updated the code

37 files changed, 251 insertions, 373 deletions

diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce
index 05b16b236..ed8d63fa5 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 1
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 1");
 
-//shunt generator
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 v_t=250;           //terminal voltage in Volts
 I_l=500;           //load current in Amperes
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ r_a=0.04;          //armature resistance in Ohms
 r_f=50;            //shunt field resistance in Ohms
 
 //SOLUTION
-I_f=v_t/r_f;        // current through the shunt field winding
-I_a=I_l+I_f;        //Armature Current
+I_f=v_t/r_f;
+I_a=I_l+I_f;
 E_a=v_t+(I_a*r_a); //E_a=emf of generator
-disp(sprintf("The generated emf is %.1f V",E_a));
+disp(sprintf("The generated emf is %f V",E_a));
 
 //END
 
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce
index 0189c399a..4c286878c 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 10
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 10");
 
-//6 pole DC machine with 400 conductors
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 P=6;                      //number of poles
 I=80;                     //current per conductor in Amperes
-Z=400;                    //total number of conductors
+Z=400;                    //tottal number of conductors
 phi=0.020;                //flux per pole in Wb
 N=1800;                   //in rpm
 
@@ -18,39 +18,39 @@ N=1800;                   //in rpm
 disp("(a) For Wave connected");
 
 //(i)
-A=2;                       //A=number of parallel paths =2 for wave connected conductors
+A=2;                       //A=number of parallel paths
 I_a=I*A;
-disp(sprintf("(i) The total current is %.0f A",I_a));
+disp(sprintf("(i) The total current is %f A",I_a));
 
 //(ii)
 E_a=(phi*Z*N*P)/(60*A);
-disp(sprintf("(ii) The emf is %.0f V",E_a));
+disp(sprintf("(ii) The emf is %f V",E_a));
 
 //(iii)
 p=E_a*I_a;                 
-disp(sprintf("(iii) The power developed in armature is %.3f kW",p/1000));
+disp(sprintf("(iii) The power developed in armature is %f kW",p/1000));
 w=(2*%pi*N)/60; 
 T_e=p/w;
-disp(sprintf("The electromagnetic torque is %.2f N-m",T_e));
+disp(sprintf("The electromagnetic torque is %f N-m",T_e));
 
 
 //soluion (b): for lap connected
 disp("(b) For Lap connected");
 
 //(i)
-A=P;                       //P=6 is given
+A=P;                       
 I_a=I*A;
-disp(sprintf("(i) The total current is %.0f A",I_a));
+disp(sprintf("(i) The total current is %f A",I_a));
 
 //(ii)
-E_a=(phi*Z*N*P)/(60*A);   // induced emf
-disp(sprintf("(ii) The emf is %.0f V",E_a));
+E_a=(phi*Z*N*P)/(60*A);
+disp(sprintf("(ii) The emf is %f V",E_a));
 
 //(iii)
-p=E_a*I_a;               //power developed in armature  
-disp(sprintf("(iii) The power developed in armature is %.1f kW",p/1000));
-w=(2*%pi*N)/60;         //armature rotation in RPS
-T_e=p/w;                //Torque
-disp(sprintf("The electromagnetic torque is %.2f N-m",T_e));
+p=E_a*I_a;                 
+disp(sprintf("(iii) The power developed in armature is %f kW",p/1000));
+w=(2*%pi*N)/60;
+T_e=p/w;
+disp(sprintf("The electromagnetic torque is %f N-m",T_e));
  
 //END
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce
index 839d676d0..09adc0d30 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 11
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 11");
 
-//20 kW compound generator
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 p_o=20*1000;              //output in W
 v_t=250;                  //in Volts
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ r_sh=100;                 //shunt resistance in Ohms
 I_t=p_o/v_t;
 v_se=I_t*r_se;            //for series winding
 v_sh=v_t+v_se;            //for shunt winding
-I_sh=v_sh/r_sh;           //shunt curent
-I_a=I_sh+I_t;             //armature current
-E_a=v_t+(I_a*r_a)+v_se;   //induced emf
-disp(sprintf("The total emf generated is %.3f V",E_a));
+I_sh=v_sh/r_sh;
+I_a=I_sh+I_t;
+E_a=v_t+(I_a*r_a)+v_se;
+disp(sprintf("The total emf generated is %f V",E_a));
 
 //END
 
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce
index 364e96eaf..11e8f4315 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 12
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 12");
 
-//4 pole wave wound 750 RPM shunt generator
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 P=4;                         //number of poles
 N=750;                       //in rpm
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ r_l=10;                      //load resistance in Ohms
 A=2;                         //for wave winding
 
 //SOLUTION
-E_a=(phi*Z*N*P)/(60*A);     //induced emf
-disp(sprintf("The induced emf is %.0f V",E_a));
+E_a=(phi*Z*N*P)/(60*A); 
+disp(sprintf("The induced emf is %f V",E_a));
 // E_a=v+(I_a*r_a) but I_a=I_l+I_f and I_l=v/r_l, I_f=v/r_f =>I_a=(v/r_l) + (v/r_f)
 // =>E_a=v+(((v/r_l) + (v/r_f))*r_a)
 // taking v common, the following equation is obtained
 v=E_a/(1+(r_a/r_f)+(r_a/r_l)); 
-disp(sprintf("The terminal voltage of the machine is %.0f V",v));
+disp(sprintf("The terminal voltage of the machine is %f V",v));
 
 //The answer is slightly different due to the precision of floating point numbers
 
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce
index 2e1e3d493..8512b6a9e 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 13
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 13");
 
-//4 pole shunt generator
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 P=4;                        //number of poles
 v_t=220;                    //in Volts
@@ -17,15 +17,15 @@ drop=1;                     //contact drop per brush
 //solution (i)
 A=P;                        //for lap winding
 I_f=v_t/r_f;                //I_f is same as I_sh
-I_a=I_l+I_f;                //induced emf
+I_a=I_l+I_f;
 I_c=I_a/A;                  //conductor current
 disp(sprintf("The current in each conductor of the armature is %d A",I_c));
 
 //solution (ii)
 v_a=I_a*r_a;                //armature voltage drop
 v_b=2*drop;                 //brush drop
-emf=v_t+v_a+v_b;            //total emf generated
-disp(sprintf("The total emf generated is %.1f V",emf));
+emf=v_t+v_a+v_b;
+disp(sprintf("The total emf generated is %f V",emf));
 
 //END
 
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce
index f5d54ad55..f058c8954 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 14
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 14");
 
-//shunt generator 
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 v_t=220;                    //in Volts
 I_l=196;                    //in Amperes
@@ -13,20 +13,20 @@ r_f=55;                     //shunt field ressitance in Ohms
 eff=88/100;                 //efficiency
 
 //SOLUTION
-p_o=v_t*I_l;                //output power
+p_o=v_t*I_l;
 p_i=p_o/eff;                //electrical input
 tot_loss=p_i-p_o;
-I_f=v_t/r_f;                //field current
-I_a=I_l+I_f;                //armature current
+I_f=v_t/r_f;
+I_a=I_l+I_f;
 cu_loss=v_t*I_f;            //shunt field copper loss
 c_loss=cu_loss+s_loss;      //constant loss
 arm_loss=tot_loss-c_loss;   //armature copper loss
-r_a=arm_loss/(I_a^2);       //armature resistance
+r_a=arm_loss/(I_a^2);
 disp(sprintf("The armature resistance is %f Ω",r_a));
 
 //for maximum efficiency, armature loss = constant loss =>(I_a^2)*r_a=c_loss
 I_a=sqrt(c_loss/r_a);
-disp(sprintf("The load current corresponding to maximum efficiency is %.1f A",I_a));
+disp(sprintf("The load current corresponding to maximum efficiency is %f A",I_a));
 
 //END
 
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce
index f14132a94..e85f70db9 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 15
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 15");
 
-//230 V DC shunt motor
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 v_t=230;                    //in Volts
 I_a1=3.33;                  //in Amperes
 N1=1000;                    //in rpm
 r_a=0.3;                    //armature resistance in Ohms
 r_f=160;                    //field resistance in Ohms
-I_l=40;                     //line current in Amperes
+I_l=40;                     //in Amperes
 phi1=1;                     //in Wb (phi=1 is an assumption)
-phi2=(1-(4/100));           //in Wb (phi2=0.96 of phi1), as armature reaction reduces no load flux by 4%
+phi2=(1-(4/100));           //in Wb (phi2=0.96 of phi1)
 
 //SOLUTION
 
 //At no load
-E_a1=v_t-(I_a1*r_a);        //counter emf
-I_f=v_t/r_f;                //field current
+E_a1=v_t-(I_a1*r_a);
+I_f=v_t/r_f;
 
 //At full load
 I_a2=I_l-I_f;
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce
index 4ba0fd577..e21ca661a 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 16
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 16");
 
-//4 pole 250 V shunt motor
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 v_t=250;                   //in Volts
 P=4;                       //number of poles
@@ -19,26 +19,25 @@ rot_loss=300;              //rotational loss in Watts
 //SOLUTION
 
 //solution (i)
-I_f=v_t/r_f;                // field current
-I_a=I_l-I_f;                //armature current
-E_a=v_t-(I_a*r_a);          // induced emf
-N=(E_a*A*60)/(phi*Z*P);     //RPM
-N=round(N);                 //to round off the value of N
+I_f=v_t/r_f;
+I_a=I_l-I_f;
+E_a=v_t-(I_a*r_a);
+N=(E_a*A*60)/(phi*Z*P);
+N=round(N);                //to round off the value of N
 disp(sprintf("(i) The speed is %d rpm",N));
-p_e=E_a*I_a;                //electromagnetic power
-w=(2*%pi*N)/60;             //speed in RPS
-T1=p_e/w;                   // Internal torque
-disp(sprintf("The internal torque developed is %.3f N-m",T1));
+p_e=E_a*I_a;
+w=(2*%pi*N)/60;
+T1=p_e/w;
+disp(sprintf("The internal torque developed is %f N-m",T1));
 
 //solution (ii)
-//shaft power
-p_o=p_e-rot_loss;           //power output
-disp(sprintf("(ii)The shaft power is %.0f W",p_o));
-T2=p_o/w;                   //shaft torque
-disp(sprintf("The shaft torque is %.2f N-m",T2));
-p_i=v_t*I_l;                // power input
-eff=(p_o/p_i)*100;          //efficiency
-disp(sprintf("The efficiency is %.2f %%",eff));
+p_o=p_e-rot_loss;
+disp(sprintf("(ii)The shaft power is %f W",p_o));
+T2=p_o/w;
+disp(sprintf("The shaft torque is %f N-m",T2));
+p_i=v_t*I_l;
+eff=(p_o/p_i)*100;
+disp(sprintf("The efficiency is %f %%",eff));
 
 //END 
  
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.17/Ex8_17.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.17/Ex8_17.sce
index 6e4141500..0ca2818cc 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.17/Ex8_17.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.17/Ex8_17.sce
@@ -1,58 +1,45 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 17
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 17");
 
-//200 V DC shunt motor of 1000 rpm
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 v_t=200;                   //in Volts
-I_l=22;                    //line current in Amperes
+I_l=22;                    //in Amperes
 N1=1000;                   //in rpm
-r_a=0.1;                   //armature resistancein Ohms
-r_f=100;                   //field resistance in Ohms
-N2=800;                    //new speed in rpm
+r_a=0.1;                   //in Ohms
+r_f=100;                   //in Ohms
+N2=800;                    //in rpm
 
 //SOLUTION
 
 //solution (i)
-//load torque is independent of speed, the torque is constant at both speeds
-//T dir prop phi1.Ia1 dir prop phi2.Ia2
-//Therefore we get
-//phi1.Ia1=phi2.Ia2 (since phi1=phi2)
-// or Ia1=Ia2
-I_f=v_t/r_f;                // field current
-I_a1=I_l-I_f;               // armature current
-E_a1=v_t-(I_a1*r_a);        // counter emf
+I_f=v_t/r_f;
+I_a1=I_l-I_f;
+E_a1=v_t-(I_a1*r_a);
 //on rearranging the equation E_a2:E_a1=N2:N1, where E_a2=v_t-I_a1*(r_a+r_s) and E_a1=v_t-(I_a1*r_a), we get,
 r_s1=((v_t - ((N2*E_a1)/N1))/I_a1)-r_a;
-disp(sprintf("(i) When the load torque is independent of speed, the additional resistance is %.2f Ω",r_s1));
+disp(sprintf("(i) When the load torque is independent of speed, the additional resistance is %f Ω",r_s1));
 
 //solution (ii)
-//Load torque Tl is proportional to N
-//But electromagnetic torque Te=k.phi.Ia
-//therefore, 
-//k.phi1.Ia1 dir prop N1
-//k.phi2.Ia2 dir prop n2
-//hence we get (as phi1=phi2)
 I_a2=(N2/N1)*I_a1;
 //on rearranging the equation E_a2:E_a1=N2:N1, where E_a2=v_t-I_a2*(r_a+r_s) and E_a1=v_t-(I_a1*r_a), we get,
 r_s2=((v_t - ((N2*E_a1)/N1))/I_a2)-r_a;
-disp(sprintf("(ii)When the load torque is proportional to speed, the additional resistance is %.1f Ω",r_s2));
+disp(sprintf("(ii)When the load torque is proportional to speed, the additional resistance is %f Ω",r_s2));
 
 //solution (iii)
-//The load Torque Tl dir prop N^2 dir prop phi.Ia
 I_a2=(N2^2/N1^2)*I_a1; 
 //on rearranging the equation E_a2:E_a1=N2:N1, where E_a2=v_t-I_a2*(r_a+r_s) and E_a1=v_t-(I_a1*r_a), we get,
 r_s3=((v_t - ((N2*E_a1)/N1))/I_a2)-r_a;
-disp(sprintf("(iii)When the load torque varies as the square of speed, the additional resistance is %.2f Ω",r_s3));
+disp(sprintf("(iii)When the load torque varies as the square of speed, the additional resistance is %f Ω",r_s3));
 
 //solution (iv)
-//The load Torque Tl dir prop N^3 dir prop phi.Ia
 I_a2=(N2^3/N1^3)*I_a1;
 //on rearranging the equation E_a2:E_a1=N2:N1, where E_a2=v_t-I_a2*(r_a+r_s) and E_a1=v_t-(I_a1*r_a), we get,
 r_s4=((v_t - ((N2*E_a1)/N1))/I_a2)-r_a;
-disp(sprintf("(iv)When the load torque varies as the cube of speed, the additional resistance is %.2f Ω",r_s4));
+disp(sprintf("(iv)When the load torque varies as the cube of speed, the additional resistance is %f Ω",r_s4));
 
 //END
 
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.18/Ex8_18.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.18/Ex8_18.sce
index 10b37b947..fb5a399e9 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.18/Ex8_18.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.18/Ex8_18.sce
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 18
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 18");
 
-//460 V 10 HP motor 
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 v_t=460;                     //in Volts
 p_o=10*736;                  //in Watts (1 metric H.P=735.5 W)
 ratio=85/100;                //as given in the question 
-eff=84/100;                  // efficiency
+eff=84/100; 
 I_f=1.1;                     //in Amperes
 r_a=0.2;                     //in Ohms
 
 //SOLUTION
-p_i=p_o/eff;                //power input
-I_l=p_i/v_t;                //line current
-I_a=I_l-I_f;                // armature current
-E1=v_t-(I_a*r_a);           //back emf
+p_i=p_o/eff;
+I_l=p_i/v_t;
+I_a=I_l-I_f;
+E1=v_t-(I_a*r_a);
 E2=E1*ratio;                 //E2:E1=N2:N1=ratio
 v=v_t-E2;                    //voltage drop across r_a and r_s (r_s is the series resistance to be inserted)
-r_s=(v/I_a)-r_a;            // series resistance
-disp(sprintf("The resistance required is %.2f Ω",r_s));
+r_s=(v/I_a)-r_a;
+disp(sprintf("The resistance required is %f Ω",r_s));
 
 //The answer is different because ratio equals 85/100 and not 75/100
 
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.19/Ex8_19.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.19/Ex8_19.sce
index a7376d7e8..7d0ae5ed0 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.19/Ex8_19.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.19/Ex8_19.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 19
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 19");
 
-//250 V DC shunt motor 
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 v_t=250;                    //in Volts
 r_a=0.5;                    //in Ohms
@@ -14,11 +14,7 @@ I=21;                       //in Amperes
 r_s=250;                    //in Ohms
 
 //SOLUTION
-//when torque is constant T dir prop phi.Ia = constant
-//assuming field is unsaturated , therefore,
-//If dir prop phi
-//therefore, If1.Ia1=If2.Ia2
-I_f1=v_t/r_f;               //
+I_f1=v_t/r_f;
 I_f2=v_t/(r_f+r_s);
 I_a1=I-I_f1;
 // T is directly proportional to (Φ*I_a)
@@ -32,6 +28,6 @@ E_b2=v_t-(I_a2*r_a);
 // =>E_b1:E_b2=(I_f1:I_f2)*(N1:N2)
 N2=(I_f1/I_f2)*(E_b2/E_b1)*N1;
 N2=round(N2);              //to round off the value 
-disp(sprintf("The new speed of the motor is %.d rpm",N2));
+disp(sprintf("The new speed of the motor is %d rpm",N2));
 
 //END
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce
index 0046becf5..199e2e038 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 2
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 2");
 
-// 230 V DC shunt machine 
 //VARIABLE INITIALZATION
 v_t=230;            //terminal voltage in Volts
 r_a=0.5;            //armature resistance in Ohms
@@ -14,17 +14,17 @@ I_l=40;             //line current in Amperes
 //SOLUTION
 
 //for generator
-I_f=v_t/r_f;        //current through the shunt field winding
-I_a=I_l+I_f;        //Armature Current
-E_a=v_t+(I_a*r_a);  //E_a=emf of generator
+I_f=v_t/r_f;
+I_a=I_l+I_f;
+E_a=v_t+(I_a*r_a);  //here E_a=emf of generator
 
 //for motor
 I_f=v_t/r_f;
 I_a=I_l-I_f;
-E_b=v_t-(I_a*r_a);  //E_b=emf of motor
-//ratio of speed as generator to speed as motor
+E_b=v_t-(I_a*r_a);  //here E_b=emf of motor
+
 ratio=E_a/E_b;      //E_a:E_b=(k_a*flux*N_g):(k_a*flux*N_m) =>E_a:E_b=N_g:N_m (as flux is constant)
-disp(sprintf("The ratio of speed as a generator to the speed as a motor is %.3f",ratio));
+disp(sprintf("The ratio of speed as a generator to the speed as a motor i.e. N_g:N_m is %f",ratio));
 
 //END
 
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.20/Ex8_20.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.20/Ex8_20.sce
index a81f6f77c..f3dd44d86 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.20/Ex8_20.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.20/Ex8_20.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 20
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 20");
 
-//250 V DC shunt motor
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 v_t=250;                    //in Volts
 I_a1=20;                    //in Amperes
@@ -15,35 +15,11 @@ ratio=1.5;                  //N2:N1=1.5
 phi1=1;                     //it is an assumption
 
 //SOLUTION
-// equations have been renumbered differently than in the text book for better clarity
-// Torque is constant
-// T dir prop phi.Ia
-// phi1.ia1=phi2.Ia2                         (eq 1)
-//similarly, E dir prop phi.N
-//E1/E2 = phi1.n1/phi2.n2
 E_1=v_t-(I_a1*r_a)-(2*drop);
-//speed raised by 50%. new speed 1.5 times the old one i.e n2=1.5N1
-//
-//E1/E2 = Phi1.N1/phi2.N2                    (eq 2)
-//from eq 2
-//=>E1/E2=Phi1/1.5.phi2 (substituting N2=1.5N1)  (eq 3) 
-//=>phi2/phi1=E2/1.5.E1                       (eq 4)
-//from eq 1
-//phi2/ph1=Ia2/Ia2=20/Ia2 -------------------(eq 5)
-//substituting value of phi2/phi1 in eq 4 we get
-//20/Ia2=E2/1.5E1
-//=>E1/E2=Ia2/30                             (eq 6)
-//further we know that
-//E2=V-Ia2.Ra -2.drop where V=v_t=250, ra=R_a=0.5 and drop=1
-//=>E2=(V-2.drop) -Ra.Ia2                    (eq 7)
-//substituting value of E2 in eq 6, we get
-//E1/[(V-2.drop)-ra.Ia2] = Ia2/30            (eq 8)
-// we get quadratic equation
-//Setting in an quadratic equation of type a.X^2 + b.X + c = 0
-//The constants are as given below:
-a=1;                    // coefficient of Ia2^2
-b=-496;                 //coefficient of Ia2, = (V-2.drop).Ra=(v_t-2.drop).R_a
-c=14280;                // constant = E_1*30
+//solving the quadratic equation directly,
+a=1;
+b=-496;
+c=14280;
 D=b^2-(4*a*c);
 x1=(-b+sqrt(D))/(2*a);
 x2=(-b-sqrt(D))/(2*a); 
@@ -54,6 +30,6 @@ I_a2=x2;
 end;
 phi2=(I_a1/I_a2)*phi1;
 phi=(1-phi2)*100;
-disp(sprintf("The flux to be reduced is %.1f %% of the main flux",phi));
+disp(sprintf("The flux to be reduced is %f %% of the main flux",phi));
 
 //END
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.21/Ex8_21.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.21/Ex8_21.sce
index cd3275d33..c4e839f94 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.21/Ex8_21.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.21/Ex8_21.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 21
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 21");
 
-//10kW 6 pole DC generator
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 p_o=10*1000;                  //in Watts
 P=6;                          //number of poles
@@ -16,25 +16,22 @@ l=0.25;                       //length of armature in m
 dia=0.2;                      //diameter of armature in m
 
 //SOLUTION
+
 //solution (a)
-//pole pitch is defined as the periphery of armature divided by the number of poles or the area of armature between two adjacent poles
-//area of armature = 2.pi. dia of armature. length of armature
-area=2*%pi*(dia/2)*l;         //area of armature
-phi=B*area;                   //flux density over one pitch pole= flux per pole/area of armature between poles
-disp(sprintf("(a) The flux per pole is %.4f Wb",phi));
+area=2*%pi*(dia/2)*l;
+phi=B*area;
+disp(sprintf("(a) The flux per pole is %f Wb",phi));
 
 //solution (b)
-Z=(60*E_g)/(phi*N);         // no of conductors in the armature
-                            //induced emf = phi.Z.N.P/60.A
-                            //            = phi.Z.N/60 ( as A=P)                                  
+Z=(60*E_g)/(phi*N);
 disp(sprintf("(b) The total number of active conductors is %d",Z));
 
 //solution (c)
-I_a=50;                     // armature current
-p=E_g*I_a;                  //power developed
-w=(2*%pi*N)/60;             //speed in RPS
-T=p/w;                      //Torque
-disp(sprintf("(c) The torque developed when armature current is 50 A is %.2f N-m",T));
+I_a=50;
+p=E_g*I_a;
+w=(2*%pi*N)/60;
+T=p/w;
+disp(sprintf("(c) The torque developed when armature current is 50 A is %f N-m",T));
 
 //END
  
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.22/Ex8_22.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.22/Ex8_22.sce
index 7a554a6c8..5adaef446 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.22/Ex8_22.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.22/Ex8_22.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 22
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 22");
 
-//230 V 600 rpm shunt motor
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 N1=600;                       //in rpm
 v=230;                        //in Volts
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ drop=2;                       //brush drop in Volts
 //SOLUTION
 
 //solution (i)
-I_l2=5;                       // no load current
-I_a1=I_l1-(v/r_f);            // armature current
-E_b1=v-(I_a1*r_a)-drop;       // back emf
+I_l2=5;
+I_a1=I_l1-(v/r_f);
+E_b1=v-(I_a1*r_a)-drop; 
 I_a2=I_l2-(v/r_f);
 E_b2=v-(I_a2*r_a)-drop; 
-N2=(E_b2/E_b1)*N1;            // speed at no load
+N2=(E_b2/E_b1)*N1;
 N2=round(N2);
 disp(sprintf("(i) The speed at no load is %d rpm",N2));
 
@@ -32,17 +32,16 @@ E_b2=(N2/N1)*E_b1;
 dif=v-drop;                   //difference
 I_a2=I_l2-(v/r_f); 
 r_se=((dif-E_b2)/I_a2)-r_a;
-disp(sprintf("(ii) The additional resistance is %.3f Ω",r_se));
+disp(sprintf("(ii) The additional resistance is %f Ω",r_se));
 
 //solution (iii)
-//Eb1/Eb2 = phi2.N2/Phi1.N1
 phi1=1;                       //it is an assumption
 I_a3=30;
 N2=750;
 E_b3=v-(I_a3*r_a)-drop;
 phi2=(E_b3/E_b1)*(N1/N2)*phi1;
 red=((1-phi2)*100*phi1)/phi1;
-disp(sprintf("(iii) The percentage reduction of flux per pole is %.1f %%",red));
+disp(sprintf("(iii) The percentage reduction of flux per pole is %f %%",red));
 
 //END  
 
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.23/Ex8_23.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.23/Ex8_23.sce
index 0f93e5d8a..d2b3190a8 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.23/Ex8_23.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.23/Ex8_23.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 23
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 23");
 
-//230 V DC shunt motor
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 v=230;                         //in Volts
 r_a=0.4;                       //in Ohms
@@ -14,23 +14,13 @@ N1=800;                        //in rpm
 N2=1000;                       //in rpm
 
 //SOLUTION
-//Eb1/Eb2 = phi1.N1/phi2.N2                          (eq 1)
-//Eb=Vt - Ia.Ra                                      (eq 2)
-//=> (Vt-Ia1.Ra)/(Vt-Ia2.Ra) = phi1.N1/phi2.N2       (eq 3) 
-I_f1=v/r_f1;                    //redundant step
-E_b1=v-(I_a*r_a);               // back emf
-//Since terminal voltage Vt is constant, if dir prop phi dir prop 1/r_f
-//=> phi1/phi2 = r_f2/r_f1           (eq 4)   [r_f2 = field resistance at 10000 rpm]
-                                              //[r_f1 = field resistance at 800 rpm]
-//Load torque is constant, so T dir prop phi.Ia
-//=> phi1.Ia1=phi2.Ia2
-//=> Ia2=(phi1/phi2). Ia1            (eq 5)
-//putting the value of Ia2 in eq 3 and
+I_f1=v/r_f1;
+E_b1=v-(I_a*r_a); 
 //rearranging the equation, we get,
 r_f2=((E_b1*N2)/((v*N1)-(N1*I_a*r_a)))*r_f1;  
 r_f2_dash=r_f2-r_f1;
-disp(sprintf("The external resistance is %.2f Ω",r_f2_dash));//text book answer is 29.93 ohm
+disp(sprintf("The external resistance is %f Ω",r_f2_dash));
 
 //The answer is slightly different due to the precision of floating point numbers
 
-//END
+//END
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.24/Ex8_24.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.24/Ex8_24.sce
index e330f4a03..9d32d73c5 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.24/Ex8_24.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.24/Ex8_24.sce
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 24
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 24");
 
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.25/Ex8_25.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.25/Ex8_25.sce
index a9088f41b..adf7f1898 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.25/Ex8_25.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.25/Ex8_25.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 25
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 25");
 
-//24 slot 2 pole DC machine with 18 turns per coil
+
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 slot=24;                      //number of slots
 P=2;                          //number of poles
@@ -15,28 +16,28 @@ rad=10/100;                   //radius in meters
 w=183.2;                      //angular velocity in rad/s
 
 //SOLUTION
-A=2;                          // number of parallel paths
+A=2;
 Z=slot*P*N;                   //total number of conductors
-ar1=(2*%pi*rad*l)/P;          // actual pole area
+ar1=(2*%pi*rad*l)/P; 
 ar2=ar1*0.8;                  //since the magnetic poles 80% of the armature periphery
 phi=B*ar2;                    //effective flux per pole
 
 //solution (a)
 E_a=(P*Z*phi*w)/(2*%pi*A);
-disp(sprintf("(a) The induced emf is %.1f V",E_a));
+disp(sprintf("(a) The induced emf is %f V",E_a));
 
 //solution (b)
-coil=slot/P;                   //number of coils in each path = slots/path
-E_coil=E_a/coil;               //induced emf per coil
-disp(sprintf("(b) The induced emf per coil is %.2f V",E_coil));
+coil=slot/P;                   //number of coils in each path
+E_coil=E_a/coil;
+disp(sprintf("(b) The induced emf per coil is %f V",E_coil));
 
 //solution (c)
-E_turn=E_coil/N;               //emf induced per turn
-disp(sprintf("(c) The induced emf per turn is %.2f V",E_turn));
+E_turn=E_coil/N;
+disp(sprintf("(c) The induced emf per turn is %f V",E_turn));
 
 //solution (d)
-E_cond=E_turn/A;               // emf induced per conductor
-disp(sprintf("(d) The induced emf per conductor is %.3f V",E_cond));
+E_cond=E_turn/A;
+disp(sprintf("(d) The induced emf per conductor is %f V",E_cond));
 
 //The answers are slightly different due to the precision of floating point numbers
 
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.27/Ex8_27.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.27/Ex8_27.sce
index e6422663f..7dbf5ed65 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.27/Ex8_27.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.27/Ex8_27.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 27
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 27");
 
-//DC series motor, 200V DC motor
+
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 v_t=200;                    //in volts
 r_a=0.06;                   //in Ohms
@@ -14,13 +15,12 @@ p_i=20*1000;                //in Watts
 //SOLUTION
 
 //solution (a)
-//Il=Ia=Ise= Pinput/Vt
-I_a=p_i/v_t;                // armature current
-E_b=v_t-I_a*(r_a+r_se);     // back emf
+I_a=p_i/v_t;  
+E_b=v_t-I_a*(r_a+r_se);
 disp(sprintf("(a) The counter emf of the motor is %d V",E_b));
 
 //solution (b)
-p_a=E_b*I_a;                // power developed in armature
+p_a=E_b*I_a;
 p_a=p_a/1000;                //from W to kW
 disp(sprintf("(b) The power developed in the armature is %d kW",p_a));
 
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.28/Ex8_28.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.28/Ex8_28.sce
index 8cc1c1c85..8c16f6f17 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.28/Ex8_28.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.28/Ex8_28.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 28
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 28");
 
-//series generator
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 E_a=120;                    //in Volts
 r_se=0.03;                  //in Ohms
@@ -14,9 +14,8 @@ r=0.25;                     //in Ohms
 I=300;                      //in Amperes
 
 //SOLUTION
-v=I*(r_se+r_a+r);           // voltage drop across Rse and ra and feeder
+v=I*(r_se+r_a+r);
 disp(sprintf("The voltage drop across the three resistances is %d V",v));
-//hence the voltage between far end and bus bar is:
 v_t=v1+E_a-v;
 disp(sprintf("The voltage between far end and the bus bar is %d V",v_t));
 disp(sprintf("The net increase of %d V may be beyond the desired limit",v_t-v1));
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.29/Ex8_29.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.29/Ex8_29.sce
index 06477777a..c3d90c0d3 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.29/Ex8_29.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.29/Ex8_29.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 29
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 29");
 
-//DC series motor
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 r_a=1;                      //in Ohms
 N1=800;                     //in rpm
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ I_a=15;                     //in Amperes
 r_s=5;                      //series resistance in Ohms
 
 //SOLUTION
-E_b1=v_t-(I_a*r_a);         // back emf
+E_b1=v_t-(I_a*r_a);
 E_b2=v_t-I_a*(r_a+r_s);
-N2=(E_b2/E_b1)*N1;          //RPM
+N2=(E_b2/E_b1)*N1;
 N2=round(N2);               //to round off the value
 disp(sprintf("The speed attained after connecting the series resistance is %d rpm",N2));
 
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce
index b08092d94..9793e5176 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 3
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 3");
 
-//10 kW 250 V DC shunt generator
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 p_o=10*1000;                //output of generator in Watts
 v_t=250;                    //terminal voltage in Volts
@@ -16,15 +16,15 @@ rot_loss=540;               //rotational loss in Watts
 //SOLUTION
 
 //solution (i)
-I_l=p_o/v_t;                //line current
-I_a=I_l+I_f;                // armature current
-E_a=v_t+(I_a*r_a);          //E_a=emf of generator
-disp(sprintf("(i) The armature induced emf is %.2f V",E_a));
+I_l=p_o/v_t;
+I_a=I_l+I_f;
+E_a=v_t+(I_a*r_a);
+disp(sprintf("(i) The armature induced emf is %f V",E_a));
 
 //solution (ii)
 w=(2*%pi*N)/60;              //in radian/sec
 T_e=(E_a*I_a)/w;
-disp(sprintf("(ii) The torque developed is %.2f N-m",T_e));
+disp(sprintf("(ii) The torque developed is %f N-m",T_e));
 
 //solution (iii)
 arm_loss=(I_a^2)*r_a;        //armature loss
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ fld_loss=v_t*I_f;            //field loss
 tot_loss=rot_loss+arm_loss+fld_loss;
 p_i=p_o+tot_loss;
 eff=(p_o/p_i)*100;
-disp(sprintf("(iii) The efficiency is %.3f %%",eff));
+disp(sprintf("(iii) The efficiency is %f %%",eff));
 
 //END
 
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.30/Ex8_30.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.30/Ex8_30.sce
index 782ad08af..caf18e709 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.30/Ex8_30.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.30/Ex8_30.sce
@@ -1,25 +1,20 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 30
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 30");
 
-//Series DC motor 5 HP with 100 rpm
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 p=5*735.5;                 //in Watts (1 metric H.P.=735.5 W)
-N=1000;                    //in rpm, given as 100 rpm but solved as 1000 rpm in the text book
-                           //hence taken 1000 rpm
+N=1000;                    //in rpm
 I=30;                      //in Amperes
 I_s=45;                    //starting current in Amperes
 
 //SOLUTION
-T=(p*60)/(2*%pi*1000);     // Torque
-//Torque dir prop phi.Ia
-//=> since phi dir prop Ia
-//=> torque dir prop Ia^2
-// starting torque T_s / T = Starting current Ia ^2 / I^2
+T=(p*60)/(2*%pi*1000);
 T_s=(T*(I_s^2))/(I^2);
-disp(sprintf("The starting torque is %.0f N-m",T_s));
+disp(sprintf("The starting torque is %f N-m",T_s));
 
 //The answer is slightly different due to precision of floating point numbers
 
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.31/Ex8_31.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.31/Ex8_31.sce
index 5e8349ca2..39123e25d 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.31/Ex8_31.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.31/Ex8_31.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 31
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 31");
 
-//series motor 
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 r_a=0.1;                    //combined resistance of armature & field resistance in Ohms
 v_t=230;                    //in Volts
@@ -14,13 +14,6 @@ I_a2=200;                   //in Amperes
 ratio=1.2;                  //ratio of Φ2:Φ1=1.2
 
 //SOLUTION
-//Eb1 dir prop phi1.N1
-//Eb1=Vt-Ia1.Ra
-//=> (Vt-Ia1.Ra) dir prop ph1.N1
-//and 
-//=> (Vt-Ia2.Ra) dir prop ph1.N2
-//=> (Vt-Ia1.Ra)/ (Vt-Ia1.Ra) = phi1.N1/phi2.N2
-//given Phi2=1.2 Phi1 as flux is increased by 20%
 E_b1=v_t-(I_a1*r_a);        //numerator of LHS according to the book
 E_b2=v_t-(I_a2*r_a);        //denominator of LHS according to the book
 N2=(E_b2/E_b1)*(1/ratio)*N1;
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.32/Ex8_32.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.32/Ex8_32.sce
index ff37b6767..957557827 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.32/Ex8_32.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.32/Ex8_32.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 32
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 32");
 
-//250 V series motor at 1000 rpm
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 v_t=250;                     //in Volts
 I=20;                        //in Amperes
@@ -15,36 +15,17 @@ r_a=0.2;                     //in Ohms
 
 //SOLUTION
 
-r_se=P*r_p;                  // series field resistance
+r_se=P*r_p;
 r_m=r_a+r_se;                //resistance of motor
-E_b1=v_t-(I*r_m);            // back emf
-//Torque t1 dir prop phi1.Ia
-//=> since phi dir prop Ia
-//=> torque dir prop Ia^2
-T1=I^2;                      // torque
+E_b1=v_t-(I*r_m);
+T1=I^2;
 
 //solution (a)
-//10 ohm resistance in parallel with armature
-//let I be input currnet then, drop in series field = r_a.I
-//Voltage across the terminals = V = Vt-r_a.I
-//=> current in 10 ohm resistance (=r) = (Vt-r_a.I)/r            (eq 1)
-// now, Armature current Ia
-// Ia= I - (Vt-r_a.I)/r                                          (eq 2)
-//Torque developed t2 dir prop phi2.Ia
-//=> since phi dir prop I
-//=> torque dir prop I.Ia
-//However, T2=T1, as torque developed in two cases is equal
-//=> I.Ia = T1
-//substituting value of Ia from eq 2, we get
-//I.(I - (Vt-r_a.I)/r) =T1
-//=>I. (I.r+r_a.I -Vt)/r = T1
-//=> (r+r_a).I^2 -Vt.I =T1.r
-//=>  (r+r_a).I^2 -Vt.I - T1.r =0
 //solving the quadratic equation directly,
 r=10;                        //in Ohms
-a=10.2; //(r+r_a). value 1.02 in text book, as it was divided by r=10
-b=-250; //Vt ; -25 in text book, as it was divided by r=10
-c=-4000; // T1.r; 400 in text book, as it was not multiplied by r=10
+a=1.02;
+b=-25;
+c=-400;
 D=b^2-(4*a*c);
 x1=(-b+sqrt(D))/(2*a);
 x2=(-b-sqrt(D))/(2*a);
@@ -54,23 +35,14 @@ I1=x1;
 else (x1<0 & x2>0)
 I1=x2;
 end;
-I_a=((10.2*I1)-v_t)/r;      // armature current
-E_b2=v_t-(I_a*r_a);         // back emf
+I_a=((10.2*I1)-v_t)/r; 
+E_b2=v_t-(I_a*r_a);
 N2=((E_b2/E_b1)*I*N1)/I1;
 N2=round(N2);               //to round off the value
 disp(sprintf("(a) The speed with 10 Ω resistance in parallel with the armature is %d rpm",N2));
 
 //solution (b)
-//0.5 ohmic diverter resistance
-//resistance in the field winding = 0.5/(0.5+r_a)
-// since r_a=0.2,the value becomes 0.5/0.7 = 5/7
-//Torque T3 dir prop phi3.Ia
-// => dir prop 5/7 . I. I.
-//=> dir prop 5/7 I^2
-//since T3=T1
-//=> 5/7 I^2= T1
-//=> 5/7. I^2 - T1=0
-//solving the quadratic equation directly,with new values
+//solving the quadratic equation directly,
 a=5/7;
 b=0;
 c=-400;
@@ -83,7 +55,7 @@ I2=y1;
 else (y1<0 & y2>0)
 I2=y2;
 end;
-E_b3=v_t-(I2*r_a);          // back emf
+E_b3=v_t-(I2*r_a);
 N3=((E_b3/E_b1)*I*N1)/(I2*a);
 N3=round(N3);               //to round off the value
 disp(sprintf("(b) The speed with 0.5 Ω resistance in parallel with series field is %d rpm",N3));
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.33/Ex8_33.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.33/Ex8_33.sce
index aaf8cdd40..9e16a1081 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.33/Ex8_33.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.33/Ex8_33.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 33
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 33");
 
-//230 V DC series motor
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 v_t=230;                       //in Volts
 N1=1500;                       //in rpm
@@ -15,34 +15,17 @@ r_se=0.2;                      //series field resistance in Ohms
 //SOLUTION
 
 //solution (a)
-//for series motors, phi dir prop Ia
-// therefore, Te dir prop Ia^2
-// at starting Eb=0 and Vt= Ia1.(r_a+r_se+r_ext)
-//rearranging for r_ext, we get
-// r_ext = (Vt-Ia1.(r_a+r_se))/ Ia1
-E_b=0;                         //back emf at starting
-nr1=v_t-I_a1*(r_a+r_se);       //value of numerator in the expression for r_ext
+E_b=0;                         //at starting
+nr1=v_t-I_a1*(r_a+r_se);       //value of numerator
 r_ext=nr1/I_a1;
-disp(sprintf("(a) At starting, the resistance that must be added is %.0f Ω",r_ext));
+disp(sprintf("(a) At starting, the resistance that must be added is %f Ω",r_ext));
 
 //solution (b)
-//Ia2=Ia1=20 A
-//as phi dir prop Ia, we get 
-//Eb2/Eb1 = phi2.n2/ phi1. N1 = Ia2.N2/Ia1.N1
-//=> Eb2/Eb1=N2/N1  as Ia2=Ia1               (eq 1)
 I_a2=I_a1;
 N2=1000;
 ratio=N2/N1;
-// now, we know that Eb1=Vt-Ia1.(r_a+r_se) and 
-// Eb2 = Vt - Ia2.(r_a+r_se+r_ext)
-//substituting values of Eb1 and Eb2 in eq 1 above, we get
-//n2/n1 = (Vt - Ia2.(r_a+r_se+r_ext))/ (Vt-Ia1.(r_a+r_se))
-//since ia1=Ia2 (rated torque)
-//we get 
-//r_ext = (N2/N1).(v_t-I_a1*(r_a+r_se))/Ia2 -(v_t-I_a2*(r_a+r_se))/Ia2
-//
 nr2=v_t-I_a2*(r_a+r_se);
 r_ext=((ratio*nr1)-nr2)/(-I_a2);
-disp(sprintf("(b) At 1000 rpm, the resistance that must be added is %.3f Ω",r_ext));
+disp(sprintf("(b) At 1000 rpm, the resistance that must be added is %f Ω",r_ext));
 
 //END
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.34/Ex8_34.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.34/Ex8_34.sce
index 00c7d76f7..da2ba5873 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.34/Ex8_34.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.34/Ex8_34.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 34
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 34");
 
-//COMPOUND MACHINE
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 r_a=0.06;                     //armature resistance in Ohms
 r_se=0.04;                    //series resistance in Ohms
@@ -15,17 +15,17 @@ I_l=100;                      //in Amperes
 //SOLUTION
 
 //solution (a)
-I_sh=v_t/r_sh;                 // shunt current
-I_a=I_sh+I_l;                  // armature current
-E_g=v_t+I_a*(r_a+r_se);         // emf generated
+I_sh=v_t/r_sh;
+I_a=I_sh+I_l;
+E_g=v_t+I_a*(r_a+r_se);
 disp("(a) When the machine is connected as long shunt compound generator-"); 
-disp(sprintf("The armature current is %f A and the total emf is %.2f V",I_a,E_g));
+disp(sprintf("The armature current is %f A and the total emf is %f V",I_a,E_g));
 
 //solution (b)
 I_sh=(v_t/r_sh)+(I_l*r_se/r_sh);
 I_a=I_sh+I_l;
 E_g=v_t+(I_a*r_a)+(I_l*r_se);
 disp("(b) When the machine is connected as short shunt compound generator-"); 
-disp(sprintf("The armature current is %f A and the total emf is %.1f V",I_a,E_g));
+disp(sprintf("The armature current is %f A and the total emf is %f V",I_a,E_g));
 
 //END
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.35/Ex8_35.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.35/Ex8_35.sce
index fcf1b5461..4fd8470a8 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.35/Ex8_35.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.35/Ex8_35.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 35
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 35");
 
-//Exercise 34, motor working as DC motor
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 r_a=0.06;                     //armature resistance in Ohms
 r_se=0.04;                    //series resistance in Ohms
@@ -15,17 +15,17 @@ I_l=100;                      //in Amperes
 //SOLUTION
 
 //solution (a)
-I_sh=v_t/r_sh;              // shunt current
-I_a=I_l-I_sh;               // armature current
-E_g=v_t-I_a*(r_a+r_se);     // generated emf
+I_sh=v_t/r_sh;
+I_a=I_l-I_sh;
+E_g=v_t-I_a*(r_a+r_se);
 disp("(a) When the machine is connected as long shunt compound generator-"); 
-disp(sprintf("The armature current is %f A and the total emf is %.1f V",I_a,E_g));
+disp(sprintf("The armature current is %f A and the total emf is %f V",I_a,E_g));
 
 //solution (b)
 I_sh=(v_t/r_sh)-(I_l*r_se/r_sh);
 I_a=I_l-I_sh;
 E_g=v_t-(I_a*r_a)-(I_l*r_se);
 disp("(b) When the machine is connected as short shunt compound generator-"); 
-disp(sprintf("The armature current is %f A and the total emf is %.2f V",I_a,E_g));
+disp(sprintf("The armature current is %f A and the total emf is %f V",I_a,E_g));
 
 //END
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.36/Ex8_36.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.36/Ex8_36.sce
index 6ea9e53b5..842d723de 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.36/Ex8_36.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.36/Ex8_36.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 36
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 36");
 
-//250 long shunt compound generator
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 v_t=250;                    //in Volts
 I_l=150;                    //in Amperes
@@ -18,20 +18,20 @@ r_ip=0.02;                  //interpole resistance in Ohms
 //SOLUTION
 
 //solution (a)
-p_o=v_t*I_l;                // power output
-I_sh=v_t/r_sh;              // shunt current
-I_a=I_l+I_sh;               // armature current
-r_tot=r_b+r_se+r_ip;        // total armature circuit resistance
+p_o=v_t*I_l;
+I_sh=v_t/r_sh;
+I_a=I_l+I_sh;
+r_tot=r_b+r_se+r_ip;
 arm_loss=(I_a^2)*r_tot;      //armature circuit copper loss
 cu_loss=v_t*I_sh;            //shunt field copper loss
 c_loss=cu_loss+loss1+loss2;  //constant loss
-disp(sprintf("(a) The constant loss is %.0f W",c_loss));
+disp(sprintf("(a) The constant loss is %f W",c_loss));
 
 //solution (b)
 tot_loss=arm_loss+c_loss;    //total loss
-p_i=p_o+tot_loss;            // power input
-eff=(p_o/p_i)*100;           // efficiency
-disp(sprintf("(b) The full load efficiency is %.0f %%",eff));
+p_i=p_o+tot_loss;
+eff=(p_o/p_i)*100;
+disp(sprintf("(b) The full load efficiency is %f %%",eff));
 
 //END 
 
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.37/Ex8_37.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.37/Ex8_37.sce
index 7cadef348..df3f4d6b1 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.37/Ex8_37.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.37/Ex8_37.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 37
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 37");
 
-//250 V DC machine
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 p_o=50*1000;                //in Watts
 v_t=250;                    //in Volts
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.38/Ex8_38.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.38/Ex8_38.sce
index ce64d0ef1..15802d568 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.38/Ex8_38.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.38/Ex8_38.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 38
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 38");
 
-//215 V DC machine supplying 5kW at 1000 rpm
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 v_t=215;                    //in Volts
 r_a=0.4;                    //in Ohms
@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ ratio=1.1;                  //according to the solution, Φ_b:Φ_a=1.1
 //SOLUTION
 
 //As generator
-I_ag=p/v_t;                 // as generator induced current
-E_a=v_t+(I_ag*r_a);         // induced emf
+I_ag=p/v_t;
+E_a=v_t+(I_ag*r_a);
 
 //As motor
-I_am=p/v_t;                  // current as motor
-E_b=v_t-(I_am*r_a);          // back emf
-N_m=(1/ratio)*N_g*(E_b/E_a); // speed of machine
+I_am=p/v_t;
+E_b=v_t-(I_am*r_a);
+N_m=(1/ratio)*N_g*(E_b/E_a);
 N_m=round(N_m);              //to round off the value
 disp(sprintf("The speed of the machine as motor is %d rpm",N_m));
 
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce
index afdaa2c0a..fbcb1d1b4 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 4
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 4");
 
-//240 Volt Shunt Generator
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 v_t=240;                   //in Volts
 I_l=200;                   //full load current in Amperes
@@ -17,19 +17,19 @@ s_loss=800;                //stray(iron + friction) loss in Watts
 //solution (a)
 p_o=v_t*I_l;               //output
 eff=eff/100;
-p_i=p_o/eff;               //input
+p_i=p_o/eff;
 tot_loss=p_i-p_o;          //since input=output+loss
-I_f=v_t/r_f;               //field current 
-I_a=I_l+I_f;               //armature current
+I_f=v_t/r_f;
+I_a=I_l+I_f;
 cu_loss=(I_f^2)*r_f;       //copper loss
 c_loss=cu_loss+s_loss;     //constant loss
 arm_loss=tot_loss-c_loss;  //armature loss ((I_a^2)*r_a)
-r_a=arm_loss/(I_a^2);      //armature resistance
-disp(sprintf("(a) The armature resisatnce is %.4f Ω",r_a));
+r_a=arm_loss/(I_a^2);
+disp(sprintf("(a) The armature resisatnce is %f Ω",r_a));
 
 //solution (b)
 //for maximum efficiency, armature loss = constant loss =>(I_a^2)*r_a=c_loss
 I_a=sqrt(c_loss/r_a);
-disp(sprintf("(b) The load current corresponding to maximum efficiency is %.1f A",I_a));
+disp(sprintf("(b) The load current corresponding to maximum efficiency is %f A",I_a));
 
 //END
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce
index 52b22ec32..8ced4b2f2 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 5
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 5");
 
-//200 V shunt generator
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 v_t=200;                  //in Volts
 I_l=50;                   //in Amperes
@@ -15,12 +15,10 @@ s_loss=500;               //core and iron loss in Watts
 //SOLUTION
 
 //solution (a)
-//Shunt field current, Armature current and induced emf
-//I_sh is same as I_f and r_sh is same as r_f
-I_f=v_t/r_f;               //Field current 
-I_a=I_f+I_l;               //armature current
-E_a=v_t+(I_a*r_a);         //Emf of generator
-disp(sprintf("(a) The induced emf is %.1f V",E_a));
+I_f=v_t/r_f;             //I_sh is same as I_f and r_sh is same as r_f
+I_a=I_f+I_l;
+E_a=v_t+(I_a*r_a);
+disp(sprintf("(a) The induced emf is %f V",E_a));
 
 //solution (b)
 arm_loss=(I_a^2)*r_a;     //armature copper loss
@@ -28,17 +26,15 @@ sh_loss=(I_f^2)*r_f;     //shunt field copper loss
 tot_loss=arm_loss+sh_loss+s_loss;
 p_o=v_t*I_l;              //output power
 p_i=p_o+tot_loss;         //input power
-bhp=p_i/735.5;            //1 metric horsepower= 735.498 W
-disp(sprintf("(b) The Break Horse Power(B.H.P.) of the prime mover is %.1f H.P.(metric)",bhp));
+bhp=p_i/735.5;            //1 metric horsepower= 735.498W
+disp(sprintf("(b) The Break Horse Power(B.H.P.) of the prime mover is %f H.P.(metric)",bhp));
 
 //solution (c)
-c_eff=(p_o/p_i)*100;       //Commercial efficiency = Output/Input
-p_EE=E_a*I_a;             //electrical power developed
-m_eff=(p_EE/p_i)*100;     //Mechanical efficiency = electrical power/Input power
-e_eff=(p_o/p_EE)*100;     //Electrical efficiency = output power/electrical power
-disp(sprintf("(c) The commercial efficiency is %.1f %%",c_eff));   
-disp(sprintf("(c) The mechanical efficiency is %.1f %%",m_eff));   
-disp(sprintf("(c) The electrical efficiency is %.1f %%",e_eff));   
+c_eff=(p_o/p_i)*100;            
+p_EE=E_a*I_a;             //electrical power
+m_eff=(p_EE/p_i)*100;
+e_eff=(p_o/p_EE)*100;
+disp(sprintf("(c) The commercial efficiency is %f %%, the mechanical efficiency is %f %% and the electrical efficiency is %f %%",c_eff,m_eff,e_eff));   
 
 //END
 
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce
index 67e4601b2..fc89b9145 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 6
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 6");
 
@@ -17,33 +18,33 @@ I_f=1.6;           //field current in Amperes
 //SOLUTION
 
 //solution (i)
-E_b=v_t-(I_a*r_a); //Back emf
+E_b=v_t-(I_a*r_a); 
 w=(2*%pi*N)/60;    //in radian/sec
-T_e=(E_b*I_a)/w;   //electromagnetic torque
-disp(sprintf("(i) The electromagnetic torque is %.0f N-m",T_e));
+T_e=(E_b*I_a)/w;
+disp(sprintf("(i) The electromagnetic torque is %f N-m",T_e));
 
 //solution (ii)
 A=P;               //since it is lap winding, so A=P and A=number of parallel paths
 phi=(E_b*60*A)/(P*N*Z);
-disp(sprintf("(ii) The flux per pole is %.3f Wb",phi));
+disp(sprintf("(ii) The flux per pole is %f Wb",phi));
 
 //solution (iii)
-//Rotational power= Power developed on rotor - Pshaft.(=Pout)
 p_rotor=E_b*I_a;   //power developed on rotor
 p_rot=p_rotor-p_o; //p_shaft=p_out
-disp(sprintf("(iii) The rotational power is %.4f W",p_rot)); //text book answer is 870 W 
+disp(sprintf("(iii) The rotational power is %f W",p_rot)); 
 
 //solution (iv)
 tot_loss=p_rot+((I_a^2)*r_a)+(v_t*I_f);
-p_i=p_o+tot_loss;   //input power
+p_i=p_o+tot_loss;
 eff=(p_o/p_i)*100;
-disp(sprintf("(iv) The efficiency is %.2f %%",eff));
+disp(sprintf("(iv) The efficiency is %f %%",eff));
 
 //solution (v)
-T=p_o/w;            //shaft torque
-disp(sprintf("(v) The shaft torque is %.0f N-m",T));
+T=p_o/w;
+disp(sprintf("(v) The shaft torque is %f N-m",T));
 
 //The answers are slightly different due to the precision of floating point numbers
+
 //END
 
 
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce
index 20e434a5a..0362b4f8e 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 7
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 7");
 
-//Contnuation of the Example 6
-//shaft load/ load torque remains fixed, and field flux is reduced to 80% by using field rheostat
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 p_o=20*746;                  //output power from H.P. to Watts (1 H.P.=745.699 or 746 W) 
 v_t=230;                     //in Volts
@@ -18,8 +17,8 @@ I_f=1.6;                     //field current in Amperes
 ratio=0.8;                   //phi2:phi1=0.8  (here phi=flux)
 
 //SOLUTION
-//Eb2/Eb1= phi2.W2/phi1.W1 = phi2.N2/phi1.N1
-E_b1=v_t-(I_a1*r_a);         //
+
+E_b1=v_t-(I_a1*r_a);  
 I_a2=I_a1/ratio;             //(phi2*I_a2)=(phi1*I_a1)
 E_b2=v_t-(I_a2*r_a);
 N2=(E_b2/E_b1)*(1/ratio)*N1; //N2:N1=(E_b2/E_b1)*(phi1/phi2)
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce
index 0eb7a9dd1..a2b0b8dde 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 8
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 8");
 
-//250 V DC shunt machine 
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 v_t=250;                     //in Volts
 r_a=0.1;                     //armature resistance in Ohms
@@ -15,36 +15,31 @@ N_g=1000;                    //speed as generator in rpm
 //SOLUTION
 
 //machine as a generator
-I_l=p_o/v_t;                 //load current
-I_f=v_t/r_f;                 //field current, I_f is same as I_sh 
-I_ag=I_l+I_f;                //Output current as generator
+I_l=p_o/v_t;
+I_f=v_t/r_f;                 //I_f is same as I_sh 
+I_ag=I_l+I_f;
 E_a=v_t+(I_ag*r_a);          //induced emf = E_a = E_g
 
 //machine as a motor
-I_l=p_o/v_t;                 //full load current
-I_f=v_t/r_f;                
-I_am=I_l-I_f;               //output current as motor
-E_b=v_t-(I_am*r_a);         //back emf = E_b =  E_m
+I_l=p_o/v_t;
+I_f=v_t/r_f;
+I_am=I_l-I_f;
+E_b=v_t-(I_am*r_a);         //back emf = E_b = E_m
 
 //solution (a)
-N_m=(N_g*E_b)/E_a;          //Speed of motor in RPM
+N_m=(N_g*E_b)/E_a;
 N_m=round(N_m);             //to round off the value of N_m
 disp(sprintf("(a) The speed of the same machine as a motor is %d rpm",N_m));
 
 //solution (b)
-//internal power developed as generator
+
 //(i)
-//total power developed in the armature
-//=Eg.Iag
-p_g=(E_a*I_ag)/1000;          //to express the answer in kW divide by 1000
-disp(sprintf("(b) (i) The internal power developed as generator is %.1f kW",p_g));
+p1=(E_a*I_ag)/1000;          //to express the answer in kW
+disp(sprintf("(b) (i) The internal power developed as generator is %f kW",p1));
 
 //(ii)
-//internal power developed as motor
-// is total power developed in armature
-//=Em.Iam
-p_m=(E_b*I_am)/1000;        
-disp(sprintf("(b) (ii) The internal power developed as motor is %.1f kW",p_m));
+p2=(E_b*I_am)/1000;        
+disp(sprintf("(b) (ii) The internal power developed as motor is %f kW",p2));
 
 //END
 
diff --git a/1445/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce b/1445/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce
index fa24acd41..e518f9827 100644
--- a/1445/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce
+++ b/1445/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 //CHAPTER 8- DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES
 //Example 9
 
+clc;
 disp("CHAPTER 8");
 disp("EXAMPLE 9");
 
-//4 Pole 230 V lap wound shunt motor with 600 conductors. RPM 1800
 //VARIABLE INITIALIZATION
 P=4;                      //number of poles
 v_t=230;                  //in Volts
@@ -16,14 +16,13 @@ l=20/100;                 //effective length of pole
 B=4100/10000;             //flux density from Gauss to Wb/m^2
 
 //SOLUTION
-
 I_f=v_t/r_f;              //I_f is same as I_sh 
-I_a=I_l-I_f;              // armature current
+I_a=I_l-I_f;
 ar=(%pi*d*l)/P;           //area of pole
 phi=ar*B;                 //phi = flux
-A=P;                      //for lap winding
-T=(phi*Z*I_a)/(2*%pi*A);  //Torque developed
-disp(sprintf("The torque developed in the motor is %.4f N-m",T));
+A=P;
+T=(phi*Z*I_a)/(2*%pi*A);
+disp(sprintf("The torque developed in the motor is %f N-m",T));
 
 //The answer is different as 'A' has not been included in the denominator(in the book)