3665/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4857c5b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+r1=1.258; //atomic radius(angstrom)
+r2=1.292; //atomic radius(angstrom)
+
+//Calculation
+a1=4*r1/sqrt(3); //spacing(angstrom)
+n1=((1/8)*8)+1; //number of atoms per unit cell
+v1=a1^3/n1; //volume occupied by 1 atom(m^3)
+n2=(1/2*6)+(1/8*8); //number of atoms per unit cell
+a2=2*sqrt(2)*r2; //spacing(angstrom)
+v2=a2^3/n2; //volume occupied by 1 atom(m^3)
+dc=(v1-v2)*100/v1; //change in volume(%)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n decrease of volume is %0.1f percentage" ,dc)
diff --git a/3665/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/3665/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..580a61c8e --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+a=0.27*10^-9; //spacing(m)
+c=0.494*10^-9;
+n=6; //number of atoms
+M=65.37; //atomic weight
+N=6.023*10^26; //avagadro number
+
+//Calculation
+V=3*sqrt(3)*a^2*c/2; //volume of unit cell(m^3)
+rho=n*M/(N*V); //density of zinc(kg/m^3)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n volume of unit cell is %0.3f *10^-29 m^3",V*10^29)
+printf("\n density of zinc is %0.0f kg/m^3",rho)
+printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors")
diff --git a/3665/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/3665/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f632144d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+d=0.313; //lattice spacing(m)
+theta=7+(48/60); //angle(degrees)
+n=1;
+
+//Calculation
+theta=theta*%pi/180; //angle(radian)
+lamda=2*d*sin(theta)/n; //wavelength of X-rays(nm)
+//when theta=90
+n=2*d/lamda; //maximum order of diffraction possible
+
+//Result
+printf("\n wavelength of X-rays is %0.5f nm",lamda)
+printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors")
+printf("\n when theta=90, maximum order of diffraction possible is %0.3f ",n)
diff --git a/3665/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/3665/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e8111e215 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+lamda=1.5418; //wavelength(angstrom)
+theta=30; //angle(degrees)
+n=1; //first order
+h=1;
+k=1;
+l=1;
+
+//Calculation
+theta=theta*%pi/180; //angle(radian)
+d=n*lamda/(2*sin(theta));
+a=d*sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2); //interatomic spacing(angstrom)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n interatomic spacing is %0.2f angstrom",a)
diff --git a/3665/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/3665/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9f2c2825 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+d100=0.28; //spacing(nm)
+lamda=0.071; //wavelength of X rays(nm)
+n=2; //second order
+
+//Calculation
+d110=(d100/sqrt(2)); //spacing(nm)
+
+x=n*lamda/(2*d110);
+theta=asin(x); //glancing angle(radian)
+theta=theta*180/%pi ; //glancing angle(degrees)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n glancing angle is %0.0f degrees",theta)
diff --git a/3665/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/3665/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68e5afaeb --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+a=0.38; //lattice constant(nm)
+h=1;
+k=1;
+l=0;
+
+//Calculation
+d=a/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2); //distance between planes(nm)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n distance between planes is %0.2f nm",d)
diff --git a/3665/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/3665/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c402c7bec --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+a=0.19; //lattice constant(nm)
+h=1;
+k=1;
+l=1;
+lamda=0.058; //wavelength of X rays(nm)
+n=2; //second order
+
+//Calculation
+d=a/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2); //distance between planes(nm)
+x=n*lamda/(2*d);
+theta=asin(x); //glancing angle(radian)
+theta=theta*180/%pi ; //glancing angle(degrees)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n glancing angle is %0.0f degrees",theta)
diff --git a/3665/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/3665/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d418666ff --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+Ev=1;
+k=1.38*10^-23; //boltzmann constant(J/K)
+e=1.6*10^-19; //charge(eV)
+
+//Calculation
+r=Ev/(2.303*1000*k/e);
+n=10^r; //ratio of n1000/n500
+
+//Result
+printf("\n ratio of vacancies is %0.3f *10^5",n/10^5)
diff --git a/3665/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/3665/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a097b52fb --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+Ev=1.2;
+k=1.38*10^-23; //boltzmann constant(J/K)
+e=1.6*10^-19; //charge(eV)
+T1=350; //temperature(K)
+T2=500; //temperature(K)
+
+//Calculation
+x1=Ev/(2.303*k*T1/e);
+n1=1/(10^x1); //number of vacancies per atom at 350K
+x2=Ev/(2.303*k*T2/e);
+n2=1/(10^x2); //number of vacancies per atom at 500K
+
+//Result
+printf("\n number of vacancies per atom at 350K is %0.4f *10^-17",n1*10^17)
+printf("\n number of vacancies per atom at 500K is %0.3f *10^-12",n2*10^12)
diff --git a/3665/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/3665/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbec93cd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+d=2.82*10^-10; //distance(m)
+k=1.38*10^-23; //boltzmann constant(J/K)
+e=1.6*10^-19; //charge(eV)
+T=273+25; //temperature(K)
+sd=5*10^11; //schotky defects(per m^3)
+
+//Calculation
+V=(2*d)^3; //volume of unit cell(m^3)
+N=4/V; //density of ion pairs
+x=(log10(N/sd));
+
+Es=2*(k/e)*T*2.303*x; //average energy required(eV)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n average energy required is %0.3f eV",Es)
diff --git a/3665/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/3665/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..698226236 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+T1=273+25; //temperature(K)
+T2=273+350; //temperature(K)
+Ef=1.35; //energy(eV)
+k=8.625*10^-5;
+
+//Calculation
+x=(Ef/k)*((1/(2*T1))-(1/(2*T2)))/2.303;
+r=1/(10^(x)); //ratio of Frenkel defects
+
+
+//Result
+printf("\n ratio of Frenkel defects is %0.3f *10^-6",r*10^6)
diff --git a/3665/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/3665/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c72e385d --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+k=1.38*10^-23; //boltzmann constant(J)
+T=300; //temperature(K)
+e=1.6*10^-19; //charge(c)
+
+//Calculation
+E=3*k*T/(2*e); //average thermal energy(eV)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n average thermal energy is %0.3f eV",E)
diff --git a/3665/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/3665/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..272ddbc90 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+kT=1; //assume
+E_Ef=kT;
+
+//Calculation
+FE=1/(1+exp(1)); //fermi function
+
+//Result
+printf("\n fermi function is %0.3f ",FE)
diff --git a/3665/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/3665/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ef1ab0de1 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+FE=10/100; //fermi function
+EF=5.5; //energy function(eV)
+e=1.6*10^-19; //charge(c)
+k=1.38*10^-23; //boltzmann constant(J)
+
+//Calculation
+E=EF+(EF/100); //energy(eV)
+x=log((1/FE)-1);
+T=(E-EF)*e/(k*x); //temperature(K)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n temperature is %0.1f K",T)
diff --git a/3665/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/3665/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..73e5126ee --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+k=1.38*10^-23; //boltzmann constant(J)
+T=24600; //temperature(K)
+m=9.108*10^-31; //mass(kg)
+
+//Calculation
+vF=sqrt(2*k*T/m); //fermi velocity(m s-1)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n fermi velocity is %0.2f *10^6 m s-1",vF/10^6)
diff --git a/3665/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/3665/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9804f1c2b --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+c=3*10^8; //velocity of light(m/s)
+m=1.67*10^-27; //mass of proton(kg)
+h=6.626*10^-34; //planck's constant
+
+//Calculation
+lamda=h*10/(m*c); //de broglie wavelength(m)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n de broglie wavelength is %0.3f *10^-14 m",lamda*10^14)
diff --git a/3665/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/3665/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..51cb8777f --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron(kg)
+h=6.626*10^-34; //planck's constant
+n1=1;
+n2=2;
+n3=3;
+L=1*10^-10; //side(m)
+
+//Calculation
+E1=n1^2*h^2/(8*m*L^2); //lowest energy of electron(joule)
+E2=n2^2*h^2/(8*m*L^2); //energy of electron in 1st state(joule)
+E3=n3^2*h^2/(8*m*L^2); //energy of electron in 2nd state(joule)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n lowest energy of electron is %0.4f *10^-17 joule",E1*10^17)
+printf("\n energy of electron in 1st state is %0.3f *10^-17 joule",E2*10^17)
+printf("\n energy of electron in 2nd state is %0.3f *10^-17 joule",E3*10^17)
diff --git a/3665/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/3665/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..491d26b03 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron(kg)
+h=6.626*10^-34; //planck's constant
+lamda=1.66*10^-10; //wavelength(m)
+
+//Calculation
+v=h/(m*lamda); //velocity(m/s)
+KE=(1/2)*m*v^2; //kinetic energy(eV)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n velocity is %0.0f km/s",v/10^3)
+printf("\n kinetic energy is %0.2f eV",KE/(1.6*10^-19))
diff --git a/3665/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce b/3665/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ca9bf855d --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+V=15000; //voltage(V)
+
+//Calculation
+lamda=12.26/sqrt(V); //de broglie wavelength(angstrom)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n de broglie wavelength is %0.1f angstrom",lamda)
diff --git a/3665/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce b/3665/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8de0c4df0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+V=344; //voltage(V)
+n=1;
+theta=60*%pi/180; //angle(radian)
+
+//Calculation
+lamda=(12.26/sqrt(V)); //de broglie wavelength(angstrom)
+
+d=n*lamda/(2*sin(theta)); //spacing of crystal(angstrom)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n spacing of crystal is %0.4f angstrom",d)
diff --git a/3665/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce b/3665/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..884730ce9 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+E=1.5*9.1*10^-31; //energy(joule)
+m=1.676*10^-27; //mass(kg)
+h=6.62*10^-34; //planck's constant
+
+//Calculation
+v=sqrt(2*E/m);
+lamda=h/(m*v); //wavelength(m)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n wavelength is %0.3f *10^-6 m",lamda*10^6)
+printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors")
diff --git a/3665/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/3665/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..184026716 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+V=400; //voltage(V)
+
+//Calculation
+lamda=12.26/sqrt(V); //de broglie wavelength(angstrom)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n de broglie wavelength is %0.3f angstrom",lamda)
diff --git a/3665/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/3665/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..813a8ef70 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+m=1.674*10^-27; //mass of proton(kg)
+h=6.626*10^-34; //planck's constant
+E=0.025*1.6*10^-19; //energy(J)
+
+//Calculation
+lamda=h/sqrt(2*m*E); //de broglie wavelength(m)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n de broglie wavelength is %0.3f nm",lamda*10^9)
diff --git a/3665/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/3665/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7d4080f9c --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+V=1600; //voltage(V)
+
+//Calculation
+lamda=12.26/sqrt(V); //de broglie wavelength(angstrom)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n de broglie wavelength is %0.3f angstrom",lamda)
diff --git a/3665/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/3665/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7e141dcc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+deltax=0.2*10^-10; //distance(m)
+h=6.626*10^-34; //planck's constant
+
+//Calculation
+deltap=h/(2*%pi*deltax); //uncertainity in momentum(kg m/s)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n uncertainity in momentum is %0.2f *10^-24 kg m/s",deltap*10^24)
diff --git a/3665/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/3665/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa496449b --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+n1=1;n2=1;n3=1;
+h=6.62*10^-34; //planck's constant
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass(kg)
+L=0.1*10^-9; //side(m)
+
+//Calculation
+E1=h^2*(n1^2+n2^2+n3^2)/(8*m*1.6*10^-19*L^2); //lowest energy of electron(eV)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n lowest energy of electron is %0.1f eV",E1)
diff --git a/3665/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/3665/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..122d7f642 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+n1=1;n2=1;n3=1;
+h=6.62*10^-34; //planck's constant
+m=8.5*10^-31; //mass(kg)
+L=10^-11; //side(m)
+
+//Calculation
+E111=h^2*(n1^2+n2^2+n3^2)/(8*m*1.6*10^-19*L^2); //lowest energy of electron(eV)
+E112=6*h^2/(8*m*1.6*10^-19*L^2); //value of E112(eV)
+E121=E112; //value of E121(eV)
+E211=E112; //value of E211(eV)
+E122=9*h^2/(8*m*1.6*10^-19*L^2); //value of E122(eV)
+E212=E122; //value of E212(eV)
+E221=E122; //value of E221(eV)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n lowest energy of electron is %0.3f *10^4 eV",E111/10^4)
+printf("\n value of E112, E121, E211 is %0.4f *10^4 eV",E121/10^4)
+printf("\n value of E122, E212, E221 is %0.3f *10^4 eV",E122/10^4)
diff --git a/3665/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/3665/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..eeb14a4c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron(kg)
+h=6.626*10^-34; //planck's constant
+E=2000*1.6*10^-19; //energy(J)
+
+//Calculation
+lamda=h/sqrt(2*m*E); //de broglie wavelength(m)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n de broglie wavelength is %0.4f nm",lamda*10^9)
diff --git a/3665/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/3665/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6f6d9d925 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron(kg)
+h=6.626*10^-34; //planck's constant
+n=1;
+L=4*10^-10; //side(m)
+
+//Calculation
+E1=n^2*h^2/(8*m*L^2); //lowest energy of electron(joule)
+
+
+//Result
+printf("\n lowest energy of electron is %0.3f *10^-18 joule",E1*10^18)
+printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors")
diff --git a/3665/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/3665/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6e7087077 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+rho_s=10.5*10^3; //density(kg/m^3)
+NA=6.02*10^26; //avagadro number(per k mol)
+MA=107.9; //atomic mass
+sigma=6.8*10^7; //conductance(ohm-1 m-1)
+e=1.6*10^-19; //charge(coulomb)
+
+//Calculation
+n=rho_s*NA/MA; //density of electrons
+mew=sigma/(n*e); //mobility of electrons(m^2/Vs)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n density of electrons is %0.2f *10^28",n/10^28)
+printf("\n mobility of electrons is %0.3f *10^-2 m^2 V-1 s-1",mew*10^2)
diff --git a/3665/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/3665/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c4588d2b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+d=8.92*10^3; //density(kg/m^3)
+rho=1.73*10^-8; //resistivity of copper(ohm m)
+NA=6.02*10^26; //avagadro number(per k mol)
+Aw=63.5; //atomic weight
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass(kg)
+e=1.6*10^-19; //charge(coulomb)
+
+//Calculation
+n=d*NA/Aw; //density of electrons
+mew=1/(rho*n*e); //mobility of electrons(m^2/Vs)
+t=m/(n*e^2*rho); //average time of collision(s)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n mobility of electrons is %0.3f *10^-2 m V-1 s-1",mew*10^2)
+printf("\n average time of collision is %0.2f *10^-14 s",t*10^14)
diff --git a/3665/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/3665/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7ea1900a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+P=1.54*10^-8; //resistance(ohm m)
+n=5.8*10^28; //number of electrons(per m^3)
+m=9.108*10^-31; //mass(kg)
+e=1.602*10^-19; //charge(coulomb)
+
+//Calculation
+t=m/(n*e^2*P); //relaxation time of conduction electrons(s)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n relaxation time of conduction electrons is %0.2f *10^-14 s",t*10^14)
diff --git a/3665/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/3665/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c37ca0146 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+R=0.06; //resistance(ohm)
+I=15; //current(A)
+D=5; //length(m)
+MA=26.98; //atomic mass
+rho_s=2.7*10^3; //density(kg/m^3)
+NA=6.025*10^26; //avagadro number(per k mol)
+e=1.602*10^-19; //charge(coulomb)
+
+//Calculation
+n=3*rho_s*NA/MA; //free electron concentration(electrons/m^2)
+mew=1/(n*e*rho_s*10^-11); //mobility(m s-1 V-1)
+E=I*R/D; //electric field(V/m)
+vd=mew*E; //drift velocity of electrons(m/s)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n free electron concentration is %0.4f *10^29 electrons/m^2",n/10^29)
+printf("\n mobility is %0.3f *10^-3 m s-1 V-1",mew*10^3)
+printf("\n drift velocity of electrons is %0.2f *10^-3 m s-1",vd*10^3)
diff --git a/3665/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3665/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bbfca68f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+ni=2.37*10^19; //carrier density(per m^3)
+mew_e=0.38; //electron mobility(m^2/Vs)
+mew_h=0.18; //hole mobility(m^2/Vs)
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+
+//Calculation
+sigma_i=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h);
+rho=1/sigma_i; //resistivity(ohm m)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n resistivity is %0.3f ohm m",rho)
diff --git a/3665/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce b/3665/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..65fc52b12 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+k=1.38*10^-23; //boltzmann constant
+EF=0.18; //fermi shift(eV)
+E=1.2; //energy gap(eV)
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+r=5;
+
+//Calculation
+T=EF*e*4/(3*k*log(r)); //temperature(K)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n temperature is %0.0f K",T)
diff --git a/3665/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce b/3665/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dccdde45b --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+Na=5*10^23; //number of atoms(atoms)
+Nd=3*10^23; //number of atoms(atoms)
+ni=2*10^16; //intrinsic charge carriers(per m^3)
+
+//Calculation
+p=2*(Na-Nd)/2; //hole concentration(per m^3)
+n=ni^2/p; //electron concentration(per m^3)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n electron concentration is %0.3f *10^9 per m^3",n/10^9)
diff --git a/3665/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce b/3665/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fd54d12ec --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+ni=1.5*10^16; //carrier density(per m^3)
+mew_e=0.13; //electron mobility(m^2/Vs)
+mew_h=0.05; //hole mobility(m^2/Vs)
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+d=2.33*10^3; //density(kg/m^3)
+n=28.1;
+na=6.02*10^26; //number of atoms
+
+//Calculation
+sigma=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); //conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)
+Nd=d*na/(n*10^8);
+p=ni^2/Nd;
+sigma_ex1=Nd*e*mew_e; //conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)
+n=p;
+Na=Nd;
+sigma_ex2=Na*e*mew_h; //conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n conductivity is %0.3f *10^-3 ohm-1 m-1",sigma*10^3)
+printf("\n conductivity is %0.2f ohm-1 m-1",sigma_ex1)
+printf("\n conductivity is %0.2f ohm-1 m-1",sigma_ex2)
diff --git a/3665/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce b/3665/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2d8a8bb8d --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+ni=1.5*10^16; //carrier density(per m^3)
+mew_e=0.135; //electron mobility(m^2/Vs)
+mew_h=0.048; //hole mobility(m^2/Vs)
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+Nd=10^23;
+T=300; //temperature(K)
+k=1.38*10^-23;
+
+//Calculation
+sigma=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); //conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)
+p=ni^2/Nd; //hole concentration(per m^3)
+sigma_ex=Nd*e*mew_e; //conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)
+x=3*k*T*log(mew_e/mew_h)/4;
+
+//Result
+printf("\n conductivity is %0.3f *10^-3 ohm-1 m-1",sigma*10^3)
+printf("\n hole concentration is %0.3f per m^3",p)
+printf("\n conductivity is %0.3f *10^3 ohm-1 m-1",sigma_ex/10^3)
+printf("\n position of fermi level is %0.2f eV",x/(1.6*10^-19))
diff --git a/3665/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce b/3665/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..23141b898 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+mew_e=0.19; //electron mobility(m^2/Vs)
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+T=300; //temperature(K)
+k=1.38*10^-23;
+
+//Calculation
+Dn=mew_e*k*T/e; //diffusion coefficient(m^2 s-1)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n diffusion coefficient is %0.3f *10^-4 m^2 s-1",Dn*10^4)
+printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors")
diff --git a/3665/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce b/3665/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4ebdcb9af --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+RH=3.66*10^-4; //hall coefficient(m^3/coulomb)
+I=10^-2; //current(amp)
+B=0.5; //magnetic field(wb/m^2)
+t=1*10^-3; //thickness(m)
+
+//Calculation
+VH=RH*I*B*10^3/t; //hall voltage(mV)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n hall voltage is %0.3f mV",VH)
diff --git a/3665/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce b/3665/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e091c3455 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+Vy=37*10^-6; //voltage(V)
+t=10^-3; //thickness(m)
+Bz=0.5; //magnetic field(wb/m^2)
+Ix=20*10^-3; //current(A)
+
+//Calculation
+RH=Vy*t/(Ix*Bz); //hall coefficient(m^3/coulomb)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n hall coefficient is %e C-1 m^3",RH)
diff --git a/3665/CH8/EX8.17/Ex8_17.sce b/3665/CH8/EX8.17/Ex8_17.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c98beffad --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH8/EX8.17/Ex8_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+RH=6.85*10^-5; //hall coefficient(m^3/coulomb)
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+sigma=250; //conductivity(m-1 ohm-1)
+
+//Calculation
+n=1/(RH*e); //density of charge carriers(m^3)
+mew=sigma/(n*e); //mobility of charge carriers(m^2/Vs)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n density of charge carriers is %0.3f *10^22 m^3",n/10^22)
+printf("\n mobility of charge carriers is %0.3f *10^-3 m^2 V-1 s-1",mew*10^3)
diff --git a/3665/CH8/EX8.18/Ex8_18.sce b/3665/CH8/EX8.18/Ex8_18.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a236f068 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH8/EX8.18/Ex8_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+I=30; //current(A)
+B=1.75; //magnetic field(T)
+n=6.55*10^28; //electron concentration(/m^3)
+t=0.35*10^-2; //thickness(m)
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+
+//Calculation
+VH=I*B*10^6/(n*e*t); //hall voltage(micro V)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n hall voltage is %0.3f micro V",VH)
diff --git a/3665/CH8/EX8.19/Ex8_19.sce b/3665/CH8/EX8.19/Ex8_19.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be92da068 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH8/EX8.19/Ex8_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+RH=3.66*10^-4; //hall coefficient(m^3/coulomb)
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+Pn=8.93*10^-3; //resistivity(ohm m)
+
+//Calculation
+n=1/(RH*e); //density of charge carriers(per m^3)
+mew_e=RH/Pn; //mobility of charge carriers(m^2/Vs)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n density of charge carriers is %0.3f *10^22 per m^3",n/10^22)
+printf("\n mobility of charge carriers is %0.3f m^2 V-1 s-1",mew_e)
diff --git a/3665/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3665/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0224a3aed --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+Eg=1.12; //band gap(eV)
+T=300; //temperature(K)
+m0=1; //assume
+me=0.12*m0;
+mh=0.28*m0;
+k=1.38*10^-23; //boltzmann constant
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+
+//Calculation
+EF=(Eg/2)+(3*k*T*log(mh/me)/(4*e)); //position of fermi level(eV)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n position of fermi level is %0.3f eV",EF)
diff --git a/3665/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3665/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b9c66e33c --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+T=300; //temperature(K)
+k=1.38*10^-23; //boltzmann constant
+m=9.109*10^-31; //mass(kg)
+h=6.626*10^-34; //plancks constant
+Eg=0.7; //energy(eV)
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+
+//Calculation
+x=(2*%pi*m*k/h^2)^(3/2);
+y=exp(-Eg*e/(2*k*T));
+ni=2*x*(T^(3/2))*y; //concentration of intrinsic charge carriers(per m^3)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n concentration of intrinsic charge carriers is %0.2f *10^18 per m^3",ni/10^18)
diff --git a/3665/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3665/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4a8dd574 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+ni=2.4*10^19; //carrier density(per m^3)
+mew_e=0.39; //electron mobility(m^2/Vs)
+mew_h=0.19; //hole mobility(m^2/Vs)
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+
+//Calculation
+sigma_i=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h);
+rhoi=1/sigma_i; //resistivity(ohm m)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n resistivity is %0.3f ohm m",rhoi)
diff --git a/3665/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3665/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c162bcc73 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+ni=2.5*10^19; //carrier density(per m^3)
+mew_e=0.39; //electron mobility(m^2/Vs)
+mew_p=0.19; //hole mobility(m^2/Vs)
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+l=1*10^-2; //length(m)
+A=10^-3*10^-3; //area(m^2)
+
+//Calculation
+R=l/(ni*e*A*(mew_p+mew_e)); //resistance(ohm)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n resistance is %0.2f *10^3 ohm",R/10^3)
diff --git a/3665/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce b/3665/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dcf5b6f3d --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+mew_e=0.36; //electron mobility(m^2/Vs)
+mew_h=0.17; //hole mobility(m^2/Vs)
+rho=2.12; //resistivity(ohm m)
+T=300; //temperature(K)
+k=1.38*10^-23; //boltzmann constant
+m=9.109*10^-31; //mass(kg)
+h=6.626*10^-34; //plancks constant
+
+//Calculation
+sigma=1/rho;
+ni=sigma/(e*(mew_e+mew_h));
+C=2*((2*%pi*m*k/h^2)^(3/2));
+y=C*T^(3/2)/ni;
+z=log(y);
+Eg=2*k*T*z/(1.6*10^-19); //forbidden energy gap(eV)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n forbidden energy gap is %0.3f eV",Eg)
+printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors")
diff --git a/3665/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce b/3665/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..31b7272a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+x=0.6532;
+y=0.3010;
+T1=273+20; //temperature(K)
+T2=273+32; //temperature(K)
+k=8.616*10^-5;
+
+//Calculation
+dy=x-y;
+dx=(1/T1)-(1/T2);
+Eg=2*k*dy/dx; //energy band gap(eV)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n energy band gap is %0.3f eV",Eg)
+printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors")
diff --git a/3665/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/3665/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b0c8005eb --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+h=6.62*10^-34; //planck's constant(J sec)
+c=3*10^8; //velocity of light(m/sec)
+Eg=1.43*1.6*10^-19; //energy gap(J)
+
+//Calculation
+lamda=h*c*10^6/Eg; //wavelength of radiation(micro m)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n wavelength of radiation is %0.3f micro m",lamda)
diff --git a/3665/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/3665/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82aaf5c20 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+d=5*10^-6; //thickness(m)
+Dc=3.4*10^-3; //diffusion coefficient(m^2 S-1)
+
+//Calculation
+tow_diff=d^2/(2*Dc); //time taken(s)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n time taken is %0.1f *10^-9 s",tow_diff*10^9)
diff --git a/3665/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/3665/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d95d9dafa --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+w=5*10^-6; //thickness(m)
+vsat=10^5; //velocity(m/s)
+
+//Calculation
+tow_drift=w/vsat; //transit time(s)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n transit time is %0.3f s",tow_drift)
diff --git a/3665/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce b/3665/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a4064a33 --- /dev/null +++ b/3665/CH9/EX9.4/Ex9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc//
+//
+//
+
+//Variable declaration
+A=10^-6; //area(m^2)
+e=1.6*10^-19; //charge(coulomb)
+Nd=10^21; //electron concentration(m^-3)
+epsilonr=11.7;
+epsilon0=8.85*10^-12;
+V=10; //potential(V)
+RL=50; //resistance(ohm)
+
+//Calculation
+Cj=(A/2)*sqrt(2*e*epsilonr*epsilon0*Nd/V); //diode capacitance(F)
+delta_fel=1/(2*%pi*RL*Cj); //frequency bandwidth(Hz)
+
+//Result
+printf("\n diode capacitance is %0.1f pF",Cj*10^12)
+printf("\n frequency bandwidth is %0.0f MHz",delta_fel*10^-6)
+printf("\n answer varies due to rounding off errors")
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