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Diffstat (limited to 'Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits')
17 files changed, 3571 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/README.txt b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/README.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..92007db7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/README.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Contributed By: Rahul Garg +Course: btech +College/Institute/Organization: Gurgaon College of Engineering +Department/Designation: Electronics and Communication En +Book Title: Basic Electronics and Linear Circuits +Author: Bhargava N. N., Kulshreshtha D. C., Gupta S.C. +Publisher: Tata McGraw - Hill Education, New Delhi +Year of publication: 2008 +Isbn: 0074519654 +Edition: 1st
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch1.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d4853315 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "ch1"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter no. 1: Introduction To Electronics"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 1.1 Page no.8"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 1.1\n",
+ "# a resistor has a coloue band sequence : \n",
+ "#yellow,voilet,orange and gold.\n",
+ "#find the Range in which its value lies so as to satisfy manufacturer's Tolerances\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "#Colour Band Sequence: YELLOW, VIOLET, ORANGE, GOLD \n",
+ "A=4 #NUMERICAL CODE FOR BAND YELLOW\n",
+ "B=7 #NUMERICAL CODE FOR BAND VIOLET\n",
+ "C=3 #NUMERICAL CODE FOR BAND ORANGE\n",
+ "D=5 #TOLERANCE VALUE FOR BAND GOLD i.e. 5%\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Resistor Value Calculation\n",
+ "R=(A*10+B)*10**C\n",
+ "#Tolerance Value Calulation\n",
+ "T=D*R/100;\n",
+ "R1=R-T;\n",
+ "R2=R+T;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Results\n",
+ "print \"Therefore thr resistance should be within the range \", R1*10**(-3) ,\"kohm\",\"and\", R2*10**(-3),\"kohm\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 1.2 Page no.8"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 1.2\n",
+ "#A resistoe has a colour band sequence : gray ,blue.gold and gold.\n",
+ "#what is the Range in which its value must lie to satisfy manufacturer's Tolerances\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Colour Band Sequence: GRAY, BLUE, GOLD, GOLD\n",
+ "A=8 #NUMERICAL CODE FOR BAND GRAY\n",
+ "B=6 #NUMERICAL CODE FOR BAND BLUE\n",
+ "C=-1 #NUMERICAL CODE FOR BAND GOLD\n",
+ "D=5 #TOLERANCE VALUE FOR BAND GOLD i.e. 5%\n",
+ "#Resistor Value Calculation\n",
+ "R=(A*10+B)*10**C\n",
+ "#Tolerance Value Calulation\n",
+ "T=D*R/100\n",
+ "R1=R-T\n",
+ "R2=R+T\n",
+ "# Results \n",
+ "print \"Range of Values of the Resistor is between \",R1,\"ohm\",\"and\",R2,\"ohm\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch10.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch10.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..eed36852 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch10.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,141 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "Ch 10"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter 10: Power Amplifiers"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 10.1 Page No.345"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 10.1\n",
+ "#Program to Determine the Transformer Turns Ratio\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "RL=16 # Ohms, load resistance\n",
+ "RLd=10000.0 # Ohms ,effective load resistance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "N12=math.sqrt(RLd/RL) #N12=N1/N2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print \" The Transformer Turns Ratio is N1/N2\",N12,\":1\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ " The Transformer Turns Ratio is N1/N2 25.0 :1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 10.2 Page No.345"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 10.2\n",
+ "# Determine the Effective Resistance seen\n",
+ "# looking into the Primary\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Rl=8.0 #Ohms, load resistance\n",
+ "N12=15.0 #N12=N1/N2, transformer turns ratio\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Rld=(N12)**2*Rl #effective resistance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print \" The Effective Resistance seen looking into the Primary, Rld = \",Rld/10**3,\"k ohm\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 10.3 Page No.353"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 10.3\n",
+ "#(a)\n",
+ "# Determine the Second, Third & Fourth Harmonic Distortions \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "#io=15*sin(600*t)+1.5*sin(1200*t)+1.2*sin(1800*t)+0.5*sin(2400*t)\n",
+ "#current in components 1,2,3,4\n",
+ "I1=15 #A\n",
+ "I2=1.5 #A\n",
+ "I3=1.2 #A\n",
+ "I4=0.5 #A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "D2=(I2/I1)*100 #percentage harmonic distribution of component 2\n",
+ "D3=(I3/I1)*100 #percentage harmonic distribution of component 3\n",
+ "D4=(I4/I1)*100 #percentage harmonic distribution of component 4\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \" The Second Harmonic Distortion is, D2 = percent .\",D2\n",
+ "print \" The Third Harmonic Distortion is, D3 = percent .\",D3\n",
+ "print \" The Fourth Harmonic Distortion is, D4 = percent .\",round(D4,2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#(b)\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "P1=1 #say\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "D=math.sqrt(D2**2+D3**2+D4**2) #Distortion Factor\n",
+ "P=(1+(D/100)**2)*P1\n",
+ "Pi=((P-P1)/P1)*100\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"The Percentage Increase in Power because of Distortion is, Pi (in percent)= \",round(Pi,2)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch11.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch11.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5477acbd --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch11.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,199 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "Ch 11"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter 11: Tuned Voltage mplifiers"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 11.1 Page No.374"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 11.1\n",
+ "# (a)\n",
+ "#Calculate Resonant Frequency of the given Circuit\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "C=300*10**(-12) #F, capacitance\n",
+ "L=220*10**(-6) #H, inductance\n",
+ "R=20.0 #Ohms, resistance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "fr=1/(2*math.pi*math.sqrt(L*C)) #resonant frequency\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \" The Resonant Frequency, fr = \",round(fr/10**3,0),\"khz\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#(b) find The Impedance at Resonance\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Rr=R\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \" The Impedance at Resonance, Rr = \",Rr,\"ohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#(c) find The Current at Resonance\n",
+ "V=10.0 #V, voltage\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "I=V/R\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \" The Current at Resonance, I = \",I,\"A\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#(d)\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "fr=1/(2*math.pi*math.sqrt(L*C))\n",
+ "I=V/R\n",
+ "Xl=2*math.pi*fr*L #reactance of inductor\n",
+ "Vl=I*Xl # Voltage across the Inductance\n",
+ "Xc=1/(2*math.pi*fr*C) #reactance of capacitance\n",
+ "Vc=I*Xc # Voltage across the Capacitance,\n",
+ "Vr=I*R #Voltage across the Resistance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \" Voltage across the Inductance, Vl = \",round(Vl,0),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \" Voltage across the Capacitance, Vc = \",round(Vc,0),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \" Voltage across the Resistance, Vr = \",round(Vr,0),\"V\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ " The Resonant Frequency, fr = 620.0 khz\n",
+ " The Impedance at Resonance, Rr = 20.0 ohm\n",
+ " The Current at Resonance, I = 0.5 A\n",
+ " Voltage across the Inductance, Vl = 428.0 V\n",
+ " Voltage across the Capacitance, Vc = 428.0 V\n",
+ " Voltage across the Resistance, Vr = 10.0 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 11.2 Page No.378"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 11.2\n",
+ "# Calculate fr, Il, Ic, Line Current & Impedance of\n",
+ "#the Resonant Circuit at Resonance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "C=100*10**(-12) #F\n",
+ "L=100*10**(-6) #H\n",
+ "R=10 #Ohms\n",
+ "V=100 #V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "fr=1/(2*math.pi*math.sqrt(L*C)) #Hz, resonant frequency\n",
+ "Xl=2*math.pi*fr*L #ohm, inductive reactance\n",
+ "Il=V/Xl #A, current in inductive branch\n",
+ "Xc=1/(2*math.pi*fr*C) #ohm, capacitance reactance\n",
+ "Ic=V/Xc #A, current in capacitive branch \n",
+ "Zp=L/(R*C) #ohm , series impedance\n",
+ "I=V/Zp #A, line current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"fr= \",round(fr/10**3,0),\"khz\"\n",
+ "print \"Il= \",Il,\"A\"\n",
+ "print \"Ic= \",Ic,\"A\"\n",
+ "print \"Zp= \",Zp,\"ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"I= \",I/10**(-3),\"mA\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "fr= 1592.0 khz\n",
+ "Il= 0.1 A\n",
+ "Ic= 0.1 A\n",
+ "Zp= 100000.0 ohm\n",
+ "I= 1.0 mA\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 11.3 Page no. 379"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 11.3\n",
+ "# Calculate Impedance, Q and Bandwidth of the \n",
+ "#Resonant Circuit \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "C=100*10**(-12) #F, capacitance\n",
+ "L=150*10**(-6) #H, inductance\n",
+ "R=15 #Ohms, resistance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "fr=1/(2*math.pi*math.sqrt(L*C))\n",
+ "Zp=L/(R*C)\n",
+ "Q=2*math.pi*fr*L/R\n",
+ "df=fr/Q #Bandwidth\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#The Result\n",
+ "print \" Impedance, Zp= \",Zp/10**3,\"kohm\"\n",
+ "print \" Quality Factor, Q= \",round(Q,1)\n",
+ "print \" Bandwidth, df= \",round(df/10**3,2),\"khz\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ " Impedance, Zp= 100.0 kohm\n",
+ " Quality Factor, Q= 81.6\n",
+ " Bandwidth, df= 15.92 khz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 5
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch12.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch12.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1052aa07 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch12.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,224 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "Ch 12"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter 12:Feedback in amplifiers"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 12.1 Page no.395"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 12.1\n",
+ "# Calculate the Gain of a Negative Feedback Amplifier with\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "A=100.0 #Internal Gain\n",
+ "B=0.1 #Feedback Factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Af=A/(1+A*B) # Gain of Feedback Amplifier \n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print \" The Value of the Gain of Feedback Amplifier is = \",round(Af,2)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ " The Value of the Gain of Feedback Amplifier is, = 9.09\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 12.2 Page no. 395"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 12.2\n",
+ "#Program to Calculate the A(Internal Gain) and Beeta(Feedback Gain) of #a Negative Feedback Amplifier with given Specifications\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Af=100.0 #Voltage Gain\n",
+ "Vin=.05 #V , Input Signal without Feedaback Gain\n",
+ "Vi=0.6 #V , Input Signal with Feedaback Gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Vo=Af*Vi\n",
+ "A=Vo/Vin\n",
+ "B=((A/Af)-1)/A\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"The Value of the Internal Gain A is, A = \",A\n",
+ "print \" The Value of the Feedback Gain B is, B = percent \",round(B*100,2)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The Value of the Internal Gain A is, A = 1200.0\n",
+ " The Value of the Feedback Gain B is, B = percent 0.92\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 12.3 Page no. 401"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 12.3\n",
+ "# Calculate the change in overall Gain of the Feedback\n",
+ " #Amplifier with given Gain reduction\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "A=1000 #60dB Voltage Gain\n",
+ "B=0.005 #Negative Feedback\n",
+ "dAbyA=-0.12 #dA/A = 12 %\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "dAfbyAf=1/(1+A*B)*dAbyA #dAf/Af=1/(1+A*B)*dA/A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print \" The change in overall Gain of the Feedback Amplifier is\",dAfbyAf\n",
+ "print \"Therefore the overall gain of feedback amplifier will be reduce by \",-dAfbyAf*100,\"%\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ " The change in overall Gain of the Feedback Amplifier is -0.02\n",
+ "Therefore the overall gain of feedback amplifier will be reduce by 2.0 %\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 12.4 Page no. 401"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 12.4\n",
+ "# Calculate the Input Impedance of the Feedback Amplifier #with given Specifications\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Zi=1000.0 #Ohms\n",
+ "A=1000.0 #Voltage Gain\n",
+ "B=0.01 #Negative Feedback\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Zid=(1+A*B)*Zi\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print \" The Value of the Input Impedance of the Feedback Amplifier is, Zid = \",Zid/10**3,\"K ohm\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ " The Value of the Input Impedance of the Feedback Amplifier is, Zid = 11.0 K ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 12.5 Page no. 401"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 12.5\n",
+ "# Calculate the value of Feedback Factor and Percentage\n",
+ " #change in overall Gain of the Internal Amplifier\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "A=1000.0 #60dB, Voltage Gain\n",
+ "Zo=12000.0 #Ohms\n",
+ "Zod=600.0 #Ohms\n",
+ "dAbyA=0.1 #dA/A = 10 %\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "B=((Zo/Zod)-1)/A #Zod=Zo/(1+A*B)\n",
+ "dAfbyAf=1/(1+A*B)*dAbyA #dAf/Af=1/(1+A*B)*dA/A\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print \" The Feedback Factor of the Feedback Amplifier is, B = \",B*100,\"percent\"\n",
+ "print \" The change in overall Gain of the Feedback Amplifier is, dAf/Af = \",dAfbyAf*100,\"percent\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ " The Feedback Factor of the Feedback Amplifier is, B = 1.9 percent\n",
+ " The change in overall Gain of the Feedback Amplifier is, dAf/Af = 0.5 percent\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 6
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch13.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch13.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8de17b0e --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch13.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "Ch 13"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter 13:Oscillators"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 13.1 Page no.421"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 13.1\n",
+ "#Program to Calculate Frequency of Oscillation of \n",
+ "#Tuned Collector Oscillator\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "L=58.6*10**(-6) # H, inductance\n",
+ "C=300*10**(-12) # F, capacitance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "fo=1/(2*math.pi*math.sqrt(L*C))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \" The Frequency of Oscillation of Tuned Collector Oscillator is fo = \",round(fo/10**3,2),\"KHz\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 13.2 Page no.427"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 13.2\n",
+ "#Calculate Frequency of Oscillation of \n",
+ "#Vacuum Tube Phase Shift Oscillator\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "R=100000.0 # Ohms, resistance\n",
+ "C=0.01*10**(-6) #F, capacitance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "fo=1/(2*math.pi*R*C*math.sqrt(6))\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"The Frequency of Oscillation of Vacuum Tube Phase Shift Oscillator is fo = \",round(fo,2),\"Hz\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 13.3 Page no.427"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 13.3\n",
+ "# Calculate Frequency of Oscillation of \n",
+ "#Wein Bridge Oscillator\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "R1=220000.0 # Ohms, Resistance 1\n",
+ "R2=220000.0 # Ohms Resistance 2\n",
+ "C1=250*10**(-12) #F, capacitance 1 \n",
+ "C2=250*10**(-12) #F, capacitance 2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "fo=1/(2*math.pi*math.sqrt(R1*C1*R2*C2))\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print \"The Frequency of Oscillation of Wein Bridge Oscillator is fo = \",round(fo/10**3,2),\"KHz\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch14.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch14.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bf77a2f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch14.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,298 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "CH 14" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 14 :Electronic Instruments" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 14.1 Page no.443" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#Example 14.1\n", + "# Determine the Series Resistance to Convert given \n", + "#d' Arsonval movement into a Voltmeter with the specified Range\n", + "\n", + "#Given Circuit Data\n", + "Rm=100.0 #Ohms, coil resistance\n", + "Is=100*10**(-6 ) #A current sensivity\n", + "Vr=100.0 #V, voltage\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Rtotal=Vr/Is #series resistance\n", + "Rs=Rtotal-Rm #additional series resistance\n", + "#Result\n", + "print \" The Series Resistance to Convert given dArsonval movement into a Voltmeter is, Rs = \",Rs/10**3,\"Kohm\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " The Series Resistance to Convert given dArsonval movement into a Voltmeter is, Rs = 999.9 Kohm\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 14.2 Page no. 445" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#Example 14.2\n", + "#Determine the Shunt Resistance required. \n", + "\n", + "#Given Circuit Data\n", + "Rm=100.0 #. meter resistance #Ohms\n", + "CS=100*10**(-6) #A. current sensivity\n", + "Imax=10*10**(-3) #A. maximum current\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Ish=Imax-CS\n", + "Rsh=Rm*CS/Ish\n", + "# Result\n", + "print \" The Value of Shunt Resistance is, Rsh = \",round(Rsh,6),\"ohm\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " The Value of Shunt Resistance is, Rsh = 1.010101 ohm\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 14.3 Page no.446" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#Example 14.3\n", + "# Design the Universal Shunt for making Multi-Range\n", + " #Milliammeter with Range 0-1 mA,0-100 mA,0-500 mA,0-1 A\n", + "\n", + "#Given Circuit Data\n", + "CS=100*10**(-6) #A, current source\n", + "R=100.0 #Ohms, resistance\n", + "Rm=900.0 #Ohms, resistance of a meter\n", + "\n", + "#(a)\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Imax1=1*10**(-3) #A, maximum current\n", + "Rsh=CS*R/(Imax1-CS) #ohm, shunt path resistance\n", + "Rm1=Rm #ohm, meter branch resistance\n", + "Ish1=Imax1-CS #A shunt path current\n", + "Rsh1=Rm1*CS/Ish1 #ohm shunt path resistance\n", + "\n", + "#(b)\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Imax2=0.01 #A, maximum current\n", + "Ish2=Imax2-CS #A, shunt path current\n", + "R1=(R*Ish2-Rm*CS)/(Ish2+CS) #ohm, resistance in branch 1\n", + "\n", + "#(c)\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Imax3=100*10**(-3) #A. maximum current\n", + "Ish3=Imax3-CS #A, shunt path current\n", + "R2=((R-R1)*Ish3-Rm*CS)/(Ish3-CS) #ohm, resistance in branch 2\n", + "\n", + "#(d)\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Imax4=500*10**(-3) #A , maximum current\n", + "Ish4=Imax4-CS #A, shunt path current\n", + "R3=((R-R1-R2)*Ish4-Rm*CS)/(Ish4-CS) #ohm, resistance in branch 3\n", + "\n", + "#(e)\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "Imax5=1 #A\n", + "Ish5=Imax5-CS #A, shunt path current\n", + "R4=((R-R1-R2-R3)*Ish5-Rm*CS)/(Ish5-CS) #ohm, resistance in branch 4\n", + "R5=R-R1-R2-R3-R4 #ohm, resistance in branch 2\n", + "\n", + "# Result\n", + "print \" Shunt Resistance =\",round(Rsh,6),\"ohm\"\n", + "print \" For Range switch at 1 mA , Rsh1 \",Rsh1,\"ohm\"\n", + "print \" For Range switch at 10 mA , R1 = \",R1,\"ohm\"\n", + "print \" For Range switch at 100 mA, R2 = \",round(R2,0),\"ohm\"\n", + "print \" For Range switch at 500 mA, R3 = \",round(R3,1),\"ohm\"\n", + "print \" For Range switch at 1 A , R4 = \",round(R4,1),\"ohm\"\n", + "print \" R5 = \",round(R5,1),\"ohm\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " Shunt Resistance = 11.111111 ohm\n", + " For Range switch at 1 mA , Rsh1 100.0 ohm\n", + " For Range switch at 10 mA , R1 = 90.0 ohm\n", + " For Range switch at 100 mA, R2 = 9.0 ohm\n", + " For Range switch at 500 mA, R3 = 0.7 ohm\n", + " For Range switch at 1 A , R4 = 0.1 ohm\n", + " R5 = 0.1 ohm\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 14.4 Page no.469" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#Example 14.4\n", + "#Program to Determine the AC Voltage \n", + "\n", + "#Given Circuit Data\n", + "DS=5 #V/cm, Deflection Sensitivity\n", + "l=10 #cm, Trace Length\n", + "\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "import math\n", + "Vp=DS*l\n", + "Vm=Vp/2\n", + "V=Vm/math.sqrt(2)\n", + "# Result\n", + "print \" The RMS AC Voltage is=\",round(V,3),\"V\"" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + " The RMS AC Voltage is= 17.678 V\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "%pylab inline" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "\n", + "Welcome to pylab, a matplotlib-based Python environment [backend: module://IPython.zmq.pylab.backend_inline].\n", + "For more information, type 'help(pylab)'.\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 3, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 14.5 Page no. 471" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "#Example 14.5\n", + "# Determine the Magnitude and the Frequency of the \n", + "#wave Voltage fed to the Y-input\n", + "import numpy\n", + "#Given Circuit Data\n", + "Am=3.5 #V, Amplitude\n", + "tb=0.1*10**(-3) #seconds\n", + "TP=4 #Time Period\n", + "x=linspace(-10,10,1000)\n", + "plt.grid()\n", + "plot(x,cos(x))\n", + "title('Display of a sine wave voltage on CRO ')\n", + "show()\n", + "#Calculation\n", + "import math\n", + "Vm=2*Am\n", + "V=Vm/math.sqrt(2)\n", + "T=TP*tb\n", + "f=1/T\n", + "\n", + "# Result\n", + "print \"The Magnitude of Wave Voltage, \",round(V,2),\"V\"\n", + "print \" The Frequency of Wave Voltage, f = \",f/10**3,\"KHz\"\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "display_data", + "png": 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X57FjQGSk9A1zp07AF19IG4OzcKinX1hYCADo1asXgoOD0b9/f6Snp9c6jlRo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\nH1z0q6GWnr4lz1TpPRRAmp6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+ }, + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "The Magnitude of Wave Voltage, 4.95 V\n", + " The Frequency of Wave Voltage, f = 2.5 KHz\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch2.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch2.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ea7aa645 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch2.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,157 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "ch2"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter 2:Current and Voltage Source"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.1 Page no.39"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.1\n",
+ "# Obtain Equivalent Current Source Representaion from Given Voltage Source Representation in fig 2.16\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Voltage Source or Thevenin's Representaion (Series Voltage Source & Resistor\n",
+ "Vs=2 #V open circuit voltage\n",
+ "Rs=1 #ohm . internal impedence\n",
+ "#Current Source or Norton's Representaion (Parallel Current Source & Resistor\n",
+ "Is=Vs/Rs #Ampere, short circuit current\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \"The Short Circuit Current Value is \",Is,\"A\"\n",
+ "print \"The Source Impedence Value is \",Rs,\"ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"The Current Source & Source Impedance are connected in Parallel.\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.2 Page no.40"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.2\n",
+ "# Obtain Equivalent Voltage Source Representaion from Given Current Source Representation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Current Source or Norton's Representaion (Parallel Current Source & Resistor)\n",
+ "Is=0.2 #Amperes\n",
+ "Zs=100 #Ohms\n",
+ "#Voltage Source or Thevenin's Representaion (Series Voltage Source & Resistor)\n",
+ "Vs=Is*Zs #Volts\n",
+ "# Results \n",
+ "print \"The Open Circuit Voltage is \",Vs,\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"The Source Impedence Value is \",Zs,\"ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"The Voltage Source & Source Impedance are connected in Series.\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.3 Page no.40"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.3\n",
+ "#Program to Calculate Current in a Branch by Using Current Source Representation \n",
+ "#Verify the Circuit's Result for its equivalence with Voltage Source Representation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Is=1.5*10**(-3) #Amperes ,source current\n",
+ "Zs=2000 #Ohms, resistance connected to the loads\n",
+ "Z1=10000 #Ohms , load resistance 1\n",
+ "Z2=40000 #Ohms load resistance 2\n",
+ "#Calculation for Current Source Representation\n",
+ "Zl=Z1*Z2/(Z1+Z2)\n",
+ "I2=Is*Zs/(Zs+Zl)\n",
+ "I4I=I2*Z1/(Z1+Z2) #Using Current Divider Rule\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation for Current Source Representation\n",
+ "Vs=Is*Zs #Open Circuit Volatge\n",
+ "I=Vs/(Zs+Zl)\n",
+ "I4V=I*Z1/(Z1+Z2) #Using Current Divider Rule\n",
+ "# Results \n",
+ "print \"The Load Current using Current Source Representaion is I4I = \",I4I,\"A\"\n",
+ "print \"The Load Current using Voltage Source Representaion is I4V = \",I4V,\"A\"\n",
+ "print \"I4I==I4V so\"\n",
+ "print \" Both Results are same.\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.4 Page no.45"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.4\n",
+ "# Obtain Output Voltage Vo from Given A.C. Equivalent of an Amplifier using a Transistor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "#Input Side\n",
+ "Vs=0.01 #V ,dc voltage\n",
+ "Rs=1000 # ohm, resistance\n",
+ "#Output Side resistance\n",
+ "Ro1=20000 #ohm, 20 kOhms\n",
+ "Ro2=2000 # Ohms\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "i=Vs/Rs #Input Current\n",
+ "Io=100*i #Output Current\n",
+ "Il=Io*Ro1/(Ro1+Ro2) #Using Current Divider Rule\n",
+ "Vo=Il*Ro2 #Output Volatge\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print \"The Output Voltage Vo = \",round(Vo,3),\"V\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch4.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..efe67026 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,206 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "Ch 4"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter 4:Semiconductor Diode"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.1 Page No.85"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 4.1\n",
+ "# Assuming the diode resistance to be zero \n",
+ "#Determine DC Voltage across the load and PIV of the Diode\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Vrms=220 #Volts, power supply\n",
+ "n2=1 #Assumption\n",
+ "n1=12*n2 #Turns Ratio\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "Vp=math.sqrt(2)*Vrms #Maximum(Peak) Primary Voltage\n",
+ "Vm=n2*Vp/n1 #Maximum Secondary Voltage\n",
+ "Vdc=Vm/math.pi #DC load Voltage \n",
+ "# Results \n",
+ "print \"The DC load Voltage is = \",round(Vdc,2),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"The Peak Inverse Voltage(PIV) is = \",round(Vm,1),\"V\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.2 Page No.90"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 4.2\n",
+ "#Determine DC Voltage across the load and \n",
+ "#PIV of the \n",
+ "#Centre Tap Rectifier and Bridge Rectifier\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Vrms=220 #Volts, power supply rms voltage\n",
+ "n2=1 #Assumption\n",
+ "n1=12*n2 #Turns Ratio\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "Vp=math.sqrt(2)*Vrms #Maximum(Peak Primary Voltage\n",
+ "Vm=n2*Vp/n1 #Maximum Secondary Voltage\n",
+ "Vdc=2*Vm/math.pi #DC load Voltage \n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Results \n",
+ "print \"The DC load Voltage is = \",round(Vdc,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"The Peak Inverse Voltage(PIV of Bridge Rectifier is = \",round(Vm,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"The Peak Inverse Voltage(PIV of Centre-tap Rectifier is = \",round(2*Vm,1),\"v\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.3 Page No.95"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 4.3(a\n",
+ "# determine the Peak Value of Current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "Rl=1000.0 #Ohms, load resistance\n",
+ "rd=10.0 #Ohms forward base dynamic resistance\n",
+ "Vm=220.0 #Volts(Peak Value of Voltage)\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Im=Vm/(rd+Rl) #Peak Value of Current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print \"The Peak Value of Current is = \",round(Im*1000,1),\"mA\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#(b) dc or av value of current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Idc=2*Im/math.pi #DC Value of Current\n",
+ "# Results \n",
+ "print \"The DC or Average Value of Current is \",round(Idc*1000,2),\"mA\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#(c)\n",
+ "Irms=Im/math.sqrt(2) #RMS Value of Current\n",
+ "# Results \n",
+ "print \"The RMS Value of Current is = \",round(Irms*1000,1),\"mA\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#(d)\n",
+ "r=math.sqrt((Irms/Idc)**2-1) #Ripple Factor\n",
+ "# Results i\n",
+ "print \" The Ripple Factor r = \",round(r,3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#(e)\n",
+ "Pdc=Idc**2*Rl\n",
+ "Pac=Irms**2*(rd+Rl)\n",
+ "n=Pdc/Pac #Rectification Efficiency\n",
+ "# Results\n",
+ "print \"The Rectification EFficiency n(eeta) = percent.\",round(n*100,2)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.4 Page No.103"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 4.4\n",
+ "# determine Maximum Current the Given Zener Diode can handle\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Vz=9.1 #Volts\n",
+ "P=0.364 #Watts\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Iz=P/Vz\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \" The Maximum permissible Current is \",Iz*1000,\"mA\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.5 Page No.105"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 4.5\n",
+ "# determine Capacitance of Varactor Diode if the\n",
+ "#Reverse-Bias Voltage is increased from 4V to 8V \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Ci=18*10**(-12) #i.e. 18 pF, capacitance of diode\n",
+ "Vi=4 #volt, initial voltage\n",
+ "Vf=8 #v, final voltage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "Vf=8 \n",
+ "K=Ci*math.sqrt(Vi)\n",
+ "Cf=K/math.sqrt(Vf)\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \" The Final Value of Capacitance is C = \",round(Cf/10**(-12),3),\"pF\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch5.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch5.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..bb34b349 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch5.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,411 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "Ch5"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter 5: Transistors"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 5.1 Page No 134"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 5.1\n",
+ "#Program to Calculate Collector and Base Currents\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "alpha=0.98 #alpha(dc), current gain\n",
+ "Ico=1*10**(-6) #Ampere, collector leakage current\n",
+ "Ie=1*10**(-3) # Ampere, emitter current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Ic=alpha*Ie+Ico #Collector Current\n",
+ "Ib=Ie-Ic #Base Current \n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \" The Collector Current is Ic= \",Ic*1000,\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \" The Base Current is Ib= \",Ib*10**6,\"microA\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ " The Collector Current is Ic= 0.981 mA\n",
+ " The Base Current is Ib= 19.0 microA\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 5.2 Page No 141"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 5.2\n",
+ "#Program to Determine Dynamic Input Resistance of the Transistor at #the point: Ie=0.5 mA and Vcb= -10 V.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#From the Input Characteristics \n",
+ "dIe=(0.7-0.3)*10**(-3) #A, change in emitter current\n",
+ "dVeb=(0.7-0.62) #V, change in emitter base voltage\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "ri=dVeb/dIe #Dynamic Input Resistance at Vcb= -10 V \n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \" The Dynamic Input Resistance is ri= \",ri,\"ohm\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ " The Dynamic Input Resistance is ri= 200.0 ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 5.3 Page No 144"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 5.3\n",
+ "# Determine Short Circuit Current Gain of the Transistor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Data \n",
+ "dIe=1*10**(-3) #A, change in emitter current\n",
+ "dIc=0.99*10**(-3) #A, change in the collector current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "hfb=dIc/dIe #Short Circuit Current Gain\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"The Short Circuit Current Gain is alpha or hfb= \",hfb"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 5.4 Page No 147 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 5.4(a)\n",
+ "# Determine Common Base Short Circuit Current Gain (alpha)\n",
+ "#of the Transistor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Data \n",
+ "dIe=1*10**(-3) #A, change in emitter current\n",
+ "dIc=0.995*10**(-3) #A, change in collector current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "alpha=dIc/dIe #Common Base Short Circuit Current Gain\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \" The Common Base Short Circuit Current Gain is alpha= \",alpha\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#(b)\n",
+ "beeta=alpha/(1-alpha) #Common Emitter Short Circuit Current Gain\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print \" The Common Emitter Short Circuit Current Gain is beeta= \",beeta\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ " The Common Base Short Circuit Current Gain is alpha= 0.995\n",
+ " The Common Emitter Short Circuit Current Gain is beeta= 199.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 6
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 5.5 Page No 147 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 5.5\n",
+ "# Determine DC Current Gain in Common Base Configuration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Data \n",
+ "Beeta=100.0 #dc current gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Alpha=Beeta/(Beeta+1) #DC Current Gain in Common Base Configuration\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print \" The DC Current Gain in Common Base Configuration is Alpha= \",round(Alpha,2)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ " The DC Current Gain in Common Base Configuration is Alpha= 0.99\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 5
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 5.6 Page No 150"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 5.6\n",
+ "#Refer Figure 5.20 in the Textbook\n",
+ "# Determine the Dynamic Output Resistance, \n",
+ "#DC Current Gain & AC Current Gain from given output characteristics\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Data \n",
+ "Vce=10 #V, collector emitter voltage\n",
+ "Ib=30*10**(-6) #A, base current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation from Given Output Characteristics at Ib = 30uA\n",
+ "dVce=(12.5-7.5) #V, change in collector emitter voltage\n",
+ "dic=(3.7-3.5)*10**(-3) #A, change in collector current\n",
+ "Ic=3.6*10**(-3) #A, collector current at operating point \n",
+ "ro=dVce/dic # Dynamic Output Resistance\n",
+ "Beeta_dc=Ic/Ib # DC Current Gain\n",
+ "Beeta_ac=((4.7-3.6)*10**(-3))/((40-30)*10**(-6)) #AC Current Gain, From Graph, Bac=delta(ic)/delta(ib) for given Vce\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print \"Dynamic Output Resistance ,ro = \",ro/10**(3),\"kohm\"\n",
+ "print \" DC Current Gain ,Bdc = \",Beeta_dc\n",
+ "print \" AC Current Gain ,Bac = \",Beeta_ac"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Dynamic Output Resistance ,ro = 25.0 kohm\n",
+ " DC Current Gain ,Bdc = 120.0\n",
+ " AC Current Gain ,Bac = 110.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 5.7 Page No 159"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 5.7\n",
+ "#Refer Figure 5.27 in the Textbook\n",
+ "# Determine the Q point from given collector characteristics in fig. 5.27\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Data \n",
+ "Vcc=12 #V, collector bias juncyion voltage\n",
+ "Rc=1000.0 #Ohms, collector resistance\n",
+ "Vbb=10.7 #V. base bias junction voltage\n",
+ "Rb=200000.0 #Ohms, base resistance\n",
+ "Vbe=0.7 #V, base emitter voltage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Ib=(Vbb-Vbe)/Rb # base current\n",
+ "#Value of Ib comes out to be 50uA. A dotted Curve is drawn for \n",
+ "#Ib=40uA and Ib=60uA. At the Point of Intersection:\n",
+ "Vce=6 #V, collector emitter voltage\n",
+ "Ic=6*10**(-3) #A, collector current\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print \" Q point: Ib = \",Ib/10**(-6),\"microA\"\n",
+ "print \" Vce = \",Vce,\"V\"\n",
+ "print \" Ic = \",Ic/10**(-3),\"mA\"\n",
+ "#Plot\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#DC Load LIne AT Ib=50 microA\n",
+ "Vce1=[0,12]\n",
+ "Ic1=[12,0]\n",
+ "a1=plot(Vce1,Ic1)\n",
+ "xlim(0,14)\n",
+ "ylim(0,17)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# AT Ib=20 microA\n",
+ "Vce2=[0,1,12]\n",
+ "Ic2=[0,1.5,3]\n",
+ "a2=plot(Vce2,Ic2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# AT Ib=40 microA\n",
+ "Vce3=[0,1,12]\n",
+ "Ic3=[0,4,5]\n",
+ "a3=plot(Vce3,Ic3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At IB=50\n",
+ "Vcex=[3.2,9]\n",
+ "Icx=[5.5,6]\n",
+ "ax=plot(Vcex,Icx,linestyle='--')\n",
+ "qx=plot(6.1,5.9,marker='o',label='$Q point$')\n",
+ "legend()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# AT Ib=60 microA\n",
+ "Vce4=[0,1,12]\n",
+ "Ic4=[0,6.5,8]\n",
+ "a4=plot(Vce4,Ic4)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# AT Ib=80 microA\n",
+ "Vce5=[0,1,12]\n",
+ "Ic5=[0,9,10]\n",
+ "a5=plot(Vce5,Ic5)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# AT Ib=100 microA\n",
+ "Vce6=[0,1,12]\n",
+ "Ic6=[0,12,12.5]\n",
+ "a6=plot(Vce6,Ic6)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# AT Ib=120 microA\n",
+ "Vce7=[0,1,12]\n",
+ "Ic7=[0,14.2,15]\n",
+ "a7=plot(Vce7,Ic7)\n",
+ "xlabel(\"$Vce(volt)$\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"$Ic(mA)$\")\n",
+ "show(a1)\n",
+ "show(ax)\n",
+ "show(qx)\n",
+ "show(a2)\n",
+ "show(a3)\n",
+ "show(a4)\n",
+ "show(a5)\n",
+ "show(a6)\n",
+ "show(a7)\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ " Q point: Ib = 50.0 microA\n",
+ " Vce = 6 V\n",
+ " Ic = 6.0 mA\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "output_type": "display_data",
+ "png": 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FsmXL2LFjB4888kidBlgbhiwDfWP7kvJT5amqsn7B/mJiYPly+O039a7h7bfV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\nI4lBCCGEGUkMQgghzPx/TjiQ+AqbBlQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n"
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 15
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 5.8 Page No 173"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 5.8\n",
+ "#Program to Calculate Dynamic Drain Resistance of JFET\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Data \n",
+ "u=80.0 # Amplification Factor\n",
+ "gm=200*10**(-6) # S, Transconductance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "rd=u/gm #Dynamic Drain Resistance\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print \" The Dynamic Drain Resistance of JFET is rd= \",rd/10**(3),\"kohm\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ " The Dynamic Drain Resistance of JFET is rd= 400.0 kohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch6.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch6.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..21a5f4fa --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch6.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,198 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "Ch6"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter 6: Vaccum Tubes"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.1 Page no.195"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 6.1\n",
+ "#Program to Plot the Characteristics and \n",
+ "#Determine Dynamic Plate Resistance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "from pylab import *\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "V=[0,0.5,1,1.5,2] #V, voltage\n",
+ "I=[0,1.6,4,6.7,9.4] #mA, current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "dVp=0.5 #V, change in plate voltage\n",
+ "dIp=2.7*10**(-3) #A, change in plate current\n",
+ "rp=dVp/dIp # Dynamic Plate Resistance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"The Dynamic Plate Resistance is rp= \",rp,\"ohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#plot\n",
+ "\n",
+ "a=plot(V,I)\n",
+ "xlabel(\"V\") \n",
+ "ylabel(\"I (mA)\") \n",
+ "\n",
+ "show(a)\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The Dynamic Plate Resistance is rp= 185.185185185 ohm\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "output_type": "display_data",
+ "png": 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+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.2 Page no.202"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 6.2\n",
+ "#Program to Plot the Static Plate Characteristics and Determine\n",
+ "#Plate AC Resistance, Mutual Conductance & Amplification Factor\n",
+ "from math import *\n",
+ "from pylab import *\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "dip=(14.0-10.7)*10**(-3) #A\n",
+ "dvp=20 #V\n",
+ "rp=dvp/dip\n",
+ "diP=(12.4-5.3)*10**(-3) #A\n",
+ "dvG=1 #V\n",
+ "gm=diP/dvG\n",
+ "u=gm*rp\n",
+ "ut=(192-150)/1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print \" The Plate AC Resistance is rp= \",round(rp/10**(3),2),\"kohm\"\n",
+ "print \" The Mutual Conductance is gm= \",gm/10**(-3),\"mS\"\n",
+ "print \" The Graphical Amplification Factor is u= \",round(u,2)\n",
+ "print \" The Theoretical Amplification Factor is ut= \",ut\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#plot\n",
+ "#At Vg=0\n",
+ "V1=[0,50,100,150]\n",
+ "I1=[0,3.5,11.2,20.0]\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#at Vg=-1\n",
+ "V2=[60,100,150,200]\n",
+ "I2=[0,4,12.4,21.5]\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#at Vg=-2\n",
+ "V3=[100,150,200]\n",
+ "I3=[0,5.4,14.1]\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#at Vg=-3\n",
+ "V4=[160,200,250]\n",
+ "I4=[0,3.4,12.4]\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#at Vg=-4\n",
+ "V5=[220,250,300]\n",
+ "I5=[0,2.5,11.3]\n",
+ "\n",
+ "figure(1)\n",
+ "import numpy \n",
+ "import pylab\n",
+ "fig = plt.figure()\n",
+ "ax = fig.add_subplot(111)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "a1=plot(V1,I1)\n",
+ "a2=plot(V2,I2)\n",
+ "a3=plot(V3,I3)\n",
+ "a4=plot(V4,I3)\n",
+ "a5=plot(V5,I4)\n",
+ "xlabel(\"Vp (V)\") \n",
+ "ylabel(\"Ip(mA)\") \n",
+ "ax.annotate('vg=0', xy=(152,21),\n",
+ " arrowprops=dict(facecolor='black', shrink=0.5),\n",
+ " )\n",
+ "ax.annotate('vg=-1', xy=(200,21.5), \n",
+ " arrowprops=dict(facecolor='black', shrink=0.5),\n",
+ " )\n",
+ "ax.annotate('vg=-2', xy=(200,14.1), \n",
+ " arrowprops=dict(facecolor='black', shrink=0.5),\n",
+ " )\n",
+ "ax.annotate('vg=-3', xy=(250,12.4),\n",
+ " arrowprops=dict(facecolor='black', shrink=0.5),\n",
+ " )\n",
+ "ax.annotate('vg=-4',xy=(300,11.3), \n",
+ " arrowprops=dict(facecolor='black', shrink=0.5),\n",
+ " )\n",
+ "show(a1)\n",
+ "show(a2)\n",
+ "show(a3)\n",
+ "show(a4)\n",
+ "show(a5)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ " The Plate AC Resistance is rp= 6.06 kohm\n",
+ " The Mutual Conductance is gm= 7.1 mS\n",
+ " The Graphical Amplification Factor is u= 43.03\n",
+ " The Theoretical Amplification Factor is ut= 42\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "output_type": "display_data",
+ "png": 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3bLmHFpi7zLWjwf1yPbNPeYxGjRopRqMx++9Go1Fp1KjR4/7ZE8lFLGGBjh9X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\no3MXL6q9M+vWgd5///+8+Cc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+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 30
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch7.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch7.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..88e5ebf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch7.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,671 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "CH 7"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter 7 :Transistor Biasing And Stabilization of Operation Point"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.1 Page No.230"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 7.1\n",
+ "# Calculate\n",
+ "#(a)Collector Current\n",
+ "#(b)Collector-to-Emitter Voltage\n",
+ "#for the circuit given in fig. 7.11\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Vcc=9.0 #V, collector bias junction voltage\n",
+ "Rb=300*10**3 #Ohms, , base resistance\n",
+ "Rc=2*10**3 #Ohms, collector resistance\n",
+ "Beeta=50.0 #current gain factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Ib=(Vcc)/Rb\n",
+ "Ic=Beeta*Ib\n",
+ "Icsat=Vcc/Rc\n",
+ "Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rc\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"a) Base current is \",Ib,\"A\"\n",
+ "print \"b) collector current is = \",Ic/10**(-3),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \"collector saturation current is = \",Icsat/10**(-3),\"mA\"\n",
+ "if Ic < Icsat:\n",
+ " \n",
+ " print\"Since Ic < Icsat \\nSo Transistor is not in saturation\" \n",
+ "else:\n",
+ " print \"Transistor is in saturation\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"c) The collector to emitter voltage is = \",Vce,\"V\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "a) Base current is 3e-05 A\n",
+ "b) collector current is = 1.5 mA\n",
+ "collector saturation current is = 4.5 mA\n",
+ "Since Ic < Icsat \n",
+ "So Transistor is not in saturation\n",
+ "c) The collector to emitter voltage is = 6.0 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 21
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.2 Page No.230"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 7.2\n",
+ "# Calculate Operating Point Coordinates of the Circuit 7.12a\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Vcc=10.0 #V, collector bias junction voltage\n",
+ "Rb=100*10**3 #Ohms, base resistance\n",
+ "Rc=1*10**3 #Ohms, collector resistance\n",
+ "Beeta=60 #current gain\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Ib=(Vcc)/Rb #A, base current\n",
+ "Ic=Beeta*Ib #A, collector current\n",
+ "Icsat=Vcc/Rc #A, collector saturated current\n",
+ "Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rc #V, collector emitter voltage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"a) Base current is \",Ib*10**6,\"microA\"\n",
+ "print \"b) collector current is \",Ic*10**3,\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \"collector saturation current is \",Icsat*10**3,\"mA\"\n",
+ "if Ic < Icsat:\n",
+ " \n",
+ " print\"Since Ic < Icsat \\nSo Transistor is not in saturation\" \n",
+ "else:\n",
+ " print \"Transistor is in saturation\"\n",
+ "print \"c) The collector emitter voltage is \",Vce,\"V\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "a) Base current is 100.0 microA\n",
+ "b) collector current is 6.0 mA\n",
+ "collector saturation current is 10.0 mA\n",
+ "Since Ic < Icsat \n",
+ "So Transistor is not in saturation\n",
+ "c) The collector emitter voltage is 4.0 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 23
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.3 Page No.231"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 7.3\n",
+ "# Calculate quiescent Operating Point Coordinates of the Circuit\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Vcc=10.0 #V, collector bias junction voltage\n",
+ "Rb=100*10**3 #Ohms, Base resistance\n",
+ "Rc=1*10**3 #Ohms, collector resistance\n",
+ "Beeta=150 #current gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Ib=(Vcc)/Rb #Base current\n",
+ "Ic=Beeta*Ib #collector resistance\n",
+ "Icsat=Vcc/Rc #A, collector saturation current\n",
+ "Vce=0 #V, collector emitter voltage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"collector current is Ic = \",Ic/10**(-3),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \"collector saturated current is \",Icsat*10**3,\"mA\" \n",
+ "if Ic < Icsat:\n",
+ " \n",
+ " print\" Transistor is not in saturation.\" \n",
+ "else:\n",
+ " print \"Since Ic > Icsat \\n So Transistor is in saturation\"\n",
+ "print \"collector emitter voltage is \",Vce,\"V\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "collector current is Ic = 15.0 mA\n",
+ "collector saturated current is 10.0 mA\n",
+ "Since Ic > Icsat \n",
+ " So Transistor is in saturation\n",
+ "collector emitter voltage is 0 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 25
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.4 Page No.231"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 7.4 (a)\n",
+ "#find the Value of Rb so that a germanium resistor with\n",
+ "#beeta =20 and Icbo= 2 micrometer draw an Ic of 1 mA.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Vcc=6 #V,collector base junction voltage\n",
+ "Vbe=0.3 #V,base emittor voltage\n",
+ "Icbo=.000002 #A,colector leakage current\n",
+ "Ic=.001 #A,collector current\n",
+ "Beeta=20.0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "#Case 1: Considering Icbo and Vbe in the calculations\n",
+ "Ib=(Ic-(Beeta+1)*Icbo)/Beeta\n",
+ "print Ib\n",
+ "Rb1=(Vcc-Vbe)/Ib\n",
+ "print \"value of base resistance is =\",round(Rb1/1000,3),\"K ohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Case 2: Neglecting Icbo and Vbe in the calculations\n",
+ "Ib2=Ic/Beeta\n",
+ "Rb2=Vcc/Ib2\n",
+ "#Percentage Error\n",
+ "E=(Rb2-Rb1)/Rb1*100\n",
+ "#Displaying The Results in Command Window\n",
+ "print\"The Base Resistance (Neglecting Icbo and Vbe) is \",Rb2/1000,\"k ohm\"\n",
+ "print\" Percentage Error is = \",round(E,3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#b Due to rise in temprature\n",
+ "beeta1=25.0\n",
+ "Icbo1=10.0\n",
+ "Ic1=beeta1*Ib+(beeta1+1)*Icbo1*10**-6\n",
+ "print \"Now collector current is \",round(Ic1*10**3,2),\"mA\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "4.79e-05\n",
+ "value of base resistance is = 118.998 K ohm\n",
+ "The Base Resistance (Neglecting Icbo and Vbe) is 120.0 k ohm\n",
+ " Percentage Error is = 0.842\n",
+ "Now collector current is 1.46 mA\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 40
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.5 Page No.235"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 7.5\n",
+ "#how much is the emittor current in the circuit in fig. 7.17.\n",
+ "#Also calculate Vc.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Vcc=10.0 #V,collectoe base junction voltage\n",
+ "Rc=500.0 #Ohms,colector resistance\n",
+ "Rb=500000 #Ohms,base resistance\n",
+ "Beeta=100.0 #current gain\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Ib=Vcc/(Rb+Beeta*Rc) #emittor currenr\n",
+ "Ic=Beeta*Ib\n",
+ "Ie=Ic\n",
+ "Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rc\n",
+ "Vc=Vce\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Results \n",
+ "print \"emittor current is \",round(Ie*1000,1),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print\"The collector voltage is \",round(Vc,1),\"V\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.6 Page No.235"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 7.6\n",
+ "#Calculate\n",
+ "#(a)Minimum Collector Current\n",
+ "#(b)Maximum Collector Current \n",
+ "#in fig7.18 if beeta of the transistor varies within the limits indicated.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Vcc=20.0 #V,collector base voltage\n",
+ "Rc=2000.0 #Ohms.collector resistance\n",
+ "Rb=200000.0 #Ohms,base resistance\n",
+ "Beeta1=50.0 #current gain factor\n",
+ "Beeta2=200.0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation CASE-1: Minimum Collector Current\n",
+ "#from fig 7.14\n",
+ "Ibmin=Vcc/(Rb+Beeta1*Rc)\n",
+ "Icmin=Beeta1*Ibmin\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \"minimum base curent is \",round(Ibmin,6),\"A\"\n",
+ "print \"minimum collector current is \",round(Icmin*1000,3),\"mA\"\n",
+ "#Calculation CASE-2: Maximum Collector Current\n",
+ "Ibmax=Vcc/(Rb+Beeta2*Rc)\n",
+ "Icmax=Beeta2*Ibmax\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results \n",
+ "print\"The maximum base current = \",round(Ibmax/10**(-3),6),\"A\"\n",
+ "print\"The Maximum Collector Current = \",round(Icmax/10**(-3),2),\"mA\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.7 Page No.238"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 7.7\n",
+ "#Calculate\n",
+ "#(a)Ib\n",
+ "#(b)Ic\n",
+ "#(c)Ie in fig 7.22\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Vcc=10.0 #V collector junction voltage\n",
+ "Rc=2000.0 #Ohms collector resistane\n",
+ "Rb=1000000.0 #Ohms,base resistance\n",
+ "Re=1000.0 #Ohms emittor resstance\n",
+ "Beeta=100.0 #current gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Ib=Vcc/(Rb+(Beeta+1)*Re)\n",
+ "Ic=Beeta*Ib\n",
+ "Ie=Ic+Ib\n",
+ "#Results \n",
+ "print \" The Collector Current Ic = \",round(Ic*1000,3),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \" The Base Current Ib .\",round(Ib*1000000,2),\"microA\"\n",
+ "print \" The Emitter Current Ie = \",round(Ie*1000,3),\"mA\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.8 Page No.239"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 7.8\n",
+ "# Calculate(in fig 7.23)\n",
+ "#(a)Minimum Emitter Current & corresponding Vce\n",
+ "#(b)Maximum Emitter Current & corresponding Vce\n",
+ "#the transistor used in the circuit is a germanium transistor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Vcc=6 #V,collector bias junction volage\n",
+ "Vbe=0.3 #V base emittor voltage\n",
+ "Rc=50 #Ohms collector resistance\n",
+ "Rb=10*10**3 #Ohms base resistance\n",
+ "Re=100 #Ohms emittor resistance\n",
+ "Beeta1=50 # gain factor\n",
+ "Beeta2=200\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation CASE-1: Minimum Emitter Current & corresponding Vce\n",
+ "Iemin=(Vcc-Vbe)*(Beeta1+1)/(Rb+(Beeta1+1)*Re)\n",
+ "Vcemin=Vcc-(Rc+Re)*Iemin\n",
+ "#Calculatioen CASE-2: Maximum Emitter Current & corresponding Vce\n",
+ "Iemax=(Vcc-Vbe)*(Beeta2+1)/(Rb+(Beeta2+1)*Re)\n",
+ "Vcemax=Vcc-(Rc+Re)*Iemax\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results \n",
+ "print\"The Minimum Emitter Current Ie(min) is\",round(Iemin*1000,2),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \"The Corresponding Vce = V .\",round(Vcemin,1),\"v\"\n",
+ "print \"The Maximum Emitter Current Ie(max) = .\",round(Iemax*1000,1),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \"The Corresponding Vce = V .\",round(Vcemax,1),\"v\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.9 Page No. 240"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 7.9\n",
+ "#if the collector resistance Rc in fig. 7.23 is changed to 1 kohm\n",
+ "# Calculate new Q points for \n",
+ "#Minimum and Maximum value of Beeta\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Vcc=6.0 #V, collector bias junction voltage\n",
+ "Vbe=0.3 #V, base emitter voltage\n",
+ "Rc=1*10**3 #Ohms, collector resistance\n",
+ "Rb=10*10**3 #Ohms, base resistance\n",
+ "Re=100.0 #Ohms, emitter resistance\n",
+ "Beeta1=50 #current gain factor\n",
+ "Beeta2=200\n",
+ "Ie1=19.25*10**(-3) #A,for beeta=50, from example 7.8 \n",
+ "Ie2=38.2*10**(-3) #A,for beeta=200, from example 7.8\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation (i)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ie1=19.25*10**(-3) #A,for beeta=50, from example 7.8 \n",
+ "Vce=Vcc-(Rc+Re)*Ie1 #V, collector emitter voltage\n",
+ "Icsat1=Vcc/(Rc+Re) #collector saturated current\n",
+ "Vcesat1=0\n",
+ "print \"The collector voltage is Vcc \",Vcc,\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"The collector emitter voltage is Vce\",Vce,\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Because Collector voltage is greater than collector emitter voltage so Transistor is in saturation \"\n",
+ "print \"collector saturated current is \",round(Icsat1*10**3,2),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \"collector emitter satirated voltage is\",Vcesat1,\"V\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# ii\n",
+ "Icsat2=Icsat1\n",
+ "Vcesat2=Vcesat1\n",
+ "print \"(ii) collector saturated current is \",round(Icsat2*10**3,3),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \"collector emitter satirated voltage is\",Vcesat2,\"V\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The collector voltage is Vcc 6.0 V\n",
+ "The collector emitter voltage is Vce -15.175 V\n",
+ "Because Collector voltage is greater than collector emitter voltage so Transistor is in saturation \n",
+ "collector saturated current is 5.45 mA\n",
+ "collector emitter satirated voltage is 0 V\n",
+ "(ii) collector saturated current is 5.455 mA\n",
+ "collector emitter satirated voltage is 0 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 48
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.10 Page No.240"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 7.10\n",
+ "#Calculate Rb in the Biasing Circuit 7.24 so that q poin is fixed at Ic =8 mA and Vce=3 V\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Vcc=9 #V,collector bias junction voltge\n",
+ "Vce=3 #V,collector emittor voltage\n",
+ "Re=500 #Ohms,emittor resistance\n",
+ "Ic=8*10**(-3) #A,collector current\n",
+ "Beeta=80\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Ib=Ic/Beeta\n",
+ "Rb=(Vcc-(Beeta+1)*Ib*Re)/Ib\n",
+ "#Displaying The Results in Command Window\n",
+ "print\"The Base Resistance is :\",round(Rb/1000,5),\"kohm\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.11 Page No.242"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 7.11\n",
+ "#Calculate DC Bias Voltages and Currents \n",
+ "#in fig 7.27.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Vcc=12.0 #V collector bias junction voltage\n",
+ "Vbe=0.3 #V base emitter junction voltage\n",
+ "R1=40000.0 #Ohms resistance\n",
+ "R2=5000.0 #Ohms resistance\n",
+ "Re=1000.0 #Ohms emitter reistance\n",
+ "Rc=5000.0 #Ohms collector resistance\n",
+ "Beeta=60\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Vb=(R2/(R1+R2))*Vcc\n",
+ "Ve=Vb-Vbe\n",
+ "Ie=Ve/Re\n",
+ "Ic=Ie\n",
+ "Vc=Vcc-Ic*Rc\n",
+ "Vce=Vc-Ve\n",
+ "# Results \n",
+ "print\" V2= Vb \",round(Vb,1),\"v\"\n",
+ "print\" Ve = \",round(Ve,1),\"v\"\n",
+ "print\" Ie = \",round(Ie/10**(-3),1),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print\" Ic = \",round(Ic/10**(-3),1),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print\" Vc = \",round(Vc,0),\"v\"\n",
+ "print\" Vce = \",round(Vce,0),\"v\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.12 Page No.243"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 7.12\n",
+ "#In fig. 7.28 Calculate Re and Vce of the given Circuit Specifications\n",
+ "#thr dc resistance of the primary of the output transformer is 20 ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Vcc=15.0 #V collector bias junction voltage\n",
+ "R1=200.0 #Ohms resistor 1\n",
+ "R2=100.0 #Ohms resistor 2\n",
+ "Rc=20.0 #Ohms collector resistace\n",
+ "Ic=.1 #A collector current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Ie=Ic\n",
+ "Vb=(R2/(R1+R2))*Vcc\n",
+ "Ve=Vb # Neglecting Vbe\n",
+ "Re=Ve/Ie\n",
+ "Vce=Vcc-(Rc+Re)*Ic\n",
+ "# Results\n",
+ "print\" The Emitter Resistance is Re = .\",Re,\"ohm\"\n",
+ "print\" The Collector to Emitter Voltage is Vce = \",Vce,\"v\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.13 Page No.246"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 7.13\n",
+ "#make use thevenin's theorem to Calculate accurate values of \n",
+ "# Ic and Vce of the given Circuit 7.27\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Vcc=12.0 #V collector bias junction voltage\n",
+ "Vbe=0.3 #V base emitter voltage\n",
+ "R1=40000.0 #Ohms given resistance\n",
+ "R2=5000.0 #Ohms\n",
+ "Re=1000.9 #Ohms emitter resistance\n",
+ "Rc=5000.0 #Ohms collector resistance\n",
+ "Beeta=60\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Vth=(R2/(R1+R2))*Vcc\n",
+ "Rth=R1*R2/(R1+R2)\n",
+ "Ib=(Vth-Vbe)/(Rth+Beeta*Re)\n",
+ "Ic=Beeta*Ib\n",
+ "Vce=Vcc-Ic*(Rc+Re)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Results \n",
+ "print \"collector current is \",round(Ic*1000,2),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \"collector to emitter voltage = \",round(Vce,2),\"v\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.14 Page No.248"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 7.14\n",
+ "#Calculate \n",
+ "#(a)Ic\n",
+ "#(b)Vce for emittor bias circuit \n",
+ "#in fif 7.33\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Vcc=12 #V collector bias junction voltage\n",
+ "Vee=15.0 #V emittor bias junction voltage\n",
+ "Rc=5000.0 #Ohms collector resistance\n",
+ "Re=10000.0 #Ohms emitter resistance\n",
+ "Rb=10000.0 #Ohms base resistance\n",
+ "Beeta=100\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Ie=Vee/Re\n",
+ "Ic=Ie\n",
+ "Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rc\n",
+ "#Displaying The Results in Command Window\n",
+ "print\" Ic = \",Ic/10**(-3),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print\" Vce = \",Vce,\"v\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch8.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch8.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a1e1a167 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch8.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,575 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": ""
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter 8:Small Signal Amplifiers"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 8.1 Page no.271"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 8.1\n",
+ "#Refer Figure 8.15 and 8.16 in the Textbook\n",
+ "#Program to find the Hybrid Parameters from the given Transistor Characteristics\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Ic=2*10**(-3) #A, collector current\n",
+ "Vce=8.5 #V, collectoe emitter voltage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "#hfe=delta(ic)/delta(ib), #forward current ratio in CE mode\n",
+ "#Vce=constant #collector emitter voltage\n",
+ "hfe=(2.7-1.7)*10**(-3)/((20-10)*10**(-6))\n",
+ "#hoe=delta(ic)/delta(Vce), #output admittance in CE mode\n",
+ "#ib=constant\n",
+ "hoe=(2.2-2.1)*10**(-3)/(10-7)\n",
+ "#hie=delta(Vbe)/delta(ib), #dynamic input resistance\n",
+ "#Vce=constant\n",
+ "hie=(0.73-0.715)/((20-10)*10**(-6))\n",
+ "#hre=delta(Vbe)/delta(Vce),ib=constant #reverse voltage ratio in CE mode\n",
+ "hre=(0.73-0.72)/(20-0)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"hfe = \",hfe\n",
+ "print \"hoe = \",round(hoe/10**(-6),2),\"microS\"\n",
+ "print \"hie = \",hie/10**3,\"kohm\"\n",
+ "print \"hre = \",hre\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#a) Plot\n",
+ "#Load Line \n",
+ "Vce0=[0,15]\n",
+ "Ic0=[5,0]\n",
+ "a0=plot(Vce0,Ic0)\n",
+ "q1=plot(8.5,2.1,label='Q point',marker='o')\n",
+ "legend()\n",
+ "# AT Ib=0 microA\n",
+ "Vce1=[0,1,15]\n",
+ "Ic1=[0,0.2,0.7]\n",
+ "a1=plot(Vce1,Ic1)\n",
+ "# AT Ib=10 microA\n",
+ "Vce2=[0,1,15]\n",
+ "Ic2=[0,1.2,1.9]\n",
+ "a2=plot(Vce2,Ic2)\n",
+ "# AT Ib=20 microA\n",
+ "Vce3=[0,1,15]\n",
+ "Ic3=[0,2.2,3]\n",
+ "a3=plot(Vce3,Ic3)\n",
+ "# AT Ib=30 microA\n",
+ "Vce4=[0,1,15]\n",
+ "Ic4=[0,3.1,4.1]\n",
+ "a4=plot(Vce4,Ic4)\n",
+ "# AT Ib=40 microA\n",
+ "Vce5=[0,1,15]\n",
+ "Ic5=[0,4.1,5]\n",
+ "a5=plot(Vce5,Ic5)\n",
+ "# AT Ib=50 microA\n",
+ "Vce6=[0,1,15]\n",
+ "Ic6=[0,5.1,6.1]\n",
+ "a6=plot(Vce6,Ic6)\n",
+ "# AT Ib=60 microA\n",
+ "Vce7=[0,1,15]\n",
+ "Ic7=[0,6.1,7.2]\n",
+ "a7=plot(Vce7,Ic7)\n",
+ "#At Vce=8.5 V\n",
+ "Vce8=[0,15]\n",
+ "Ice8=[2.7,2.7]\n",
+ "a8=plot(Vce8,Ice8)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vce9=[0,15]\n",
+ "Ice9=[1.7,1.7]\n",
+ "a9=plot(Vce9,Ice9)\n",
+ "#at Vce=8.5\n",
+ "Vce10=[8.5,8.5]\n",
+ "Ice10=[0,3]\n",
+ "a10=plot(Vce10,Ice10)\n",
+ "xlim(0,18)\n",
+ "ylim(0,8)\n",
+ "xlabel(\"$Vce(volt)$\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"$Ic(mA)$\")\n",
+ "show(q1)\n",
+ "show(a0)\n",
+ "show(a1)\n",
+ "show(a2)\n",
+ "show(a3)\n",
+ "show(a4)\n",
+ "show(a5)\n",
+ "show(a6)\n",
+ "show(a7)\n",
+ "show(a8)\n",
+ "show(a9)\n",
+ "show(a10)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#(b) Plot\n",
+ "#Plot\n",
+ "#Load Line \n",
+ "Vce0=[0,15]\n",
+ "Ic0=[5,0]\n",
+ "a0=plot(Vce0,Ic0)\n",
+ "# AT Ib=0 microA\n",
+ "Vce1=[0,1,15]\n",
+ "Ic1=[0,0.2,0.7]\n",
+ "a1=plot(Vce1,Ic1)\n",
+ "# AT Ib=10 microA\n",
+ "Vce2=[0,1,15]\n",
+ "Ic2=[0,1.2,1.9]\n",
+ "a2=plot(Vce2,Ic2)\n",
+ "# AT Ib=20 microA\n",
+ "Vce3=[0,1,15]\n",
+ "Ic3=[0,2.2,3]\n",
+ "a3=plot(Vce3,Ic3)\n",
+ "# AT Ib=30 microA\n",
+ "Vce4=[0,1,15]\n",
+ "Ic4=[0,3.1,4.1]\n",
+ "a4=plot(Vce4,Ic4)\n",
+ "# AT Ib=40 microA\n",
+ "Vce5=[0,1,15]\n",
+ "Ic5=[0,4.1,5]\n",
+ "a5=plot(Vce5,Ic5)\n",
+ "# AT Ib=50 microA\n",
+ "Vce6=[0,1,15]\n",
+ "Ic6=[0,5.1,6.1]\n",
+ "a6=plot(Vce6,Ic6)\n",
+ "# AT Ib=60 microA\n",
+ "Vce7=[0,1,15]\n",
+ "Ic7=[0,6.1,7.2]\n",
+ "a7=plot(Vce7,Ic7)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At Vce=8.5 V\n",
+ "Vce8=[0,8.5,10]\n",
+ "Ice8=[2.2,2.2,2.15]\n",
+ "a8=plot(Vce8,Ice8)\n",
+ "# and\n",
+ "Vce9=[0,8.5,10]\n",
+ "Ice9=[2.1,2.1,2.15]\n",
+ "a9=plot(Vce9,Ice9)\n",
+ "#at Vce=8.5\n",
+ "Vce10=[8.5,8.5]\n",
+ "Ice10=[0,2.2]\n",
+ "a10=plot(Vce10,Ice10)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#at Vce=7 V\n",
+ "Vce11=[7,7]\n",
+ "Ice11=[0,2.5]\n",
+ "a11=plot(Vce11,Ice11)\n",
+ "#at Vce=10 V\n",
+ "Vce12=[10,10]\n",
+ "Ice12=[0,2.2]\n",
+ "a12=plot(Vce12,Ice12)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "q2=plot(8.5,2.15,marker='o',label='Q point')\n",
+ "legend()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "xlim(0,18)\n",
+ "ylim(0,8)\n",
+ "xlabel(\"$Vce(volt)$\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"$Ic(mA)$\")\n",
+ "show(a0)\n",
+ "show(q2)\n",
+ "show(a1)\n",
+ "show(a2)\n",
+ "show(a3)\n",
+ "show(a4)\n",
+ "show(a5)\n",
+ "show(a6)\n",
+ "show(a7)\n",
+ "show(a8)\n",
+ "show(a9)\n",
+ "show(a10)\n",
+ "show(a11)\n",
+ "show(a12)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#C) plot\n",
+ "#at Vce=0 V\n",
+ "Vbe1=[0.715,0.730,0.735]\n",
+ "Ib1=[10,20,30]\n",
+ "ab1=plot(Vbe1,Ib1)\n",
+ "q3=plot(0.722,15,marker='o',label='Q Point')\n",
+ "legend()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#at Vce=8.5 V\n",
+ "Vbe2=[0.710,0.715,0.730,0.735]\n",
+ "Ib2=[5,10,20,26]\n",
+ "ab2=plot(Vbe2,Ib2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#at Vce=20 V\n",
+ "Vbe3=[0.6,0.715,0.730,0.740]\n",
+ "Ib3=[0,10,15,22]\n",
+ "ab3=plot(Vbe3,Ib3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#at Ib=10 microA\n",
+ "Vbe4=[0,0.7,0.75]\n",
+ "Ib4=[10,10,10]\n",
+ "ab4=plot(Vbe4,Ib4)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#at Ib=15 microA\n",
+ "Vbe5=[0,0.7,0.75]\n",
+ "Ib5=[15,15,15]\n",
+ "ab5=plot(Vbe5,Ib5)\n",
+ "#at Ib=20microA\n",
+ "Vbe6=[0,0.7,0.75]\n",
+ "Ib6=[20,20,20]\n",
+ "ab6=plot(Vbe6,Ib6)\n",
+ " \n",
+ "xlim(0,0.8)\n",
+ "ylim(0,35)\n",
+ "xlabel(\"$Vbe(volt)$\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"$Ib(microA)$\")\n",
+ "show(ab1)\n",
+ "show(q3)\n",
+ "show(ab2)\n",
+ "show(ab3)\n",
+ "show(ab4)\n",
+ "show(ab5)\n",
+ "show(ab6)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#d) plot\n",
+ "#at Vce=0 V\n",
+ "Vbe1=[0.6,0.7,0.72,0.73]\n",
+ "Ib1=[0,6,15,30]\n",
+ "ab_1=plot(Vbe1,Ib1)\n",
+ "q4=plot(0.72,15,marker='o',label='$Q Point$')\n",
+ "legend()\n",
+ "#Vce=20 V\n",
+ "Vbe2=[0.6,0.7,0.72,0.73,0.74]\n",
+ "Ib2=[0,6,10,15,28]\n",
+ "ab_2=plot(Vbe2,Ib2)\n",
+ "#At Ib=15 microA\n",
+ "Vbe3=[0,0.72,0.73]\n",
+ "Ib3=[15,15,15]\n",
+ "ab_3=plot(Vbe3,Ib3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At Vbe=0.72\n",
+ "Vbe4=[0.72,0.72]\n",
+ "Ib4=[0,15]\n",
+ "ab_4=plot(Vbe4,Ib4)\n",
+ "#At Vbe=0.73\n",
+ "Vbe5=[0.73,0.73]\n",
+ "Ib5=[0,15]\n",
+ "ab_5=plot(Vbe5,Ib5)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "xlim(0,0.8)\n",
+ "ylim(0,35)\n",
+ "xlabel(\"$Vbe(volt)$\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"$Ib(microA)$\")\n",
+ "show(ab_1)\n",
+ "show(q4)\n",
+ "show(ab_2)\n",
+ "show(ab_3)\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "hfe = 100.0\n",
+ "hoe = 33.33 microS\n",
+ "hie = 1.5 kohm\n",
+ "hre = 0.0005\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "output_type": "display_data",
+ "png": 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5uRm+vq5ZiuBilIwzjxoihFjO7vcDcBYqjQqKdgW8VOHw8gJCQoArV24gMTHR\naRt/Zx0l447zCAghfXPZBFAuL0esMBbFRV6GIaBcln/cYZQMJQJCPIvLJgBz9X97zAD2xLVkKBEQ\n4hlcPgHcugGjM4A5c+ZYfAxnLck4C0oEhLg3l08ARUVAVpZ+W2FhIdauXWvYhzENmpt/dNmSjLOg\nRECIe+IkAahUKuTm5qK9vR0dHR24//77sWnTJquOIVPIMCR0CC7eAh58ENBoNLhx4waGDh1q2Ke8\n/APIZO9DKBzr0iUZZ0GJgBD3wkkC8PPzw/HjxxEQEACNRoOJEyfi5MmTmDhxosXHkMllmDxosuEa\nQFFREaKjoxEYGGjYp7n5JJKS3kRU1GJ7fAyPRYmAEPfAWdE6ICAAANDR0QGtVovQ0FCrXi+TyxAT\nKEFZGZCYaP4CsFx+FiLROJvFTIx1JoLCQuDxx/WJIDcXOHYMcL7ZJcTTMMagadJAeV2J5pPNqP3f\nWlR8VMF1WE6Fs2sAOp0Oo0ePxs2bN/HUU0+ZDN9cv3694bFUKjVahwjQJwB+qwQREYCfn+kQ0Pb2\ncuh0Kvj52XapamLKnc4I8nn5kDIp12GQHmjbtFDXqqGuUaOjpqP377Ud8PLzgk+kDwSRAsN3tpKB\nx3ehX8pe5OfnIz8/v9+v5ywBeHl54aeffkJzczNmzJiB/Px8o0a+awLorkPbgXplPeSVUUZLQHR9\nvVx+FkJhjtl1jIh9uFMiII7BNAzqegsa89vfdR06+ET5QBAhMG7YowQIHB5o1ND7RPjAy8+9RuZ1\n171zvGHDBqtez/koILFYjNmzZ+PChQsmvfyeVCoqER0UjdJivmEI6NWrV/HUU08Z9qHyD3coEXgu\nxhi0zdpee+Vdn2uaNPAO8TbppftE+sBvrJ/Jdr6QT506G+IkAdTV1cHb2xvBwcFoa2vDt99+i9de\ne83i13efBKbT6UyuASgUZ5GQ8LI9wicWokTgHmxRdvGJ9IH/UH+IJ4qNtgvCBG5TjnFFnCSAyspK\nLF++HDqdDjqdDkuXLsXUqVMtfn3XO4HNmAGUlZVBLBYjODgYgH6Cl0LxbwiFOfb6CMQKlAicS7/K\nLmYadE8tu7gTThLA8OHDUVBQ0O/XdyaAM7fPALr3/ltbr8DXNw4CAXf3KiCmKBHYR69ll1rTBp3K\nLqQT59cA+kOmkCFeFG+4F/DevcYjgPQXgKn+76woEfTNJmWXCB/4D/GH+G4quxDzXDMByGUYHTEB\nTU1ATIwKoKwfAAAbpUlEQVT+DGD06NGGnysUdAHYFXhSIqCyC3FGzntDGK6DIB4pH8chxWSuwyD2\n5HxNns24zw1hevkQ8e/F4/XEU/j/P0pAXh5DaGgorl+/joiICGg0Cvz4YwzuvrsRXl4CBwZMbIWr\nO5Rp27RAwAkozsv7V3bpPjadyi7EyTlvAuiBRqdBdUs1mspiMHgwUF1dDT6fj4iICACAQnEBgYFZ\n1Pi7MFuVhvpTdgGAa09co7IL8QgulwCqW6oRHhCO0mIBkpJMl4Cg+r/7MEkETzAMitDipSc6MHqw\nGuraO71xcw26paNdOnvufBEf33t9j+x/Z3P90QlxCJdLAF3nAEyaZJoA5PKziIxcxGGExBqWjnZJ\nrlHjo9oOaMu9ULvaB/v9BYgf7oPY9NuTjGi0CyFWc9kE8NvtOQDffXdnDgBjDHL5WaSkvMdxlJ7L\nqrJLrRq6dutHu3ReI3jidSDaC1i/yP1GDRHiCC6bAI7cngNQWFiIBx54AADQ3i4DY1r4+iZyHKX7\n6HGSUU9ll0YNvEP7KLtECAzb+CLrJxl50vBRQuzJ9RKAQoYQvgQ+PoBYbDwLuLP+T7MWe9evSUYR\nZtZ24bjsQomAkIFxvQQglyGdPwpJSUB9fT2USiXi4uIAeO4KoI4ouzgzSgSE9I9LJoBUJsHgwfre\nf3p6uqHHL5efxaBBf+E4woEzW3Yxs6aLpWWX7uPT+1N2cQWUCAixjksmAGWrxGQROJ1OjZaWAgiF\nYzmO0Dx3Kbu4AkoEhFjGpRKAjulQoahAXUksxo0xHgLa2voLfH0T4O0tdkgsnl52cQWUCAjpnUsl\ngNrWWoh9xSgr8sOiBcBXXxUa7iMw0Algtiq7CCIEEGYLTRp6dy27uAJKBISY51IJoOsksK7XAADz\nF4AZY2gva7e87OLbw52MqOziFigREGLM5RJAnFCCK+VASIgC9fX1SEzUj/mXy88iLu5Zo/0r/laB\noleL4JfkR2UXYmAuEQiCvkFA/BZsxsuYsWIGnl38LGZPn811qITYlcslADFPgqgooKjoV6SmpoLP\n50OjaUZ7eymCgoYb7V+ztwZpn6UhbFYYRxETZ9aZCETh32D15v9AzeibwP6XcWTQEdz84CYAUBIg\nbs2lurwyhQy+7RKTReAUivMIChoNHu9OPlPXq9HycwtCptBtIUnvPty7BTX33DTadnP0TWz4cKs7\nLx1PCDcJoKysDJMnT0ZGRgYyMzOxZcsWi14nk8sAucSwBERv9f/6vHqETAmhsg7pUztrN7v9l+sq\n5OYCx4659T1EiAfjpHUUCAR47733cOXKFZw5cwYffvghrl692ufrZHIZVDWmcwDMJoD99QibS6Uf\n0jdfnq/Z7ZPG++Hxx/XXCCgREHfESQKIjo7GyJEjAQBBQUFIS0tDRUVFn6+TyWVoKjU+A+hcAbTr\nTeB17To0ftuIsNmUAEjfnl38LJIvJhttSy5IxrOPrsGSJUBhISgRELfE+UXg4uJiXLx4EePGGffg\n169fb3gslUqRm5sLmVyG4JtxiI1th0wmQ3JyMtrbS8Dj8eHrKzHs3/R9EwLSAuAT5eOoj0FcWOeF\n3q17tgIAZpTOwJpn1hi20/BR4qzy8/ORn5/f/wMwDikUCjZmzBj21VdfGW03F1Zdax0LeSuERUQw\nduTILyw9PZ0xxlh19R52+fIDRvtef+Y6K95YbL/Aids6juN97qNWM/bpp4wNGcLYpEmMffcdYzqd\n/WMjpC/WNumcnQGo1Wo89NBDWLJkiWE9/97I5DLEBklwUwHU1Fzq8QIwYwx1++swIm+E3WInno3O\nCJyTUqtFnVqNerUa9RqN/rtabbStSaPBgcxMmpV/GycJgDGGVatWIT09Hc8995xFr5HJ9fcBGDQI\nuHbN+AJwUtL/Z9iv9XIreHweAtID7BE6IQaUCOxDxxiaNZoeG/GetgFAmECAcIEAYd7eCBMIDF9J\n/v7Ivr2NAaD/Gj1OEsCpU6fw2WefYcSIERg1ahQAYNOmTbjvvvt6fI1MLkOA5s4F4AULFkCnU6O1\n9WcIhXdu4l2/vx7h88IpwxOHoUTQM7VOh4bbDbQljXi9Wo0GjQZBfL5JI97ZsA8PDDTZFiYQIIDP\n5/rjuhxOEsDEiROh0+mseo1MIYNXaxySkoBjx/QjgFpbL8HPLwne3kLDfnX76zB402Bbh0xIn9w9\nEVhSYum+TanTIaRLQ969d54aEGCyLdTbGwIvmr/jCJyPArKUTC6Dum4iEhO1uHXrFlJTU1Ffv92o\n/t9e2Y62G20Q3+OYJaEJMcfZE4G9SyxdG3sRnw8vrj8w6ZFLJYCWSgn8EioQHx8PPz8/yOVnIBZP\nMuxTf7AeofeFwktAvQfCPUckAiqxkIHg3R465FR4PB5w/DjXYRAPdHwyMJl+9dwak0q5DsFueDwe\nrGnSnTYBdA2LMQbhJiF0m8vxxz/8DzSaBrzxxjqcOZOAiRObwOPxoVVqcTr6NMaXjIcgRMBh9MSV\n5fPyIWXSAR2jrxJLbbsaP91S43KpGl7BavhHadDC773E0tM2KrGQrqxNAC5RApK3ywHw4M8X4dat\nn3DfffdBoTgHoXAMeDz9aWnjd40QjhFS409syh4llixhIKZkCxCcI8CF7wT4+CVvpAYJ8Maf+Zg8\niftrBMRzuEQCKFeUI9xHgogkHq5evYrnn38ecvkho/V/6vfXI2werf1DembJKJbfA8j5978dNopl\nxkJg3UPOebGYuD+XSAAyuQxCnQRJSTocPHgNw4YNQ1HResTErAIAMB1D/cF6JKxL4DhS4gj2HMUC\nVGPrkCEOLbE4+6gh4r5cJgH4qCQIDW1GeHg4goKCoFCcxdCh/wAAKC4o4B3iDf8Uf44jJdbqLLEY\nGmuOR7Hk41eME4kc8MlNUSIgjuYyCUDbJAGfX4b09HSoVLfg5eUHX984AHdm/xJumSuxmGvYu26j\niUKmKBEQR3GZBNBWPQYdAVeRnp5usv5/3YE6pP4tlcMI3Uv3EktfjThNFLIPSgTE3lwmATSW3I+G\nqB+Qk5N2ewXQ8QAAVYkKHZUdEI3n5rTd2fVWYulpWyNNFHIqlAiIvbhEAihrlqGxRILS9pNIT58H\nhWIbIiIeAgDUH6hH2Kww8Pju/VfAGINSp7O4EbekxBIuEGCoB5ZYXBUlAmJrLpMAovzjcO3aZQwd\nOhiFhZchFI4BoF/8LfbJWI4jtA6VWMhAUCIgtuL0CaC1oxVtmjakhQeiSB4AH58yBAQMAZ8fCI1c\nA/kZOTL/N5Oz+KjEQrhCiYAMlNMngHJFOYJ5EoiEDSYXgBv+rwHiu8XgBw28YaQSC3FVlAhIfzl9\nApDJZfDrkIDPL0FKShoUirMIDp4CoO/Zv2qdDgUtLVRiIR6BEgGxlkskAF6LBCpV5xDQvyIh4WUw\nDUPDoQYkbUzq8bV/vHkThxsakOLvTyUW4jEoERBLuUQC6KiVoL7+PFJTZ6KjowYBAcPQfKIZvgm+\n8Iv3M/u6a0ol9tTU4GpODsIFtEAc8TyUCEhfOClEr1y5ElFRURg+fHif+8rkMsjL41Ba+j3i4log\nFGaDx+Prh3/O7bn8s+7WLaxLSKDGn3i8zkRQWAg8/rg+EeTmAseOAc63GDxxJE4SwIoVK3D48GGL\n9i1ukEFdLwFQDT+/a4ZbQNbtr+tx+Yfvm5rwc0sLnomLs1XIhLg8SgSkO04SwKRJkxASEmLRvkX1\nMoQJwpGRkY6WlnMQicZBeU0JbYsWQaODTPbXMYYXbt7EpsGD4UcjbQgxQYmAdHL6FrKyVQYxzxdp\naWmQy/UJoP5APcLnhutvHdnN7poa8AEsjIhwfLCEuBBKBMRpLwKvX78eGp0G8hMNCG04gZSUCPD5\nQvj4RKNu/0UkvGS69n+bVotXbt3CP9PTzSYHQogpuljsuvLz85Gfn9/v1zt1ArjVeAtb8E947/FD\nQoIaItE4qOvVaPm5BSFTTEtIW8rLkS0UYqJYzEHEhLg2SgSuRyqVQtrlJvcbNmyw6vVOXQKSyWXw\nVkpQV3cOsbE1+vJPXj1CpoTAy8849NqODmwuK8NbgwdzFC0h7oFKQ56DkwTw6KOP4q677sL169cR\nHx+PHTt2mN1PJpdB0xAHlepXBAZeMdT/zc3+3VBSgsciIzEkIMDe4RPiESgRuD9OSkC7d++2aL+y\nZhmUlRKMGFYBpfISAgQj0XjkJwz5YIjRfteUSuy9PemLEGJbVBpyX05dArpRLQNfGY1hw4IQEDAM\nipMdCEgPgE+kj9F+NOmLEPujMwL349QJ4LcaGQLUQUhM9LpT/uk2+5cmfRHiWJQI3IdTJ4CyZhn4\nSgaJRA6hMMdk9i9N+iKEOy6RCDo6gPp6oKgIuHQJOHWK64icitMOAwWA2nYZWG0DoqKK4F2VBR5f\nXwLqRJO+COGeza8R6HRASwsgl9/5UijMP+7rZxoNIBLpv4RC/fcTJwDqMAJw4gSg1qrRyurAqy1D\nRIQCrd+EIHye1jDBiyZ9EeJEGIN3RxuWTJNj0RgFjnwhx45lcnwrVmDJ/XKkx8nBU1jYkCuVQGDg\nnQa7a+Pd9XlYGJCUZP5nnY/9/OgqdS+cNgFUtlSCr4pEbKwCwcE5qD/QgMGb7ozxp0lfhNiAWj3w\nXnbnc4EAEIngLRRilkiEmckiyBQiXPxAiBtBIoy6R4SEDCF4UVHmG+vOx0FB1EN3EKdNADK5DKwp\nDsnJ9Qjwykb19TaIJ+kb+85JXz+OGsVxlIRwoHuJpD+Ndedjtbrn3nPXxxJJ3z3ybqPweADiAcRo\n9KWh6a8D0RU0fNSZOG0CKG6QQdMYj5SUX8AuLUbofaHwEuh7BTTpi7gcxoC2toH3sl2wRELzCJyX\n0yaAX0pl8G4NQ/zwMrTtT0T0/frhnzTpizhUZ4lkIL3szse3SyS9NshCIeCmJRJKBM7HaRPAtUoZ\noPDB4KQQyP/TC+n/HQpAP+lrbXw8TfoiPetaIrG24cZ6ICXlzs/sWCLxVJQInIfTJoCi+lJoG8KQ\nEpINn2whBCECw6SvPenpXIdHbI0xQKWyzdA/S0skoaHAoEHGP5sM4NAhGkXiAJQIuOe0CUAmL0WQ\nLgTehekImxtGk76clVrd//KIU5ZI8oEhQ/rci9gOJQLuOG0CaGblSAhIgnL/WITvCKdJX7bUU4mk\nPw05lUiIjVAicDynTQAdPrUYHF4KQXkaMMgHr5zz8Elf3Usk/e1lKxRAa2v/SyQ00YbYGSUCx3Ha\nBABlKEYMUiEiK861J311L5EMZDSJt3ffPW2RqOcSSedzFx1FQjwLJQL7c94EII/DMK9Q8O8TYXPZ\nNcdO+uoskQykl935WKPpu6dtrkRirpGnEgnxQJQI7MeJE0AwEtrGYHN0Ax7j93PSV3ExcPmy9Q23\nuRKJuQa5s0TSW4+cSiSE2AQlAttz2gTg1eqPoISJ2Ftfa/mkL60WOHsWOHBA/1VTA+TkAGKxcUMe\nGUklEkJcFCUC23HaBBCg9sIXQ6KxNj6y90lfcjlw5Ahw8CCQl6f/TZg7F/j4Y33jTw05IW6JEsHA\ncdI6Hj58GMOGDcOQIUPw9ttvm90nTOuFb0aosUYiMf1hURGwdStw77362vnHHwNjxwLnz+tv+vDm\nm8D48TZv/PPz8216PFugmCxDMVnOGePqLSaubkzjjP9O1nJ4AtBqtXjmmWdw+PBhFBYWYvfu3bh6\n9arJftF8f6zPTNZP+tJqgdOngZdfBjIzgXHjgIIC/f90eTlw+DDwhz8AiYl2jd0Z/8MpJstQTJZz\nxrgsicnRicAZ/52s5fAEcO7cOaSkpGDQoEEQCARYtGgR9u3bZ7JfWHQcFv7wA7B8uf687skn9T36\njz8GKiuBHTuA+fP1NXtCCLnNJW5V6SQcfg2gvLwc8fHxhucSiQRnz5412W9xYQF4Vb8Ac+YAGzbo\nR9sQQoiFerpGcPgwQCvJ6/EYc2xO/PLLL3H48GF89NFHAIDPPvsMZ8+exdatW+8ERVdvCCGkX6xp\n0h1+BhAXF4eysjLD87KyMki6Xeh1cE4ihBCP5PBrANnZ2bhx4waKi4vR0dGBvXv3Yt68eY4OgxBC\nPJ7DzwC8vb3xwQcfYMaMGdBqtVi1ahXS0tIcHQYhhHg8TuYBzJw5E9euXcNvv/2Gl19+2ehnlswR\ncKSysjJMnjwZGRkZyMzMxJYtW7gOyUCr1WLUqFGYO3cu16EYNDU1YcGCBUhLS0N6ejrOnDnDdUjY\ntGkTMjIyMHz4cCxevBjt7e0Oj2HlypWIiorC8OHDDdsaGhowffp0pKam4t5770VTUxPnMb344otI\nS0tDVlYW5s+fj+bmZs5j6vTuu+/Cy8sLDQ0NDo2pt7i2bt2KtLQ0ZGZmYt26dZzHdO7cOeTk5GDU\nqFEYO3Yszp8/3/tBmBPRaDQsOTmZFRUVsY6ODpaVlcUKCws5jamyspJdvHiRMcaYQqFgqampnMfU\n6d1332WLFy9mc+fO5ToUg2XLlrFt27YxxhhTq9WsqamJ03iKiopYUlISU6lUjDHGHnnkEbZz506H\nx/HDDz+wgoIClpmZadj24osvsrfffpsxxthbb73F1q1bx3lMR44cYVqtljHG2Lp165wiJsYYKy0t\nZTNmzGCDBg1i9fX1Do2pp7iOHTvGpk2bxjo6OhhjjNXU1HAeU25uLjt8+DBjjLG8vDwmlUp7PYZT\nrZNg6RwBR4qOjsbIkSMBAEFBQUhLS0NFRQWnMQGATCZDXl4efv/73zvNRfPm5macOHECK1euBKAv\n94k5XsJbJBJBIBBAqVRCo9FAqVQiLi7O4XFMmjQJISEhRtv279+P5cuXAwCWL1+Or7/+mvOYpk+f\nDq/bM+jHjRsHmUzGeUwA8Mc//hH/+Z//6dBYujIX19///ne8/PLLENxeqibCwTerMhdTTEyM4ayt\nqampz991p0oA5uYIlJeXcxiRseLiYly8eBHjxo3jOhQ8//zz2Lx5s+GP1RkUFRUhIiICK1aswOjR\no7F69WoolUpOYwoNDcULL7yAhIQExMbGIjg4GNOmTeM0pk7V1dWIiooCAERFRaG6uprjiIxt374d\ns2bN4joM7Nu3DxKJBCNGjOA6FCM3btzADz/8gPHjx0MqleLChQtch4S33nrL8Pv+4osvYtOmTb3u\n7zytB5x7/H9LSwsWLFiA999/H0FBQZzGcvDgQURGRmLUqFFO0/sHAI1Gg4KCAjz99NMoKChAYGAg\n3nrrLU5junnzJv7617+iuLgYFRUVaGlpwT//+U9OYzKHx+M51e//m2++CR8fHyxevJjTOJRKJTZu\n3IgNGzYYtjnL77xGo0FjYyPOnDmDzZs345FHHuE6JKxatQpbtmxBaWkp3nvvPcPZeE+cKgFYMkeA\nC2q1Gg899BCWLFmCBx54gOtwcPr0aezfvx9JSUl49NFHcezYMSxbtozrsCCRSCCRSDB27FgAwIIF\nC1BQUMBpTBcuXMBdd92FsLAweHt7Y/78+Th9+jSnMXWKiopCVVUVAKCyshKRkZEcR6S3c+dO5OXl\nOUWivHnzJoqLi5GVlYWkpCTIZDKMGTMGNTU1XIcGiUSC+fPnAwDGjh0LLy8v1NfXcxrTuXPn8OCD\nDwLQ//2dO3eu1/2dKgE44xwBxhhWrVqF9PR0PPfcc5zG0mnjxo0oKytDUVER9uzZgylTpuCTTz7h\nOixER0cjPj4e169fBwAcPXoUGRkZnMY0bNgwnDlzBm1tbWCM4ejRo0hPT+c0pk7z5s3Drl27AAC7\ndu1yis7F4cOHsXnzZuzbtw9+fn5ch4Phw4ejuroaRUVFKCoqgkQiQUFBgVMkywceeADHjh0DAFy/\nfh0dHR0ICwvjNKaUlBR8//33AIBjx44hNTW19xfY6wp1f+Xl5bHU1FSWnJzMNm7cyHU47MSJE4zH\n47GsrCw2cuRINnLkSHbo0CGuwzLIz893qlFAP/30E8vOzmYjRoxgDz74IOejgBhj7O2332bp6eks\nMzOTLVu2zDBqw5EWLVrEYmJimEAgYBKJhG3fvp3V19ezqVOnsiFDhrDp06ezxsZGTmPatm0bS0lJ\nYQkJCYbf9aeeeoqTmHx8fAz/Tl0lJSVxMgrIXFwdHR1syZIlLDMzk40ePZodP36ck5i6/k6dP3+e\n5eTksKysLDZ+/HhWUFDQ6zEcvhYQIYQQ5+BUJSBCCCGOQwmAEEI8FCUAQgjxUJQACCHEQ1ECIIQQ\nD0UJgBBCPBQlAEIsZItlpFUqlQ0iIcQ2KAEQj1BYWIicnBwsXboUtbW1AICLFy8iIyMDeXl5fb7+\n4MGDUCgUVr3nn/70J7z66qtG22QyGY4ePWrVcQixF0oAxCOkp6dj9uzZmDp1qmHZXh6Ph88//7zP\nFS8rKyshl8sRHh5u1XsmJydj/PjxAICrV69i48aNSElJQWFhIdra2vr3QQixIUoAxGNIJBKjxQav\nXLli0bpAO3bsMCywZY1z584Zlg4/fvw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+ },
+ {
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AYGAgfvrpJ0gkEhgMBkyZMgW//PILpkyZYvcxVCpzo9N+DaC1tQgiURwEgmDL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\nutQyasOdFi1axOLj45lQKGRyuZx98sk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+ },
+ {
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+ },
+ {
+ "output_type": "display_data",
+ "png": 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VOo7Z4WGuRNQpff9f6+GRNA+Fn6di1MwAqeOYJRYEEXU6qqhlGPrvlSjffgDe\nk4ZLHcdssSCIqNMQjQIZY+fDLfs7dDv0PeQBA6WOZNZYEETUKdTX1OPIyP+CY8E52P9wEPbDHKSO\nZPZYEERk9qpLqnHG61lY19VicN4+9HbuLXWkToFHMRGRWfv1ShkuDg5DfY8+GJm/g+WgRywIIjJb\nRdkFKHw4CGWDFRj70wZ079Nd6kidCguCiMzSlX0/oWZ0IArGTcf4kx+hmyXfzvSNrygRmZ0LKafQ\nY+J4XJkxH8rdb/PSGQbCgiAis5L9kQoOz4ch/61EjF8/S+o4nRoLgojMxtF5WzFg7jRcX/oVxvzj\naanjdHo8zJWIzMJ/XvwMHl+8h1++2AXFDIXUcboEFgQRmTTRKJDxxAcYcuBz1O7+Dx4OGSp1pC7D\npKaY0tPT8fDDD2PYsGFYsmSJ1HF0plKppI6gFebUL+bUL5VKhcb6Rvxn1Jvod/Ar9Mg8hAdNrBzM\n5bXUlckURENDA2bPno309HScO3cOKSkpOH/+vNSxdGIu/9Mwp34xp37t270PR4bGwPbSSbheyICL\nbz+pI7VhLq+lrkymII4fP46hQ4di0KBBsLKywrPPPovt27dLHYuIJFBZXImiFV/CsqYcHpd3weZB\nW6kjdUkmUxA3btzAwIG/X3nRzc0NN27ckDAREUnhTsUdXJKHor5nH4zK3wpre2upI3VZMiGEkDoE\nAGzZsgXp6en47LPPAAAbN27EsWPHsGrVKvVjZDKeDENEpAtd3upN5iimAQMG4Nq1a+rPr127Bjc3\nt1aPMZEuIyLqEkxmisnPzw+5ubnIz8/HnTt38NVXXyEqKkrqWEREXZbJjCAsLS2RmJiIsLAwNDQ0\nIC4uDsOH81aBRERSMZkRBACEh4fjxx9/RGJiIpKTk//wfIg5c+Zg2LBh8PHxwalTp4yctMn9ztu4\ncOECxo4di549e2LZsmUSJGxyv5xffPEFfHx8MHLkSDz22GM4c+aMBCnvn3P79u3w8fGBQqHAqFGj\nsH//fpPL2CwzMxOWlpbYunWrEdP97n45VSoVbGxsoFAooFAo8Pe//12ClNq9niqVCgqFAt7e3lAq\nlcYN+Jv75Vy6dKn6tRwxYgQsLS1RVlZmcjlv3bqFJ554Ar6+vvD29sa6dev+eIfCxNTX1wu5XC4u\nX74s7ty5I3x8fMS5c+daPSYtLU2Eh4cLIYQ4evSoCAgIMMmcxcXFIjMzU7zzzjti6dKlRs+obc7D\nhw+LsrJuJReMAAAIRklEQVQyIYQQO3fuNNnXs6KiQv3xmTNnhFwuN7mMzY8LDg4WkZGRYvPmzUbN\nqG3OAwcOiCeffNLo2VrSJmdpaanw9PQU165dE0IIcfPmTZPM2dJ3330nQkJCjJiwiTY533vvPTF/\n/nwhRNNraW9vL+rq6u65T5MaQQDanQ+xY8cOxMbGAgACAgJQVlaGoqIik8vp5OQEPz8/WFlZGTVb\nS9rkHDt2LGxsbAA0vZ7Xr183yZy9e/9+p7CKigo4OjqaXEYAWLVqFaZOnQonJyej5mumbU4h8UEf\n2uTctGkTpkyZoj5gxdj/zbXN2dKmTZswY8YMIyZsok3Ofv364fbt2wCA27dvw8HBAZaW915pMLmC\n0OZ8CE2PMfabmrmct9HenElJSYiIiDBGtFa0zfntt99i+PDhCA8Px8qVK40ZUev/N7dv347XXnsN\ngDSHZmuTUyaT4fDhw/Dx8UFERATOnTtn7Jha5czNzUVJSQmCg4Ph5+eHDRs2GDtmu36GqqqqsGvX\nLkyZMsVY8dS0yTlr1izk5OSgf//+8PHxwYoVK/5wnyazSN1M2x+ou3/7MfYPormck9GenAcOHMCa\nNWtw6NAhAybSTNuc0dHRiI6OxsGDBxETE4Mff/zRwMl+p03GN954AwkJCZDJZBBCSPJbujY5H3nk\nEVy7dg29evXCzp07ER0djYsXLxoh3e+0yVlXV4eTJ09i3759qKqqwtixYzFmzBgMGzbMCAmbtOdn\n6LvvvkNgYCBsbY1/5rc2ORcvXgxfX1+oVCrk5eUhNDQUp0+fRt++fTU+3uRGENqcD3H3Y65fv44B\nAwYYLaOmDJpymgJtc545cwazZs3Cjh07YGdnZ8yIANr/eo4bNw719fX45ZdfjBEPgHYZT5w4gWef\nfRaDBw/Gli1b8Oc//xk7duwwWkZtc/bt2xe9evUC0HRwSF1dHUpKSkwu58CBAzFx4kRYW1vDwcEB\n48ePx+nTp00uZ7Mvv/xSkuklQLuchw8fxjPPPAMAkMvlGDx48B//kmWwFRMd1dXViSFDhojLly+L\n2tra+y5SHzlyRJJFVW1yNnvvvfckW6TWJueVK1eEXC4XR44ckSSjENrl/Omnn0RjY6MQQogTJ06I\nIUOGmFzGll566SWxZcsWIyZsok3OwsJC9Wt57Ngx8eCDD5pkzvPnz4uQkBBRX18vKisrhbe3t8jJ\nyTG5nEIIUVZWJuzt7UVVVZVR8zXTJuebb74p4uPjhRBN/w8MGDBA/PLLL/fcp8kVhBBC/Pvf/xYe\nHh5CLpeLxYsXCyGE+OSTT8Qnn3yifsxf/vIXIZfLxciRI8WJEydMMmdBQYFwc3MTDzzwgLC1tRUD\nBw4U5eXlJpczLi5O2NvbC19fX+Hr6ytGjx5t9Iza5FyyZInw8vISvr6+IjAwUBw/ftzkMrYkVUEI\ncf+ciYmJwsvLS/j4+IixY8dK9suBNq/nhx9+KDw9PYW3t7dYsWKFyeZct26dmDFjhiT5mt0v582b\nN8WkSZPEyJEjhbe3t/jiiy/+cH8mcy0mIiIyLSa3BkFERKaBBUFERBqxIIiISCMWBBERacSCICIi\njVgQRESkEQuCqINqa2s7vI+amho9JCHSLxYEdWnnzp2Dv78/YmJicPPmTQDAkSNH0K1bN2zcuPG+\n35+amory8vJ2Peff/vY3LFy4sNW269evY+/eve3aD5GhsSCoS/P09ERkZCRCQkLUl+fu2bMnJkyY\nAD8/vz/83oKCAty+fbvdl6CWy+UYM2YMAOD8+fNYvHgxhg4dinPnzqG6ulq3fwiRAbAgqMtzc3Nr\ndZGznJwcWFhY4KGHHvrD71u7di0mT57c7uc7fvw4AgICADRdQVehUAAAIiMjkZKS0u79ERkKC4K6\nvJb3E9m3bx+USiWuXr2KtLQ0zJ8/H42NjQCAnTt3Yvny5fj4449RWFiI4uJiWFtbAwDy8vLw0Ucf\nYfPmzcjPz1ff0Co1NRXJyclYunQpzp8/DwAoLi6Go6Mjdu7ciaSkJFy/fh2FhYWQy+U4e/asBK8A\nkWYsCOrymkcQDQ0NKC4uRnFxMaKjozFp0iQ0NDTg7NmzuHLlChYvXow333wTw4cPR0VFRauF5eLi\nYjg7O6OmpgaDBg2CXC7HxYsXsXHjRsTGxiIiIgL/+te/cPv2bfXl1MPDw9G/f3/MmjULrq6uAID6\n+npJXgMiTVgQ1OU1jyC2b9+OqKgonDx5EkFBQQCaFrHt7Ozw7bffYtiwYUhNTYVMJsPQoUNRV1en\n3sfYsWPx7bffIjw8HADg5eWF5ORkPP/88wCAK1euwNbWFpmZmfD39wcAFBYWqouhWVVVlTH+yURa\nYUFQl2djY4OSkhJ069YNvXv3RllZGYYMGYLS0lJYWlrC3d0d1tbWiIqKwqRJkzBu3DgUFRXBwsKi\n1X6Kiorg4OCArKwsjBkzBrW1tXB3dwcAbN68GTExMcjKyoKfnx8OHDigLovMzEx1MXTrxh9JMh0m\nd8tRIik89thjiIqKAgBMnjwZqampKCsrw+rVqwEA06dPx4oVK2BlZYWysjJMnTpVfUe2ZuPHj8fm\nzZthY2MDPz8/9R36srOzMXXqVHh4eEAul+P7779HXFwc8vPzceLECcjlcvTq1QtCiHve+pFICrwf\nBJGOli5diri4OL3dovX06dO4cOECpk+frpf9EXUUx7NEOpo1axa++eYbve1v37596vsFE5kCFgSR\njmxsbDB8+HBcvXq1w/vKyclBSEgI1yDIpHCKiYiINOKvK0REpBELgoiINGJBEBGRRiwIIiLSiAVB\nREQasSCIiEgjFgQREWnEgiAiIo3+P8ixPOMqV0GTAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n"
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 50
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 8.2 Page no.276"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 8.2 (a)\n",
+ "# find the Input Impedance of the Amplifier\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "ri=2000.0 #Ohms, input resistance\n",
+ "Rb=150000.0 #Ohms, base resistance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Zin=Rb*ri/(Rb+ri)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \" The Input Impedance of the Amplifier is Zin = \",round(Zin/10**3,3),\"kohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#(b)find the voltage gain (Av)\n",
+ "Beeta=100\n",
+ "ri=2000.0 #Ohms\n",
+ "Rac=5000.0 #Ohms Resistance on outputside\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Av=Beeta*Rac/ri\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \" The Voltage Gain of the Amplifier with phase of pi/2 is \",Av\n",
+ "#(c) find the current gain (Ai)\n",
+ "#Let input Current ib=2A\n",
+ "ib=2 #A, Assumption\n",
+ "io=100*ib \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Ai=io/ib # Current Gain\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \"The Current Gain of the Amplifier is Ai = \",Ai"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ " The Input Impedance of the Amplifier is Zin = 1.974 kohm\n",
+ " The Voltage Gain of the Amplifier with phase of pi/2 is 250.0\n",
+ "The Current Gain of the Amplifier is Ai = 100\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 8.3 Page no.277"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 8.3 (a)\n",
+ "#Program to find the Voltage Gain of the Amplifier\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Bac=150.0 #ac current gain\n",
+ "rin=2000.0 #Ohms, input resistance\n",
+ "R1=4700.00 #Ohms, resistance\n",
+ "R2=12000.0 #Ohms resistance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Rac=R1*R2/(R1+R2) # ohm , resistance\n",
+ "Av=Bac*Rac/rin\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \"a\"\n",
+ "print \"the Voltage Gain of the Amplifier with phase of pi/2 is\",round(Av,1)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#(b)find input impedance\n",
+ "R3=75000.0 #Ohms\n",
+ "R4=7500.00 #Ohms\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Zin=R3*R4*rin/(R3*R4+R4*rin+rin*R3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \"b\"\n",
+ "print \"The Input Impedance of the Amplifier is Zin = \",round(Zin/10**3,1),\"kohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#(c)Q point\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vcc=15 #V\n",
+ "R1=75000.0 #Ohms\n",
+ "R2=7500.00 #Ohms\n",
+ "Rc=4700.0 #Ohms\n",
+ "Re=1200.0 #Ohms\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Vb=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2) #V, base voltage\n",
+ "Ve=Vb\n",
+ "Ie=Ve/Re #A, emitter current\n",
+ "Vce=Vcc-(Rc+Re)*Ie #V, collector emitter voltage\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \"c\"\n",
+ "print \"voltage at the base is \",round(Vb,2),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Emitter current is \",round(Ie/10**(-3),2),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \"The collector to emitter voltage is\",round(Vce,2),\"v\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "a\n",
+ "the Voltage Gain of the Amplifier with phase of pi/2 is 253.3\n",
+ "b\n",
+ "The Input Impedance of the Amplifier is Zin = 1.5 kohm\n",
+ "c\n",
+ "voltage at the base is 1.36 V\n",
+ "Emitter current is 1.14 mA\n",
+ "The collector to emitter voltage is 8.3 v\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 8.4 Page no.283"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 8.4\n",
+ "# find the Voltage Gain of the Amplifier\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "u=20 #amplification factor\n",
+ "Rl=10*10**3 #Ohms, load resistance\n",
+ "rp=10*10**3 #Ohms, resistance\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "A=u*Rl/(rp+Rl) #V, voltage gain\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \" The Voltage Gain of the Amplifier with phase of pi/2 is\",A"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 8.5 Page no.286"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 8.5\n",
+ "# find the Gain of the Amplifier\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "gm=3000*10**(-6) #S, transconductance\n",
+ "Rl=22*10**3 #Ohms, resistance\n",
+ "rp=300*10**3 #Ohms, resistance \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "#A=-(gm*Rl/(1+(Rl/rp))), For rp>>Rl we get\n",
+ "A=gm*Rl #with Phase of 180 degrees\n",
+ "# Results \n",
+ "print \"The Gain of the Amplifier with phase of pi/2 is\",A"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The Gain of the Amplifier with phase of pi/2 is 66.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 8
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 8.6 Page no.286"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 8.6\n",
+ "#find the Output Signal Voltage of the Amplifier\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Circuit Data\n",
+ "Rl=12000.0 #Ohms, load resistance\n",
+ "Rg=1000000.0 #Ohms, given resistance\n",
+ "Rs=1*10**3 #Ohms, given resistance\n",
+ "Cs=25*10**(-6) #F. capacitance\n",
+ "u=20 #amplification factor\n",
+ "rd=10**5 #Ohms, dynamic drain resistance\n",
+ "vi=0.1 #V, input voltage\n",
+ "f=1*10**3 #Hz, frequency\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "Xcs=1/(2*math.pi*f*Cs)\n",
+ "#As Xcs comes out to be much smaller than Rs, Rs is completely bypassed\n",
+ "A=u*Rl/(Rl+rd)\n",
+ "vo=A*vi\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print \" The Output Signal Voltage of the Amplifier is vo = \",round(vo,3),\"v\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ " The Output Signal Voltage of the Amplifier is vo = 0.214 v\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch9.ipynb b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch9.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..045c66b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Basic_Electronics_and_Linear_Circuits/ch9.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,272 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "Ch 9"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter 9:Multi stage Amplifiers"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 9.1 Page no.305"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 9.1\n",
+ "# Calculate overall Voltage Gain of a Multistage \n",
+ "#Amplifier in dB\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Data\n",
+ "A1=30 #voltage gain 1\n",
+ "A2=50 #voltage gain 2\n",
+ "A3=80 #voltage gain 3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "A=A1*A2*A3 #overall Voltage Gain\n",
+ "Adb=20*math.log10(A) #Voltage Gain in dB\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print \" The overall Voltage Gain of the Multistage Amplifier Adb = \",round(Adb,2),\"dB\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ " The overall Voltage Gain of the Multistage Amplifier Adb = 101.58 dB\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 9.2 Page no.312"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 9.2\n",
+ "#Program to Calculate Voltage at the Output Terminal of \n",
+ "#Two Stage Direct Coupled Amplifier\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Data\n",
+ "Vcc=30.0 #V, collector bias junction voltage\n",
+ "Vi=1.4 #V, input voltage\n",
+ "Vbe=0.7 #V. base emitter voltage \n",
+ "B=300 #Beeta, gain factor\n",
+ "R1=27000.0 #Ohms, given resistance\n",
+ "R2=680.0 #Ohms given resistance\n",
+ "R3=24000.0 #Ohms\n",
+ "R4=2400.0 #Ohms\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Ve=Vi-Vbe #V, voltage at emitter terminal\n",
+ "Ie1=Vbe/R2 #A, emitter current at 1st stage\n",
+ "Ic1=Ie1 #A, collector current\n",
+ "Vc1=Vcc-round(Ie1,3)*R1 #collector voltage at 1st stage\n",
+ "Vb2=Vc1 #V, base voltage at 2nd stage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ve2=Vb2-Vbe #V emitter voltage at 2nd stage\n",
+ "Ie2=Ve2/R4 #A, emitter current at 2nd stage\n",
+ "Ic2=round(Ie2,3) #A collector current at 2nd stage\n",
+ "Vc2=Vcc-Ic2*R3\n",
+ "Vo=Vc2\n",
+ "#Displaying The Results in Command Window\n",
+ "print \" The Voltage at the Output Terminal of Two Stage Direct Coupled Amplifier, Vo = \",Vo,\"V\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 9.3 Page no.319"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 9.3\n",
+ "#Program to Calculate Gain in dB at Cutoff Frequencies and \n",
+ "#Plot Frequency Response Curve\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Data\n",
+ "A=100 #voltage gain\n",
+ "f1=400 #Hz, frequency 1\n",
+ "f2=25*10**3 #Hz, frequency 2\n",
+ "f3=80 #Hz, frequency 3 \n",
+ "f4=40*10**3 # Hz, frequency 4 \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "Adb=20*math.log10(A)\n",
+ "Adbc=Adb-3 #Lower by 3dB\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print \" The Gain at Cutoff Frequencies is, Adb (at Cutoff Frequencies) = \",Adbc,\"dB\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#plot\n",
+ "from pylab import *\n",
+ "f1=[80,400,25000,40000]\n",
+ "Adb1=[37,40,40,37]\n",
+ "a=plot(f1,Adb1)\n",
+ "xlim(0,40000)\n",
+ "xlabel(\"$f(Hz)$\")\n",
+ "ylabel(\"$AdB$\")\n",
+ "ylim(0,50)\n",
+ "show(a1)\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ " The Gain at Cutoff Frequencies is, Adb (at Cutoff Frequencies) = 37.0 dB\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "output_type": "display_data",
+ "png": 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+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 8
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 9.4 Page no 325."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 9.4\n",
+ "# (a)\n",
+ "#Calculate Input Impedance of the given \n",
+ "#Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Data #all the quantities of R are resistances\n",
+ "R1=5600.0 #Ohms\n",
+ "R2=56000.0 #Ohms\n",
+ "R3=1100.0 #Ohms\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Zi=R1*R2*R3/(R1*R2+R2*R3+R3*R1)\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \" The Input Impedance, Zi = \",round(Zi/10**3,3),\"kohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#(b) Calculate output Impedance \n",
+ "Ro1=3300.0 #Ohms\n",
+ "Ro2=2200 #Ohms\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Zo=Ro1*Ro2/(Ro1+Ro2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \" The Output Impedance, Zo = \",Zo/10**3,\"kohm\"\n",
+ "#(c) voltage gain\n",
+ "hfe=120 #current amplification factor\n",
+ "hie=1100.0 #Ohms, dynamic input resistance\n",
+ "R1=6800.0 #Ohms\n",
+ "R2=56000.0 #Ohms\n",
+ "R3=5600.0 #Ohms\n",
+ "R4=1100.0 #Ohms\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Rac2=Ro1*Ro2/(Ro1+Ro2)\n",
+ "A2=-hfe*Rac2/hie\n",
+ "Rac1=R1*R2*R3*R4/(R1*R2*R3+R2*R3*R4+R1*R3*R4+R1*R2*R4)\n",
+ "Rac1=round(Rac1,0)\n",
+ "A1=-hfe*Rac1/hie\n",
+ "\n",
+ "A1=round(A1,2)\n",
+ "A=A1*A2 #Overall Gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \" The Overall Gain, A = \",round(A,0)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 9.5 Page no. 326"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 9.5\n",
+ "#Program to Calculate Maximum Voltage Gain & Bandwidth\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given Data\n",
+ "Rl=10000.0 #Ohms, resistance\n",
+ "Rg=470000.0 #Ohms dynamic input resistance\n",
+ "Cs=100*10**(-12) #F Capacitance\n",
+ "u=25 #amplification factor\n",
+ "rp=8000.0 #Ohms\n",
+ "Cc=0.01*10**(-6) #F, capacitance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "gm=u/rp #transconductance\n",
+ "Req=rp*Rl*Rg/(rp*Rl+Rl*Rg+Rg*rp) #equivalent resistance\n",
+ "Avm=(u/rp)*Req #voltage gain\n",
+ "Avmd=Avm**2 # Voltage Gain of Two Stages\n",
+ "Rd=(rp*Rl/(rp+Rl))+Rg\n",
+ "f1=1/(2*math.pi*Cc*Rd) #Lower Cutoff Frequency\n",
+ "f1d=f1/math.sqrt(math.sqrt(2)-1) #Lower Cutoff Frequency of Two Stages\n",
+ "Req =(rp*Rl)/(rp+Rl) #approximately\n",
+ "f2=1/(2*math.pi*Cs*Req) #Upper Cutoff Frequency\n",
+ "f2d=f2*math.sqrt(math.sqrt(2)-1) #Upper Cutoff Frequency of Two Stages\n",
+ "BW=f2d-f1d \n",
+ "#Bandwidth\n",
+ "# Result\n",
+ "print \" The Voltage Gain of Two Stages, Avmd = \",round(Avmd,2)\n",
+ "print \" The Bandwidth, BW = \",round(BW/10**3,0),\"KHz\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
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