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+//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999

+//Example 11.1

+//OS=Windows XP sp3

+//Scilab version 5.5.2

+clc;

+clear;

+//given

+//E1 & E2 are the ground level and first excited level of energy respectively

+h=6.626e-34;//Planck's constant in SI Units

+c=3e8;//speed of electrons in m/s

+lambda=694e-9;//wavelength corresponding to the energy gap between E1 & E2

+//Let E2-E1=DeltaE

+DeltaE=h*c/lambda;

+mprintf("\n E2-E1=%e",DeltaE);//Energy gap between E1 & E2 in J

+//The answers vary due to round off error

+kB=1.38e-23;//Boltzmann constant in SI Units

+T=300;//Temperature in K

+mprintf("\n kB*T=%e",kB*T);

+//Let N2/N1 be N

+N=exp(-DeltaE/(kB*T));//Ratio of population density at E2 and E1 energy levels

+mprintf("\n N2/N1=%e",N);//The answers vary due to round off error

diff --git a/3638/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.jpg b/3638/CH11/EX11.2/Ex11_2.jpg
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+//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999

+//Example 11.2

+//OS=Windows XP sp3

+//Scilab version 5.5.2

+clc;

+clear;

+//given

+//For Cr+3 ions in ruby

+N1=1.6e19;//Population density of E1 energy level in cm^(-3)

+N2=0;//Population density of E2 energy level in cm^(-3)

+n=1.76;//refractive index of medium

+Tsp=3e-3;//Spontaneous emission lifetime of atom in sec

+//Let g(v0) be g

+g=6.9e-12;//normalized lineshape function in s

+lambda0=694.3e-7;//wavelength at which absorption takes place in cm

+c=3e10;//speed of electrons in cm/s

+v=c/lambda0;

+//Let Y(v0) be Y

+Y=((c/n)^2)*g*(N2-N1)/(8*%pi*Tsp*(v^2));//Corresponding gain coefficient of medium

+mprintf("\n Absorption coefficient = %f",Y);//The answers vary due to round off error

+//negative sign implies absorption

diff --git a/3638/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.jpg b/3638/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.jpg
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+//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999

+//Example 11.3

+//OS=Windows XP sp3

+//Scilab version 5.5.2

+clc;

+clear;

+//given

+R1=0.99;//reflection coefficient of mirror 1

+R2=0.9;//reflection coefficient of mirror 2

+l=10;//Distance between the two mirrors in cm

+alpha=0;//average loss coefficient per unit length of resonator in cm^(-1)

+Vth=alpha-log(R1*R2)/(2*l);//Corresponding threshold gain coefficient in cm^(-1)

+mprintf("\n The threshold gain coefficient = %e cm^-1",Vth);//The answers vary due to round off error

diff --git a/3638/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.jpg b/3638/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.jpg
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+//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999

+//Example 11.4

+//OS=Windows XP sp3

+//Scilab version 5.5.2

+clc;

+clear;

+//given

+R1=0.32;//reflection coefficient of mirror 1

+R2=0.32;//reflection coefficient of mirror 2

+l=300e-4;//Distance between the two mirrors in cm

+alpha=10;//average loss coefficient per unit length of resonator in cm^(-1)

+Vth=alpha-log(R1*R2)/(2*l);//Corresponding threshold gain coefficient in cm^(-1)

+mprintf("\n The threshold gain coefficient = %e cm^-1",Vth);//The answers vary due to round off error

diff --git a/3638/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.jpg b/3638/CH11/EX11.5/Ex11_5.jpg
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+//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999

+//Example 11.5

+//OS=Windows XP sp3

+//Scilab version 5.5.2

+clc;

+clear;

+//given

+R1=0.3;//reflection coefficient of mirror 1

+R2=0.3;//reflection coefficient of mirror 2

+l=500e-4;//Distance between the two mirrors in cm

+alpha=5e1;//average loss coefficient per unit length of resonator in cm^(-1)

+Vth=alpha-log(R1*R2)/(2*l);//Corresponding threshold gain coefficient in cm^(-1)

+mprintf("\n The threshold gain coefficient = %e cm^-1",Vth);//The answers vary due to round off error

diff --git a/3638/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.jpg b/3638/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.jpg
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+//Introduction to Fiber Optics by A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge, New Delhi, 1999

+//Example 11.6

+//OS=Windows XP sp3

+//Scilab version 5.5.2

+clc;

+clear;

+//given Case(i)

+lambdag=1.30e-6;//emission wavelength in m

+//Bandgap energy in eV is given by : 

+Eg=1.24/(lambdag/1e-6);//Division by 10^(-6) to convert lambdag into um

+mprintf("\nCase 1: for lambda0 =1.30 um");

+mprintf("\n Eg=%f eV",Eg);//The answers vary due to round off error

+p=[0.12 -0.72 1.35-Eg];//Relation between Eg & y is given as 'Eg(y)=1.35-0.72y+0.12y^2 in eV'

+y=roots(p);

+mprintf("\n y=%f",y(2,1));//Roots are arranged in descending order & y cannot be greater than 1

+//The answers vary due to round off error

+//given Case(ii)

+lambdag=1.55e-6;//emission wavelength in m

+//Bandgap energy in eV is given by : 

+Eg=1.24/(lambdag/1e-6);//Division by 10^(-6) to convert lambdag into um

+mprintf("\nCase 2: for lambda0 =1.55 um");

+mprintf("\n Eg=%f eV",Eg);//The answers vary due to round off error

+p=[0.12 -0.72 1.35-Eg];//Relation between Eg & y is given as 'Eg(y)=1.35-0.72y+0.12y^2 in eV'

+y=roots(p);

+mprintf("\n y=%f",y(2,1));//Roots are arranged in descending order & y cannot be greater than 1

+//The answers vary due to round off error