diff options
Diffstat (limited to '2063')
103 files changed, 2160 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..19c744842 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+V1=0.5;//Initial Volume before the commencement of compression in m^3
+P1=1;//Initial pressure before the commencement of compression in bar
+T1=300;//Initial temperature in K
+P2=12;//Final pressure at the end of compression stroke in bar
+Q=220;//Heat added during the constant volume process in kJ
+r=1.4;//Isentropic constant for air
+R=0.287;//Characteristic Gas constant in kJ/kg K
+Cv=0.718;//Specific heat of mixture in kJ/kg K
+
+//Calculations
+r1=(P2/P1)^(1/r);//Compression ratio
+T2=T1*(r1)^(r-1);//Final temperature after the end of compression stroke in K
+V2=(P1*T2*V1)/(P2*T1);//Final volume after the end of compression stroke in m^3
+m=(P1*10^5*V1)/(R*T1*1000);//Mass of air flowing in kg
+T3=(Q/(m*Cv))+T2;//Temperature after constant volume heat addition in K
+P3=(P2*T3)/T2;//Pressure after constant volume heat addition in K
+V3=V2;//Volume at 3
+P4=P3*(1/r1)^(r);//Pressure after isentropic expansion in bar
+V4=V1;//Volume after isentropic expansion in m^3
+T4=T3*(1/r1)^(r-1);//Temperature at the end of isentropic expansion in K
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)The pressures at 1 is %3.0fbar\n (b)Pressure at 2 is %3.0fbar\n (c)Pressure at 3 is %3.2fbar\n (d)Pressure at 4 is %3.2fbar\n (e)Temperature at 1 is %3.1fK\n (f)Temperature at 2 is %3.1fK\n (g)Temperature at 3 is %3.0fK\n (h)Temperature at 4 is %3.0fK\n (i)Volume at 1 is %3.0fm^3\n (j)Volume at 2 is %3.5fm^3\n (k)Volume at 3 is %3.5fm^3\n (l)Volume at 4 is %3.0fm^3',P1,P2,P3,P4,T1,T2,T3,T4,V1,V2,V3,V4)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6777a1cc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+T3=1500;//Upper temperature limit of a otto cycle in K
+T1=300;//Lower temperature limit in K
+a=0.4;//Rate of flow of air through the cycle in kg/min
+Cv=0.718;//
+
+//Calculations
+T2=(T1*T3)^(1/2);//Temperature at point 2 in K
+T4=T2;//Temperature at point 4 in K
+W=Cv*((T3-T2)-(T4-T1));//Work done per cycle in kJ/kg
+P=W*(a/60);//Maximum power developed by the engine in kW
+
+//Output
+printf('Maximum power developed by the engine is %3.3f kW',P)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9ad53085d --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+r=1.4;//Air standard ratio
+p1=1.25;//Cut off ratio 1
+p2=1.50;//Cut off ratio 2
+p3=2.00;//Cut off ratio 3
+rc=16;//Compression ratio
+
+//Calculations
+n1=(1-((1/rc^(r-1)*(p1^r-1)/(r*(p1-1)))))*100;//Thermal efficiency of the diesel cycle for cut off ratio 1.25
+n2=(1-((1/rc^(r-1)*(p2^r-1)/(r*(p2-1)))))*100;//Thermal efficiency of the diesel cycle for cut off ratio 1.50
+n3=(1-((1/rc^(r-1)*(p3^r-1)/(r*(p3-1)))))*100;//Thermal efficiency of the diesel cycle for cut off ratio 2.00
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Thermal efficiency when cut off ratio is 1.25 is %3.2f percent\n (b)Thermal efficiency when cut off ratio is 1.50 is %3.0f percent\n (c)Thermal efficiency when cut off ratio is 2.00 is %3.1f percent\n',n1,n2,n3)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e7970b5b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc
+clear
+r=15;//Compression ratio of a diesel engine
+Q=5;//Heat supplied upto 5 percent of the stroke
+r1=1.4;//Isentropic ratio
+
+//Calculations
+p=1+(Q/100)*(r-1);//Cut off ratio
+n=(1-((1/r^(r1-1)*(p^r1-1)/(r1*(p-1)))))*100;//Efficiency of diesel cycle in percent
+
+//Output
+printf('Air standard efficiency of the diesel cycle is %3.2f percent',n)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b08c75a9e --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+r=17;//Compression ratio of a diesel engine
+e=13.5;//Expansion ratio
+r1=1.4;//Isentropic ratio
+
+//Calculations
+p=r/e;//Cut off ratio
+n=(1-((1/r^(r1-1)*(p^r1-1)/(r1*(p-1)))))*100;//Air standard efficiency in percent
+
+//Output
+printf('Air standard efficiency is %3.1f percent',n)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.14/1_14.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.14/1_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..18a834121 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.14/1_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+T1=300;//Temperature at the beggining of compression stroke in K
+T2=873;//Temperature at the end of compression stroke in K
+T3=2173;//Temperature at the beggining of expansion stroke in K
+T4=1123;//Temperature at the end of expansion stroke in K
+r1=1.4;//Isentropic ratio
+
+//Calculations
+r=(T2/T1)^(1/(r1-1));//Compression ratio
+rho=T3/T2;//Cut off ratio
+n=(1-((1/r1)*((T4-T1)/(T3-T2))))*100;//Efficiency of diesel cycle in percent
+
+//Output data
+printf('(a)Compression ratio is %3.2f \n (b)Cut off ratio is %3.2f \n (c)Ideal efficiency of the diesel cycle is %3.2f percent',r,rho,n)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.15/1_15.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.15/1_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d883e1753 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.15/1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+r=18;//Compression ratio of diesel cycle
+Q=2000;//Heat added in kJ/kg
+T1=300;//Lowest temperature in the cycle in K
+p1=1;//Lowest pressure in the cycle in bar
+Cp=1;//Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K
+Cv=0.714;//Specific heat of air at constant volume in kJ/kg K
+
+//Calculations
+r1=Cp/Cv;//Isentropic ratio
+v1=((1-Cv)*T1)/(p1*10^5);//Initial volume at point 1 in the graph in m^3/kg
+v2=v1/r;//Volume at point 2 in m^3/kg
+p2=p1*(v1/v2)^(r1);//Pressure at point 2 in bar
+T2=T1*(v1/v2)^(r1-1);//Temperature at point 2 in K
+T3=(Q/Cp)+T2;//Temperature at point 3 in K
+v3=v2*(T3/T2);//Volume at point 3 in K
+v4=v1;//Since Constant volume heat rejection in m^3/kg
+T4=T3/(v4/v3)^(r1-1);//Temperature at point 4 in K for isentropic expansion
+p4=p1*(T4/T1);//Pressure at point 4 in bar
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Pressure at point 1 in the cycle is %3.0f bar\n (b)Pressure at point 2 & 3 is %3.1f bar\n (c)Pressure at point 4 is %3.2f bar\n (d)Temperature at point 1 is %3.0f K\n (e)Temperature at point 2 is %3.0f K\n (f)Temperature at point 3 is %3.0f K\n (g)Temperature at point 4 is %3.0f K',p1,p2,p4,T1,T2,T3,T4)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.16/1_16.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.16/1_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8ae3103c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.16/1_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+r=16;//Compression ratio for the air standard diesel cycle
+Q1=2200;//Heat added in kJ/kg
+T4=1500;//Temperature at the end of isentropic expansion in K
+T1=310;//Lowest temperature in the cycle in K
+m=0.3;//Air flow rate in kg/sec
+Cv=0.714;//Specific heat at constant volume in kJ/kg K
+
+//Calculations
+Q2=Cv*(T4-T1);//Heat rejected in kJ/kg
+n=((Q1-Q2)/Q1)*100;//Efficiency in percent
+P=m*(Q1-Q2);//Power developed in kW
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Thermal efficiency is %3.2f percent\n (b)Power developed is %3.0f kW',n,P)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.17/1_17.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.17/1_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..87ed65c37 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.17/1_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+T1=303;//Temperature at the beginning of compression in K
+T2=823;//Temperature at the end of compression in K
+T3=3123;//Temperature at the end of heat addition in K
+T4=1723;//Temperature at the end of isentropic expansion in K
+r=1.4;//Isentropic ratio
+
+//Calculations
+n=(1-((T4-T1)/(r*(T3-T2))))*100;//Efficiency of the cycle in percent
+
+//Output
+printf('Air standard efficiency of the cycle is %3.1f percent',n)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.18/1_18.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.18/1_18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..036ae2d40 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.18/1_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+r=15;//Compression Ratio of a diesel engine
+P1=1;//Operating Pressure of a diesel engine in bar
+r1=1.4;//Isentropic constant
+V1=15;//Volume at the start of compression stroke in m^3
+V3=1.8;//Volume at the end of constant Pressure heat addition in m^3
+V4=V1;//Volume at the end of Isentropic expansion stroke in m^3
+V2=1;//Volume at the end of isentropic compression stroke in m^3
+Vs=V1-V2;//Swept volume in m^3
+
+//Calculations
+P2=P1*(r)^r1;//Pressure at the end of Isentropic compression of air
+P3=P2;//Pressure at the end of constant pressure heat addition in bar
+P4=P3*(V3/V4)^r1;//Pressure at the end of Isentropic expansion stroke in bar
+Pm=(V2/Vs)*(P2*((V3/V2)-1)+(P3*(V3/V2)-P4*(V4/V2))/(r1-1)-(P2-P1*(V1/V2))/(r1-1));//Mean effective pressure in bar
+
+//Output
+printf('Mean effective pressure of the cycle is %3.2f bar',Pm)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.19/1_19.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.19/1_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7aec0e42f --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.19/1_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1.5;//Pressure at the 7/8th stroke of compression in bar
+P2=16;//Pressure at the 1/8th stroke of compression in bar
+n=1.4;//Polytropic index
+c=8;//Cutoff occurs at 8% of the stroke in percentage
+
+//Calculations
+R1=(P2/P1)^(1/n);//Ratio of volumes
+R2=(R1-1)/((7/8)-(R1/8));//Ratio of stroke volume to the clearance volume
+r=1+R2;//Compression ratio
+rho=1+((c/100)*r);//Cut off ratio
+na=(1-((1/r^(n-1))*(((rho^n)-1)/(n*(rho-1)))))*100;//Air standard efficiency in percentage
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Compression ratio of the engine is %3.3f\n (b)Air standard efficiency is %3.2f percent',r,na)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1ce2da2d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+r1=6;//Initial compression ratio
+r2=7;//Final compression ratio
+r=1.4;//Isentropic coefficient of air
+
+//Calculations
+nr1=(1-(1/r1)^(r-1))*100;//Otto cycle efficiency when compression ratio is 6 in percentage
+nr2=(1-(1/r2)^(r-1))*100;//Otto cycle efficiency when compression ratio is 7 in percentage
+n=nr2-nr1;//Increase in efficiency in percentage
+
+//Output
+printf('The increase in efficiency due to change in compression ratio from 6 to 7 is %3.1fpercent',n)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.20/1_20.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.20/1_20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5cc8897a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.20/1_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+r=16;//Compression ratio of diesel engine
+r1=1.4;//Isentropic ratio
+
+//Calculations
+rho1=1+(r-1)*(6/100);//Cutoff ratio at 6% of stroke
+rho2=1+(r-1)*(9/100);//Cutoff ratio at 9% of stroke
+n1=(1-(1/r^(r1-1))*(1/r1)*(rho1^r1-1)/(rho1-1))*100;//Efficiency of the cycle at 6% of the stroke in percent
+n2=(1-(1/r^(r1-1))*(1/r1)*(rho2^r1-1)/(rho2-1))*100;//Efficiency of the cycle at 9% of the stroke in percent
+L=n1-n2;//The loss in efficiency in percent
+
+//Output
+printf('The loss in efficiency is %3.2f percent',L)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.21/1_21.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.21/1_21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..631cbf688 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.21/1_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1.03;//Pressure at the beginning of compression stroke in bar
+T1=303;//Initial temperature in K
+P2=40;//Maximum pressure in the cycle in bar
+Q=550;//The heat supplied during the cycle in kJ/kg
+r=1.4;//Isentropic compression ratio
+Cp=1.004;//Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K
+
+//Calculations
+r1=(P2/P1)^(1/r);//Compression ratio
+T2=(P2/P1)^((r-1)/r)*T1;//Temperature at the end of compression stroke in K
+T3=(Q/Cp)+T2;//Temperature at the end of heat addition in K
+rho=T3/T2;//Cut off ratio
+n=(1-(1/r1^(r-1))*(1/r)*(rho^r-1)/(rho-1))*100;//Air standard efficiency in percentage
+
+//Output\n
+printf('(a)Compression ratio is %3.2f \n (b)Temperature at the end of compression is %3.1f K\n (c)Temperature at the end of comstant pressure heat addition is %3.0f K \n (d)Air standard efficiency is %3.2f percent',r1,T2,T3,n)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.22/1_22.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.22/1_22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..db9455ed3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.22/1_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+r=12;//Compression ratio of an oil engine, working on the combustion cycle
+r1=1.4;//Isentropic ratio
+P1=1;//Pressure at the
+P3=35;//Pressure at the end of constant volume heat addition in bar
+
+//Calculations
+rho=1+(1/10)*(r-1);//Cut off ratio at 1/10th of the stroke
+P2=P1*(r)^r1;//Pressure at the end of isentropic compression in bar
+a=P3/P2;//Pressure ratio
+n=(1-(1/r^(r1-1))*(a*rho^r1-1)/((a-1)+(r1*a*(rho-1))))*100;//Air standard efficiency in percent
+
+//Output
+printf('The air standard efficiency of an oil engine working on the combustion cycle is %3.2f percent',n)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.23/1_23.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.23/1_23.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b14f9f058 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.23/1_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1;//Pressure at the beginning of compression stroke of an oil engine working on a air standard dual cycle in bar
+T1=303;//Temperature at the beginning of compression stroke in K
+P3=40;//The maximum pressure reached in bar
+T4=1673;//Maximum temperature reached in K
+P4=P3;//Pressure at the start of constant pressure heat addition in bar
+Cp=1.004;//Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K
+Cv=0.717;//Specific heat at constant volume in kJ/kg K
+r1=10;//Compression ratio
+
+//Calculations
+r=Cp/Cv;//Isentropic ratio
+T2=T1*r1^(r-1);//Temperature at the end of compression stroke in K
+P2=P1*r1^r;//Pressure at the end of compression stroke in bar
+T3=T2*(P3/P2);//Temperature at the end of constant volume heat addition in K
+rho=T4/T3;//Cut off ratio
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Temperature at the end of constant volume heat addition is %3.1f K\n (b)Cut off ratio is %3.3f',T3,rho)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.24/1_24.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.24/1_24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ab67c95da --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.24/1_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1;//pressure at the beginning of compression stroke in bar
+T1=298;//Temperature at the beginning of compression stroke in K
+P3=38;//Pressure at the end of constant volume heat addition in bar
+T4=1573;//Temperature at the end of constant volume heat addition in K
+r=9.5;//Compression ratio
+Cp=1.004;//Specific heat of air at constant pressure
+Cv=0.717;//Specific heat of air at constant volume
+
+//Calculations
+r1=Cp/Cv;//Isentropic ratio
+T2=T1*r^(r1-1);//Temperature at the end of compression stroke in K
+P2=P1*r^r1;//Pressure at the end of compression stroke in bar
+T3=T2*(P3/P2);//Temperature at the end of constant volume heat addition in K
+rho=T4/T3;//Cut off ratio
+T5=T4*(rho/r)^(r1-1);//Temperature at the end of expansion stroke in K
+Qs=Cv*(T3-T2)+Cp*(T4-T3);//Heat supplied per kg in kJ
+Qr=Cv*(T5-T1);//Heat rejected per kg in kJ
+W=Qs-Qr;//Work done per kg of air in kJ
+n=(W/Qs)*100;//Efficiency of the air standard dual cycle in percent
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)The work done per kg of air is %3.1f kJ\n (b)Cycle efficiency is %3.2f percent',W,n)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.25/1_25.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.25/1_25.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a3a3c00ab --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.25/1_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+r=10.5;//Compression ratio
+P3=65;//Maximum pressure in bar
+P4=P3;//Pressure at the end of constant volume heat addition in bar
+qs=1650;//Heat supplied in kJ/kg
+P1=1;//Pressure at the beginning of compression stroke in bar
+T1=368;//Temperature at the beginning of compression stroke in K
+Cp=1.004;//Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K
+Cv=0.717;//Specific heat of air at constant volume in kJ/kg K
+
+//Calculations
+r1=Cp/Cv;//Compression ratio
+P2=P1*r^r1;//Pressure at the end of compression stroke in bar
+T2=T1*r^(r1-1);//Temperature at the end of compression stroke in K
+T3=T2*(P3/P2);//Temperature at the end of constant volume heat addition in K
+qv=Cv*(T3-T2);//Heat supplied at constant volume in kJ/kg
+qp=qs-qv;//Heat supplied at constant pressure in kJ/kg
+T4=(qp/Cp)+T3;//Temperature at the end of constant volume heat addition in K
+rho=T4/T3;//Cut off ratio
+T5=T4*(rho/r)^(r1-1);//Temperature at the end of expansion stroke in K
+P5=P4*(rho/r)^r1;//Pressure at the end of expansion stroke in K
+q=Cv*(T5-T1);//Heat rejected in kJ/kg
+n=((qs-q)/qs)*100;//Efficiency of the cycle in percent
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Pressure at the end of compression stroke is %3.1f bar\n (b)Temperature at the end of compression stroke is %3.1f K\n (c)Temperature at the end of constant volume heat addition is %3.1f K\n (d)Temperature at the end of constant pressure heat addition is %3.2f K\n (e)Temperature at the end of expansion stroke is %3.2f K\n (e)Pressure at the end of expansion stroke is %3.2f bar\n (f)Efficiency of the cycle is %3.2f percent',P2,T2,T3,T4,T5,P5,n)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.26/1_26.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.26/1_26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..311d6ad37 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.26/1_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+r=8.5;//Compression ratio
+e=5.5;//Expansion ratio
+P1=1;//Pressure at the beginning of compression stroke in bar
+T1=313;//Temperature at the beginning of compression stroke in K
+n=1.3;//polytropic constant
+Cp=1.004;//Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K
+Cv=0.717;//Specific heat of air at constant volume in kJ/kg K
+
+//Calculations
+rho=r/e;//Cut off ratio
+T2=T1*r^(n-1);//Temperature at the end of compression stroke in K
+T3=(2*Cv*T2)/(2*Cv-Cp*rho+1);//Temperature at the end of constant volume heat addition in K
+T4=rho*T3;//Temperature at the end of constant pressure heat addition in K
+a=T3/T2;//Pressure ratio i.e.,P3/P2
+n1=(1-(1/r^(n-1))*(a*rho^n-1)/((a-1)+(n*a*(rho-1))))*100;//Air standard efficiency in percent
+
+//Output
+printf('The air standard efficiency is %3.2f percent',n1)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.27/1_27.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.27/1_27.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fc429ffbd --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.27/1_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1;//Initial pressure in a compression engine working on a dual combustion engine in bar
+T1=300;//Initial Temperature in K
+P2=25;//Pressure at the end of compression stroke in bar
+Q=400;//Heat supplied per kg of air during constant volume heating in kJ/kg
+P5=2.6;//Pressure at the end of isentropic expansion in bar
+Cp=1.005;//Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K
+Cv=0.715;//Specific heat of air at constant volume in kJ/kg K
+
+//Calculations
+r=Cp/Cv;//Isentropic index
+r1=(P2/P1)^(1/r);//Compression ratio
+T2=T1*(r1)^(r-1);//Temperature at the end of compression stroke in K
+T3=(Q/Cv)+T2;//Temperature at the end of constant volume heat addition in K
+a=T3/T2;//Pressure ratio
+P3=a*P2;//Pressure ratio at the end of constant volume heat addition in bar
+P4=P3;//Pressure at the end of constant pressure heat addition in bar
+x=(P5/P4)^(1/r);//Ratio of volume at the end of constant pressure heat addition to the volume at the end of isentropic expansion
+rho=x*(r1);//Cut off ratio
+n=(1-(1/r1^(r-1))*(a*rho^r-1)/((a-1)+(r*a*(rho-1))))*100;//Air standard efficiency in percent of a dual combustion engine
+
+//Output
+printf('The ideal thermal efficiency is %3.1f percent',n)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.28/1_28.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.28/1_28.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ec5f57ce3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.28/1_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1;//Initial pressure of an enfine working on a dual combustion cycle in bar
+T1=318;//Initial temperature before compression in K
+r1=14;//Compression ratio
+r=1.4;//Isentropic index
+a=2;//Pressure ratio in the compression process
+rho=2;//Cut off ratio
+
+//Calculations
+T2=T1*r1^(r-1);//Temperature at the end of compression stroke in K
+T3=T2*a;//Temperature at the end of constant volume heat addition in K
+T4=rho*T3;//Temperature at the end of constant pressure heat addition in K
+T5=T4*(rho/r1)^(r-1);//Temperature at the end of isentropic compression in K
+n=(1-((T5-T1)/(r*(T4-T3)+(T3-T2))))*100;//Efficiency of an engine working on a dual combustion cycle in percent
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Temperature at the end of compression stroke is %3.0f K\n (b)Temperature at the end of constant volume heat addition is %3.0f K\n (c)Temperature at the end of constant pressure heat addition is %3.0f K\n (d)Temperature at the end of isentropic expansion process is %3.0f K\n (e)Efficiency of the cycle is %3.2f percent',T2,T3,T4,T5,n)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.29/1_29.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.29/1_29.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0169c7925 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.29/1_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+r=15;//Compression ratio
+Vs=0.01;//Stroke volume in m^3
+P1=1;//Initial pressure in bar
+T1=310;//Initial temperature in K
+P3=65;//Pressure in constant pressure heat addition stroke in bar
+Cp=1;//Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K
+Cv=0.714;//Specific heat of air at constant volume in kJ/kg K
+R=287;//Molar gas constant
+
+//Calculations
+r1=Cp/Cv;//Isentropic index
+P2=P1*(r)^r1;//Pressure at the end of compression stroke in bar
+a=P3/P2;//Pressure ratio
+rho=1+((5/100)*(r-1))
+V2=Vs/(r-1);//Volume at the end of compression stroke in m^3
+V1=Vs+V2;//Initial volume in m^3
+m=P1*10^5*V1/(R*T1);//Mass of air contained in the cylinder in kg
+T2=T1*r^(r1-1);//Temperature at the end of compression stroke in K
+a=P3/P2;//Pressure ratio
+T3=T2*a;//Temperature at the end of constant volume heat addition in K
+T4=T3*rho;//Temperature at the end of constant pressure heat addition in K
+T5=T4/(r/rho)^(r1-1);//Temperature at the end of isentropic expansion in K
+Qs=(Cv*(T3-T2)+Cp*(T4-T3))*m;//Heat supplied in kJ
+Qr=m*Cv*(T5-T1);//Heat rejected in kJ
+W=Qs-Qr;//Work done per cycle in kJ
+n=(W/Qs)*100;//Efficiency of the cycle in percent
+Mep=(W/Vs)/100;//Mean effective pressure in bar
+
+//Output
+printf('(1)Pressure ratio is %3.3f\n (2)Cut off ratio is %3.2f\n (3)Heat supplied per cycle is %3.0f kJ\n (4)Heat rejected per cycle is %3.2f kJ\n (5)Work done per cycle is %3.2f kJ\n (6)Thermal efficiency of the cycle is %3.0f percent\n (7)Mass of air contained in the cylinder is %3.4f kg\n (8)Mean effective pressure is %3.2f bar',a,rho,Qs,Qr,W,n,m,Mep)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a9fd8bbc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+T1=315;//Temperature at the beginning of isentropic compression in K
+T2=600;//Temperature at the end of isentropic compression in K
+r=1.4;//Isentropic constant of air
+
+//Calculations
+r1=(T2/T1)^(1/(r-1));//Compression ratio
+n=(1-(1/r1^(r-1)))*100;//Efficiency of Otto cycle in percent
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)The compression ratio is %3.2f\n (b)Efficiency of the Otto cycle is %3.1f percent',r1,n)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.30/1_30.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.30/1_30.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d358ca31f --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.30/1_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1;//Initial pressure of air received by gas turbine plant in bar
+T1=310;//Initial tamperature in K
+P2=5.5;//Pressure at the end of compression in bar
+r=1.4;//isentropic index
+
+//Calculations
+rp=P2/P1;//pressure ratio
+n=(1-(1/rp)^((r-1)/r))*100;//Thermal efficiency of the turbine in percent
+
+//Output data
+printf('Thermal efficiency of the turbine unit is %3.2f percent',n)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.31/1_31.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.31/1_31.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f79c56646 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.31/1_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1;//Initial pressure of a simple closed cycle gas turbine plant in bar
+T1=298;//Initial temperature in K
+P2=5.1;//Pressure of gas after compression in bar
+T3=1123;//Temperature at the end of compression in K
+P3=P2;//Pressure at the end of constant pressure stroke
+P4=1;//Pressure of hot air after expansion in the turbine in bar
+r=1.4;//Isentropic constant
+Cp=1.005;//Specific heat of air in kJ/kg K
+
+//Calculations
+T2=T1*(P2/P1)^((r-1)/r);//Temperature at the end of process 1-2 in K
+T4=T3*(P4/P3)^((r-1)/r);//Temperature at the end of process 3-4 in K
+Wt=Cp*(T3-T4);//Work done by the turbine in kJ/kg
+Wc=Cp*(T2-T1);//Work required by the compressor in kJ/kg
+W=Wt-Wc;//Net work done by the turbine in kJ/kg
+P=1*W;//Power developed by the turbine assembly per kg per second in kW
+
+//Output
+printf('Power developed by the turbine assembly per kg of air supplied per second is %3.2f kW',P)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.32/1_32.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.32/1_32.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..35cc32eaf --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.32/1_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1;//The pressure of air entering the compressor of a gas turbine plant operating on Brayton cycle in bar
+T1=293;//Initial temperature in K
+r=6.5;//Pressure ratio of the cycle
+r1=1.4;//Isentropic ratio
+
+//Calculations
+T2=T1*(r)^((r1-1)/r1);//Temperature at the end of compression in K
+T4=2.3*(T2-T1)/0.708;//Temperature at point 4 in K
+T3=T4*(r)^((r1-1)/r1);//Maximum temperature in K
+n=(1-((T4-T1)/(T3-T2)))*100;//Turbine plant efficiency in percent
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)The maximum temperature of the cycle is %3.1f K\n (b)Cycle efficiency is %3.2f percent',T3,n)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.33/1_33.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.33/1_33.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9093cc6af --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.33/1_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1;//Pressure in an oil gas turbine installation in bar
+T1=298;//Initial Temperature in K
+P2=4;//Pressure after compression in bar
+CV=42100;//Calorific value of oil in kJ/kg
+T3=813;//The temperature reached after compression in K
+m=1.2;//Air flow rate in kg/s
+Cp=1.05;//Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K
+r=1.4;//Isentropic ratio
+
+//Calculations
+r1=P2/P1;//Pressure ratio
+T2=(r1)^((r-1)/r)*T1;//Temperature at the end of compression stroke in K
+T4=T3/(r1)^((r-1)/r);//Temperature at the end of isentropic expansion in K
+Wt=m*Cp*(T3-T4);//Work done by the turbine in kJ/s or kW
+Wc=m*Cp*(T2-T1);//Work to be supplied to the compressor in kJ/s or kW
+Wn=Wt-Wc;//Net work done by the turbine unit in kW
+qs=m*Cp*(T3-T2);//Heat supplied by the oil in kJ/s
+M=qs/CV;//Mass of fuel burnt per second in kg/s
+a=m/M;//Air fuel ratio
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)The net power output of the installation is %3.2f kW\n (b)Air fuel ratio is %3.1f',Wn,a)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.34/1_34.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.34/1_34.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..64af3d23b --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.34/1_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+T1=300;//Minimum temperature of the plant containing a two stage compressor with perfect intercooling and a single stage turbine in K
+T5=1100;//Maximum temperature of the plant in K
+P1=1;//Initial Pressure in bar
+P5=15;//Final pressure in bar
+Cp=1.05;//Specific heat of air in kJ/kg K
+r=1.4;//Isentropic ratio
+P6=P1;//Pressure at 6 in bar
+
+//Calculations
+P3=(P1*P5)^(1/2);//The intermediate pressure for cooling in bar
+P2=P3;//Pressure at point 2 in bar
+T2=T1*(P2/P1)^((r-1)/r);//Temperature at the end of process 1-2
+T3=T1;//Intermediate temperature in K
+T4=1.473*T3;//Temperature at point 4 in K
+T6=T5/(P5/P6)^((r-1)/r);//Temperature at point 6 in k
+Wt=Cp*(T5-T6);//Work done by the turbine per kg of air in kJ/s
+Wc=Cp*(T4-T3)+Cp*(T2-T1);//Work done by the compressor per kg of air in kJ/s
+Wn=Wt-Wc;//Net work done in kJ/s
+Pn=Wn;//Net power developed in kW
+
+//Output
+printf('The net power of the plant per kg of air/s is %3.2f kW',Pn)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.35/1_35.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.35/1_35.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e612c58cc --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.35/1_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1;//Initial Pressure of a gas turbine power plant in bar
+P2=8;//Final pressure in bar
+T1=300;//Initial temperature in K
+T5=850;//Temperature of air expanded in the turbine in K
+m=1.8;//Mass of air circulated per second in kg
+Cp=1.05;//Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K
+r=1.4;//Ratio of specific heat
+
+//Calculations
+P4=(P1*P2)^(0.5);//Pressure for maximum power output in bar
+P3=P2;//Pressure after the constant pressure process in bar
+T3=T5;//For reheating condition Temperature in K
+T2=T1*(P2/P1)^((r-1)/r);//Temperature at the end of constant entropy process in K
+T4=T3/((P3/P4)^((r-1)/r));//Temperature after the process 3-4 in K
+T6=T4;//Temperature at the end of process 5-6 in K
+Wt=m*Cp*((T3-T4)+(T5-T6));//Work done by the turbine in kJ/s
+Wc=m*Cp*(T2-T1);//Work absorbed by the compressor in kJ/s
+P=Wt-Wc;//Power that can be obtained from gas turbine installation in kW
+
+//Output
+printf('The maximum power that can be obtained from turbine installation is %3.0f kW',P)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.36/1_36.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.36/1_36.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..aed0e2229 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.36/1_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1.5;//Pressure at the inlet of the low pressure compressor in bar
+T1=300;//Temperature at the inlet of the low pressure compressor in K
+P5=9;//Maximum pressure in bar
+T5=1000;//Maximum temperature in K
+P=400;//Net power developed by the turbine in kW
+Cp=1.0;//Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K
+r=1.4;//Ratio of specific heat
+
+//Calculations
+P8=P1;//For perfect intercooling and perfect reheating in bar
+P4=P5;//For perfect intercooling and perfect reheating in bar
+P2=(P1*P4)^0.5;//Pressure at the end of Isentropic compression in LP compressor in bar
+P6=P2;//Pressure at the end of process 5-6 in bar
+T2=T1*(P2/P1)^((r-1)/r);//Temperature at the end of isentropic compression in K
+T3=T1;//For perfect intercooling in K
+T4=T2;//For perfect intercooling in K
+T6=T5/(P5/P6)^((r-1)/r);//Temperature at the end of process 5-6 in K
+T7=T5;//Temperature in K
+T8=T6;//Temperature in K
+Wt=Cp*((T5-T6)+(T7-T8));//Work done by the turbine in kg/s
+Wc=Cp*((T2-T1)+(T4-T3));//Work absorbed by the compressor in kJ/s
+Wn=Wt-Wc;//Net work output in kJ/s
+m=P/Wn;//Mass of fluid flow per second in kg/s
+qs=m*Cp*((T5-T4)+(T7-T6));//Heat supplied from the external source in kJ/s
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Mass of fluid to be circulated in the turbine is %3.3f kg/s\n (b)The amount of heat supplied per second from the external source is %3.1f kJ/s',m,qs)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.37/1_37.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.37/1_37.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a9467aad2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.37/1_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+T1=293;//Temperature of a constant pressure open cycle gas turbine plant in K
+T3=1043;//The maximum temperature in K
+a=6.5;//The pressure ratio
+P=1000;//Power developed by the installation in kW
+Cp=1.05;//Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K
+r=1.4;//Isentropic ratio
+
+//Calculations
+T2=T1*a^((r-1)/r);//Temperature after the isentropic compression stroke in K
+T4=T3/a^((r-1)/r);//Temperature after the isentropic expansion process in K
+Wt=Cp*(T3-T4);//Work done by the turbine per kg of air per second in kJ
+Wc=Cp*(T2-T1);//Work absorbed by the compressor per kg of air per second in kJ
+Wn=Wt-Wc;//Net work output in kJ/s
+m=P/Wn;//Mass of fluid circulated per second in kg/s
+Q=m*Cp*(T3-T2);//Heat supplied by the heating chamber in kJ/s
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Mass of air circulating in the installation is %3.2f kg/s\n (b)Heat supplied by the heating chamber is %3.1f kJ/s',m,Q)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.38/1_38.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.38/1_38.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c4060e0fc --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.38/1_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+a=6;//Pressure ratio of a gas turbine plant
+T1=293;//Inlet temperature of air in K
+T3=923;//Maximum temperature of the cycle in K
+P=2000;//Power developed in the cycle in kW
+nc=85;//Efficiency of the compressor in percentage
+nt=85;//Efficiency of the turbine in percentage
+Cp=1;//Specific heat of gas at constant pressure in kJ/kg K
+Cv=0.714;//Specific heat of gas at constant volume in kJ/kg K
+
+//Calculations
+r=Cp/Cv;//Ratio of specific heats
+T2a=a^((r-1)/r)*T1;//Temperature at 2' in K
+T2=((T2a-T1)/(nc/100))+T1;//Temperature at point 2 in K
+T4a=T3/a^((r-1)/r);//Temperature at the point 4' in K
+T4=T3-((T3-T4a)*(nt/100));//Temperature at the point 4 in K
+Wt=Cp*(T3-T4);//Work done by the turbine per kg of air in kJ
+Wc=Cp*(T2-T1);//Work done by the compressor per kg of air in kJ
+Wn=Wt-Wc;//Net work output of the turbine per kg of air in kJ
+qA=Cp*(T3-T2);//Heat supplied per kg of air in kJ
+n=(Wn/qA)*100;//Overall efficiency of the turbine plant in percentage
+m=P/Wn;//Mass of air circulated per second in kg
+
+//Output
+printf('(1)Overall efficiency of the turbine is %3.0f percentage\n (2)Mass of air circulated by the turbine is %3.2f kg',n,m)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.39/1_39.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.39/1_39.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c0b48d421 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.39/1_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+T1=293;//Initial temperature of a gas turbine plant in K
+P1=1;//Initial pressure in bar
+P2=4.5;//Pressure after the compression in bar
+nc=80;//Isentropic efficiency of a compressor in percentage
+T3=923;//Temperature of the gas whose properties may be assumed to resemble with those of air in the combustion chamber in K
+deltaP=0.1;//Pressure drop in a combustion chamber in bar
+nt=20;//Thermal efficiency of the plant in percentage
+r=1.4;//Isentropic index
+P4=1;//Pressure at point 4 in bar
+
+//Calculations
+P3=P2-deltaP;//Pressure at point 3 in bar
+T21=T1*(P2/P1)^((r-1)/r);//Temperature after the compression process in K
+T2=(T21-T1)/(nc/100)+T1;//Temperature at the point 2 in K
+T41=T3/(P3/P4)^((r-1)/r);//Temperature at the end of expansion process in K
+Ac=T2-T1;//Work done by the compressor per kg of air per specific heat at constant pressure Ac=Wc/Cp
+At=T3;//Work done by the turbine per kg of air per specific heat at constant pressure At=Wt/Cp
+An=At-Ac;//Net work done per kg of air
+Bs=T3-T2;//Heat supplied per kg of air per specific heat at constant pressure Bs=qs/Cp;qs=heat supplied
+T4=An-((nt/100)*Bs);//Temperature at point 4 in K
+nT=((T3-T4)/(T3-T41))*100;//Isentropic efficiency of the turbine in percentage
+
+//Output
+printf('The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is %3.2f percent',nT)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fc7fa8be0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+D=0.1;//Diameter of the cylinder in m
+L=0.15;//Stroke length in m
+Vc=0.295*10^-3;//Clearance volume in m^3
+r=1.4;//Isentropic constant of air
+
+//Calculations
+Vs=(3.14/4)*(D^2*L);//Swept volume in m^3
+r1=(Vc+Vs)/Vc;//Compression ratio
+n=(1-(1/r1)^(r-1))*100;//Otto cycle efficiency in percentage
+
+//Output
+printf('The air standard efficiency of air is %3.2f percent',n)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.40/1_40.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.40/1_40.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2cf7dd232 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.40/1_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1;//Pressure of air received by the gas turbine plant in bar
+T1=300;//Initial Temperature in K
+P2=5;//Pressure of air after compression in bar
+T3=850;//Temperature of air after the compression in K
+nc=80;//Efficiency of the compressor in percent
+nt=85;//Efficiency of the turbine in percent
+r=1.4;//Isentropic index of gas
+P3=P2;//Since 2-3 is constant pressure process in bar
+P41=1;//Pressure at the point 41 in bar
+Cp=1.05;//Specific heat of the gas at constant pressure in kJ/kg K
+
+//Calculations
+T21=T1*(P2/P1)^((r-1)/r);//Temperature at the point 21 on the curve in K
+T2=(T21-T1)/(nc/100)+T1;//Temperature at the point 2 in K
+T41=T3/(P3/P41)^((r-1)/r);//Temperature at the point 41 in K
+T4=T3-((nt/100)*(T3-T41));//Temperature of gas at the point 4 in K
+Wt=Cp*(T3-T4);//work done by the turbine in kJ/kg of air
+Wc=Cp*(T2-T1);//Work done by the compressor in kJ/kg of air
+Wn=Wt-Wc;//Net work done by the plant in kJ
+nt=(Wn/(Cp*(T3-T2)))*100;//Thermal efficiency of the plant in percentage
+
+//Output
+printf('Overall efficiency of the plant is %3.2f percent',nt)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.41/1_41.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.41/1_41.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6f61a9e10 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.41/1_41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1;//Initial pressure of a gas turbine plant in bar
+T1=310;//Initial temperature in K
+P2=4;//Pressure of air after compressing in a rotary compressor in bar
+P3=P2;//Constant pressure process
+P41=P1;//Since 1-41 is a constant pressure process in bar
+T3=900;//Temperature of air at the point 3 in constant process in K
+nc=80;//Efficiency of the compressor in percentage
+nt=85;//Efficiency of the turbine in percentage
+E=70;//Effectiveness of the plant in percentage
+r=1.4;//Isentropic index
+Cp=1;//Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K
+
+//Calculations
+T21=T1*(P2/P1)^((r-1)/r);//Temperature at the point 21 in the temperature versus entropy graph in K
+T2=T1+((T21-T1)/(nc/100));//Temperature of air after the compression process in K
+T41=T3/((P3/P41)^((r-1)/r));//Temperature at the point 41 after the isentropic expansion process in K
+T4=T3-((T3-T41)*(nt/100));//Temperature at the point 4 in K
+Wt=Cp*(T3-T4);//Work done by the turbine in kJ
+Wc=Cp*(T2-T1);//Work done by the compressor in kJ
+Wn=Wt-Wc;//Net work done in kJ
+qs=Cp*(T3-T2);//Heat supplied in kJ
+qa=Cp*(T4-T2);//Heat available in the exhaust gases in kJ
+H=qa*(E/100);//Actual heat recovered from the exhaust gases in the heat exchanger in kJ
+Hs=qs-(H);//Heat supplied by the combustion chamber in kJ
+nt=(Wn/Hs)*100;//Thermal efficiency of the gas turbine plant with heat exchanger in percent
+
+//Output
+printf('The overall efficiency of the plant is %3.1f percent',nt)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bd8159a43 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1;//Initial pressure of air in bar
+T1=300;//Initial temperature in K
+P2=17;//Pressure at the end of isentropic compression in bar
+P3=40;//Pressure at the end of constant volume heat addition in bar
+Cv=0.717;//Specific heat of mixture in kJ/kg K
+M=28.97;//Molecular weight in kg
+Ru=8.314;//Universial gas constant in kJ/kg mole K
+m=1;//Mass from which heat is extracted in kg
+W=363;//Work done in kN m
+
+//Calculations
+Rc=Ru/M;//Characteristic gas constant in kJ/kg K
+Cp=Rc+Cv;//Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K
+r=Cp/Cv;//Isentropic gas constant
+r1=(P2/P1)^(1/r);//Compression ratio
+na=(1-(1/r1)^(r-1))*100;//Air standard efficiency in percentage
+T2=T1*(P2/P1)^((r-1)/r);//Temperature at the end of isentropic compression process in K
+T3=(P3/P2)*T2;//Temperature at the end of constant volume heat addition in K
+Q=m*Cv*(T3-T2);//Heat supplied in kJ/kg
+V1=(m*Rc*T1*1000)/(P1*10^5);//Initial volume before compression in m^3
+V2=V1/r1;//Volume at the end of compression stroke in m^3
+Vs=V1-V2;//Stroke volume in m^3
+MEP=(W/Vs)/100;//Mean effective pressure in bar
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Compression ratio is %3.2f\n (b)The air standard efficiency is %3.1f percent\n (c)Mean effective pressure is %3.2f bar',r1,na,MEP)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c9fdfa4dc --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+V1=0.6;//Initial volume of an engine working on otto cycle in m^3
+P1=1;//Initial pressure in bar
+T1=308;//Initial temperature in K
+P2=10;//Pressure at the end of compression stroke in bar
+Q=210;//Heat added during constant heat process in kJ
+r=1.4;//Isentropic constant of air
+
+//Calculations
+r1=(P2/P1)^(1/r);//Compression ratio
+V2=V1/r1;//Clearance volume in m^3
+C=(V2/(V1-V2))*100;//Percentage clearance in percent
+na=(1-(1/r1)^(r-1))*100;//Air standard efficiency in percent
+W=Q*(na/100);//Work done per cycle in kJ
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Clearance volume as percentage of stroke volume is %3.2f percent\n (b)Compression ratio is %3.2f\n (c)Air standard efficiency is %3.1f percent\n (d)Work done per cycle is %3.2f kJ',C,r1,na,W)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8a9f60370 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+r=5.5;//Compression ratio of an engine working on the otto cycle
+Q=250;//Heat supplied during constant volume in kJ
+N=500;//Engine operating speed in rpm
+r1=1.4;//Isentropic ratio
+
+//Calculations
+n=(1-(1/r)^(r1-1))*100;//Otto cycle efficiency in percent
+W=Q*(n/100);//Work done per cycle in kJ
+P=W*(N/60);//Work done per second i.e., Power developed in kJ/s or kW
+
+//Output data
+printf('Ideal power developed by the engine is %3.0f kW',P)
diff --git a/2063/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce b/2063/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a1b7dbdd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+V1=0.53;//Volume of cylinder of an engine working on Otto cycle in m^3
+V2=0.1;//Clearance volume in m^3
+Q=210;//Heat supplied during constant volume in kJ
+r=1.4;//Isentropic ratio
+
+//Calculations
+r1=V1/V2;//Compression ratio
+n=(1-(1/r1)^(r-1))*100;//Otto cycle efficiency in percentage
+W=Q*(n/100);//Work done per cycle in kJ
+P=W/((V1-V2)*100);//Mean effective pressure in bar
+
+//Output data
+printf('Mean effective pressure is %3.3f bar',P)
diff --git a/2063/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce b/2063/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..87633a106 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH10/EX10.1/10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+T1=273;//The temperature of ice in K
+T2=298;//Temperature of water at room in K
+COP=2.1;//Cop of the plant
+ne=90;//Overall electrochemical efficiency in percentage
+w=15;//Weight of ice produced per day in tonnes
+cw=4.187;//Specific heat of water in kJ/kg degrees celcius
+Li=335;//Latent heat of ice in kJ/kg
+mi=1;//Mass of ice produced at 0 degrees celcius
+
+//Calculations
+m=(w*1000)/(24*60);//Mass of ice produced in kg/min
+h=(mi*cw*(T2-T1))+Li;//Heat extracted from 1kg of water at 25 degrees celcius to produce 1kg of ice at 0 degrees celcius in kJ/kg
+Q=m*h;//Total heat extracted in kJ
+W=Q/COP;//Work done by the compressor in kJ/kg
+P=W/(60*(ne/100));//Power of compressor in kW
+
+//Output
+printf('Power rating of the compressor-motor unit if the cop of the plant is 2.1 is %3.1f kW',P)
diff --git a/2063/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce b/2063/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..75da2e64a --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH10/EX10.2/10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+m=400;//Mass of fruits supplied to a cold storage in kg
+T1=293;//Temperature at which fruits are stored in K
+T2=268;//Temperature of cold storage in K
+t=8;//The time untill which fruits are cooled in hours
+hfg=105;//Latent heat of freezing in kJ/kg
+Cf=1.25;//Specific heat of fruit
+TR=210;//One tonne refrigeration in kJ/min
+
+//Calculations
+Q1=m*Cf*(T1-T2);//Sensible heat in kJ
+Q2=m*hfg;//Latent heat of freezing in kJ
+Q=Q1+Q2;//Heat removed from fruits in 8 hrs
+Th=(Q1+Q2)/(t*60);//Total heat removed in one minute in kJ/kg
+Rc=Th/TR;//Refrigerating capacity of the plant in TR
+
+//Output
+printf('The refrigeration capacity of the plant is %3.3f TR',Rc)
diff --git a/2063/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce b/2063/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8d9a7bf23 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH10/EX10.3/10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+T1=300;//The maximum temperature at which carnot cycle operates in K
+T2=250;//The minimum temperature at which carnot cycle operates in K
+
+//Calculations
+COPr=T2/(T1-T2);//COP of the refrigerating machine
+COPh=T1/(T1-T2)//COP of heat pump
+n=((T1-T2)/T1)*100;//COP or efficiency of the heat engine in percentage
+
+//Output data
+printf('(a)COP of the machine when it is operated as a refrigerating machine is %3.2f\n (b)COP when it is operated as heat pump is %3.2f\n (c)COP or efficiency of the Heat engine is %3.2f percent',COPr,COPh,n)
diff --git a/2063/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce b/2063/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4b70c37e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH10/EX10.4/10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+m=20000;//The storage capacity of fish in a storage plant in kg
+T1=298;//Supplied temperature of fish in K
+T2=263;//Temperature of cold storage in which fish are stored in K
+T3=268;//Freezing point of fish in K
+Caf=2.95;//Specific heat of fish above freezing point in kJ/kg K
+Cbf=1.25;//Specific heat of below freezing point in kJ/kg K
+W=75;//Work required by the plant in kW
+TR=210;//One tonne refrigeration in kJ/min
+hfg=230;//Latent heat of fish in kJ/kg
+
+//Calculations
+COPr=T2/(T1-T2);//COP of reversed carnot cycle
+COPa=0.3*COPr;//Given that actual COP is 0.3 times of reversed COP
+Hr=(COPa*W)*60;//Heat removed by the plant in kJ/min
+C=Hr/TR;//Capacity of the plant in TR
+Q1=m*Caf*(T1-T3);//Heat removed from the fish above freezing point in kJ
+Q2=m*Cbf*(T3-T2);//Heat removed from fish below freezing point in kJ
+Q3=m*hfg;//Total latent heat of the fish in kJ
+Q=Q1+Q2+Q3;//Total heat removed by the plant in kJ
+T=(Q/Hr)/60;//Time taken to achieve cooling in hrs
+
+//Output data
+printf('(a)Capacity of the plant is %3.2f TR\n (b)Time taken to achieve cooling is %3.2f hours',C,T)
diff --git a/2063/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce b/2063/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..63b2ca755 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH10/EX10.5/10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+T2=298;//Maximum temperature at which CO2 machine works in K
+T1=268;//Minimum temperature at which CO2 machine works in K
+sf1=-0.042;//Liquid entropy at 268 K in kJ/kg K
+hfg1=245.3;//Latent heat of gas at 268 K in kJ/kg
+sf2=0.251;//Liquid entropy in kJ/kg K
+hfg2=121.4;//Latent heat of gas at 298 K in kJ/kg
+hf1=-7.54;//Liquid enthalpy at 268 K in kJ/kg
+hf2=81.3;//Liquid enthalpy at 298 K in kJ/kg
+hf3=81.3;//Enthalpy at point 3 in graph in kJ/kg
+
+//Calculations
+s2=sf2+(hfg2/T2);//Entropy at point 2 from the graph in kJ/kg K
+x1=(s2-sf1)/(hfg1/T1);//Dryness fraction at point 1
+h1=hf1+(x1*hfg1);//Enthalpy at point 1 in kJ/kg
+h2=hf2+hfg2;//Enthalpy at point 2 in kJ/kg
+COP=(h1-hf3)/(h2-h1);//Coefficient of performance for a CO2 machine working at given temperatures
+
+//Output data
+printf('Theoretical COP for a CO2 machine working at given temperatures is %3.2f',COP)
diff --git a/2063/CH10/EX10.6/10_6.sce b/2063/CH10/EX10.6/10_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d46d7f7a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH10/EX10.6/10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+T2=298;//Maximum temperature at which ammonia refrigerating system works in K
+T1=263;//Minimum temperature at which ammonia refrigerating system works in K
+mf=5;//Fluid flow rate in kg/min
+sf1=0.5443;//Liquid entropy at 298 K in kJ/kg K
+sf2=1.1242;//Liquid entropy at 263 K in kJ/kg K
+hfg1=1297.68;//Latent heat at 298 K in kJ/kg
+hfg2=1166.94;//Latent heat at 263 K in kJ/kg
+hf1=135.37;//Liquid enthalpy at point 1 in graph in kJ/kg
+hf2=298.9;//Liquid enthalpy at point 2 in graph in kJ/kg
+TR=210;//One tonne refrigeration in TR
+
+//Calculations
+s2=sf2+(hfg2/T2);//Entropy at point 2 in kJ/kg
+x1=(s2-sf1)/(hfg1/T1);//Dryness fraction at point 1
+h1=hf1+(x1*hfg1);//Enthalpy at point 1 in kJ/kg
+h=h1-hf2;//Heat extracted of refrigerating effect produced per kg of refrigerant in kJ/kg
+ht=mf*h;//Total heat extracted at a fluid flow rate of 5 kg/min in kJ/min
+C=ht/TR;//Capacity of refrigerating in TR
+
+//Output
+printf('The capacity of refrigerator is %3.0f TR',C)
diff --git a/2063/CH10/EX10.7/10_7.sce b/2063/CH10/EX10.7/10_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..031f7363e --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH10/EX10.7/10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+T1=263;//Minimum temperature at which ammonia refrigerating machine works in K
+T2=303;//Maximum temperature at which ammonia refrigerating machine works in K
+x1=0.6;//Dryness fraction of ammonia during suction stroke
+sf1=0.5443;//Liquid entropy at 263 K in kJ/kg K
+hfg1=1297.68;//Latent heat at 263 K in kJ/kg
+sf2=1.2037;//Liquid entropy at 303 K in kJ/kg K
+hfg2=1145.8;//Latent heat at 303 K in kJ/kg
+hf1=135.37;//Liquid enthalpy at 263 K in kJ/kg
+hf2=323.08;//Liquid enthalpy at 303 K in kJ/kg
+
+//Calculations
+s1=sf1+((x1*hfg1)/T1);//Entropy at point 1 in kJ/kg K
+x2=(s1-sf2)/(hfg2/T2);//Entropy at point 2 in kJ/kg K
+h1=hf1+(x1*hfg1);//Enthalpy at point 1 in kJ/kg
+h2=hf2+(x2*hfg2);//Enthalpy at point 2 in kJ/kg
+COP=(h1-hf2)/(h2-h1);//Theoretical COP of ammonia refrigerating machine
+
+//Output
+printf('The theoretical COP of a ammonia refrigerating machine working between given temperatures is %3.2f',COP)
diff --git a/2063/CH10/EX10.8/10_8.sce b/2063/CH10/EX10.8/10_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..95413e54c --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH10/EX10.8/10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+T1=263;//Minimum temperature at which Vapour compression refrigerator using methyl chloride operates in K
+T2=318;//Maximum temperature at which Vapour compression refrigerator using methyl chloride operates in K
+sf1=0.183;//Entropy of the liquid in kJ/kg K
+hfg1=460.7;//Enthalpy of the liquid in kJ/kg
+sf2=0.485;//Entropy of the liquid in kJ/kg K
+hfg2=483.6;//Enthalpy of the liquid in kJ/kg
+x2=0.95;//Dryness fraction at point 2
+hf3=133.0;//Enthalpy of the liquid in kJ/kg
+W=3600;//Work to be spent corresponding to 1kW/hour
+Cw=4.187;//Specific heat of water in kJ/kg degrees celcius
+mi=1;//Mass of ice produced at 0 degrees celcius
+Li=335;//Latent heat of ice in kJ/kg
+hf1=45.4;//Enthalpy of liquid at 263 K in kJ/kg
+hf2=133;//Enthalpy of liquid at 318 K in kJ/kg
+
+//Calculations
+s2=sf2+((x2*(hfg2-hf2))/T2);//Enthalpy at point 2 in kJ/kg
+x1=(s2-sf1)/((hfg1-hf1)/T1);//Dryness fraction at point 1
+h1=hf1+(x1*hfg1);//Enthalpy at point 1 in kJ/kg
+h2=hf2+(x2*hfg2);//Enthalpy at point 2 in kJ/kg
+COP=(h1-hf3)/(h2-h1);//Theoretical COP
+COPa=0.6*COP;//Actual COP which is 60 percent of theoretical COP
+H=W*COPa;//Heat extracted or refrigeration effect produced per kW hour in kJ
+Hw=(mi*Cw*10)+Li;//Heat extracted from water at 10 degrees celcius for the formation of 1 kg of ice at 0 degrees celcius
+I=H/Hw;//Amount of ice produced in kg/kW hr
+
+//Output
+printf('The amount of ice produced is %3.2f kg/kW hr',I)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3fc4eec73 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+N=1500;//Engine speed in rpm
+p=110;//Load on brakes in kg
+L=900;//Length of brake arm in mm
+g=9.81;//Gravitational force in N/m^2
+pi=3.14;//Mathematical constant
+
+//Calculations
+T=((p*g)*(L/1000));//Braking torque in Nm
+P=((T/1000)*((2*3.14*N)/60));//Power available at the brakes of the engine in kW
+
+//Output
+printf('(a) Brake torque is %3.1f Nm \n (b)Power available at the brakes of the engine is %3.2f kW',T,P)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.10/7_10.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.10/7_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1c2088003 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.10/7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+d=6;//Diameter of the bore in cm
+l=9;//Length of the stroke in cm
+m=0.00025;//Mass of charge admitted in each suction stroke
+R=29.27;//Gas constant Kgfm/kg K
+p=1;//Normal pressure in kgf/cm^2
+T=273;//Temperature in K
+
+//Calculations
+V=(m*R*T)*10^6/(p*10^4);//Volume of charge admitted in each cycle in m^3
+Vs=(3.14*d^2*l)/4;//Swept volume of the cylinder
+nv=(V/Vs)*100;//Volumetric efficiency in percentage
+
+//Output
+printf('The volumetric efficiency is %3.1f percent',nv)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.11/7_11.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.11/7_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b9677d248 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.11/7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+d=0.12;//Diameter of the bore in m
+l=0.13;//Length of stroke in m
+N=2500;//Speed of the engine in rpm
+d1=0.06;//Diameter of the orifice in m
+Cd=0.70;//Discharge coefficient of orifice
+hw=33;//Heat causing air flow through orifice in cm of water
+p=760;//Barometric reading in mm of Hg
+T1=298;//Ambient temperature in degree K
+p1=1.013;//Pressure of air at the end of suction in bar
+T2=22;//Temperature of air at the end of suction in degree C
+R=0.287;//Universal gas constant
+n=6;//Number of cylinders in the engine
+n1=1250;//Number of strokes per minute for a four stroke engine operating at 2500 rpm
+
+//Calculations
+V=(3.14*d^2*l)/4;//Swept volume of piston in m^3
+Ao=(3.14*d1^2)/4;//Area of the orifice in m^2
+rho=p1*10^5/((R*T1)*1000);//Density of air at 1.013 bar and 22 degrees C
+Va=840*Cd*Ao*(hw/rho)^(1/2);//Volume of air passing through the orifice in m^3/min
+V1=8.734/n;//Actual volume of air per cylinder in m^3/min
+As=V1/n1;//Air supplied per cycle per cylinder in m^3
+nv=(As/V)*100;//Volumetric efficiency of the engine in percentage
+
+//Output
+printf('The volumetric efficiency of the engine is %3.2f percent',nv)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.12/7_12.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.12/7_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9ac9a1dc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.12/7_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+d=0.15;//Diameter of the piston in m
+l=0.19;//Length of the stroke in m
+V=0.00091;//Clearance volume in m^3
+N=250;//Speed of the engine in rpm
+M=6.5;//Indicated mean effective pressure in bar
+c=6.3;//Gas consumption in m^3/hr
+H=16000;//Calorific value of the has in kJ/m^3
+r1=1.4;//Polytropic index
+
+//Calculations
+Vs=(3.14*d^2*l)/4;//Swept volume in m^3
+Vt=Vs+V;//Total cylinder volume in m^3
+r=Vt/V;//Compression ratio
+na=(1-(1/r^(r1-1)))*100;//Air standard efficiency in percent
+A=(3.14*d^2)/4;//Area of the bore in m
+I=(M*10^5*l*A*N)/(1000*60);//Indicated power in kW
+Hs=(c*H)/(60*60);//Heat supplied per second
+nt=(I/Hs)*100;//Indicated thermal efficiency in percent
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)The air standard efficiency is %3.1f percent\n (b)Indicated power is %3.3f kW\n (c)Indicated thermal efficiency is %3.1f percent',na,I,nt)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.13/7_13.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.13/7_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..572303bdc --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.13/7_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+ma=6;//Air supplied per minute by a single jet carburetor in kg/min
+mf=0.44;//Mass flow rate of petrol in kg/min
+s=0.74;//Specific gravity of petrol in kg/m^3
+p1=1;//Initial pressure of air in bar
+T1=300;//Initial temperature of air in K
+Ci=1.35;//Isentropic coefficient of air
+V=90;//Speed of air in the venturi in m/s
+Vc=0.85;//Velocity coefficient of the venturi in m/s
+Cf=0.66;//Coefficient of discharge for the jet
+Cp=1005;//Coefficient of pressure in J/kg K
+n=1.35;//Isentropic coefficient of air
+R=0.281;//Real gas constant in Nm/kg K
+rhof=740;//Density of fuel in mm of Hg
+
+//Calculations
+p2=(1-((V/Vc)^(2)/(2*T1*Cp)))^((n)/(n-1));//Pressure at the venturi in bar
+V1=((R*T1)/(p1*10^5))*1000;//Initial volume in m^3/kg
+V2=V1*((p1/p2)^(0.741));//Final volume in m^3/kg
+A2=((ma*V2)/(V*60))*10^4;//Throat area of venturi in cm^2
+d=((A2*4)/3.14)^(0.5);//Diameter of venturi in cm
+deltaPa=1-p2;//Pressure drop causing air flow in bar
+deltaPf=0.8*deltaPa;//Pressure drop causing fuel flow in bar
+Af=(mf/60)*(10^4)/((Cf)*(2*rhof*deltaPf*10^5)^(1/2));//Area through which fuel flows in cm^2
+df=((Af*(4/3.14))^(1/2))*10;//Diameter of fuel jet in mm
+
+printf('(a)The diameter of the venturi of the venturi if the air speed is 90 m/s is %3.2f cm\n (b)The diameter of the jet if the pressure drop at the jet is 0.8 times the pressure drop at the venturi is %3.4f mm',d,df)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.14/7_14.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.14/7_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8bbbc9ff8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.14/7_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+r=14;//The compression ratio of a diesel engine
+Vc=1;//Clearance volume in m^3
+c=0.08;//Fuel supply cut off point
+nr=0.55;//Relative efficiency
+H=10000;//Calorific value of fuel in kcal/kg
+r1=1.4;//Ratio of specific heat of air
+Vs=13;//Stroke volume in m^3
+
+//Calculations
+rho=Vc+(c*Vs);//Cut off ratio
+na=1-(1*(rho^r1-1)/((r^(r1-1)*r1)*(rho-1)));//Air standard efficiency of diesel cycle in percent
+In=(na*nr);//Indicated thermal efficiency in percent
+H1=(4500*60)/(In*427);//Heat in fuel supplied/1HP hr
+W=H1/10^4;//Weight of fuel required/1HP hr
+
+//Output
+printf('The weight of fuel required per 1HP hr is %3.4f kg',W)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.15/7_15.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.15/7_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5cc6db7ae --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.15/7_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P=120;//Power developed by a six cykinder four stroke diesel engine
+N=2400;//Speed in rpm
+f=0.2;//Brake specific fuel consumption in kg/kWh
+s=0.85;//Specific gravity of fuel
+
+//Calculations
+F=f*P;//Fuel consumed per hour in kg
+F1=F/6;//Fuel consumed per cylinder in kg/h
+n=(N*60)/2;//Number of cycles per hour
+F2=(F1/n)*10^3;//Fuel consumption per cycle in gm
+V=F2/s;//Volume of fuel to be injected per cycle in cc
+
+//Output
+printf('The quantity kof fuel to be injected per cycle per cylinder is %3.4f cc',V)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.16/7_16.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.16/7_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e23702fa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.16/7_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P=20;//Power developed by a four stroke diesel engine per cylinder in kW
+N=2000;//Operating speed of the diesel engine in rpm
+s=0.25;//Specific fuel consumption in kh/kW
+p1=180;//Pressure of fuel injected in bar
+d=25;//Distance travelled by crank in degrees
+p2=38;//Pressure in the combustion chamber in bar
+Cd=0.85;//Coefficient of velocity
+A=30;//API in degrees
+
+//Calculations
+T=d/(360*(N/60));//Duration of fuel injection in s
+SG=(141.5/(131.5+A))*10^3;//Specific gravity of fuel
+V=Cd*(2*(p1-p2)*10^5/SG)^(1/2);//Velocity of fuel injection in m/s
+Vf=(s/60)*P/((N/2)*SG);//Volume of fuel injected per cycle in m^3/cycle
+Na=Vf/(V*T);//Nozzle orifice area in m^2
+d=(((4*Na)/3.14)^(1/2))*10^3;//Diameter of the orifice of the fuel injector in mm
+
+//Output
+printf('The diameter of the orifice is %3.4f mm',d)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.17/7_17.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.17/7_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b8b5b3407 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.17/7_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P=200;//Power developed by a six cylinder diesel engine in kW
+N=2000;//Operating speed of the engine in rpm
+bs=0.2;//The brake specific fuel consumption in kg/kWh
+p1=35;//The pressure of air in the cylinder at the beginning of injection in bar
+p2=55;//Maximum cylinder pressure in bar
+p3=180;//Initial injection pressure in bar
+p4=520;//Maximum pressure at the injector in bar
+Cd=0.75;//Coefficient of discharge
+S=850;//Specific gravity of fuel
+p5=1;//Atmospheric pressure in bar
+a=16;//The crank angle over which injection takes place in degrees
+
+//Calculations
+Po=P/6;//Power output per cylinder in kW
+F=(Po*bs)/60;//Fuel consumed per cylinder in kg/min
+Fi=F/(N/2);//Fuel injected per cycle in kg
+T=a/(360*(N/60));//Duration of injection in s
+deltaP1=p3-p1;//Pressure difference at the beginning of injection in bar
+deltaP2=p4-p2;//Pressure difference at the end of injection in bar
+avP=(deltaP1+deltaP2)/2;//Average pressure difference in bar
+V=Cd*(2*(avP*10^5)/S)^(1/2);//Velocity of injection of fuel jet in m/s
+Vo=Fi/S;//Volume of fuel injected per cycle in m^3/cycle
+A=(Vo/(V*T))*10^6;//Area of fuel orifices in mm^2
+
+//Output
+printf('The total orifice area required per injector if the injection takes place over 16 degree crank angle is %3.4f mm^2',A)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.18/7_18.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.18/7_18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c07cd7ccf --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.18/7_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+A=450;//Area of indicator diagram in mm^2
+l=60;//Length of indicator diagram in mm
+s=1.1;//Spring number in bar/mm
+d=0.1;//Diameter of piston in m
+L=0.13;//Length of stroke in m
+N=400;//Operating speed of the engine in rpm
+
+//Calculations
+Av=A/l;//Average height of indicator diagram in mm
+pm=Av*s;//Mean effective pressure in bar
+np=N/2;//Number of power strokes per minute for a four stroke diesel engine
+Ar=(3.14*d^2)/4;//Area of the piston in m^2
+I=(pm*10^5*L*Ar*np)/(1000*60);//Indicated power in kW
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)The indicated mean effective pressure is %3.2f bar\n (b)Indicated power is %3.2f kW',pm,I)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.19/7_19.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.19/7_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9128f92aa --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.19/7_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+d=25;//Diameter of the bore in cm
+l=0.4;//Stroke length in m
+N=300;//Operating speed of the engine in rpm
+n=120;//Number of explosions per minute
+pm=6.7;//Mean effective pressure in kgf/cm^2
+Tnet=90;//Net brake load in kg
+R=0.75;//Radius of brake drum in m
+f=0.22;//Fuel supplied per minute in m^3
+C=4500;//Calorific value of fuel in kcal/m^3
+
+//Calculations
+BHP=(2*3.14*R*N*Tnet)/4500;//Brake horse power in kW
+A=(3.14*d^2)/4;//Area of the cylinder in cm^2
+IHP=(pm*l*A*n)/4500;//Indicated horse power in kW
+H=f*C;//Heat supplied by fuel per minute in kcal
+nt1=((IHP*C)/(990*427))*100;//Thermal efficiency on IHP basis in percent
+nt2=((BHP*C)/(990*427))*100;//Thermal efficiency on BHP basis in percent
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)The brake horse power is %3.2f kW\n (b)Indicated horse power is %3.3f kW\n (c)Thermal efficiency on IHP basis is %3.2f percent\n (d)Thermal efficiency on BHP basis is %3.2f percent',BHP,IHP,nt1,nt2)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..abadeea7d --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+N=700;//Engine speed in rpm
+D=0.6;//Diameter of brake drum in m
+d=0.05;//Diameter of rope in m
+W=35;//Dead load on the brake drum in kg
+S=4.5;//Spring balance reading in kg
+g=9.81;//Gravitational constant in N/m^2
+pi=3.14;//Mathematical constant
+
+//Calculations
+P=(((W-S)*g*pi*(D+d))/1000)*(N/60);//Power in kW
+
+//Output
+printf(' The power available at the brakes is %3.3f kW',P)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.20/7_20.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.20/7_20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..332f9922d --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.20/7_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+D=0.6;//Brake wheel diameter of a constant speed compression ignition engine operating on four stroke cycle in m
+t=0.01;//Thickness of brake band in m
+N=500;//Operating speed of the engine in rpm
+W=20;//Load on brake band in kgf
+S=3;//Spring balance reading in kgf
+l=6.25;//Length of indicator diagram in cm
+A=4.35;//Area of indicator diagram in cm^2
+Sn=11;//Spring number in kgf/cm^2/cm
+d=10;//Diameter of the bore in cm
+L=0.13;//Length of the stroke in m
+F=0.23;//Specific fuel consumption in kg/BHP hr
+CV=10000;//Heating value of fuel in kcal/kg
+
+//Calculations
+BHP=(3.14*(D+t)*N*(W-S))/4500;//Brake horse power in kW
+MEP=(A*Sn)/l;//Mean effective pressure in kgf/cm^2
+Ar=(3.14*d^2)/4;//Area of the cylinder in cm^2
+np=N/2;//Number of explosions per minute
+IHP=(MEP*L*Ar*np)/4500;//Indicated horse power in kW
+nm=(BHP/IHP)*100;//Mechanical efficiency in percentage
+Wf=F*BHP;//Fuel consumption per hr in kg/hr
+nt=((IHP*4500*60)/(Wf*CV*427))*100;//Indicated thermal efficiency in percentage
+nb=((BHP*4500*60)/(Wf*CV*427))*100;//Brake thermal efficiency in kW
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)The brake horse power is %3.2f kW\n (b)Indicated horse power is %3.3f kW\n (c)Mechanical efficiency is %3.1f percent\n (d)Indicated thermal efficiency is %3.0f percent\n (e)Brake thermal efficiency is %3.1f percent',BHP,IHP,nm,nt,nb)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.21/7_21.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.21/7_21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6b7a22118 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.21/7_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+N=1200;//Operating speed of a four cylinder engine in rpm
+BHP=25.3;//The brake horse power when all 4 cylinders are operating in kW
+T=10.5;//The average torque when one cylinder was cut out in mkgf
+CV=10000;//Calorific value of the fuel used in kcal/kg
+f=0.25;//The amount of petrol used in engine per BHP hour
+J=427;//
+
+//Calculations
+BHP1=(2*3.14*N*T)/4500;//BHP for 3 cylinders when 1 cylinder is cut out in kW
+IHP=BHP-BHP1;//IHP of one cylinder in kW
+IHPt=IHP*4;//Total IHP of the engine with 4 cylinders
+Wf=(f*BHP)/60;//Fuel used per minute in kg
+ni=((IHPt*4500)/(Wf*CV*J))*100;//Indicated thermal efficiency in percent
+nm=(BHP/IHPt)*100;//Mechanical efficiency in percent
+nb=(IHPt*nm)/100;//Brake thermal efficiency in percent
+
+//Output
+printf('The indicated thermal efficiency is %3.1f percent',ni)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.22/7_22.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.22/7_22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8b2a7e773 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.22/7_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+B=32;//Brake horse power in kW with all cylinders working
+B1=21.6;//BHP with number 1 cylinder cut out in kW
+B2=22.3;//BHP with number 2 cylinder cut out in kW
+B3=22.5;//BHP with number 3 cylinder cut out in kW
+B4=23;//BHP with number 4 cylinder cut out in kW
+
+//Calculations
+I1=B-B1;//Indicated horse power of number 1 cylinder in kW
+I2=B-B2;//IHP of number 2 cylinder in kW
+I3=B-B3;//IHP of number 3 cylinder in kW
+I4=B-B4;//IHP of number 4 cylinder in kW
+I=I1+I2+I3+I4;//Total IHP of the engine in kW
+nm=(B/I)*100;//Mechanical efficiency in percent
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)The IHP of the engine is %3.1f kW\n (b)Mechanical efficiency is %3.1f percent',I,nm)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.23/7_23.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.23/7_23.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7d837c06e --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.23/7_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+r=15;//The air fuel ratio by weight
+CV=45000;//Calorific value of fuel in kJ/kg
+nm=85;//Mechanical efficiency of 4 stroke 4 cylinder engine in percent
+na=53;//Air standard efficiency of the engine in percent
+nr=65;//Relative efficiency of the engine in percent
+nv=80;//Volumetric efficiency of the engine in percent
+r1=1.3;//Stroke to bore ratio
+p1=1;//Suction pressure in bar
+T=303;//Suction temperature in K
+S=3000;//The operating speed of the engine in rpm
+P=75;//Power at brakes in kW
+r2=1.4;//Ratio of specific heats for air
+R1=0.287;//Characteristic gas constant for air fuel mixture in kJ/kg K
+
+//Calculations
+R=(1/(1-(na/100)))^(1/(r2-1));//Compression ratio of the engine
+nti=((na/100)*(nr/100))*100;//The indicated thermal efficiency in percent
+Pi=P/(nm/100);//Indicated power in kW
+F=Pi/((nti*CV)/100);//Fuel per second injected in kg/sec
+B=F/P;//Brake specific fuel consumption in kg/kWsec
+A=1+r;//Mass of fuel mixture entering the engine foe every one kg of fuel in kg
+m=A*F;//Mass of air fuel mixture per second in kg
+V=(m*R1*T)/(p1*10^5/1000);//Volume of air fuel mixture supplied to the engine per sec
+Vs=V/(nv/100);//Swept volume per second in m^3/sec
+d=((Vs*2*60*4)/(S*3.14*r1*4))^(1/3)*1000;//Diameter of the bore in mm
+L=r1*d;//Stroke length in mm
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Compression ratio is %3.1f \n (b)Indicated thermal efficiency is %3.1f percent\n (c)Brake specific fuel consumption is %3.7f kg/kW sec\n (d)Bore diameter of the engine is %3.1f mm\n (e)Stroke length of the engine is %3.1f mm',R,nti,B,d,L)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.24/7_24.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.24/7_24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1afb42c7c --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.24/7_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+d=0.3;//Diameter of the bore in m
+L=0.45;//Stroke length in m
+N=220;//Operating speed of the engine in rpm
+T=3600;//Duration of trial in sec
+F=7;//Fuel consumption in kg per minute
+CV=45000;//Calorific value of fuel in kJ/kg
+A=320;//Area of indicator diagram in mm^2
+l=60;//Length of indicator diagram in mm
+S=1.1;//Spring index in bar/mm
+W=130;//Net load on brakes in kg
+D=1.65;//Diameter of brake drum in m
+W1=500;//Total weight of jacket cooling water in kg
+t=40;//Temperature rise of jacket cooling water in degrees celsius
+t1=300;//Temperature of exhaust gases in degrees celsius
+ma=300;//Air consumption in kg
+sg=1.004;//Specific heat of exhaust gas in kJ/kgK
+sw=4.185;//Specific heat of water in kJ/kgK
+t2=25;//Room temperature in degrees celsius
+g=9.81;//gravity
+
+//Calculations
+P=(W*g*3.14*D*N)/(1000*60);//Power available at brakes in kW
+pm=(A*S)/l;//Mean effective pressure in bar
+I=(pm*10^5*L*((3.14*d^2)/4)*N)/(1000*2*60);//Indicated power developed in kW
+nm=(P/I)*100;//Mechanical efficiency in percent
+nt=(P/((F/T)*CV))*100;//Brake thermal efficiency in percent
+ni=(I/((F/T)*CV))*100;//Indicated thermal efficiency in percent
+Hs=F*CV;//Heat supplied on one hour basis
+Hp=P*T;//Heat equivalent of brake power in kJ
+Hf=I-P;//Heat lost in friction in kJ
+Hc=W1*t*sw;//Heat carried away by cooling water in kJ
+He=(ma+F)*(t1-t2)*sg;//Heat carried away by exhaust gas in kJ
+Hu=Hs-(He+Hf+Hc+He);//Heat unaccounted in kJ
+nb=(He/Hs)*100;//Heat equivalent of power at brakes in percent
+nf=(Hf/Hs)*100;//Heat lost in friction in percent
+nw=(Hc/Hs)*100;//Heat removed by jacket water in percent
+ne=(He/Hs)*100;//Heat carried away by exhaust gases in percent
+nu=(Hu/Hs)*100;//Heat unaccounted in percent
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Power available at brakes is %3.2f kW\n (b)Indicated power developed is %3.2f kW\n (c)Mechanical efficiency is %3.2f percent\n (d)Brake Thermal efficiency is %3.2f percent\n (e)Indicated thermal efficiency is %3.2f percent',P,I,nm,nt,ni)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.25/7_25.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.25/7_25.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d195b1095 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.25/7_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+d=25;//The bore diameter of a single cylinder 4 stroke engine in cm
+l=0.38;//Stroke length in m
+t=3600;//Duration of test in sec
+r=19710;//Total number of revolutions
+F=6.25;//Fuel oil used in kg
+A=5.7;//Area of indicator diagram in cm^2
+L=7.6;//Length of indicator diagram in cm
+S=8.35;//Spring number in kgf/cm^3
+P=63.5;//Net load on brake drum in kg
+R=1.2;//Radius of brake drum in m
+Ww=5.7;//Rate of coolant flow in kg/min
+deltaT=44;//Temperature rise of coolant in degrees celsius
+T1=15.5;//Atmospheric temperature in degrees celsius
+As=30;//Air supplied per kg of fuel
+CV=10600;//Calorific value of fuel in kcal/kg
+Te=390;//Exhaust gas temperature in degrees celsius
+sm=0.25;//Mean specific heat of exhaust gas
+
+//Calculations
+Hs=(F*CV)/60;//Heat supplied by fuel per minute in kcal
+pm=(A*S)/L;//Mean effective pressure in kgf/cm^2
+I=(pm*l*(3.14*d^2)*r)/(4*60*2*4500);//Indicated horse power in kW
+B=(P*R*2*3.14*r)/(4500*60);//Brake horse power in kW
+Hei=(I*4500)/427;//Heat equivalent of IHP/min in kcal
+Heb=(B*4500)/427;//Heat equivalent of BHP/min in kcal
+Hf=Hei-Heb;//Heat in friction per minute in kcal
+Hc=Ww*deltaT;//Heat carried away by coolant in kcal
+We=(F+(As*F))/60;//Weight of exhaust gases per minute
+He=We*(Te-T1)*sm;//Heat carried away by exhaust gases in kcal
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Indicated horse power is %3.2f kcal\n (b)Brake horse power developed is %3.2f kcal\n (c)Heat equivalent of friction is %3.1f kcal',I,B,Hf)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.26/7_26.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.26/7_26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..19183e330 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.26/7_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input
+F=10;//Quantity of fuel supplied during the trial of a diesel engine in kg/hr
+CV=42500;//Calorific value of fuel in kJ/kg
+r=20;//Air fuel ratio
+T=20;//Ambient temperature in degrees celsius
+mw=585;//Water circulated through the gas calorimeter in litres/hr
+T1=35;//Temperature rise of water through the calorimeter in degrees celsius
+T2=95;//Temperature of gases at exit from the calorimeter in degrees celsius
+se=1.05;//Specific heat of exhaust gases in kJ/kgK
+sw=4.186;//Specific heat of water in kJ/kgK
+
+//Calculations
+M=(F/60)*(r+1);//Mass of exhaust gases formed per minute
+H=((mw/60)*sw*T1)+(M*se*(T2-T));//Heat carried away by the exhaust gases per minute in kJ/min
+Hs=(F/60)*CV;//Heat supplied by fuel per minute in kJ/min
+nh=(H/Hs)*100;//Percentage of heat carried away by the exhaust gas
+
+//Output
+printf('Percentage of heat carried away by exhaust gas is %3.2f percent',nh)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.27/7_27.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.27/7_27.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..50212b06b --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.27/7_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+F=11;//Fuel used per hour observed during the trial of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine in kg
+mc=85;//Carbon present in the fuel in percent
+mh=14;//Hydrogen present in the fuel in percent
+mn=1;//Non combustibles present in the fuel in percent
+CV=50000;//Calorific value of fuel in kJ/kg
+Vc=8.5;//Percentage of carbon dioxide present in exhaust gas by Volumetric analysis
+Vo=10;//Oxygen present in exhaust gases in percent
+Vn=81.5;//Nitrogen present in exhaust gases in percent
+Te=400;//Temperature of exhaust gases in degrees celsius
+se=1.05;//Specific heat of exhaust gas in kJ/kg
+Pp=0.030;//Partial pressure of steam in the exhaust in bar
+Ta=20;//Ambient temperature in degrees celsius
+hs=2545.6;//Enthalpy of saturated steam in kJ/kg
+Tsa=24.1;//Saturation temperature from graph in degrees celcius
+Cp=2.1;//Specific heat in kJ/kg K
+hst=3335;//Enthalpy of super heated steam in kJ/kg
+
+//Calculations
+Ma=(Vn*mc)/(33*Vc);//Mass of air supplied per kg of fuel in kg
+Me=Ma+1;//Mass of exhaust gases formed per kg of fuel in kg
+me=(Me*F)/60;//Mass of exhaust gases formed per minute in kg
+ms=F*(mh/100);//Mass of steam formed per kg of fuel in kg
+ms1=(ms*F)/60;//Mass of steam formed per minute in kg
+mde=me-ms1;//Mass of dry exhaust gases formed per minute in kg
+H=mde*se*(Te-Ta);//Heat carried away by the dry exhaust gases per minute in kJ/min
+Es=hs+(Cp*(Te-Tsa));//Enthalpy of superheated steam in kJ/kg
+He=ms1*hst;//Heat carried away by steam in the exhaust gases in kJ/min
+Hl=H+He;//Total heat lost through dry exhaust gases and steam in kJ/min
+Hf=(F/60)*CV;//Heat supplied by fuel per minute in kJ/min
+nh=(Hl/Hf)*100;//Percentage of heat carried away by exhaust gases
+
+//Output
+printf('Percentage of heat carried away by exhaust gases is %3.1f percent',nh)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.28/7_28.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.28/7_28.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2db7de190 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.28/7_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+C=0.0033;//The capacity of a four stroke engine of compression ignition type
+I=13;//Average indicated power developed in kW/m^3
+N=3500;//Operating speed of the engine
+nv=80;//Volumetric efficiency in percentage
+p1=1.013;//Initial pressure in bar
+T1=298;//Initial temperature in K
+r=1.75;//Pressure ratio of the engine
+ni=75;//The isentropic efficiency in percentage
+nm=80;//mechanical efficiency in percentage
+r1=1.4;//Polytropic index
+
+//Calculations
+Vs=(N/2)*C;//Swept volume in m^3/min
+Vi=Vs*(nv/100);//Unsupercharged engine inducted volume in m^3/min
+Pb=p1*r;//Blower delivery pressure in bar
+T2s=((r)^((r1-1)/r1))*T1;//Final temperature in K
+T2=((T2s-T1)/(ni/100))+T1;//Blower delivery temperature in K
+Ve=((Pb*Vs)*T1)/(T2*p1);//Equivalent volume at 1.013 bar and 298K in m^3/min
+Vin=Ve-Vi;//Increase in inducted volume of air in m^3/min
+Pin=Vin*I;//Increase in indicated power due to extra air inducted in kW
+Pinp=((Pb-p1)*Vs*100)/60;//Increase in indicated power due to increase in induction pressure in kW
+Pt=Pin+Pinp;//Total increase in indicated power in kW
+nb=Pt*(nm/100);//Total increase in brake power efficiency in kW
+ma=(Pb*Vs*100)/(60*0.287*T2);//Mass of air delivered by the blower in kg/s
+Wb=ma*1.005*(T2-T1);//Work input to air by blower in kW
+Pb1=Wb/(nv/100);//Power required to drive the blower in kW
+Pb2=nb-Pb1;//Net increase in brake power in kW
+
+//Output
+printf('The net increase in brake power is %3.2f kW',Pb2)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..09482460e --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+W=950;//Load on hydraulic dynamometer in N
+C=7500;//Dynamometer constant
+f=10.5;//Fuel used per hour in kg
+h=50000;//Calorific value of fuel in kJ/kg
+N=400;//Engine speed in rpm
+
+//Calculations
+P=(W*N)/C;//Power available at the brakes in kW
+H=P*60;//Heat equivalent of power at brakes in kJ/min
+Hf=(f*h)/60;//Heat supplied by fuel per minute in kJ/min
+n=(H/Hf)*100;//Brake thermal efficiency in percentage
+
+//Output
+printf(' Brake thermal efficiency of the engine is %3.2f percent',n)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..091f75785 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+n1=50.5;//Air standard efficiency in percentage
+n2=50;//Brake thermal efficiency in percentage
+N=3000;//Engine speed in rpm
+H=10500;//Heating value of fuel in kcal/kg
+T=7.2;//Torque developed in kgf*m
+B=6.3;//Bore diameter in cm
+S=0.095;//stroke in m
+
+//Calculations
+nbt=(n1/100)*(n2/100);//Brake thermal efficiency in percentage
+B1=(2*(22/7)*N*T)/4500;//Brake horse power in kW
+B2=B1/4;//Brake horse power per cylinder in kW
+Bsf=(4500*60)/(H*427*nbt);//Brake specific fuel consumption in kg/BHP hr
+bmep=(B2*4500)/(S*(3.14*B^2/4)*(N/2));//Brake mean effective pressure in kgf/cm^2
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Specific fuel consumption is %3.3f kg/BHP hr\n (b)Brake mean effective pressure is %3.3f kgf/cm^2',Bsf,bmep)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..76ac233b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+W=30;//The net dynamometer load in kg
+R=0.5;//Radius in m
+N=2400;//Speed in rpm
+FHP=6.5;//Engine power in hp
+
+//Calculations
+BHP=(2*3.14*R*N*W)/4500;//Brake horse power in kW
+IHP=BHP+FHP;//Indicated horse power in kW
+nm=(BHP/IHP)*100;//Mechanical efficiency in percentage
+
+//Output
+printf('Mechanical efficiency of the engine is %3.2f percent',nm)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f871f2b5f --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+d=25;//Diameter of cylinder in cm
+l=0.4;//Stroke of piston in m
+N=200;//Speed in rpm
+m=10;//Misfires per minute
+M=6.2;//Mean effective pressure in kgf/cm^2
+nm=0.8;//Mechanical efficiency in percent
+
+//Calculations
+np=(N/2)-m;//Number of power strokes per minute
+A=(3.14*d^2)/4;//Area of the cylinder
+I=(M*l*A*np)/4500;//Indicated horse power in kW
+B=I*nm;//Brake horse power in kW
+F=I-B;//Friction horse power in kW
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)The indicated horse power is %3.2f kW \n (b)The brake horse power is %3.2f kW \n (c)Friction horse power is %3.2f kW',I,B,F)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1fd0baf08 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+I=5;//Indicated power developed by single cylinder of 2 stroke petrol engine
+M=6.5;//Mean effective pressure in bar
+d=0.1;//Diameter of piston in m
+
+//Calculations
+A=(3.14*d^2)/4;//Area of the cylinder
+LN=(I*1000*60)/(M*10^5*A);//Product of length of stroke and engine speed
+S=2*LN;//Average piston speed in m/s
+
+//Output
+printf('The average piston speed is %3.2f m/s',S)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.8/7_8.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.8/7_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3ab4c0c80 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.8/7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P=60;//Power developed by oil engine in kW
+M=6.5;//Mean effective pressure in kgf/cm^2
+N=85;//Number of explosions per minute
+r=1.75;//Ratio of stroke to bore diameter
+nm=0.8;//Mechanical efficiency
+
+//Calculations
+I=P/nm;//Indicated horse power
+d=((I*100*4*4500)/(M*r*3.14*N))^(1/3);//Bore diameter in cm
+l=r*d;//Stroke length in cm
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Diameter of the bore is %3.2f cm \n (b)Stroke length of the piston is %3.2f cm',d,l)
diff --git a/2063/CH7/EX7.9/7_9.sce b/2063/CH7/EX7.9/7_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5b2723e41 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH7/EX7.9/7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+I=45;//Power developed by two cylinder internal combustion engine operating on two stroke principle
+N=1100;//Speed in rpm
+M=6;//Mean effective pressure in kgf/cm^2
+r=1.3;//Ratio of stroke to the bore
+nc=2;//Number of cylinders
+
+//Calculations
+d=((I*4500*4)/(M*(r/100)*3.14*N*nc))^(1/3);//Diameter of the bore in cm
+l=1.3*d;//Stroke length in cm
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)The bore diameter of the cylinder is %3.2f cm\n (b)Stroke length of the piston is %3.2f cm',d,l)
diff --git a/2063/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce b/2063/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b267dfe8b --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=12;//Pressure of Dry saturated steam entering a steam nozzle in bar
+P2=1.5;//Discharge pressure of Dry saturated steam in bar
+f=0.95;//Dryness fraction of the discharged steam
+l=12;//Heat drop lost in friction in percentage
+hg1=2784.8;//Specific enthalpy of steam at 12 bar from steam tables in kJ/kg
+hg2=2582.3;//Specific enthalpy of 0.95 dry steam at 1.5 bar from steam tables in kJ/kg
+
+//Calculations
+hd=hg1-hg2;//Heat drop in kJ/kg
+V1=44.72*(hd)^(0.5);//Velocity of steam at discharge from the nozzle in m/s
+n=1-(l/100);//Nozzle coefficient when 12 percent heat drop is lost in friction
+V2=44.72*(n*hd)^(0.5);//Velocity of steam in m/s
+percentV=((V1-V2)/V1)*100;//Percentage reduction in velocity
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Final velocity of steam is %3.1f m/s\n (b)Percentage reduction in velocity is %3.2f percent',V1,percentV)
diff --git a/2063/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce b/2063/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5bf9ec523 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=12;//Initial pressure of dry saturated steam expanded in a nozzle in bar
+P2=0.95;//Final pressure of dry saturated steam expanded in a nozzle in bar
+f=10;//Frictional loss in the nozzle of the total heat drop in percentage
+d=12;//Exit diameter of the nozzle in mm
+hd=437.1;//Heat drop in kJ/kg from steam tables
+q=0.859;//Dryness fraction of steam at discharge pressure
+vg=1.777;//Specific volume of dry saturated steam at 0.95 bar
+
+//Calculations
+n=1-(f/100);//Nozzle coefficient from moiller chart
+V2=44.72*(n*hd)^(0.5);//Velocity of steam at nozzle exit in m/s
+A=(3.14/4)*(0.012)^(2);//Area of the nozzle at the exit in mm^2
+m=((A*V2)/(q*vg))*3600;//Mass of steam discharged through the nozzle per hour in kg/hour
+
+//Output
+printf('The mass of steam discharged,when the exit diameter of the nozzle is 12mm is %3.1f kg/hour',m)
diff --git a/2063/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce b/2063/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5f6f00c74 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=12;//Inlet pressure of steam nozzle in bar
+T1=250;//Inlet temperature of steam nozzle in degrees celcius
+P2=2;//Final pressure of the steam nozzle in bar
+n=1.3;//Polytropic constant for superheated steam
+St=6.831;//For isentropic expansion, entropy remains constant in kJ/kg
+h1=2935.4//Enthalpy of steam at P1 from steam table in kJ/kg
+ht=2860;//Enthalpy of steam at pt in kJ/kg
+vt=0.325;//Specific volume of steam at the throat conditions in m^3/kg
+m=0.2;//Mass of steam discharged through the nozzle in kg/hour
+q=0.947;//The dryness fraction of steam at exit from steam tables
+hg=2589.6;//Enthalpy of steam at exit in kJ/kg
+vs=0.8854;//Specific volume of saturated steam in m^3/kg
+
+//Calculations
+pt=(P2/(n+1))^(n/(n-1))*P1;//Critical pressure ratio i.e.,Throat pressure in bar
+Vt=(2*1000*(h1-ht))^(0.5);//Velocity of steam at throat in m/s
+At=((m*vt)/Vt)*10^4;//Area of the throat in cm^2 from continuity equation
+ve=q*vs;//Specific volume of steam at exit in m^3/kg
+Ve=(2*1000*(h1-hg))^(0.5);//Velocity of steam at nozzle exit in m/s
+Ae=((m*ve)/Ve)*10^4;//Exit area in cm^2
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Throat area of steam nozzle is %3.3f cm^2\n (b)Exit area of steam nozzle is %3.3f cm^2\n (c)Exit velocity of the nozzle is %3.1f m/s',At,Ae,Ve)
diff --git a/2063/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce b/2063/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e1990333e --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=10;//Pressure of steam in bar
+f=0.9;//Dryness fraction of steam
+At=350;//Throat area in mm^2
+Pb=1.4;//Back pressure in bar
+h1=2574.8;//Enthalpy of steam at nozzle inlet from steam tables in kJ/kg
+ft=0.87;//Dryness fraction of steam at throat pressure
+fe=0.81;//Dryness fraction of steam at exit pressure
+ht=2481;//Enthalpy of steam at throat pressure at ft in kJ/kg
+vt=0.285;//Specific volume of steam at throat in m^3/kg
+he=2266.2;//Enthalpy of steam at exit conditions in kJ/kg
+ve=1.001;//Specific volume of steam at exit conditions in m^3/kg
+
+//Calculations
+Pt=0.582*P1;//Steam pressure at the throat in bar
+hd=h1-ht;//Enthalpy drop upto the throat in kJ/kg
+Vt=44.7*(hd)^(0.5);//Velocity of steam at the throat in m/s
+hde=h1-he;//Enthalpy drop from nozzle entrance to exit in kJ/kg
+Ve=44.7*(hde)^(0.5);//Velocity of steam at nozzle exit in m/s
+Ae=(At*Vt*ve)/(Ve*vt);//Exit area of nozzle from the mass rate of flow equation in mm^2
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Final exit velocity of steam is %3.1f m/s\n (b)Cross sectional area of the nozzle at exit for maximum discharge is %3.0f mm^2',Ve,Ae)
diff --git a/2063/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce b/2063/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5ad0dd1d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=7;//Inlet pressure of a convergent divergent steam nozzle in bar
+T1=275;//Inlet temperature of the nozzle in degrees celcius
+P2=1;//Discharge pressure of steam in bar
+l=60;//Length of diverging portion of the nozzle in mm
+dt=6;//Diameter of the throat in mm
+f1=10;//Percent of total available enthalpy drop lost in friction in the diverging portion in percentage
+h1=3006.9;//Enthalpy of steam at 7bar pressure and 275 degrees celcius in kJ/kg
+ht=2865.9;//Enthalpy at the throat from Moiller chart in kJ/kg
+he=2616.7;//Enthalpy at the exit from moiller chart in kJ/kg
+vt=0.555;//Specific volume of steam at throat in m^3/kg
+Tt=202.8;//Temperature of steam at throat in degrees celcius from moiller chart
+ve=1.65;//Volume of steam at exit in m^3/kg
+
+//Calculations
+Pt=0.546*P1;//The throat pressure for maximum discharge in bar
+hd=h1-ht;//Enthalpy drop upto throat in kJ/kg
+Vt=44.7*(hd)^(0.5);//Velocity of steam at throat in m/s
+hid=h1-he;//Total isentropic drop from 7 bar,275 degrees celcius to 1 bar in kJ/kg
+hda=(1-(f1/100))*(hid);//Actual heat drop in kJ/kg
+Ve=44.7*(hda)^(0.5);//Velocity at exit in m/s
+At=(3.14/4)*(6/1000)^(2);//Throat area of the nozzle in m^2
+m=(At*Vt)/vt;//Mass flow rate at nozzle throat in kg/s
+Ae=((m*ve)/Ve)*10^4;//Exit area of the nozzle in cm^2
+de=(((Ae*4)/3.14)^(0.5))*10;//Diameter of the nozzle at exit in mm
+alpha=atand((de-dt)/(2*60));//Half of the cone angle of the nozzle in degrees
+alpha1=2*alpha;//Cone angle of the nozzle in degrees
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Velocity of steam at throat is %3.0f m/s\n (b)Temperature of steam at the throat is %3.1f degrees celcius\n (c)Cone angle of the divergent portion is %3.3f degrees',Vt,Tt,alpha1)
diff --git a/2063/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce b/2063/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f0875b27a --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH9/EX9.1/9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+m=1;//Mass of air that has to be compressed in kg
+P1=1;//Initial pressure of a single stage reciprocating air compressor in bar
+P2=6;//Final pressure in bar
+T1=303;//Initial temperature of air in K
+n=1.2;//Polytropic index of air
+R=287;//Gas constant for air in J/kg K
+r=1.4;//Isentropic index
+
+//Calculations
+W1=(m*R*T1*log(P2/P1))/1000;//Work required for compression in kJ/kg in Isothermal compression process
+W2=((n/(n-1))*m*R*T1*((P2/P1)^((n-1)/n)-1))/1000;//Work required for compression in a polytropic compression process in kJ/kg
+W3=((r/(r-1))*m*R*T1*((P2/P1)^((r-1)/r)-1))/1000;//Work required for compression in a Isentropic compression process in kJ/kg
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Work required in a isothermal compression is %3.3f kJ/kg \n(b)Work required in a polytropic compression is %3.3f kJ/kg \n(c)Work required in a isentropic compression is %3.3f kJ/kg',W1,W2,W3)
diff --git a/2063/CH9/EX9.10/9_10.sce b/2063/CH9/EX9.10/9_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3452e0ebc --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH9/EX9.10/9_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+D=0.15;//Diameter of the bore of a single stage single acting reciprocating air compressor in m
+L=0.225;//Stroke length in m
+P1=1;//Pressure of air received in bar
+T1=308;//Temperature of initial air in K
+P2=6.5;//Delivery pressure in bar
+n=1.3;//Polytropic index
+
+//Calculations
+Vs=(3.14*D^2*L)/4;//Stroke volume of the compressor in m^3
+Vc=0.05*Vs;//Clearance volume in m^3
+V1=Vs+Vc;//Initial volume of air in m^3
+V4=Vc*(P2/P1)^(1/n);//The air in the clearance volume expands during suction stroke in m^3
+V=V1-V4;//Effective swept volume in m^3
+W=((n/(n-1))*P1*10^5*(V1-V4)*(((P2/P1)^((n-1)/n))-1));//Work done by the compressor per cycle in Nm
+
+//Output
+printf('Work done by the compressor per cycle is %3.1f Nm',W)
diff --git a/2063/CH9/EX9.11/9_11.sce b/2063/CH9/EX9.11/9_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9f4455c37 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH9/EX9.11/9_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+D=0.1;//Diameter of the bore of a single acting compressor in m
+L=0.1;//Length of the stroke in m
+N=400;//Operating speed of the compressor in in rpm
+Vc=0.00008;//Clearance volume in m^3
+n=1.2;//Polytropic index
+T1=303;//Initial temperature in K
+Tf=293;//Final temperature in K
+P1=0.95;//Initial pressure in bar
+P2=8;//Final pressure in bar
+Pf=1.013;//Free air pressure in bar
+
+//Calculations
+Vs=(3.14*D^2*L)/4;//Stroke volume of the compressors in m^3
+V1=Vc+Vs;//Initial volume of air is equal to cylinder volume in m^3
+V4=Vc*(P2/P1)^(1/n);//Air in the clearance volume expands during suction stroke to V4
+Ve=V1-V4;//Effective swept volume in m^3
+Vf=(P1*(V1-V4)*Tf)/(T1*Pf);//Free air delivered per cycle can be obtained in m^3
+A=Vf*N;//Free air delivered per minute in m^3/min
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Free air delivered per cycle is %3.6f m^3\n (b)Free air delivered per minute is %3.4f m^3/min',Vf,A)
diff --git a/2063/CH9/EX9.12/9_12.sce b/2063/CH9/EX9.12/9_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..00a82086f --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH9/EX9.12/9_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1;//Pressure of air drawn by a two stage single acting reciprocating air compressor in bar
+T1=293;//Initial temperature in K
+P3=60;//Final pressure after the compression in bar
+P2=10;//Pressure after compression in the LP cylinder in bar
+T2=303;//Temperature after cooling in K
+D=0.16;//Diameter of a cylinder in m
+L=0.2;//Stroke length of the cylinder in m
+n=1.3;//Polytropic index
+N=300;//Operating speed of the compressor in rpm
+R=287;//Gas constant in J/kg K
+
+//Calculations
+V1=(3.14*D^2*L)/4;//Volume of the LP cylinder in m^3
+V2=(P1*V1*T2)/(T1*P2);//Volume of the HP cylinder in m^3
+W=(n/(n-1))*(P1*10^5*V1*(((P2/P1)^((n-1)/n))-1)+(P2*10^5*V2*(((P3/P2)^((n-1)/n))-1)));//Work done by the compressor per working cycle in N m
+P=(W*N)/(60*1000);//Power of the compressor in kW
+
+//Output
+printf('Power of the compressor when it runs at 300 rpm is %3.3f kW',P)
diff --git a/2063/CH9/EX9.13/9_13.sce b/2063/CH9/EX9.13/9_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9235dad49 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH9/EX9.13/9_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1;//Initial pressure in bar
+P3=9;//Final pressure in bar
+n=1.3;//Compression index
+
+//Calculations
+W1=(n/(n-1))*(P1*10^5*(((P3/P1)^((n-1)/n))-1));//Work done in compression in a single stage per unit volume per kg of air in N m
+P2=(P1*P3)^(0.5);//Intercooler pressure for perfect intercooling in bar
+W2=2*(n/(n-1))*(P1*10^5*(((P2/P1)^((n-1)/n))-1));//Work done in compression in a two stage compressor per unit volume per kg of air in N m
+Wc=W1-W2;//Saving in work of compression in N m
+nw=((W1-W2)/W1)*100;//Percentage saving in work of compression in percentage
+
+//Output
+printf('Percentage saving in the work of compression of air in two stages instead of single stage is %3.2f percent',nw)
diff --git a/2063/CH9/EX9.14/9_14.sce b/2063/CH9/EX9.14/9_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..42cd2b47b --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH9/EX9.14/9_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+m=1;//Mass of air to be compressed in kg
+P1=1;//Pressure of air before compression in bar
+T1=303;//Initial temperature in K
+P3=25;//Final pressure of air after compression in bar
+n=1.3;//Polytropic index
+R=287;//Gas constant in J/kg K
+
+//Calculations
+P2=(P1*P3)^(0.5);//Intermediate pressure in the case of perfect intercooling in bar
+W=2*(n/(n-1))*(m*R*T1*(((P2/P1)^((n-1)/n))-1));//Work done in compression in a two stage compressor per unit volume per kg of air in N m
+
+//Output data
+printf('Minimum work required to compress 1kg of air for given conditions is %3.0f N m',W)
diff --git a/2063/CH9/EX9.15/9_15.sce b/2063/CH9/EX9.15/9_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0484a5004 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH9/EX9.15/9_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+V1=3;//Volume of air sucked in by a two stage compressor in m^3
+P1=1.04;//Initial pressure in bar
+T1=298;//Initial temperature in K
+P2=9;//Delivery pressure in bar
+n=1.25;//Polytropic index
+
+//Calculations
+P2=(P1*P2)^(0.5);//Intermediate pressure for perfect intercooling and for minimum work of compression in bar
+W=2*(n/(n-1))*(P1*10^5*V1*(((P2/P1)^((n-1)/n))-1));//Work done in compression in a two stage compressor per unit volume per kg of air in Nm
+P=W/(60*1000);//Power required to drive the compressor in kW
+
+//Output
+printf('The minimum power required to drive the compressor is %3.3f kW',P)
diff --git a/2063/CH9/EX9.16/9_16.sce b/2063/CH9/EX9.16/9_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..46a816834 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH9/EX9.16/9_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1;//Initial pressure of a two stage air compressor in bar
+P3=36;//Final pressure in bar
+T1=298;//Initial temperature in K
+n=1.35;//Polytropic index
+T3=298;//Temperature after intercooling in K
+Tc=20;//Permissible temperature rise of the cooling water in K
+R=287;//Gas constant in J/kg K
+Cp=1;//Specific heat of air in kJ/kg K
+Cw=4.2;//Specific heat of water in kJ/kg K
+ma=1;//Mass of air in the compressor in kg
+
+//Calculations
+P2=(P1*P3)^(0.5);//Intercooler pressure for complete intercooling and for minimum work of compression in bar
+T2=T1*(P2/P1)^((n-1)/n);//Temperature after the compression process in K
+mw=(ma*Cp*(T2-T3))/(Cw*(Tc));//Mass of water to circulate in the intercooler per kg of air in kg
+
+//Output
+printf('Mass of water to circulate in the intercooler for abstracting heat is %3.3f kg',mw)
diff --git a/2063/CH9/EX9.17/9_17.sce b/2063/CH9/EX9.17/9_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1daab3943 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH9/EX9.17/9_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+V1=0.2;//Volume of air flow per second in a two stage single acting reciprocating compressor in m^3
+P1=0.1;//Intake pressure of air in MPa
+T1=293;//Initial temperature in K
+P3=0.8;//Final pressure after the air is compressed in MPa
+N=600;//Operating speed of the compressor in rpm
+
+//Calculations
+P2=(P1*P3)^(0.5);//Intercooler pressure for perfect intercooling and for minimum work of compression in bar
+Vl=(V1*60)/600;//Volume of the LP cylinder in m^3
+Vh=(P1*Vl)/P2;//Volume of the high pressure cylinder in m^3
+R=Vl/Vh;//Ratio of cylinder volumes
+
+//Output
+printf('The volume ratio of LP to HP cylinders is %3.2f',R)
diff --git a/2063/CH9/EX9.18/9_18.sce b/2063/CH9/EX9.18/9_18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..be5aa8331 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH9/EX9.18/9_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1;//Initial pressure of air entering a two stage air compressor with complete intercooling in bar
+P3=25;//Delivery pressure of air toe the mains in bar
+T1=303;//Initial temperature in K
+n=1.35;//Compression index
+
+//Calculations
+P2=(P1*P3)^(0.5);//Inter cooler pressure for perfect intercooling in bar
+R=(P2/P1)^(0.5);//Ratio of cylindrical diameters
+
+//Output
+printf('The ratio of cylinder diameters for the efficiency of compression to be maximum is %3.3f',R)
diff --git a/2063/CH9/EX9.19/9_19.sce b/2063/CH9/EX9.19/9_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b579b1c9d --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH9/EX9.19/9_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1;//Initial pressure of a multistage compression in bar
+Pn1=120;//Final pressure in bar
+r=4;//Permissible pressure ratios per stage
+
+//Calculations
+n=log(Pn1/P1)/log(r)
+n1=4;//As n=3.45 say 4 stages
+P5=Pn1;//Since number of stages is 4
+P4=P5/(Pn1/P1)^(1/n1);//Pressure after the stage 3 in bar
+P3=P4/(Pn1/P1)^(1/n1);//Pressure after the stage 2 in bar
+P2=P3/(Pn1/P1)^(1/n1);//Pressure after the stage 1 in bar
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Number of stages are %3.0f\n (b)Intermediate pressures are, P2 = %3.2f bar, P3 = %3.2f bar, P4 = %3.2f bar',n1,P2,P3,P4)
diff --git a/2063/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce b/2063/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..16640a00c --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH9/EX9.2/9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+Pi=60000;//Indicated power of a double acting air compressor in W
+P1=1;//Initial pressure in bar
+T1=293;//Initial temperature in K
+n=1.2;//Polytropic index of the process
+P2=8;//Final pressure in bar
+N=120;//Speed at which the cylinder operates in rpm
+S=150;//Average piston speed in m/min
+
+//Calculations
+L=S/(2*N);//Length of the stroke in m
+X=(3.14*L)/4;//X=V/D^2 i.e.,Volume of air before compression/square of the diameter in m
+Y=((n/(n-1))*P1*10^5*X*(((P2/P1)^((n-1)/n))-1));//Y=W/D^2 Work done by the compressor per cycle in N/m
+Nw=2*N;//Number of working strokes per minute since it is a double acting cylinder
+D=(((Pi*60)/(Y*Nw))^(0.5))*1000;//Diameter of the cylinder in mm
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Length of the cylinder is %3.3f m \n (b)Diameter of the cylinder is %3.0f mm',L,D)
diff --git a/2063/CH9/EX9.20/9_20.sce b/2063/CH9/EX9.20/9_20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..24af179af --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH9/EX9.20/9_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1;//Initial pressure of a 3 stage compressor in bar
+P4=40;//Final pressure in bar
+T1=293;//Initial temperature in K
+n=1.3;//Polytropic index
+V1=15;//Air delivered per minute in m^3/min
+
+//Calculations
+W=((3*n)/(n-1))*P1*10^5*V1*(((P4/P1)^((n-1)/(3*n)))-1);//Work done by the compressor in kJ/min
+P=W/(60*1000);//Power required to deliver 15 m^3/min air in kW
+P2=P1*(P4/P1)^(1/3);//Intermediate pressure after stage 1 in bar
+P3=P2*(P4/P1)^(1/3);//Intermediate pressure after stage 2 in bar
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Power required to deliver 15 m^3/min air at suction condition is %3.1f kW\n (b)Intermediate pressures are P2 = %3.3f bar P3 = %3.3f bar',P,P2,P3)
diff --git a/2063/CH9/EX9.21/9_21.sce b/2063/CH9/EX9.21/9_21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e9e48e753 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH9/EX9.21/9_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1;//Atmospheric pressure in bar
+P4=60;//Delivery pressure in bar
+T1=303;//Initial temperature in K
+n=1.3;//Index of compression
+Cp=1.005;//Specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kg K
+S=3;//Number of stages
+
+//Calculations
+P2=P1*(P4/P1)^(1/3);//Intermediate pressure in bar
+T2=T1*(P2/P1)^((n-1)/n);//Temperature of air entering the intercoolers in K
+H=Cp*(T2-T1);//Heat rejected in each intercooler in kJ
+
+//Output
+printf('Amount of heat rejected in each intercooler is %3.0f kJ',H)
diff --git a/2063/CH9/EX9.22/9_22.sce b/2063/CH9/EX9.22/9_22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c57f05272 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH9/EX9.22/9_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1;//Pressure at the end of suction stroke in LP cylinder of a 3 stage single acting reciprocating compressor in bar
+T1=293;//Temperature at the end of suction stroke in LP cylinder in K
+V=9;//Free air delivered by the compressor in m^3
+P4=65;//Pressure delivered by the compressor in bar
+n=1.25;//Polytropic index
+
+//Calculations
+P2=P1*(P4/P1)^(1/3);//Intermediate pressure after stage 1 in bar
+P3=P2*(P4/P1)^(1/3);//Intermediate pressure after stage 2 in bar
+V3=1;//The volume of cylinder for the third stage in m^3
+V2=V3*(P3/P2);//Volume of the cylinder for second stage in m^3
+V1=(P2/P1)*V2;//Volume of the cylinder for first stage in m^3
+W=(((3*n)/(n-1))*P1*10^5*V*(((P4/P1)^((n-1)/(3*n)))-1))/1000;//Work done by the compressor in kJ/min
+Pi=W/60;//Indicated power in kW
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)L.P. and I.P.compressor delivery pressure is P2 = %3.3f bar P3 = %3.2f bar\n (b)Ratio of cylinder volumes is V1:V2:V3 = %3.2f:%3.3f:%3.0f\n (c)Total indicated power is %3.2f kW',P2,P3,V1,V2,V3,Pi)
diff --git a/2063/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce b/2063/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8c51a4dfe --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH9/EX9.3/9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+D=0.15;//Diameter of a cylinder of a single acting reciprocating air compressor in m
+L=0.2;//Length of the stroke in m
+P1=1;//The pressure at which compressor sucks air in bar
+P2=10;//Final pressure in bar
+T1=298;//Initial Temperature in K
+N=150;//Operating speed of the compressor in rpm
+n=1.3;//Polytropic index of the process
+
+//Calculations
+V1=((3.14*D^2*L)/4);//Volume of air before compression in m^3
+W=((n/(n-1))*P1*10^5*V1*((P2/P1)^((n-1)/n)-1));//Work done by the compressor for a polytropic compression of air in Nm
+Pi=((W*N)/60)/1000;//Indicated power of the compressor in kW
+
+//Output
+printf('The indicated power of the compressor is %3.3f kW',Pi)
diff --git a/2063/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce b/2063/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..55eaf5ae9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH9/EX9.4/9_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+D=0.25;//Diameter of the cylinder of a single acting air compressor in m
+L=0.4;//Length of the stroke in m
+P1=1;//Initial Pressure of the compressor in bar
+T1=303;//Initial temperature of the compressor in K
+P2=6;//Pressure during running in bar
+N=250;//Operating speed of the compressor in rpm
+R=287;//Gas constant in J/kg K
+
+//Calculations
+V1=(3.14*D^2*L)/4;//Volume of air before compression in m^3
+m=(P1*10^5*V1)/(R*T1);//Mass of air delivered by the compressor per stroke in kg/stroke
+Nw=N;//Since single acting cylinder number of working stroke is equal to Operating speed of the compressor in rpm
+ma=m*Nw;//Mass of air delivered per minute in kg/min
+
+//Output
+printf('Mass of air delivered per minute is %3.2f kg/min',ma)
diff --git a/2063/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.sce b/2063/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8f8f894d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH9/EX9.5/9_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1;//Initial pressure of a single acting compressor in bar
+P2=12;//Final pressure in bar
+N=500;//Operating speed of the compressor in rpm
+T1=308;//Inlet air temperature in K
+n=1.3;//Polytropic index
+
+//Calculations
+T2=T1*(P2/P1)^((n-1)/n);//Temperature of air delivered by the compressor in K
+
+//Output
+printf('Temperature of air delivered by the compressor is %3.2f K',T2)
diff --git a/2063/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sce b/2063/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a21838223 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH9/EX9.6/9_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+P1=1;//Pressure at which air is sucked by a compressor in bar
+T1=293;//Initial temperature in K
+P2=9;//Delivery pressure after compression in bar
+r=1.41;//Isentropic index
+n=1.3;//Polytropic index
+
+//Calculations
+T21=T1*((P2/P1)^((r-1)/r));//Temperature at the end of isentropic compression process in K
+T22=T1*((P2/P1)^((n-1)/n));//Temperature at the end of isentropic compression process in K
+T23=T1;//Temperature at the end of isotropic compression process in K (Temperature remains constant)
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Temperature at the end of isentropic compression is %3.2f K\n (b)Temperature at the end of polytropic compression is %3.2f K\n (c)Temperature at the end of isotropic compression is %3.0f K',T21,T22,T23)
diff --git a/2063/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.sce b/2063/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..faa15d3c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH9/EX9.7/9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+V1=0.07;//Displacement of the piston of a single stage single cylinder air compressor in m^3
+P1=1;//Initial pressure in bar
+T1=308;//Initial temperature of air in K
+P2=8.5;//Pressure after the compression process in bar
+r=1.4;//Isentropic compression
+
+//Calculations
+V2=V1*((P1/P2)^(1/1.4));//Final volume of the cylinder in m^3
+W1=P1*10^5*V1;//Work done by air during suction in Nm (or) J
+W2=(P1*10^5*V1*(1-(P2/P1)^((r-1)/r)))/(r-1);//Work done by air during compression in Nm or J
+Wa1=P2*10^5*V2;//Work done on air during delivery in Nm or J
+Wa2=((-W2)+Wa1-W1)/1000;//Net work done on air during the cycle in kJ
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Work done by air during suction is %3.0f J\n (b)Work done on air during compression is %3.0f J\n (c)Work done on air during delivery is %3.0f J\n (d)Net work done on air during the cycle is %3.3f kJ',W1,W2,Wa1,Wa2)
diff --git a/2063/CH9/EX9.8/9_8.sce b/2063/CH9/EX9.8/9_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e7802842a --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH9/EX9.8/9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+V1=0.05;//displacement of a piston of a single cylinder single stage reciprocating compressor in m^3
+P1=1;//pressure of air sucked in the compressor in bar
+T1=300;//Initial Temperature of air in K
+P2=7;//Pressure after the compression process in bar
+
+//Calculations
+V2=(P1*V1)/P2;//Volume after the compression in m^3
+W1=P1*10^5*V1;//Work done by air during suction in Nm
+W2=P1*10^5*V1*log(V2/V1);//Work done on sir during isothermal compression in Nm
+H=-W2;//Heat transferred to the cylinder walls in Nm or J
+W3=P1*10^5*V1;//Work done on air during delivery in Nm
+Wn=W1+(-W2)-W3;//Net work done during the cycke in N m
+
+//Output
+printf('(a)Work done by air during suction is %3.0f Nm\n (b)Work done on air during Isothermal compression is %3.0f Nm\n (c)Heat transferred during this process is %3.0f J\n (d)Work done on air during delivery is %3.0f Nm\n (e)Net work done during the cycle is %3.0f Nm',W1,W2,H,W3,Wn)
diff --git a/2063/CH9/EX9.9/9_9.sce b/2063/CH9/EX9.9/9_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..05a918e96 --- /dev/null +++ b/2063/CH9/EX9.9/9_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc
+clear
+//Input data
+m=2;//Mass of air delivered per second in kg
+P1=1;//Initial pressure of a single stage compressor in bar
+T1=293;//Initial temperature in K
+P2=7;//Final pressure in bar
+n=1.4;//Polytropic index
+R=287;//Gas constant in J/kg K
+
+//Calculations
+W=((n/(n-1))*m*R*T1*(((P2/P1)^((n-1)/n))-1))/(60*1000);//Work done by compressor in kW
+
+//Output
+printf('Power required to compress and deliver 2kg of air per minute is %3.3f kW',W)
|