diff options
Diffstat (limited to '1847')
209 files changed, 2946 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.1/Ch01Ex1.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.1/Ch01Ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4416fdb96 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.1/Ch01Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.1:Page-1.5 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 2.1e-010; // de Broglie wavelength of the particle, m
+m = 1.67e-027; // Mass of the particle, kg
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+// From de Broglie relation, lambda = h/sqrt(2*m*E), solving for E
+E = h^2/(2*m*lambda^2*e); // Energy of the particle, eV
+printf("\nThe energy of the particle from de Broglie wavelength = %5.3e eV", E);
+
+// Result
+// The energy of the particle from de Broglie wavelength = 1.863e-002 eV
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.10/Ch01Ex10.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.10/Ch01Ex10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6d516d389 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.10/Ch01Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.10: Page-1.8 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+m = 1.67e-027; // Mass of the proton, kg
+c = 3e+08; // Speed of light, m/s
+v = 1/20*c; // Velocity of the proton, m/s
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+lambda = h/(m*v); // de Broglie wavelength of the neutron, m
+printf("\nThe de Broglie wavelength associated with moving proton = %5.3e m", lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The de Broglie wavelength associated with moving proton = 2.645e-14 m
+
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.11/Ch01Ex11.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.11/Ch01Ex11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d74303c13 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.11/Ch01Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.11: Page-1.8 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+m = 1.67e-027; // Mass of the proton, kg
+v = 2e+08; // Velocity of the proton, m/s
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+lambda = h/(m*v); // de Broglie wavelength of the neutron, m
+printf("\nThe wavelength of matter wave associated with moving proton = %5.3e m", lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of matter wave associated with moving proton = 1.984e-15 m
+
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.12/Ch01Ex12.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.12/Ch01Ex12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a97a0ace3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.12/Ch01Ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.12: Page-1.17 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of the electron, kg
+q = 1.6e-019; // Charge on an electron, C
+V = 50; // Accelearting potential, V
+E = q*V; // Energy gained by the electron, J
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+lambda = h/sqrt(2*m*E); // de Broglie wavelength of the electron, m
+printf("\nThe de Broglie wavelength of the electron accelearted through a given potential = %5.3e m", lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The de Broglie wavelength of the electron accelearted through a given potential = 1.736e-10 m
+
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.13/Ch01Ex13.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.13/Ch01Ex13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8ed2c8f31 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.13/Ch01Ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.13: Page-1.17 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+theta = 45; // Diffraction angle, degrees
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant
+m = 1.67e-027; // Mass of a neutron, kg
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction
+k = 1.38e-023; // Boltzmann constant, J/mol/K
+T = 27+273; // Absolute room temperature, K
+E = 3/2*k*T; // Energy of the neutron, J
+lambda = h/sqrt(2*m*E); // de-Broglie wavelength of neutrons, m
+// From Bragg's law, 2*d*sin(theta) = n*lambda, solving for d
+d = n*lambda/(2*sind(theta));
+printf("\nThe interplanar spacing of the crystal = %4.2f angstrom", d/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// The interplanar spacing of the crystal = 1.03 angstrom
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.14/Ch01Ex14.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.14/Ch01Ex14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..94b90c7de --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.14/Ch01Ex14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.14: Page-1.18 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+theta = 70; // Glancing angle at which reflection occurs, degrees
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of a electron, kg
+e = 1.6e-019; // Electronic charge, C
+V = 1000; // Accelerating potential, V
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction
+E = e*V; // Energy of the electron, J
+lambda = h/sqrt(2*m*E); // de-Broglie wavelength of electron, m
+// From Bragg's law, 2*d*sin(theta) = n*lambda, solving for d
+d = n*lambda/(2*sind(theta)); // Interplanar spacing, m
+printf("\nThe interplanar spacing of the crystal = %6.4e m", d);
+
+// Result
+// The interplanar spacing of the crystal = 2.0660e-11 m
+
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.15/Ch01Ex15.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.15/Ch01Ex15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d676919e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.15/Ch01Ex15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.15: Page-1.18 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of a electron, kg
+e = 1.6e-019; // Electronic charge, C
+V = 1; // For simplicity the accelerating potential is assumed to be unity, V
+E = e*V; // Energy of the electron, J
+lambda = h/sqrt(2*m*E); // de-Broglie wavelength of electron, m
+printf("\nde-Broglie wavelength of electron accelerated at V volts = %5.2f/sqrt(V) angstrom", lambda/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// de-Broglie wavelength of electron accelerated at V volts = 12.23/sqrt(V) angstrom
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.16/Ch01Ex16.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.16/Ch01Ex16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..50d4e378f --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.16/Ch01Ex16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.16: Page-1.18 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of a electron, kg
+e = 1.6e-019; // Electronic charge, C
+V = 100; // Accelerating potential for electron, V
+E = e*V; // Energy of the electron, J
+lambda = h/sqrt(2*m*E); // de-Broglie wavelength of electron, m
+printf("\nde-Broglie wavelength of electron accelerated at %d volts = %6.4e m", V, lambda);
+
+// Result
+// de-Broglie wavelength of electron accelerated at 100 volts = 1.2231e-10 m
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.17/Ch01Ex17.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.17/Ch01Ex17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..454b96488 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.17/Ch01Ex17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.17: Page-1.19 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+m = 10e-03; // Mass of the body, kg
+v = 110; // Velocity of the mass, m/s
+h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant
+lambda = h/(m*v); // de-Broglie wavelength of electron, m
+printf("\nThe wavelength associated with mass moving with velocity %d m/s = %1.0e m", v, lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength associated with mass moving with velocity 110 m/s = 6e-34 m
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.18/Ch01Ex18.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.18/Ch01Ex18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8f96c0ddb --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.18/Ch01Ex18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.18: Page-1.19 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of the electron, kg
+Ek = 1.27e-017; // Kinetic energy of electron, J
+h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant
+lambda = h/sqrt(2*m*Ek); // de-Broglie wavelength of electron, m
+printf("\nThe wavelength associated with moving electron = %4.2f angstrom", lambda/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength associated with moving electron = 1.37 angstrom
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.19/Ch01Ex19.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.19/Ch01Ex19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c15147453 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.19/Ch01Ex19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.19: Page-1.19 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of the electron, kg
+h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+lambda = 9.1e-012; // de-Broglie wavelength of electron, m
+// We have lambda = h/(m*v), solving for v
+v = h/(m*lambda); // Velocity of the electron, m/s
+K = 1/2*m*v^2; // Kinetic energy of electron, J
+printf("\nThe kinetic energy of electron having wavelength %3.1e m = %4.2e eV", lambda, K/e);
+
+// Result
+// The kinetic energy of electron having wavelength 9.1e-12 m = 1.81e+04 eV
+
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.2/Ch01Ex2.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.2/Ch01Ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9e91a4e19 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.2/Ch01Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.2: Page-1.5 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+m = 1.67e-027; // Mass of the particle, kg
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+E = 1e+011*e; // Energy of the particle, J
+lambda = h/sqrt(2*m*E); // de Broglie wavelength of the particle, m
+printf("\nThe de Broglie wavelength of the particle = %4.2e m", lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The de Broglie wavelength of the particle = 9.06e-017 m
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.20/Ch01Ex20.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.20/Ch01Ex20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cda22725a --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.20/Ch01Ex20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.20: : Page-1.19 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+m_e = 9.1e-031; // Mass of the electron, kg
+m_p = 1.67e-027; // Mass of the proton, kg
+v_e = 1; // For simplicity assume velocity of electron to be unity, m/s
+// From de-Broglie relation,
+// lambda_p = lambda_e = h(m*v_p), solving for v_p
+v_p = m_e*v_e/m_p; // Velocity of the proton, m/s
+// As lambda_e = h/sqrt(2*m_e*K_e) and lambda_p = h/sqrt(2*m_p*K_p), solving for K_e/K_p
+K_ratio = m_p/m_e; // Ratio of kinetic energies of electron and proton
+
+printf("\nThe speed of proton for an equivalent wavelength of that of electron = %3.1e ve", v_p);
+printf("\nRatio of kinetic energies of electron and proton = %3.1e, therefore Ke > Kp", K_ratio);
+
+// Result
+// The speed of proton for an equivalent wavelength of that of electron = 5.4e-04 ve
+// Ratio of kinetic energies of electron and proton = 1.8e+03, therefore Ke > Kp
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.21/Ch01Ex21.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.21/Ch01Ex21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..13952d12a --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.21/Ch01Ex21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.21: Page-1.20 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+V = 50; // Potential difference, V
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of the electron, kg
+e = 1.6e-019; // Electronic charge, C
+h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+lambda = h/sqrt(2*m*e*V); // From de-Broglie relation,
+printf("\nde-Broglie wavelength of the electron = %4.2f angstrom", lambda/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// de-Broglie wavelength of the electron = 1.73 angstrom
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.23/Ch01Ex23.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.23/Ch01Ex23.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..389044f15 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.23/Ch01Ex23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.23:: Page-1.31 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+v = 740; // Speed of the electron, m/s
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of the electron, kg
+h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+p = m*v; // Momentum of the electron, kg-m/s
+frac_v = 0.05/100; // Correctness in the speed
+delta_p = p*frac_v; // Uncertainty in momentum, kg-m/s
+delta_x = h/(4*%pi)*1/delta_p; // Uncertainty in position, m
+
+printf("\nThe minimum accuracy to locate the position of an electron = %4.2e m",delta_x);
+
+// Result
+// The minimum accuracy to locate the position of an electron = 1.56e-04 m
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.24/Ch01Ex24.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.24/Ch01Ex24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..26d60e926 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.24/Ch01Ex24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.24: : Page-1.31 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+h_cross = h/(2*%pi); // Reduced Planck's constant, Js
+delta_t = 1e-010; // Uncertainty in time, s
+// From Energy-time uncertainty,
+// delta_E*delta_t = h_cross/2, solving for delta_E
+delta_E = h_cross/(2*delta_t); // Uncertainty in energy of an emitted photon, J
+
+printf("\nThe uncertainty in energy of an emitted photon = %5.3e eV", delta_E/1.6e-019);
+
+// Result
+// The uncertainty in energy of an emitted photon = 3.283e-06 eV
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.25/Ch01Ex25.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.25/Ch01Ex25.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fe88f8ee9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.25/Ch01Ex25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.25: : Page-1.31 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+delta_x_max = 1e-007; // Uncertainty in length, m
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of an electron, kg
+// From Position-momentum uncertainty,
+// delta_p_min = m*delta_v_min = h/delta_x_max, solving for delta_v_min
+delta_v_min = h/(delta_x_max*m); // Minimum uncertainty in velocity of electron, m/s
+
+printf("\nThe minimum uncertainty in velocity of electron = %4.2e m/s", delta_v_min);
+
+// Result
+// The minimum uncertainty in velocity of electron = 7.25e+03 m/s
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.26/Ch01Ex26.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.26/Ch01Ex26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..abc28bc58 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.26/Ch01Ex26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.26: Page-1.32 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+delta_x_max = 8.5e-014; // Uncertainty in length, m
+m = 1.67e-027; // Mass of proton, kg
+// From Position-momentum uncertainty,
+// delta_p_min*delta_x_max = h, solving for delta_p_min
+delta_p_min = h/delta_x_max; // Minimum uncertainty in momentum of electron, kg-m/s
+p_min = delta_p_min; // Minimum momentum of the proton, kg.m/s
+delta_E = p_min^2/(2*m);
+
+printf("\nThe minimum uncertainty in momemtum of proton = %4.2e kg-m/s", p_min);
+printf("\nThe kinetic energy of proton = %6.3e eV", delta_E/1.6e-019);
+
+// Result
+// The minimum uncertainty in momemtum of proton = 7.76e-21 kg-m/s
+// The kinetic energy of proton = 1.128e+05 eV
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.27/Ch01Ex27.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.27/Ch01Ex27.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ddde36dc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.27/Ch01Ex27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.27:: Page-1.32 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+E = 0.15*1e+03*e; // Energy of the electron, J
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of electron, kg
+delta_x = 0.5e-010; // Position uncertainty of electron, m
+p = (2*m*E)^(1/2); // Momentum of the electron, kg-m/s
+// delta_x*delta_p = h/(4*%pi), solving for delta_p
+delta_p = h/(4*%pi*delta_x); // Uncertainty in momentum of electron, kg-m/s
+frac_p = delta_p/p*100; // Percentage uncertainty in momentum of electron, kg-m/s
+
+printf("\nThe percentage uncertainty in momentum of electron = %2d percent", frac_p);
+
+// Result
+// The percentage uncertainty in momentum of electron = 15 percent
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.28/Ch01Ex28.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.28/Ch01Ex28.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..30338da0d --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.28/Ch01Ex28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.28:: Page-1.33 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+delta_v = 7.54e-015; // Uncertainty in velocity of the particle, m/s
+m = 0.25e-06; // Mass of particle, kg
+// delta_x*delta_p = h/(4*%pi), solving for delta_x
+delta_x = h/(4*%pi*m*delta_v); // Position uncertainty of particle, m
+
+printf("\nThe position uncertainty of particle = %4.2e m", delta_x);
+
+// Result
+// The position uncertainty of particle = 2.79e-14 m
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.29/Ch01Ex29.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.29/Ch01Ex29.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4fc6b2e01 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.29/Ch01Ex29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.29:: Page-1.33 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+v = 450; // Velocity of the electron, m/s
+delta_v = v*0.05/100; // Uncertainty in velocity of the particle, m/s
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of electron, kg
+// delta_x*delta_p = h/(4*%pi), solving for delta_x
+delta_x = h/(4*%pi*m*delta_v); // Position uncertainty of particle, m
+
+printf("\nThe position uncertainty of moving electron = %4.2e m", delta_x);
+
+// Result
+// The position uncertainty of moving electron = 2.57e-04 m
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.3/Ch01Ex3.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.3/Ch01Ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6bca6e0ff --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.3/Ch01Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.3: Page-1.5 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+V = 20e+03; // Accelerating voltage of electron, V
+lambda = 12.25/sqrt(V); // de Broglie wavelength of the accelerated electron, m
+printf("\nThe de Broglie wavelength of the electron = %6.4f angstrom", lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The de Broglie wavelength of the electron = 0.0866 angstrom
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.30/Ch01Ex30.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.30/Ch01Ex30.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3085c7f94 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.30/Ch01Ex30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.30:: Page-1.33 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+c = 3e+08; // Speed of light, m/s
+v = 3e+07; // Velocity of the electron, m/s
+m0 = 9.1e-031; // Rest mass of electron, kg
+m = m0/sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); // Mass of moving electron, kg
+delta_p_max = m*v; // Maximum uncertainty in momentum of the particle, m/s
+// delta_x_min*delta_p_max = h/(4*%pi), solving for delta_x_min
+delta_x_min = h/(4*%pi*delta_p_max); // Minimum position uncertainty of particle, m
+
+printf("\nThe smallest possible uncertainty in position of the electron = %5.3f angstrom", delta_x_min/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// The smallest possible uncertainty in position of the electron = 0.019 angstrom
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.31/Ch01Ex31.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.31/Ch01Ex31.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5e18b176f --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.31/Ch01Ex31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.31: : Page-1.44 (2009) +clc; clear; +h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js +m = 9.1e-031; // Electronic mass, kg +e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV +l = 2e-002; // Length of the side of the cube, m +E_F = 9*e; // Fermi energy, J +// As E_F = h^2/(8*m*l^2)*(nx^2 + ny^2 + nz^2) and nx = ny = nz for a cube, solving for nx +nx = sqrt(E_F*(8*m*l^2)/(3*h^2)); // Value of integer for a cube +E = h^2/(8*m*l^2)*3*nx^2; // Fermi energy, J +E1 = h^2/(8*m*l^2)*((nx-1)^2 + nx^2 + nx^2); // Energy of the level just below the fermi level, J +delta_E = E - E1; // Difference in the energy between the neighbouring levels of Na at the highest state, J + +printf("\nThe energy difference between the neighbouring levels of Na at the highest state = %4.2e eV", delta_E/e); + +// Result +// The energy difference between the neighbouring levels of Na at the highest state = 1.06e-07 eV diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.32/Ch01Ex32.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.32/Ch01Ex32.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0d678845b --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.32/Ch01Ex32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.32:: Page-1.45 (2009) +clc; clear; +h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js +m = 1.67e-027; // Electronic mass, kg +e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV +nx = 1, ny = 1, nz = 1; // Principle quantum numbers in 3D corresponding to the longest energy state +lx = 1e-014, ly = 1e-014, lz = 1e-014; // Dimensions of the box to which the neutron is confined, m +E = h^2/(8*m)*(nx^2/lx^2+ny^2/ly^2+nz^2/lz^2); // Energy of the neutron confined in the nucleus, J + +printf("\nThe energy of the neutron confined in a nucleus = %4.2e eV", E/e); + +// Result +// The energy of the neutron confined in a nucleus = 6.11e+06 eV diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.33/Ch01Ex33.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.33/Ch01Ex33.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..290c98410 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.33/Ch01Ex33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.33:: Page-1.46 (2009) +clc; clear; +h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js +m = 9.1e-031; // Electronic mass, kg +e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV +n = 1; // For simplicity assume principle quantum number to be unity +l = 2.1e-010; // Length of one dimensional potential box, m +E = h^2*n^2/(8*m*l^2); // Energy of the electron, J + +printf("\nThe energy of the electron moving in one dimensional infinitely high potential box = %4.2f n^2 eV", E/e); + +// Result +// The energy of the electron moving in one dimensional infinitely high potential box = 8.48 n^2 eV diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.34/Ch01Ex34.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.34/Ch01Ex34.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9c23c9f32 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.34/Ch01Ex34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.34:: Page-1.46 (2009) +clc; clear; +h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js +m = 9.1e-031; // Electronic mass, kg +e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV +n = 1; // The lowest energy state of electron +l = 3.5e-010; // Length of one dimensional potential box, m +E = h^2*n^2/(8*m*l^2); // Energy of the electron in the lowest state, J + +printf("\nThe lowest energy of the electron in a one dimensional force free region = %1d eV", E/e); + +// Result +// The lowest energy of an electron in a one dimensional force free region = 3 eV diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.35/Ch01Ex35.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.35/Ch01Ex35.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6f23e2853 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.35/Ch01Ex35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.35:: Page-1.46 (2009) +clc; clear; +h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js +m = 9.1e-031; // Electronic mass, kg +e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV +l = 9.5e-010; // Length of one dimensional potential box, m + +// First energy level +n = 1; // The first energy state of electron +E1 = h^2*n^2/(8*m*l^2); // Energy of the electron in first state, J + +// Second energy level +n = 2; // The second energy state of electron +E2 = h^2*n^2/(8*m*l^2); // Energy of the electron in second state, J + +// Third energy level +n = 3; // The third energy state of electron +E3 = h^2*n^2/(8*m*l^2); // Energy of the electron in third state, J + +printf("\nThe energy of the electron in first state = %4.1e J", E1); +printf("\nThe energy of the electron in second state = %4.1e J", E2); +printf("\nThe energy of the electron in third state = %4.1e J", E3); + +// Result +// The energy of the electron in first state = 6.6e-20 J +// The energy of the electron in second state = 2.7e-19 J +// The energy of the electron in third state = 6.0e-19 J diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.36/Ch01Ex36.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.36/Ch01Ex36.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a9a5f1aae --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.36/Ch01Ex36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.36:: Page-1.47 (2009) +clc; clear; +h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js +m = 9.1e-031; // Electronic mass, kg +e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV +l = 2.5e-010; // Length of one dimensional potential box, m + +// First energy level +n = 1; // The lowest energy state of electron +E1 = h^2*n^2/(8*m*l^2); // Energy of the electron in first state, J + +// Second energy level +n = 2; // The second energy state of electron +E2 = h^2*n^2/(8*m*l^2); // Energy of the electron in second state, J + +printf("\nThe energy of the electron in lowest state = %5.2f eV", E1/e); +printf("\nThe energy of the electron in second state = %5.2f eV", E2/e); + + +// Result +// The energy of the electron in lowest state = 5.98 eV +// The energy of the electron in second state = 23.93 eV diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.37/Ch01Ex37.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.37/Ch01Ex37.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..03aa4f406 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.37/Ch01Ex37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.37:: Page-1.47 (2009) +clc; clear; +h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js +m = 1.67e-027; // Electronic mass, kg +e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV +l = 2.5e-010; // Length of one dimensional potential box, m +delta_x = 1e-014; // Uncertainty in position of neutron, m +// From uncertainty principle, +// delta_x*delta_p = h/(4*%pi), solving for delta_p +delta_p = h/(4*%pi*delta_x); // Uncertainty in momentum of neutron, kg-m/s +p = delta_p; // Momemtum of neutron in the box, kg-m/s +KE = p^2/(2*m); // Kinetic energy of neutron in the box, J + +printf("\nThe lowest energy of the neutron confined to the nucleus = %4.2f MeV", KE/(e*1e+06)); + +// Result +// The lowest energy of the neutron confined to the nucleus = 0.05 MeV diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.38/Ch01Ex38.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.38/Ch01Ex38.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..76617fdf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.38/Ch01Ex38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.38: : Page-1.56 (2009) +clc; clear; +h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js +m0 = 9.1e-031; // Electronic mass, kg +c = 3e+08; // Speed of light, m/s +e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV +phi = 45; // Scattering angle of X-rays, degrees +E = 75; // Incident energy of X-rays, keV +// As from Compton shift formula +// 1/E_prime - 1/E = 1/(m0*c^2)*(1-cosd(phi)) +// Solving for E_prime +E_prime = 1/((1/(m0*c^2/(e*1e+03)))*(1-cosd(phi))+1/E); // Energy of scattered photon, keV +E_recoil = E - E_prime; // Energy of recoil electron, keV + +printf("\nThe energy of scattered X-ray = %4.1f keV", E_prime); +printf("\nThe energy of recoil electron = %3.1f keV", E_recoil); + +// Result +// The energy of scattered X-ray = 71.9 keV +// The energy of recoil electron = 3.1 keV diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.39/Ch01Ex39.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.39/Ch01Ex39.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a59442403 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.39/Ch01Ex39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.39: : Page-1.57 (2009) +clc; clear; +h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js +m0 = 9.1e-031; // Electronic mass, kg +c = 3e+08; // Speed of light, m/s +e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV +phi = 60; // Scattering angle of X-rays, degrees +E = 75; // Incident energy of X-rays, keV +// As from Compton shift formula +delta_L = h/(m0*c)*(1-cosd(phi)); // Change in photon wavelength, m +lambda = 0.198e-010; // Wavelength of incident photon, m +lambda_prime = (lambda+delta_L)/1e-010; // Wavelength of scattered X-ray, angstrom + +printf("\nThe wavelength of scattered X-ray = %6.4f angstrom", lambda_prime); + +// Result +// The wavelength of scattered X-ray = 0.2101 angstrom diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.4/Ch01Ex4.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.4/Ch01Ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..07a8d79c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.4/Ch01Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.4: Page-1.6 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 5.2e-03; // de Broglie wavelength of the electron, m
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of the electron, kg
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+// From de Broglie relation, lambda = h/sqrt(2*m*E), solving for E
+E = h^2/(2*m*lambda^2*e); // Energy of the electron, eV
+printf("\nThe energy of the electron from de Broglie wavelength = %5.3e eV", E);
+
+// Result
+// The energy of the electron from de Broglie wavelength = 5.576e-014 eV
+
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.40/Ch01Ex40.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.40/Ch01Ex40.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4434d72c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.40/Ch01Ex40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.40:: Page-1.57 (2009) +clc; clear; +h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js +m0 = 9.1e-031; // Electronic mass, kg +c = 3e+08; // Speed of light, m/s +e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV +phi = 180; // Scattering angle of X-rays, degrees +lambda = 1.78; // Wavelength of incident photon, m +lambda_prime = 1.798; // Wavelength of scattered X-ray, angstrom +// As from Compton shift formula +// lambda_prime - lambda = h/(m0*c)*(1-cosd(phi)), Change in photon wavelength, m +// Or we may write, lambda_prime - lambda = k*(1-cosd(phi)) +// solving for k +k = (lambda_prime - lambda)/(1-cosd(phi)); // k = h/(m0*c) value, angstrom + +// For phi = 60 +phi = 60; // New angle of scattering, degrees +lambda_prime = lambda + k*(1-cosd(phi)); // Wavelength of scattered radiation at 60 degree angle, angstrom +printf("\nThe wavelength of scattered X-ray at %d degrees view = %6.4f angstrom", phi, lambda_prime); +// Recoil energy of electron +E = h*c*(1/lambda - 1/lambda_prime)*1e+010; // Recoil energy of electron, joule +printf("\nThe recoil energy of electron scattered through %d degrees = %4.1f eV", phi, E/e); + +// Result +// The wavelength of scattered X-ray at 60 degrees view = 1.7845 angstrom +// The recoil energy of electron scattered through 60 degrees = 17.5 eV diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.41/Ch01Ex41.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.41/Ch01Ex41.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..eb2a7eed6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.41/Ch01Ex41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.41:: Page-1.58 (2009) +clc; clear; +h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js +m0 = 9.1e-031; // Electronic mass, kg +c = 3e+08; // Speed of light, m/s +e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV +phi = 90; // Scattering angle of X-rays, degrees +E = 510*1e+03*e; // Energy of incident photon, J +// As E = h*c/lambda, solving for lambda +lambda = h*c/E; // Wavelength of incident photon, m +// As from Compton shift formula +// lambda_prime - lambda = h/(m0*c)*(1-cosd(phi)), solving for lambda_prime +lambda_prime = lambda + h/(m0*c)*(1-cosd(phi)); // Wavelength of scattered X-ray, m +printf("\nThe wavelength of scattered X-ray as viewed at %d degrees = %4.2e m", phi, lambda_prime); + +// Recoil energy of electron +E = h*c*(1/lambda - 1/lambda_prime); // Recoil energy of electron, joule +printf("\nThe recoil energy of electron scattered through %d degrees = %4.2e eV", phi, E/e); + +// Direction of recoil electron +theta = atand(lambda*sind(phi)/(lambda_prime-lambda*cosd(phi))); // Direction of recoil electron, degrees +printf("\nThe direction of emission of recoil electron = %5.2f degrees", theta); + + +// Result +// The wavelength of scattered X-ray as viewed at 90 degrees = 4.84e-12 m +// The recoil energy of electron scattered through 90 degrees = 2.55e+05 eV +// The direction of emission of recoil electron = 26.61 degrees diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.42/Ch01Ex42.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.42/Ch01Ex42.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..59795926c --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.42/Ch01Ex42.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.42: : Page-1.59 (2009) +clc; clear; +m = 9.1e-031; // Electronic mass, kg +c = 3e+08; // Speed of light, m/s +e = 1.6e-019; // Charge on the electron, C +V = 12.4e+03; // Potential diffeence applied across the X-ray tube, V +i = 2e-03; // Current through the X-ray tube, A +t = 1; // Time for which the electrons strike the target material, s +N = i*t/e; // Number of electrons striking the target per sec, per sec +v_max = sqrt(2*e*V/m); // Maximum speed of the electrons, m/s + +printf("\nThe number of electrons striking the target per sec = %4.2e electrons/sec", N); +printf("\nThe maximum speed of the electrons when they strike = %3.1e m/s", v_max); + + +// Result +// The number of electrons striking the target per sec = 1.25e+16 electrons/sec +// The maximum speed of the electrons when they strike = 6.6e+07 m/s diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.5/Ch01Ex5.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.5/Ch01Ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ffb04f756 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.5/Ch01Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.5: Page-1.6 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+m = 1.67e-027; // Mass of the neutron, kg
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+E = 1e+04*e; // Energy of the neutron, J
+// As E = 1/2*m*v^2, solving for v
+v = sqrt(2*E/m); // Velocity of the neutron, m/s
+lambda = h/(m*v); // de Broglie wavelength of the neutron, m
+printf("\nThe velocity of the neutron = %4.2e m/s", v);
+printf("\nThe de Broglie wavelength of the neutron = %4.2e m", lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The velocity of the neutron = 1.38e+006 m/s
+// The de Broglie wavelength of the neutron = 2.87e-013 m
+
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.6/Ch01Ex6.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.6/Ch01Ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b50eec910 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.6/Ch01Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.6: Page-1.6 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+m = 1.67e-027; // Mass of the neutron, kg
+k = 1.38e-023; // Boltzmann constant, J/mol/K
+T = 27+273; // Room temperature, K
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+v = sqrt(3*k*T/m); // Velocity of the neutron, m/s
+lambda = h/(m*v); // de Broglie wavelength of the neutron, m
+printf("\nThe de Broglie wavelength of the thermal neutrons = %4.2f angstrom", lambda/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// The de Broglie wavelength of the thermal neutrons = 1.45 angstrom
+
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.7/Ch01Ex7.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.7/Ch01Ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5f94ed837 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.7/Ch01Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.7: Page-1.6 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of the electron, kg
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+E = 20e+03*e; // Energy of the electron, J
+// As 1/2*m*v^2 = E, solving for v
+v = sqrt(2*E/m); // Velocity of the electron, m/s
+lambda = h/(m*v); // de Broglie wavelength of the electron, m
+n = 1; // First order diffraction
+d = 9.8e-011; // Atomic spacing for thin gold foil, m
+// Using Bragg's equation, 2*d*sin(theta) = n*lambda and solving for theta
+theta = asind(n*lambda/(2*d)); // Angle of deviation for first order diffraction maxima, degree
+printf("\nThe angle of deviation for first order diffraction maxima = %4.2f degrees", theta);
+
+// Result
+// The angle of deviation for first order diffraction maxima = 2.54 degrees
+
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.8/Ch01Ex8.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.8/Ch01Ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c702c2805 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.8/Ch01Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.8: Page-1.7 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of the electron, kg
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+E = 5*e; // Energy of the electron, J
+// As 1/2*m*v^2 = E, solving for v
+v = sqrt(2*E/m); // Velocity of the electron, m/s
+lambda = h/(m*v); // de Broglie wavelength of the electron, m
+printf("\nThe de Broglie wavelength of the electron = %3.1f angstrom", lambda/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// The de Broglie wavelength of the electron = 5.5 angstrom
+
diff --git a/1847/CH1/EX1.9/Ch01Ex9.sce b/1847/CH1/EX1.9/Ch01Ex9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ac2b027ac --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH1/EX1.9/Ch01Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.9: Page-1.7 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+m = 1.67e-027; // Mass of the neutron, kg
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+E = 1*e; // Energy of the electron, J
+lambda = h/sqrt(2*m*E); // de Broglie wavelength of the neutron, m
+printf("\nThe de Broglie wavelength of the neutron = %4.2f angstrom", lambda/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// The de Broglie wavelength of the neutron = 0.29 angstrom
+
diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.1/Ch02Ex1.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.1/Ch02Ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..31c3c090b --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.1/Ch02Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.1:: Page-2.9 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 5893e-008; // Wavelength of light used, m
+D = 200; // Distance of the source from the screen, m
+b = 0.2; // Fringe separation, cm
+d = lambda*D/b; // Separation between the slits, cm
+
+printf("\nThe separation between the slits = %3.1e cm", d);
+
+// Result
+// The separation between the slits = 5.9e-002 cm
diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.10/Ch02Ex10.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.10/Ch02Ex10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..979c40c19 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.10/Ch02Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.10:: Page-2.12 (2009) +clc; clear; +D = 100; // Distance between slits and the screen, cm +d = 0.08; // Separation between the slits, cm +b = 2.121/25; // Fringe width of the interfernce pattern due to biprism, cm +lambda = b*d/D; // Wavelength of light in a biprism experiment, cm + +printf("\nThe wavelength of light in a biprism experiment = %5.0f angstrom", lambda/1e-008); + +// Result +// The wavelength of light in a biprism experiment = 6787 angstrom diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.11/Ch02Ex11.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.11/Ch02Ex11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..04ad332e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.11/Ch02Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.11:: Page-2.13 (2009) +clc; clear; +alpha = %pi/180; // Acute angle of biprism, radian +mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of biprism +lambda = 5900e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm +y1 = 10; // Distance of biprism from the source, cm +y2 = 100; // Distance of biprism from the screen, cm +D = y1 + y2; // Distance between slits and the screen, cm +d = 2*(mu-1)*alpha*y1; // Separation between the slits, cm +b = lambda*D/d; // Fringe width of the interfernce pattern due to biprism, cm + +printf("\nThe fringe width at a distance of %d cm from biprism = %4.2e cm", y2, b); + +// Result +// The fringe width at a distance of 100 cm from biprism = 3.72e-02 cm diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.12/Ch02Ex12.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.12/Ch02Ex12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ca474091e --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.12/Ch02Ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.12:: Page-2.13 (2009) +clc; clear; +lambda = 5893e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm +y1 = 10; // Distance of biprism from the source, cm +y2 = 100; // Distance of biprism from the screen, cm +D = y1 + y2; // Distance between slits and the screen, cm +b = 3.5e-02; // Fringe width of the interfernce pattern due to biprism, cm +d = lambda*D/b; // Distance between coherent sources, cm + +printf("\nThe distance between coherent sources = %5.3f cm", d); + +// Result +// The distance between coherent sources = 0.185 cm diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.13/Ch02Ex13.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.13/Ch02Ex13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..70ceb318d --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.13/Ch02Ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.13:: Page-2.13 (2009) +clc; clear; +b = 0.125; // Fringe width of the interfernce pattern due to biprism, cm +d = 1; // For simplicity assume distance between sources to be unity, cm +d_prime = 3/4*d; // New distance between sources, cm +// As b is proportional to 1/d, so +b_prime = b*d/d_prime; // New fringe width of the interfernce pattern due to biprism, cm + +printf("\nThe new value of fringe width due to reduced slit separation = %5.3f cm", b_prime); + +// Result +// The new value of fringe width due to reduced slit separation = 0.167 cm diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.14/Ch02Ex14.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.14/Ch02Ex14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fc17dbd5f --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.14/Ch02Ex14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.14:: Page-2.13 (2009) +clc; clear; +b = 0.187; // Fringe width of the interfernce pattern due to biprism, cm +y1 = 1; // For simplicity assume distance between slit and biprism to be unity, cm +y1_prime = 1.25*y1; // New distance between slit and biprism, cm +// As d is directly proportional to y1 and b is directly proportional to d, so +// b is inversely proportional to y1 +b_prime = b*y1/y1_prime; // New fringe width of the interfernce pattern due to biprism, cm + +printf("\nThe new value of fringe width due to increased slit-biprism separation = %5.3f cm", b_prime); + +// Result +// The new value of fringe width due to increased slit-biprism separation = 0.150 cm diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.15/Ch02Ex15.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.15/Ch02Ex15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2b62b3419 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.15/Ch02Ex15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.15:: Page-2.14 (2009) +clc; clear; +d1 = 5e-01; // First distance between images of the slit, cm +d2 = 2.25e-01; // Second distance between images of the slit, cm +lambda = 5896e-008; // Wavelength of the light used, cm +D = 120; // Distance between screen and the slits, cm +d = sqrt(d1*d2); // Geometric mean of distance between the two slits, cm +b = lambda*D/d; // Distance between interference bands, cm + +printf("\nThe distance between interference bands = %5.3e cm", b); + +// Result +// The distance between interference bands = 2.109e-02 cm diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.16/Ch02Ex16.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.16/Ch02Ex16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d28280f18 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.16/Ch02Ex16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.16:: Page-2.14 (2009) +clc; clear; +mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of biprism +lambda = 5500e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm +y1 = 25; // Distance of biprism from the source, cm +y2 = 150; // Distance of biprism from the screen, cm +D = y1 + y2; // Distance between slits and the screen, cm +b = 0.05; // Fringe width of the interfernce pattern due to biprism, cm +// As d = 2*(mu-1)*alpha*y1, solving for alpha +alpha = lambda*D/(b*2*(mu-1)*y1) // Angle of vertex of the biprism, radian + +printf("\nThe angle of vertex of the biprism = %6.4f rad", alpha); + +// Result +// The angle of vertex of the biprism = 0.0077 rad diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.17/Ch02Ex17.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.17/Ch02Ex17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c42bc889a --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.17/Ch02Ex17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.17:: Page-2.15 (2009) +clc; clear; +theta = 178; // Vertex angle of biprism, degrees +alpha = (180-theta)/2*%pi/180; // Acute angle of biprism, radian +mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of biprism +y1 = 20; // Distance of biprism from the source, cm +y2 = 125; // Distance of biprism from the screen, cm +D = y1 + y2; // Distance between slits and the screen, cm +d = 2*(mu-1)*alpha*y1; // Separation between the slits, cm +b = 0.025; // Fringe width of the interfernce pattern due to biprism, cm +lambda = b*d/D; // Wavelength of light used, cm + +printf("\nThe wavelength of light used to illuminate slits = %4d angstrom", lambda/1e-08); + +// Result +// The wavelength of light used to illuminate slits = 6018 angstrom diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.18/Ch02Ex18.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.18/Ch02Ex18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0d4c4f517 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.18/Ch02Ex18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.18:: Page-2.15 (2009) +clc; clear; +mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of biprism +lambda = 6600e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm +y1 = 40; // Distance of biprism from the source, cm +y2 = 175; // Distance of biprism from the screen, cm +D = y1 + y2; // Distance between slits and the screen, cm +b = 0.04; // Fringe width of the interfernce pattern due to biprism, cm +// As d = 2*(mu-1)*alpha*y1, solving for alpha +alpha = lambda*D/(b*2*(mu-1)*y1) // Acute angle of the biprism, radian +theta = (%pi-2*alpha); // Vertex angle of the biprism, radian + +printf("\nThe vertex angle of the biprism = %6.2f degrees", theta*180/%pi); + +// Result +// The vertex angle of the biprism = 178.98 degrees diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.19/Ch02Ex19.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.19/Ch02Ex19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..41032271f --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.19/Ch02Ex19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.19: : Page-2.16 (2009) +clc; clear; +lambda1 = 7000e-008; // Original wavelength of light, cm +lambda2 = 5000e-008; // New wavelength of light, cm +n1 = 10; // Order of the fringes with original wavelength +// As x = n*lambda*D/d, so n*lambda = constant +// n1*lambda1 = n2*lambda2, solving for n2 +n2 = n1*lambda1/lambda2; // Order of visible fringe for changed wavelength of light + +printf("\nThe order of visible fringe for changed wavelength of light = %2d", ceil(n2)); + +// Result +// The order of visible fringe for changed wavelength of light = 14 diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.2/Ch02Ex2.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.2/Ch02Ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d6285d78c --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.2/Ch02Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.2:: Page-2.10 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+d = 0.2; // Separation between the slits, cm
+D = 100; // Distance of the source from the screen, m
+b = 0.35e-01; // Fringe separation, cm
+lambda = b*d/D; // Wavelength of light used, m
+printf("\nThe wavelength of the light = %3.1e cm", lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of the light = 7.0e-005 cm
diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.20/Ch02Ex20.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.20/Ch02Ex20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0d6cba1c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.20/Ch02Ex20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.20:: Page-2.16 (2009) +clc; clear; +y1 = 40; // Distance between biprism from the slit, cm +D = 160; // Distance between slit and the screen, cm +mu = 1.52; // Refractive index of material of the prism +lambda = 5893e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm +b = 0.01; // Fringe width, cm +// As b = lambda*D/d, solving for d +d = lambda*D/b; // Distance between virtual sources, cm +// But d = 2*y1*(mu-1)*alpha, solving for alpha +alpha = d/(2*y1*(mu-1))*180/%pi; // Angle of biprism, degrees +theta = 180-2*alpha; // Angle of vertex of biprism, degrees + +printf("\nThe angle of vertex of biprism = %5.1f degree", theta); + +// Result +// The angle of vertex of biprism = 177.4 degree diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.21/Ch02Ex21.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.21/Ch02Ex21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e9893c0e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.21/Ch02Ex21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.21: : Page-2.16 (2009) +clc; clear; +lambda = 6000e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm +D = 100; // Distance between slits and the screen, cm +b = 0.05; // Fringe width of the interfernce pattern due to biprism, cm +d = lambda*D/b; // Distance between coherent sources, cm + +printf("\nThe distance between coherent sources = %3.1f mm", d/1e-01); + +// Result +// The distance between coherent sources = 1.2 mm diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.22/Ch02Ex22.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.22/Ch02Ex22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2d8e2e5a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.22/Ch02Ex22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.22:: Page-2.19 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+t = 3.2e-04; // Thickness of the glass sheet, cm
+lambda = 5500e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+n = 5; // Order of interference fringes
+// As path difference (mu - 1)*t = n*lambda
+mu = n*lambda/t + 1; // Refractive indexof the glass sheet
+
+printf("\nThe refractive index of the glass sheet= %4.2f", mu);
+
+// Result
+// The refractive indexof the glass sheet= 1.86
diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.23/Ch02Ex23.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.23/Ch02Ex23.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c993f377c --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.23/Ch02Ex23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.23:: Page-2.19 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+t = 2.1e-03; // Thickness of the glass sheet, cm
+lambda = 5400e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+n = 11; // Order of interference fringes
+// As path difference, (mu - 1)*t = n*lambda
+mu = n*lambda/t + 1; // Refractive index of the glass sheet
+
+printf("\nThe refractive index of the glass sheet = %4.2f", mu);
+
+// Result
+// The refractive index of the glass sheet= 1.28
diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.24/Ch02Ex24.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.24/Ch02Ex24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a87928fb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.24/Ch02Ex24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.24:: Page-2.19 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+t = 9.21e-05; // Thickness of the mica sheet, cm
+mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of material of sheet
+n = 1; // Order of interference fringes
+// As path difference, (mu - 1)*t = n*lambda, solving for lambda
+lambda = (mu - 1)*t/n; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+
+printf("\nThe wavelength of light used = %5.3e cm", lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of light used = 4.605e-005 cm
diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.25/Ch02Ex25.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.25/Ch02Ex25.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..42eb8f303 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.25/Ch02Ex25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.25:: Page-2.19 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of material sheet
+// As shift = 9*lambda*D/d = D/d*(mu - 1)*t, solving for t
+t = 9*lambda/(mu - 1); // Thickness of the glass sheet, cm
+printf("\nThe thickness of the glass sheet = %4.2e cm", t);
+
+// Result
+// The thickness of the glass sheet = 1.06e-003 cm
diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.26/Ch02Ex26.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.26/Ch02Ex26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fa9bdac11 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.26/Ch02Ex26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.26:: Page-2.20 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 5400e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+mu = 1.7; // Refractive index of material sheet convering the first slit
+mu_prime = 1.5; // Refractive index of material sheet convering the seecond slit
+// As shift, S = D/d*(mu - mu_prime)*t = b/lambda*(mu - mu_prime)*t, solving for t
+t = 8*lambda/(mu-mu_prime) // Thickness of the glass sheet, cm
+
+printf("\nThe thickness of the glass sheet = %4.2e cm", t);
+
+// Result
+// The thickness of the glass sheet = 2.16e-003 cm
diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.27/Ch02Ex27.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.27/Ch02Ex27.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..17f3e7297 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.27/Ch02Ex27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.27:: Page-2.20 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+t = 21.5e-05; // Thickness of the glass sheet, cm
+lambda = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+n = 1; // Order of interference fringes
+// As path difference, (mu - 1)*t = n*lambda
+mu = n*lambda/t + 1; // Refractive indexof the glass sheet
+
+printf("\nThe refractive index of the glass sheet = %5.3f", mu);
+
+// Result
+// The refractive index of the glass sheet = 1.274
diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.28/Ch02Ex28.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.28/Ch02Ex28.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..279ee352b --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.28/Ch02Ex28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.28:: Page-2.20 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+D = 1; // For simplicity assume distance between source and slits to be unity, unit
+d = 1; // For simplicity assume slit separation to be unity, unit
+t = 2.964e-06; // Thickness of the mica sheet, cm
+mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of material of shee
+L = poly(0, 'L');
+// As b = b_prime or 2.25*D*L/d = D/d*(mu-1)*t, or we may write
+L = roots(2.25*D*L/d-D/d*(mu-1)*t); // Wavelength of the light used, m
+
+printf("\nThe wavelength of the light used = %4.0f angstrom", L/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of the light used = 6587 angstrom
diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.29/Ch02Ex29.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.29/Ch02Ex29.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bfbf2fcaf --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.29/Ch02Ex29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.29:: Page-2.21 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+n = 5; // Order of interference fringes
+mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of the mica sheet
+// As path difference, (mu - 1)*t = n*lambda, solving for t
+t = n*lambda/(mu-1); // Thickness of the mica sheet, cm
+
+printf("\nThe thickness of the mica sheet = %4.2e cm", t);
+
+// Result
+// The thickness of the mica sheet = 5.89e-004 cm
diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.3/Ch02Ex3.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.3/Ch02Ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e8223f504 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.3/Ch02Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.3:: Page-2.10 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+I2 = 1; // For simplicity assume intensity from slit 2 to be unity, W/sq-m
+I1 = I2*25; // Intensity from slit 1, W/sq-m
+I_ratio = I1/I2; // Intensity ratio
+a_ratio = sqrt(I_ratio); // Amplitude ratio
+a2 = 1; // For simplicity assume amplitude from slit 2 to be unity, m
+a1 = a_ratio*a2; // Amplitude from slit 1, m
+I_max = (a1 + a2)^2; // Maximum intensity of wave during interference, W/sq-m
+I_min = (a1 - a2)^2; // Minimum intensity of wave during interference, W/sq-m
+cf = 4; // Common factor
+printf("\nThe ratio of maximum intentisy to minimum intensity of interference fringes = %d/%d", I_max/cf, I_min/cf);
+
+// Result
+// The ratio of maximum intentisy to minimum intensity of interference fringes = 9/4
diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.30/Ch02Ex30.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.30/Ch02Ex30.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..407c2d44b --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.30/Ch02Ex30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.30:: Page-2.21 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+b = 1; // For simplicity assume fringe width to be unity, cm
+S = 30*b; // Fringe shift, cm
+lambda = 6600e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+t = 4.9e-003; // Thickness of the film, cm
+// As S = b/lambda*(mu-1)*t, solving for mu
+mu = S*lambda/t + 1; // Refractive index of material from shifting fringe pattern
+
+printf("\nThe refractive index of material from shifting fringe pattern = %3.1f", mu);
+
+// Result
+// The refractive index of material from shifting fringe pattern = 1.4
diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.31/Ch02Ex31.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.31/Ch02Ex31.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..04dfa56a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.31/Ch02Ex31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.31:: Page-2.22 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+mu1 = 1.55; // Refractive index of mica
+mu2 = 1.52; // Refractive index of glass
+t = 0.75e-003; // Thickness of the sheets, m
+d = 0.25e-02; // Separation between the slits, m
+lambda = 5896e-010; // Wavelength of light used, m
+D = 1.5; // Distance between the source ans the slits, m
+// Fringe width
+b = lambda*D/d; // Fringe width, m
+// Optical path difference
+delta_x = (mu1-1)*t-(mu2-1)*t; // Optical path change, m
+
+printf("\nThe fringe width = %3.1e m", b);
+printf("\nThe optical path change = %5.3e m", delta_x);
+
+// Result
+// The fringe width = 3.5e-004 m
+// The optical path change = 2.250e-005 m
diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.32/Ch02Ex32.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.32/Ch02Ex32.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..64d1d897d --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.32/Ch02Ex32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.32:: Page-2.22 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+b = 1; // For simplicity assume fringe width to be unity, cm
+S = 3*b; // Fringe shift, cm
+lambda = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+mu = 1.6; // Refractive index of the mica sheet
+// As S = b/lambda*(mu-1)*t, solving for t
+t = S*lambda/(mu-1); // Thickness of the mica sheet, cm
+
+printf("\nThe thickness of the mica sheet = %3.1e m", t/1e+02);
+
+// Result
+// The thickness of the mica sheet = 2.9e-006 m
diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.33/Ch02Ex33.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.33/Ch02Ex33.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..98b8df2c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.33/Ch02Ex33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.33: : Page-2.26 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of glass
+lambda = 5100e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+i = 30; // Angle of incidence, degrees
+n = 1; // Order of interference fringes
+// From Snell's law, mu = sind(i)/sind(r), solving for r
+r = asind(sind(i)/mu); // Angle of refraction, degrees
+// For a dark fringe in reflection, 2*mu*t*cosd(r) = n*lambda, solving for t
+t = n*lambda/(2*mu*cosd(r)); // Smallest thickness of glass plate for a fringe of minimum intensity, cm
+printf("\nThe smallest thickness of glass plate for a fringe of minimum intensity = %4.2e cm", t);
+
+// Result
+// The smallest thickness of glass plate for a fringe of minimum intensity = 1.80e-005 cm
diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.34/Ch02Ex34.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.34/Ch02Ex34.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..866613108 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.34/Ch02Ex34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.34:: Page-2.26 (2009) +clc; clear; +t = 3.1e-05; // Thickness of the soap film, cm +mu = 1.33; // Refractive index of the soap film +r = 0; // Angle of refraction of the light ray on the soap film, degrees +// For bright fringe in reflected pattern, +// 2*mu*t*cosd(r) = (2*n+1)*lambda/2 +lambda = zeros(3); +for n = 1:1:3 + lambda(n) = 4*mu*t*cosd(r)/(2*(n-1)+1); // Wavelengths for n = 1, 2 and 3 + if lambda(n) > 4000e-008 & lambda(n) < 7500e-008 then + lambda_reflected = lambda(n); + end +end + +printf("\nThe wavelength reflected strongly from the soap film = %5.3e cm", lambda_reflected); + +// Result +// The wavelength reflected strongly from the soap film = 5.497e-05 cm diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.35/Ch02Ex35.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.35/Ch02Ex35.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d59ffd166 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.35/Ch02Ex35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.35:: Page-2.27 (2009) +clc; clear; +t = 3.8e-05; // Thickness of the transparent film, cm +mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of the transparent film +i = 45; // Angle of incidence of the light ray on the transparent film, degrees +lambda = 5700e-008; // Wavelength of light, cm +// As mu = sind(i)/sind(r), solving for r +r = asind(sind(i)/mu); +// For dark fringe in reflected pattern, +// 2*mu*t*cosd(r) = 2*n*lambda, solving for n +n = 2*mu*t*cosd(r)/lambda; // Order of interference of dark band + +printf("\nThe order of interference of dark band = %d", ceil(n)); + +// Result +// The order of interference of dark band = 2velength reflected strongly from the soap film = 5.497e-05 cm diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.36/Ch02Ex36.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.36/Ch02Ex36.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..66f0c63de --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.36/Ch02Ex36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.36:: Page-2.27 (2009) +clc; clear; +t = 4.5e-05; // Thickness of the soap film, cm +mu = 1.33; // Refractive index of the soap film +i = 45; // Angle of incidence of the light ray on the soap film, degrees +// As mu = sind(i)/sind(r), solving for r +r = asind(sind(i)/mu); +// For dark fringe in reflected pattern, +// 2*mu*t*cosd(r) = n*lambda, solving for lambda for different n's +lambda = zeros(4); +for n = 1:1:4 + lambda(n) = 2*mu*t*cosd(r)/n; // Wavelengths for n = 1, 2, 3 and 4 + if lambda(n) > 4000e-008 & lambda(n) < 7500e-008 then + lambda_absent = lambda(n); + end +end +printf("\nThe absent wavelength of reflected light in the visible spectrum = %4.2e", lambda_absent); + +// Result +// The absent wavelength of reflected light in the visible spectrum = 5.07e-05 diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.37/Ch02Ex37.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.37/Ch02Ex37.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f1c8d2073 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.37/Ch02Ex37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.37:: Page-2.28 (2009) +clc; clear; +mu = 1.6; // Refractive index of the mica plate +r = 60; // Angle of refraction of the light ray on the mica plate, degrees +lambda = 5500e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm +n = 1; // Order of interference for minimum thickness +// For dark fringe in reflected pattern, +// 2*mu*t*cosd(r) = 2*n*lambda, solving for t +t = n*lambda/(2*mu*cosd(r)); // Minimum thickness of the plate that will appear dark in the reflection pattern + +printf("\nThe minimum thickness of the plate that will appear dark in the reflection pattern = %4.2e cm", t); + +// Result +// The minimum thickness of the plate that will appear dark in the reflection pattern = 3.44e-05 cm diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.38/Ch02Ex38.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.38/Ch02Ex38.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..de9e9af8b --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.38/Ch02Ex38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.38:: Page-2.28 (2009) +clc; clear; +mu = 1.33; // Refractive index of the thin soap film +lambda1 = 5500e-008; // Wavelength of the first dark fringe, cm +lambda2 = 5400e-008; // Wavelength of the consecutive dark fringe, cm +i = 30; // Angle of incidence of the light ray on the soap film, degrees +// For overlapping fringes, +// n*lambda1 = (n+1)*lambda2, solving for n +n = lambda2/(lambda1-lambda2); // Order of interference fringes +// As mu = sind(i)/sind(r), solving for r +r = asind(sind(i)/mu); +// For dark fringe in reflected pattern, +// 2*mu*t*cosd(r) = 2*n*lambda1, solving for t +t = n*lambda1/(2*mu*cosd(r)); // Thickness of the thin soap film + +printf("\nThe thickness of the thin soap film = %5.3e cm", t); + +// Result +// The thickness of the thin soap film = 1.205e-03 cm diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.39/Ch02Ex39.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.39/Ch02Ex39.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f74275481 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.39/Ch02Ex39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.39:: Page-2.29 (2009) +clc; clear; +t = 0.75e-06; // Thickness of the glass plate, m +mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of the glass plate +lambda1 = 4000e-010; // First wavelength of visible range, cm +lambda2 = 7000e-010; // Last wavelength of visible range, cm +r = 0; // Angle of refraction for normal incidence, degrees +n = zeros(2); +// For bright fringe in reflected pattern, +// 2*mu*t*cosd(r) = (2*n+1)*lambda/2, solving for n +// For lambda1 +n(1) = (4*mu*t*cosd(r)/lambda1-1)/2; +// For lambda2 +n(2) = (4*mu*t*cosd(r)/lambda2-1)/2; + +printf("\nFor n = %d and n = %d the light is strongly reflected.", n(1), ceil(n(2))); + +// Result +// For n = 5 and n = 3 the light is strongly reflected. diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.4/Ch02Ex4.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.4/Ch02Ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..84a8ee7bc --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.4/Ch02Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.4:: Page-2.10 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+d = 0.02; // Separation between the slits, cm
+D = 100; // Distance of the source from the screen, m
+n = 6; // No. of bright fringe from the centre
+x = 1.22; // Position of 6th bright fringe, cm
+lambda = x*d/(n*D); // Wavelength of light used, m
+printf("\nThe wavelength of the light from coherent sources = %5.3e cm", lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of the light from coherent sources = 4.067e-005 cm
diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.40/Ch02Ex40.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.40/Ch02Ex40.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cb48be48d --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.40/Ch02Ex40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.40:: Page-2.30 (2009) +clc; clear; +mu = 1.45; // Refractive index of the film +lambda = 5500e-010; // First wavelength of visible range, cm +r = 0; // Angle of refraction for normal incidence, degrees +n = 0; // Order of interference is zero for minimum thickness +// For bright fringe in reflected pattern, +// 2*mu*t*cosd(r) = (2*n+1)*lambda/2, solving for t +t = (2*n+1)*lambda/(4*mu*cosd(r)); // Minimum thickness of the film for which light is strongly reflected + +printf("\nThe minimum thickness of the film for which light is strongly reflected = %4.2e cm", t); + +// Result +// The minimum thickness of the film for which light is strongly reflected = 9.48e-08 cm diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.41/Ch02Ex41.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.41/Ch02Ex41.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..103eb888e --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.41/Ch02Ex41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.41:: Page-2.30 (2009) +clc; clear; +mu = 5/4; // Refractive index of the film +lambda = 5890e-010; // Wavelength of visible light, cm +i = 45; // Angle of incidence, degrees +n = 1; // Order of interference is unity for minimum thickness in dark reflected pattern +// As mu = sind(i)/sind(r), solving for r +r = asind(sind(i)/mu); +// For dark fringe in reflected pattern, +// 2*mu*t*cosd(r) = n*lambda, solving for t +t = n*lambda/(2*mu*cosd(r)); // Thickness of the soap film for dark fringe in reflected pattern + +printf("\nThe thickness of the soap film for dark fringe in reflected pattern = %5.3e cm", t); + +// Result +// The thickness of the soap film for dark fringe in reflected pattern = 2.857e-07 cm diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.42/Ch02Ex42.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.42/Ch02Ex42.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e7c18c502 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.42/Ch02Ex42.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.42:: Page-2.30 (2009) +clc; clear; +mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of the plate +t = 0.5e-006; // Thickness of the plate, m +r = 0; // Angle of refraction for normal incidence, degrees +// For bright fringe in reflected pattern, +// 2*mu*t*cosd(r) = (2*n+1)*lambda/2, solving for lambda for different n's +lambda = zeros(4); +for n = 0:1:3 + lambda(n+1) = 4*mu*t*cosd(r)/(2*n+1); // Wavelengths for n = 0, 1, 2 and 3 + lambda_strong = lambda(n+1); + if lambda(n+1) >= 4000e-010 & lambda(n+1) <= 7500e-010 then + if lambda_strong > lambda(n+1) then // Search for the stronger wavelength + lambda_strong = lambda(n+1); + end + end +end + +printf("\nFor n = %d, %4.0f angstrom will be reflected strongly", n, lambda_strong/1e-010); + +// Result +// For n = 3, 4286 angstrom will be reflected strongly diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.43/Ch02Ex43.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.43/Ch02Ex43.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..877b3d976 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.43/Ch02Ex43.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.43:: Page-2.31(2009) +clc; clear; +mu = 1.33; // Refractive index of the film +i = asind(0.8); // Angle of refraction for normal incidence, degrees +// As mu = sind(i)/sind(r), solving for r +r = asind(sind(i)/mu); +lambda1 = 6100e-010; // First wavelength of dark band, m +lambda2 = 6000e-010; // Second wavelength of dark band, m +// For consecutive overlapping wavelenghts +// n*lambda1 = (n+1)*lambda2, solving for n +n = lambda2/(lambda1-lambda2); +// For dark fringe in reflected pattern, +// 2*mu*t*cosd(r) = n*lambda1, solving for t +t = n*lambda1/(2*mu*cosd(r)); // Thickness of the film with incident white light. m +printf("\nThickness of the film with incident white light = %3.1e m", t); + +// Result +// Thickness of the film with incident white light = 1.7e-05 m diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.44/Ch02Ex44.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.44/Ch02Ex44.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..05bf42f91 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.44/Ch02Ex44.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.44:: Page-2.31(2009) +clc; clear; +mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of the film +i = 45; // Angle of incidence, degrees +// As mu = sind(i)/sind(r), solving for r +r = asind(sind(i)/mu); +lambda = 5500e-010; // Wavelength of parallel beam of light, m +n = 15; // Order of dark band +// For dark fringe in reflected pattern, +// 2*mu*t*cosd(r) = n*lambda, solving for t +t = n*lambda/(2*mu*cosd(r)); // Thickness of the film with incident parallel beam of light. m + +printf("\nThe thickness of the film with paralle beam of yellow light = %4.2e m", t); + +// Result +// The thickness of the film with paralle beam of yellow light = 3.12e-06 m diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.46/Ch02Ex46.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.46/Ch02Ex46.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..120a2d8ca --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.46/Ch02Ex46.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.46:: Page-2.33(2009) +clc; clear; +V = 0.58e-006; // Volume of oil, metre cube +A = 2.5; // Area of water surface, metre square +t = V/A; // Thickness of film, m +r = 0; // Angle of refraction for normal incidence, degrees +n = 1; // Order of interference for minimum thickness +lambda = 4700e-010; // Wavelength of light used, m +// For dark fringe in reflected pattern, +// 2*mu*t*cosd(r) = n*lambda, solving for mu +mu = n*lambda/(2*t*cosd(r)); // Refractive index of oil + +printf("\nThe refractive index of oil = %5.3f", mu); + +// Result +// The refractive index of oil = 1.013 diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.47/Ch02Ex47.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.47/Ch02Ex47.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c78aa5126 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.47/Ch02Ex47.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.47:: Page-2.33(2009) +clc; clear; +mu = 1.46; // Refractive index of the soap film +lambda = 6000e-010; // Wavelength of light used, m +r = 0; // Angle of refraction for normal incidence, degrees +n = 0; // Order of interference for minimum thickness +// For bright fringe in reflected pattern, +// 2*mu*t*cosd(r) = (2*n+1)*lambda/2, solving for mu +t = (2*n+1)*lambda/(4*mu*cosd(r)); // Thickness of soap film, m + +printf("\nThe thickness of soap film = %5.3e m", t); + +// Result +// The thickness of soap film = 1.027e-07 m diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.48/Ch02Ex48.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.48/Ch02Ex48.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8c87bc5e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.48/Ch02Ex48.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.48: : Page-2.35(2009) +clc; clear; +mu = 1.4; // Refractive index of the film +alpha = 1.07e-004; // Acute angle of the wedge, radian +b = 0.2; // Fringe width, cm +// As b = lambda/(2*mu*alpha), solving for lambda +lambda = 2*mu*alpha*b; // Wavelength of light falling on wedge shaped film, m + +printf("\nThe wavelength of light falling on wedge shaped film = %4d ansgtrom", lambda/1e-008); + +// Result +// The wavelength of light falling on wedge shaped film = 5991 ansgtrom diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.49/Ch02Ex49.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.49/Ch02Ex49.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9c266f6b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.49/Ch02Ex49.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.49:: Page-2.35(2009) +clc; clear; +mu = 1.4; // Refractive index of the film +lambda = 5500e-008; // Wavelength of the light, cm +// As alpha = (delta_t)/x and x = 10*b; b = lambda/(2*mu*alpha), solving for dt +delta_t = 10*lambda/(2*mu); // Difference between the thicknesses of the films, cm + +printf("\nDifference between the thicknesses of the films = %4.2e cm", delta_t); + +// Result +// Difference between the thicknesses of the films = 1.96e-04 cm diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.5/Ch02Ex5.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.5/Ch02Ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8528af407 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.5/Ch02Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.5:: Page-2.10 (2009) +clc; clear; +lambda1 = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of D1 line of sodium, cm +lambda2 = 5896e-008; // Wavelength of D2 line of sodium, cm +D = 120; // Distance between source and the screen, cm +d = 0.025; // Separation between the slits, cm +n = 4; // Order of dark fringe +x1 = (2*n+1)*lambda1*D/(2*d); // Position of 4th dark fringe due to D1 line, cm +x2 = (2*n+1)*lambda2*D/(2*d); // Position of 4th dark fringe due to D2 line, cm +delta_x = x2-x1; // Fringe separation, cm + +printf("\nThe separation between fourth order dark fringes = %4.2e cm", x2-x1); + +// Result +// The separation between fourth order dark fringes = 1.30e-03 cm diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.50/Ch02Ex50.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.50/Ch02Ex50.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..74a0c166a --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.50/Ch02Ex50.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.50:: Page-2.36(2009) +clc; clear; +mu = 1.6; // Refractive index of the film +lambda = 5500e-008; // Wavelength of the light, cm +b = 0.1; // Fringe width, cm +// As b = lambda/(2*mu*alpha), solving for alpha +alpha = lambda/(2*mu*b); // Angle of thin wedge shaped film, radian +printf("\nAngle of thin wedge shaped film = %3.1e radian", alpha); + +// Result +// Angle of thin wedge shaped film = 1.7e-04 radian diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.51/Ch02Ex51.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.51/Ch02Ex51.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..baa510ab2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.51/Ch02Ex51.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.51:: Page-2.36(2009) +clc; clear; +mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of the film +b = 0.20; // Fringe width, cm +theta = 25/(60*60)*%pi/180; // Angle of the wedge, radian +// As b = lambda/(2*mu*theta), solving for lambda +lambda = 2*mu*b*theta; // Wavelength of light used to illuminate a wedge shaped film, cm + +printf("\nThe wavelength of light used to illuminate a wedge shaped film = %4d angstrom", lambda/1e-008); + +// Result +// The wavelength of light used to illuminate a wedge shaped film = 7272 angstrom +// The answer is given wrong in the textbook diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.52/Ch02Ex52.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.52/Ch02Ex52.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b624d0b68 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.52/Ch02Ex52.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.52:: Page-2.36(2009) +clc; clear; +lambda = 5893e-010; // Wavelength of light used, m +mu = 1; // Refractive index of the glass +b = 1; // Assume fringe width to be unity, cm +// As b = l/20, solving for l +l = b*20; // Length of the film, m +// As b = lambda/(2*mu*theta) and theta = t/l, solving for t +t = lambda*l/(2*mu); // Thickness of the wire separating two glass surfaces, m + +printf("\nThe thickness of the wire separating two glass surfaces = %4.2e m", t); + +// Result +// The thickness of the wire separating two glass surfaces = 5.89e-06 m diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.53/Ch02Ex53.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.53/Ch02Ex53.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5cd4bd562 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.53/Ch02Ex53.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.53:: Page-2.37(2009) +clc; clear; +mu = 1; // Refractive index of the air film +b = 1.5/25; // Fringe width, cm +lambda = 5893e-008; // Wavelength of light used to illuminate a wedge shaped film, cm +// As b = lambda/(2*mu*theta), solving for theta +theta = lambda/(2*mu*b); // Angle of the wedge, radian + +printf("\nThe angle of the wedge shaped air film = %5.3f degrees", theta*180/%pi); + +// Result +// The angle of the wedge shaped air film = 0.028 degrees diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.54/Ch02Ex54.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.54/Ch02Ex54.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9125e8dae --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.54/Ch02Ex54.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.54:: Page-2.37(2009) +clc; clear; +mu = 1.45; // Refractive index of the film +b = 1/10; // Fringe width, cm +lambda = 6600e-008; // Wavelength of light used to illuminate a wedge shaped film, cm +// As b = lambda/(2*mu*theta), solving for theta +theta = lambda/(2*mu*b); // Angle of the wedge, radian + +printf("\nThe acute angle of the wedge shaped film = %6.4f degrees", theta*180/%pi); + +// Result +// The acute angle of the wedge shaped film = 0.0130 degrees diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.55/Ch02Ex55.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.55/Ch02Ex55.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4569279ff --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.55/Ch02Ex55.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.55:: Page-2.46(2009) +clc; clear; +lambda1 = 6000e-008; // First visible wavelength, cm +lambda2 = 4500e-008; // Second visible wavelength, cm +R = 100; // Radius of curvature of the lens, cm +// As diameter of nth dark ring due to lambda1 is +// D_n^2 = 4*n*R*lambda1 and D_nplus1^ = 4*(n+1)*R*lambda2, so that D_n^2 = D_nplus1^2 gives +n = lambda2/(lambda1-lambda2); // Order of interference for dark fringes +D_n = sqrt(4*n*R*lambda1); // Diameter of nth dark ring due to lambda1 + +printf("\nThe diameter of nth dark ring due to wavelength of %4d angstrom = %4.2f cm", lambda1/1e-008, D_n); + +// Result +// The diameter of nth dark ring due to wavelength of 6000 angstrom = 0.27 cm diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.56/Ch02Ex56.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.56/Ch02Ex56.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8dd15704d --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.56/Ch02Ex56.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.56:: Page-2.46(2009) +clc; clear; +R = 1; // For simplicity assume radius of curvature of the lens to be unity, cm +D_n = 0.251; // Diameter of 3rd dark ring, cm +D_nplusp = 0.548; // Diameter of 9th dark ring, cm +n = 3; // Order of 3rd Newton ring +p = 9 - n; // Order of 6th Newton ring from 3rd ring +// As D_nplusp^2 - D_n^2 = 4*p*R*lambda, solving for lambda +lambda = (D_nplusp^2 - D_n^2)/(4*p*R); // Wavelength of light used +D_15 = sqrt(D_n^2+4*(15-n)*lambda*R); // Diameter of 15th dark ring, cm + +printf("\nThe diameter of 15th dark ring = %5.3f cm", D_15); + +// Result +// The diameter of 15th dark ring = 0.733 cm diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.57/Ch02Ex57.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.57/Ch02Ex57.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cf857619e --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.57/Ch02Ex57.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.57: : Page-2.47(2009) +clc; clear; +R = 1; // For simplicity assume radius of curvature of the lens to be unity, cm +n = 30; // Order of 3rd Newton ring +D_30 = 1; // Assume diameter of thirtieth ring to be unity, cm +// As D_30^2 = 4*n*R*lambda, solving for lambda +lambda = D_30^2/(4*n*R); // Wavelength of light used, cm +D_n = 3*D_30; // Diameter of nth dark ring having thrice the diameter of the thirtieth ring, cm +n = D_n^2/(4*R*lambda); // Order of a dark ring having thrice the diameter of the thirtieth ring + +printf("\nThe order of the dark ring having thrice the diameter of the thirtieth ring = %3d", n); + +// Result +// The order of the dark ring having thrice the diameter of the thirtieth ring = 270 diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.58/Ch02Ex58.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.58/Ch02Ex58.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5f0e8608f --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.58/Ch02Ex58.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.58:: Page-2.47(2009) +clc; clear; +n = 15; // Order of 15rd Newton ring +D_15 = 0.75; // Diameter of fifteenth dark ring, cm +lambda = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm +// As D_15^2 = 4*15*R*lambda, solving for R +R = D_15^2/(4*15*lambda); // Radius of curvature of lens, cm +// For dark ring, 2*t = n*lambda, solving for t +t = n*lambda/2; // Thickness of air film, cm + +printf("\nThe radius of curvature of lens = %5.1f cm", R); +printf("\nThe thickness of air film = %3.1e cm", t); + +// Result +// The radius of curvature of lens = 159.2 cm +// The thickness of air film = 4.4e-004 cm diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.59/Ch02Ex59.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.59/Ch02Ex59.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b851b122c --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.59/Ch02Ex59.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.59:: Page-2.47(2009) +clc; clear; +D_15 = 1.62; // Diameter of 15th dark ring with air film, cm +D_15_prime = 1.47; // Diameter of 15th dark ring with liquid, cm +R = 1; // For simplicity assume radius of curvature to be unity, cm +n = 15; // Order of 15rd Newton ring +// As for ring with air film, D_15^2 = 4*15*R*lambda, solving for lambda +lambda = D_15^2/(4*15*R); // Wavelength of light used, cm +// As for ring with liquid, D_15_prime^2 = 4*15*R*lambda/mu, solving for mu +mu = 4*15*R*lambda/D_15_prime^2; // Refractive index of the liquid +printf("\nThe refractive index of the liquid = %4.2f", mu) + +// Result +// The refractive index of the liquid = 1.21 diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.6/Ch02Ex6.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.6/Ch02Ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..67b144ed8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.6/Ch02Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.6:: Page-2.11 (2009) +clc; clear; +lambda = 5500e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm +Y1 = 10; // Distance of biprism from the source, cm +Y2 = 90; // Distance of biprism from the screen, cm +D = Y1 + Y2; // Distance between slits and the screen, cm +b = 8.526e-02; // Fringe width, cm +d = lambda*D/b; // Separation between the slits, cm + +printf("\nThe distance between two coherent sources = %4.2e cm", d); + +// Result +// The distance between two coherent sources = 6.45e-02 cm diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.60/Ch02Ex60.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.60/Ch02Ex60.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d6472b481 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.60/Ch02Ex60.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.60:: Page-2.48(2009) +clc; clear; +D_10 = 0.48; // Diameter of 10th dark ring with air film, cm +D_3 = 0.291; // Diameter of 3rd dark ring with air film, cm +p = 7; // Order of the 10th ring next to the 3rd ring +R = 90; // Radius of curvature of the lens, cm +lambda = (D_10^2-D_3^2)/(4*p*R); // Wavelength of light used in Newton rings experiment + +printf("\nThe wavelength of light used in Newton rings experiment = %4d angstrom", lambda/1e-008); + +// Result +// The wavelength of light used in Newton rings experiment = 5782 angstrom diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.61/Ch02Ex61.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.61/Ch02Ex61.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2c35a0cb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.61/Ch02Ex61.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.61:: Page-2.48(2009) +clc; clear; +R1 = 200; // Radius of curvature of the convex surface, cm +R2 = 250; // Radius of curvature of the concave surface, cm +lambda = 5500e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm +n = 15; // Order of interfernce Newton ring +// As r_n^2*(1/R1-1/R2) = (2*n-1)*lambda/2, solving for r_n +r_n = sqrt((2*n-1)*lambda/(2*(1/R1-1/R2))); // Radius of nth ring, cm +D_15 = 2*r_n; // Daimeter of 15th bright ring, cm + +printf("\nThe daimeter of 15th bright ring = %4.2f cm", D_15); + +// Result +// The daimeter of 15th bright ring = 1.79 cm diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.62/Ch02Ex62.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.62/Ch02Ex62.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..98ebd9c27 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.62/Ch02Ex62.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.62:: Page-2.49(2009) +clc; clear; +R = 80; // Radius of curvature of the convex surface, cm +D5 = 0.192; // Diameter of 5th dark ring, cm +D25 = 0.555; // Diameter of 25th dark ring, cm +n = 5; // Order of interfernce Newton ring +P = 25 - n; +lambda = (D25^2 - D5^2)/(4*P*R); // Wavelength of light used, cm +printf("\nThe wavelength of light used = %5.3e cm", lambda); + +// Result +// The wavelength of light used = 4.237e-005 cm +// The expression for lambda is given wrong in the textbook but solved correctly diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.63/Ch02Ex63.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.63/Ch02Ex63.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..03b413bf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.63/Ch02Ex63.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.63:: Page-2.49(2009) +clc; clear; +R1 = 4; // Radius of curvature of the convex surface, m +R2 = 5; // Radius of curvature of the concave surface, m +lambda = 6600e-010; // Wavelength of light used, cm +n = 15; // Order of Newton ring +// As D_n^2*(1/R1-1/R2) = 4*n*lambda, solving for D_n +D_15 = sqrt(4*n*lambda/(1/R1-1/R2)); // Diameter of 15th dark ring, cm + +printf("\nThe diameter of %dth dark ring = %4.2e m", n, D_15); + +// Result +// The diameter of 15th dark ring = 2.81e-002 m +// The answer is given wrong in the textbook (the square root is not solved) diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.64/Ch02Ex64.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.64/Ch02Ex64.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ec9ea0b47 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.64/Ch02Ex64.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.64:: Page-2.49(2009) +clc; clear; +lambda1 = 6000e-008; // First visible wavelength, cm +lambda2 = 4500e-008; // Second visible wavelength, cm +R = 120; // Radius of curvature of the lens, cm +// As diameter of nth dark ring due to lambda1 is +// D_n^2 = 4*n*R*lambda1 and D_nplus1^ = 4*(n+1)*R*lambda2, so that D_n^2 = D_nplus1^2 gives +n = lambda2/(lambda1-lambda2); // Order of interference for dark fringes +printf("\nThe value of n = %d", n); +n = 15; // Order of interference fringe +D_n = sqrt(4*n*R*lambda1); // Diameter of nth dark ring due to lambda1 +printf("\nThe diameter of 15th dark ring due to wavelength of %4d angstrom = %4.2f cm", lambda1/1e-008, D_n); + +// Result +// The value of n = 3 +// The diameter of 15th dark ring due to wavelength of 6000 angstrom = 0.66 cm diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.65/Ch02Ex65.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.65/Ch02Ex65.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..216e00327 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.65/Ch02Ex65.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.65:: Page-2.49(2009) +clc; clear; +lambda = 5896e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm +R = 100; // Radius of curvature of the lens, cm +D10 = 0.4; // Diametre of 10th dark ring, cm +n = 10; // Order of Newton ring +// As for a dark ring, 2*mu*t = n*lambda and 2*t = (D10/2)^2/R, solving for mu +mu = 4*n*lambda*R/D10^2; // Refractive index of the liquid filled into container + +printf("\nThe refractive index of the liquid filled into container = %4.2f", mu); + +// Result +// The refractive index of the liquid filled into container = 1.47 diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.67/Ch02Ex67.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.67/Ch02Ex67.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..04546946b --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.67/Ch02Ex67.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.67:: Page-2.50(2009) +clc; clear; +Dn = 1.8; // Diameter of 15th dark ring, cm +Dn_prime = 1.67; // Diameter of 15th dark ring with liquid, cm +mu = (Dn/Dn_prime)^2; // Refractive index of the liquid + +printf("\nThe refractive index of the liquid = %4.2f", mu); + +// Result +// The refractive index of the liquid = 1.16 diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.68/Ch02Ex68.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.68/Ch02Ex68.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..17f5740fe --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.68/Ch02Ex68.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.68:: Page-2.51(2009) +clc; clear; +R = 1; // For simplicity assume radius of curvature to be unity, cm +D8 = 0.45; // Diameter of 8th dark ring, cm +D15 = 0.81; // Diameter of 15th dark ring, cm +n = 8; // Order of 8th Newton ring +p = 7; // Order of 7th Newton ring after 8th ring +lambda = (D15^2-D8^2)/(4*p*R); // Wavelength of light used, cm +// As D18^2-D15^2 = 4*p*lambda*R +p = 3; // For 18th and 15th rings +D18 = sqrt(D15^2+4*p*lambda*R); // Diameter of 18th ring, cm + +printf("\nThe diameter of 18th dark ring = %6.4f cm", D18); + +// Result +// The diameter of 18th dark ring = 0.9222 cm diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.69/Ch02Ex69.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.69/Ch02Ex69.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..52fe7d113 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.69/Ch02Ex69.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.69:: Page-2.51(2009) +clc; clear; +R = 100; // Radius of curvature of plano-convex lens, cm +D15 = 0.590; // Diameter of 15th dark ring, cm +D5 = 0.336; // Diameter of 5th dark ring, cm +p = 10; // Order of 10th Newton ring after 5th ring +lambda = (D15^2-D5^2)/(4*p*R); // Wavelength of light used, cm + +printf("\nThe wavelength of light used = %4.0f ansgtrom", lambda/1e-008); + +// Result +// The wavelength of light used = 5880 ansgtrom diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.7/Ch02Ex7.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.7/Ch02Ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9a8b84c26 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.7/Ch02Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.7:: Page-2.11 (2009) +clc; clear; +alpha = %pi/180; // Acute angle of biprism, radian +mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of biprism +lambda = 5500e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm +y1 = 5; // Distance of biprism from the source, cm +y2 = 75; // Distance of biprism from the screen, cm +D = y1 + y2; // Distance between slits and the screen, cm +d = 2*(mu-1)*alpha*y1; // Separation between the slits, cm +b = lambda*D/d; // Fringe width of the interfernce pattern due to biprism, cm + +printf("\nThe fringe width of the interfernce pattern due to biprism = %4.2e cm", b); + +// Result +// The fringe width of the interfernce pattern due to biprism = 5.04e-02 cm diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.70/Ch02Ex70.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.70/Ch02Ex70.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2ad10e75b --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.70/Ch02Ex70.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.70:: Page-2.57(2009) +clc; clear; +N = 250; // Number of fringes crossing the field of view +delta_x = 0.0595e-01; // Displacement in movable mirror, cm +// As N*lambda/2 = delta_x, solving for lambda +lambda = 2*delta_x/N; // Wavelength of light used, cm + +printf("\nThe wavelength of monochromatic light used = %4.0f ansgtrom", lambda/1e-008); + +// Result +// The wavelength of monochromatic light used = 4760 ansgtrom +// Answer is given wrong in the textbook diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.71/Ch02Ex71.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.71/Ch02Ex71.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c84427e61 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.71/Ch02Ex71.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.71:: Page-2.58(2009) +clc; clear; +delta_x = 0.02559e-01; // Displacement in movable mirror, cm +lambda = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm +// As N*lambda/2 = delta_x, solving for N +N = 2*delta_x/lambda; // Number of fringes crossing the field of view + +printf("\nThe number of fringes that passes across the cross wire of telescope = %2d", ceil(N)); + +// Result +// The number of fringes that passes across the cross wire of telescope = 87 diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.72/Ch02Ex72.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.72/Ch02Ex72.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0aa30aa44 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.72/Ch02Ex72.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.72:: Page-2.58(2009) +clc; clear; +lambda1 = 5890e-008; // Wavelength corresponding to the D1 line, cm +lambda2 = 5896e-008; // Wavelength corresponding to the D2 line, cm +delta_lambda = lambda2 - lambda1; // Difference in the wavelengths, cm +// As delta_lambda = lambda1*lambda2/(2*x), solving for x +x = lambda1*lambda2/(2*(lambda2-lambda1)); // Distance between two successive positions of movable mirror + +printf("\nThe distance between two successive positions of movable mirror = %3.1e cm", x); + +// Result +// The distance between two successive positions of movable mirror = 2.9e-002 diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.73/Ch02Ex73.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.73/Ch02Ex73.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5a4a6554d --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.73/Ch02Ex73.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.73:: Page-2.58(2009) +clc; clear; +N = 550; // Number of fringes crossing the field of view +lambda = 5500e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm +mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of the glass slab +// As 2*(mu-1)*t = N*lambda, solving for t +t = N*lambda/(2*(mu-1)); // Thickness of the transparent glass film + +printf("\nThe distance between two successive positions of movable mirror = %3.1e cm", t); + +// Result +// The distance between two successive positions of movable mirror = 3.0e-002 cm diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.8/Ch02Ex8.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.8/Ch02Ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e9197dc4d --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.8/Ch02Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.8:: Page-2.11 (2009) +clc; clear; +mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of biprism +lambda = 5500e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm +y1 = 5; // Distance of biprism from the source, cm +y2 = 95; // Distance of biprism from the screen, cm +D = y1 + y2; // Distance between slits and the screen, cm +b = 0.025; // Fringe width of the interfernce pattern due to biprism, cm +// As d = 2*(mu-1)*alpha*y1, solving for alpha +alpha = lambda*D/(b*2*(mu-1)*y1) // Angle of vertex of the biprism, radian + +printf("\nThe angle of vertex of the biprism = %3.1e rad", alpha); + +// Result +// The angle of vertex of the biprism = 4.4e-02 rad diff --git a/1847/CH2/EX2.9/Ch02Ex9.sce b/1847/CH2/EX2.9/Ch02Ex9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b444e31fa --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH2/EX2.9/Ch02Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.9:: Page-2.12 (2009) +clc; clear; +n1 = 69; // Number of interference fringes obtained with yellow wavelength +lambda1 = 5893e-008; // Wavelength of yellow light used, cm +lambda2 = 5461e-008; // Wavelength of green light used, cm +// As n*lambda = l*d/D = constant, therefore +n2 = n1*lambda1/lambda2; // Number of interference fringes for green wavelength + +printf("\nThe number of interference fringes for changed wavelength = %2d", ceil(n2)); + +// Result +// The number of interference fringes for changed wavelength = 75 diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.1/Ch03Ex1.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.1/Ch03Ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c59d3f670 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.1/Ch03Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.1:: Page-3.9 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+r1 = 0.2; // Radius of first ring of zone plate, cm
+n = 1; // Order of zone plate
+f1 = r1^2/(n*lambda); // Position of the screen so that light is focused on the brightest spot, cm
+
+printf("\nThe position of the screen so that light is focused on the brightest spot = %3.1e cm", lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The position of the screen so that light is focused on the brightest spot = 5.9e-005 cm
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.10/Ch03Ex10.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.10/Ch03Ex10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..42fc42886 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.10/Ch03Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.10:: Page-3.24 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+f = 250; // Focal length of the lens, cm
+x = 0.8; // Half width of central maxima, cm
+lambda = 5500e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+// As x = f*lambda/a, solving for a
+a = f*lambda/x; // Slit width in Fraunhofer single slit experiment
+
+printf("\nThe slit width = %5.3f cm", a);
+
+// Result
+// The slit width = 0.017 cm
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.11/Ch03Ex11.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.11/Ch03Ex11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..dc9eca8a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.11/Ch03Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.11:: Page-3.25 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 5500e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+a = 8.5e-005; // Width of the slit, cm
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction
+// For a single slit Fraunhofer diffraction, a*sind(theta) = n*lambda, solving for theta
+theta = asind(n*lambda/a); // Half angular width at central maximum in Fraunhoffer diffraction, degrees
+
+printf("\nThe half angular width at central maximum in Fraunhoffer diffraction = %4.1f degrees", theta);
+
+// Result
+// The half angular width at central maximum in Fraunhoffer diffraction = 40.3 degrees
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.12/Ch03Ex12.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.12/Ch03Ex12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..27225e01d --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.12/Ch03Ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.12:: Page-3.25 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+a = 0.04; // Slit width, cm
+x = 0.5; // Half width of central maximum, cm
+f = 300; // Focal length of the lens, cm
+// As x = lambda*f/a, solving for lambda
+lambda = a*x/f; // Wavelength of light used in Fraunhoffer diffraction due to single slit, cm
+
+printf("\nThe wavelength of light used in Fraunhoffer diffraction due to a single slit = %4d angstrom", lambda/1e-008);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of light used in Fraunhoffer diffraction due to a single slit = 6666 angstrom
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.13/Ch03Ex13.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.13/Ch03Ex13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..eadfaeb18 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.13/Ch03Ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.13:: Page-3.25 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+a = 0.045; // Slit width, cm
+lambda = 5500e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+f = 250; // Focal length of the lens, cm
+x = lambda*f/a; // Position of central maxima, cm
+
+printf("\nThe position of central maxima = %5.3f cm", x);
+printf("\nThe width of central maxima from first minima = %5.3f cm", 2*x);
+
+// Result
+// The position of central maxima = 0.306 cm
+// The width of central maxima from first minima = 0.611 cm
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.14/Ch03Ex14.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.14/Ch03Ex14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..09c9e7803 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.14/Ch03Ex14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.14:: Page-3.26 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+a = 0.025; // Slit width, cm
+n = 2; // Order of diffraction
+f = 400; // Focal length of the lens, cm
+x = 2.1; // Position of central maxima, cm
+// As theta = n*lambda/a and theta = x/f, solving for lambda
+lambda = x*a/(n*f); // Wavelength of light used, cm
+printf("\nThe wavelength of light used = %4d angstrom", lambda/1e-008);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of light used = 6562 angstrom
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.15/Ch03Ex15.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.15/Ch03Ex15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..af2fbbb0b --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.15/Ch03Ex15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.15:: Page-3.26 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+a = 0.25; // Slit width, cm
+lambda = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of light, cm
+f = 80; // Focal length of the lens, cm
+n = 2; // Order of diffraction
+// As for minima, theta = n*lambda/a and theta = x/f, solving for x
+x2 = 2*lambda*f/a; // Position of 2nd dark fringe, cm
+// As for maxima, theta = (2*n+1)*lambda/(2*a) and theta = x/f, solving for x
+x2_prime = 5*lambda*f/(2*a); // Position of 2nd bright fringe, cm
+delta_x = x2_prime-x2; // Distance between 2nd dark and next bright, cm
+printf("\nThe distance between 2nd dark and next bright fringe = %4.2e cm", delta_x);
+
+// Result
+// The distance between 2nd dark and next bright fringe = 9.42e-003 cm
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.16/Ch03Ex16.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.16/Ch03Ex16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8f7f1f872 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.16/Ch03Ex16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.16:: Page-3.27 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 5500e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+x = 3.9e-001; // Half width of central maximum, cm
+f = 220; // Focal length of the lens, cm
+n = 1; // Order for first order diffraction
+// As a*sin(theta) = n*lambda, a*theta = n*lambda
+// As theta = lambda/a and theta = x/f, solving for a
+a = lambda*f/x; // Half angular width at central maximum, cm
+
+printf("\nThe width of the slit = %3.1e cm", a);
+
+// Result
+// The width of the slit = 3.1e-002 cm
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.18/Ch03Ex18.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.18/Ch03Ex18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..715748598 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.18/Ch03Ex18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.18:: Page-3.30 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+a = 0.019e-003; // Width of each slit, m
+b = 2.0e-004; // Width of opacity between two slits, m
+lambda = 5000e-010; // Wavelengh of light used, m
+D = 0.6; // Distance between slit and the screen, m
+// As angular separation, theta = x/D = lambda/(a+b), solving for x
+x = D*lambda/(a+b); // Fringe spacing on the screen, m
+// As half angular separation, theta1 = x1/D = lambda/(2*(a+b)), solving for x1
+x1 = D*lambda/(2*(a+b)); // Distance between central maxima and first minima, m
+
+printf("\nThe fringe spacing on the screen = %4.2f mm", x/1e-003);
+printf("\nThe distance between central maxima and first minima = %4.2f mm", x1/1e-003);
+
+// Result
+// The fringe spacing on the screen = 1.37 mm
+// The distance between central maxima and first minima = 0.68 mm
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.19/Ch03Ex19.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.19/Ch03Ex19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0b5506c41 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.19/Ch03Ex19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.19:: Page-3.31 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+f = 150; // Distance between screen and slit, cm
+a = 0.005; // Slit width, cm
+b = 0.06; // Distance between slits, cm
+lambda = 5500e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+// As half angular separation, theta1 = x1/f = lambda/(2*(a+b)), solving for x1
+x1 = f*lambda/(2*(a+b)); // Distance between central maxima and first minima, cm
+delta_theta = lambda/(2*(a+b)); // Angular separation between two consecutive minima, radians
+printf("\nThe distance between central maxima and first minima = %4.2e cm", x1);
+printf("\nThe angular separation between two consecutive minima = %3.1e radians", delta_theta);
+
+// Result
+// The distance between central maxima and first minima = 6.35e-002 cm
+// The angular separation between two consecutive minima = 4.2e-004 radians
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.2/Ch03Ex2.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.2/Ch03Ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a8b81ed22 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.2/Ch03Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.2:: Page-3.9 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+v1 = 36; // Position of the strongest image from the zone plate, cm
+v2 = 9; // Position of the next image from the zone plate, cm
+lambda = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+r1 = 1; // For simplicity assume radius of first ring of zone plate to be unity, cm
+n = 1; // Order of zone plate
+// As 1/v1-1/u = n*lambda/r1^2 = 1/3*(1/v2-1/u), solving for u
+u = 2/(3/36-1/9); // Distance of the zone plate from source, cm
+// As 1/v-1/u = n*lambda/r1^2, solving for r1
+r1 = sqrt(lambda/(1/v1-1/abs(u))); // Radius of first zone, cm
+f1 = r1^2/(n*lambda); // Principal focal length, cm
+
+printf("\nThe distance of the zone plate from source = %2d cm", u);
+printf("\nThe radius of first zone = %3.1e cm", r1);
+printf("\nThe principal focal length = %4.1f cm", f1);
+
+// Result
+// The distance of the zone plate from source = -72 cm
+// The radius of first zone = 6.5e-002 cm
+// The principal focal length = 72.0 cm
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.20/Ch03Ex20.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.20/Ch03Ex20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f8837de6e --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.20/Ch03Ex20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.20:: Page-3.32 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+f = 120; // Distance between screen and slit, cm
+a = 0.019; // Slit width, cm
+b = 0.041; // Distance between slits, cm
+lambda = 6500e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+// As theta1 = x1/f = lambda/(2*(a+b)), solving for x1
+x1 = f*lambda/(2*(a+b)); // Position of first secondary minima, cm
+// As theta2 = x2/f = lambda/(a+b), solving for x2
+x2 = f*lambda/(a+b); // Position of first secondary maxima, cm
+
+printf("\nThe position of first secondary minima = %5.3f cm", x1);
+printf("\nThe position of first secondary maxima = %4.2f cm", x2);
+
+// Result
+// The position of first secondary minima = 0.065 cm
+// The position of first secondary maxima = 0.13 cm
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.21/Ch03Ex21.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.21/Ch03Ex21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9ef7cec6e --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.21/Ch03Ex21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.21:: Page-3.34 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+a = 0.2; // Slit width, mm
+b = 0.8; // Distance between slits, mm
+p = [1 2 3 4]; // Orders of pth diffraction maxima
+// As diffraction of pth diffraction maxima, a*sin(theta)=p*lambda --- (i)
+// and that of nth diffraction maxima, (a+b)*sin(theta)=n*lambda --- (ii)
+// Dividing (ii) by (i), we have
+// (a+b)/a = n/p, solving for n
+n = (a+b)/a*p; // Orders of nth diffraction maxima
+
+printf("\nThe missing orders of spectra in diffraction maxima, n = %d, %d, %d, %d,...", n(1), n(2), n(3), n(4));
+
+
+// Result
+// The missing orders of spectra in diffraction maxima, n = 5, 10, 15, 20,...
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.22/Ch03Ex22.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.22/Ch03Ex22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..09c3d58fb --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.22/Ch03Ex22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.22:: Page-3.45 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda1 = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of D1 line of Na, cm
+lambda2 = 5896e-008; // Wavelength of D2 line of Na, cm
+N = 3000/0.5; // No. of lines per cm of grating, lines/cm
+a_plus_b = 1/N; // Grating element, cm
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction for principal maxima
+// As (a+b)*sin(theta1) = n*lambda, solving for theta1
+theta1 = asind(n*lambda1/(a_plus_b)); // Angle of diffraction for the principal maxima of D1 line, degrees
+theta2 = asind(n*lambda2/(a_plus_b)); // Angle of diffraction for the principal maxima of D2 line, degrees
+printf("\nThe angle of diffraction for the principal maxima of D1 line = %5.2f degrees", theta1);
+printf("\nThe angle of diffraction for the principal maxima of D2 line = %5.2f degrees", theta2);
+
+// Result
+// The angle of diffraction for the principal maxima of D1 line = 20.70 degrees
+// The angle of diffraction for the principal maxima of D2 line = 20.72 degrees
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.23/Ch03Ex23.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.23/Ch03Ex23.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7254a98c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.23/Ch03Ex23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.23:: Page-3.45 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 5500e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+N = 15000; // No. of lines per inch of grating, lines/inch
+a_plus_b = 2.54/N; // Grating element, cm
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction for principal maxima
+// As (a+b)*sin(theta_n) = n*lambda and for maximum possible order of spectra sin(theta_n) = 1
+// So (a+b) = n*lambda, solving for n
+n = (a_plus_b)/lambda; // The highest order spectrum which can be seen in monochromatic light
+
+printf("\nThe highest order spectrum which can be seen in monochromatic light = %d", n);
+
+// Result
+// The highest order spectrum which can be seen in monochromatic light = 3
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.24/Ch03Ex24.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.24/Ch03Ex24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..481d37368 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.24/Ch03Ex24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.24: : Page-3.46 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda1 = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of D1 line, cm
+lambda2 = 5896e-008; // Wavelength of D2 line, cm
+N = 15000; // No. of lines per inch of grating, lines/inch
+a_plus_b = 2.54/N; // Grating element, cm
+n = 2; // Order of diffraction for secondary maxima
+// As (a+b)*sin(theta_n) = n*lambda, solving for theta1 and theta2
+theta1 = asind(n*lambda1/a_plus_b); // Direction of secondary maxima with lambda1, degrees
+theta2 = asind(n*lambda2/a_plus_b); // Direction of secondary maxima with lambda2, degrees
+
+printf("\nThe angle of separation in second order diffraction spectrum = %3.1f degrees", theta2-theta1);
+
+// Result
+// The angle of separation in second order diffraction spectrum = 0.1 degrees
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.25/Ch03Ex25.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.25/Ch03Ex25.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0dcdc7bbf --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.25/Ch03Ex25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.25:: Page-3.46 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda1 = 5500e-008; // First wavelength, cm
+lambda2 = 3700e-008; // Second wavelength, cm
+N = 15000; // No. of lines per inch of grating, lines/inch
+a_plus_b = 2.54/N; // Grating element, cm
+f = 120; // Focal length of the lens, cm
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction for principal maxima
+// As (a+b)*sin(theta_n) = n*lambda, solving for theta1 and theta2
+theta1 = asind(n*lambda1/a_plus_b); // Direction of principal maxima with lambda1, degrees
+theta2 = asind(n*lambda2/a_plus_b); // Direction of principal maxima with lambda2, degrees
+// As tand(theta) = x/f, solving for x1 - x2 = dx
+dx = f*(tand(theta1)-tand(theta2)); // Linear separation of two lines in first order spectrum, cm
+
+printf("\nThe linear separation of two lines in first order spectrum = %5.2f cm", dx);
+
+// Result
+// The linear separation of two lines in first order spectrum = 14.34 cm
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.26/Ch03Ex26.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.26/Ch03Ex26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5ac174ad1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.26/Ch03Ex26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.26:: Page-3.47 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 5000e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+N = 5000; // No. of lines per cm of grating, lines/cm
+a_plus_b = 1/N; // Grating element, cm
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction for first order spectra
+// As (a+b)*sin(theta_n) = n*lambda, solving for theta for first and third orders
+theta1 = asind(n*lambda/a_plus_b); // Direction of principal maxima with lambda1, degrees
+n = 3; // Order of diffraction for third order spectra
+theta3 = asind(n*lambda/a_plus_b); // Direction of principal maxima with lambda2, degrees
+delta_theta = theta3 - theta1; // Angular separation in the first and third order spectra,
+
+printf("\nThe difference in the deviation in the first and third order spectra = %4.1f degrees", delta_theta);
+
+// Result
+// The difference in the deviation in the first and third order spectra = 34.1 degrees
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.27/Ch03Ex27.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.27/Ch03Ex27.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bcf439ac6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.27/Ch03Ex27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.27:: Page-3.48 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 6500e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+N = 10000; // No. of lines per cm of grating, lines/cm
+a_plus_b = 1/N; // Grating element, cm
+theta_n = 90; // Direction for maximum possible orders, degrees
+// As (a+b)*sin(theta_n) = n*lambda, solving for theta for n
+n = a_plus_b*sind(theta_n)/lambda; // Order of diffraction for
+
+printf("\nThe order of diffraction for the given grating element and wavelength of light = %d", n);
+
+// Result
+// The order of diffraction for the given grating element and wavelength of light = 1
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.28/Ch03Ex28.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.28/Ch03Ex28.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..92a18d46d --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.28/Ch03Ex28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.28:: Page-3.48 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda1 = 6500e-008; // Wavelength of first line, cm
+lambda2 = 4500e-008; // Wavelength of scecond line, cm
+theta1 = 18; // Direction of lower order, degrees
+theta2 = 18; // Direction of higher order, degrees
+// As (a+b)*sin(theta1) = n*lambda1 and (a+b)*sin(theta2) = (n+1)*lambda2, solving for n
+n = lambda2/(lambda1 - lambda2); // Order of diffraction for first wavelength
+// As a_plus_b = n*lambda1/sind(theta1), solving for a_plus_b
+a_plus_b = ceil(n)*lambda1/sind(theta1); // Grating element, cm
+N = 1/a_plus_b; // No. of lines on the grating surface, lines/cm
+
+printf("\nThe number of lines ruled on the grating surface = %4d lines/cm", N);
+
+// Result
+// The number of lines ruled on the grating surface = 1584 lines/cm
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.29/Ch03Ex29.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.29/Ch03Ex29.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..077fa9b6b --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.29/Ch03Ex29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.29:: Page-3.48 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 6328e-008; // Wavelength of He-Laser, cm
+a_plus_b = 1/6000; // Grating element, cm
+n = 1; // First order of diffraction for given wavelength
+// As (a+b)*sin(theta1) = n*lambda, solving for theta1
+theta1 = asind(n*lambda/a_plus_b); // Angle at which first order maximum is observed, degrees
+n = 2; // second order of diffraction for given wavelength
+theta2 = asind(n*lambda/a_plus_b); // Angle at which second order maximum is observed, degrees
+
+printf("\nThe angle at which first order maximum is observed = %4.1f degrees", theta1);
+printf("\nThe angle at which second order maximum is observed = %4.1f degrees", theta2);
+
+// Result
+// The angle at which first order maximum is observed = 22.3 degrees
+// The angle at which second order maximum is observed = 49.4 degrees
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.3/Ch03Ex3.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.3/Ch03Ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6032e734a --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.3/Ch03Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.3:: Page-3.10 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 5500e-010; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+u = -4; // Distance of the zone plate from source, cm
+D = 3.7e-003; // Diameter of central zone of zone plate, cm
+r = D/2; // Radius of central zone of zone plate, cm
+n = 1; // Order of zone plate
+f1 = r^2/(n*lambda); // Principal focal length, cm
+v1 = 36; // Position of the strongest image from the zone plate, cm
+v2 = 9; // Position of the next image from the zone plate, cm
+// As 1/v - 1/u = 1/f, solving for v
+v = 1/(1/f1+1/u); // Position of the first image in a zone plate, cm
+
+printf("\nThe position of the first image in a zone plate = %2d cm", floor(v));
+
+// Result
+// The position of the first image in a zone plate = -12 cm
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.30/Ch03Ex30.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.30/Ch03Ex30.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5124f37f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.30/Ch03Ex30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.30:: Page-3.49 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda1 = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of D1 line of Na, cm
+lambda2 = 5896e-008; // Wavelength of D2 line of Na, cm
+d_lambda = lambda2-lambda1; // Linear separation of two lines just seen as separate, cm
+P = 500; // Number of lines per cm on grating, lines/cm
+n = 2; // Order of diffraction
+// As resolving power of grating, lambda/d_lambda = n*N, solving for N
+N = lambda1/(d_lambda*n); // No. of lines required per cm on grating, lines/cm
+w = N/P; // Least width of grating, cm
+
+printf("\nThe least width of plane transmission grating = %5.3f cm", w);
+
+// Result
+// The least width of plane transmission grating = 0.982 cm
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.31/Ch03Ex31.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.31/Ch03Ex31.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5dd50b2fb --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.31/Ch03Ex31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.31:: Page-3.49 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+theta1 = 18; // Direction at which first spectral line appears, degrees
+theta2 = 18+5/(60*60); // Direction at which second spectral line appears, degrees
+d_theta = (theta2-theta1)*%pi/180; // Angular separation of two spectral lines, radians
+d_lambda = 50e-010; // Linear separation of two spectral lines just seen as separate, cm
+DP = d_theta/d_lambda; // Dispersive power of grating
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction
+// As dispersive power of grating d_theta/d_lambda = DP = n/((a_plus_b)*cosd(theta1)), solving for a_plus_b
+a_plus_b = n/(DP*cosd(theta1)); // Grating element, cm
+// But a_plus_b*sind(theta1)=n*lambda1, solving for lambda1
+lambda1 = a_plus_b*sind(theta1)/n; // Wavelength of first spectral line, cm
+lambda2 = lambda1+d_lambda/1e-002; // Wavelength of second spectral line, cm
+// As resolving power of grating, lambda/d_lambda = n*N, solving for N
+N = lambda1/(d_lambda*n); // No. of lines required per cm on grating
+w = N*a_plus_b; // Minimum grating width required to resolve two wavelengths, cm
+
+printf("\nThe wavelength of first spectral line = %4.0f angstrom", lambda1/1e-008);
+printf("\nThe wavelength of second spectral line = %4.0f angstrom", lambda2/1e-008);
+printf("\nThe minimum grating width required to resolve two wavelengths = %3.1f cm", w);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of first spectral line = 6702 angstrom
+// The wavelength of second spectral line = 6752 angstrom
+// The minimum grating width required to resolve two wavelengths = 2.9 cm
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.32/Ch03Ex32.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.32/Ch03Ex32.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ce3a19049 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.32/Ch03Ex32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.32:: Page-3.50 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+// Function to convert theta into degree-minute
+function[degre, minute]=deg_2_degminsec(theta)
+ degre = floor(theta);
+ minute = (theta-floor(theta))*60;
+endfunction
+
+N = 15000; // No. of lines on the grating per inch, lines/inch
+a_plus_b = 2.54/N; // Grating element, cm
+lambda = 6000e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction spectra
+// But a_plus_b*sind(theta)=n*lambda, solving for theta
+theta = asind(n*lambda/a_plus_b); // Direction in which first order spectra is seen, degrees
+[deg, mint] = deg_2_degminsec(theta);
+printf("\nThe angle of diffraction for maxima in first order = %2d degrees %2d min", deg, mint);
+
+// Result
+// The angle of diffraction for maxima in first order = 20 degrees 45 min
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.33/Ch03Ex33.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.33/Ch03Ex33.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0d2d292f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.33/Ch03Ex33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.33:: Page-3.50 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+N = 12000; // No. of lines on the grating per inch, lines/inch
+a_plus_b = 2.54/N; // Grating element, cm
+n = 2; // Order of diffraction spectra
+theta = 39; // Angle of diffraction for maxima in second order, degrees
+// But a_plus_b*sind(theta)=n*lambda, solving for lambda
+lambda = a_plus_b*sind(theta)/n; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+
+printf("\nThe wavelength of light used in obtaining second order diffraction maximum = %4d angstrom", lambda/1e-008);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of light used in obtaining second order diffraction maximum = 6660 angstrom
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.34/Ch03Ex34.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.34/Ch03Ex34.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6edeb4c40 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.34/Ch03Ex34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.34:: Page-3.51 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+N = 6000; // No. of lines on the grating per inch, lines/inch
+a_plus_b = 2.54/N; // Grating element, cm
+theta_max = 90; // Direction of maxima for maximum possible orders
+// But a_plus_b*sind(theta_max)=n*lambda, solving for n
+n = a_plus_b*sind(theta_max)/lambda; // Number of visible orders
+
+printf("\nThe number of visible orders using diffraction grating = %d", n);
+
+// Result
+// The number of visible orders using diffraction grating = 7
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.35/Ch03Ex35.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.35/Ch03Ex35.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..700d344be --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.35/Ch03Ex35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.35:: Page-3.51 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 5500e-008; // Mean of two wavelengths, cm
+theta = 35; // Angle of diffraction for maxima in second order
+d_theta = 0.15; // Angular separation between two neighbouring wavelengths, radians
+d_lambda = lambda*cotd(theta)*d_theta; // Distance between two wavelengths seen as separate, cm
+
+printf("\nThe distance between two wavelengths seen as separate = %d angstrom", d_lambda/1e-008);
+
+// Result
+// The distance between two wavelengths seen as separate = 1178 angstrom
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.36/Ch03Ex36.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.36/Ch03Ex36.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6b32c984e --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.36/Ch03Ex36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.36:: Page-3.51 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda1 = 5500e-008; // First wavelength of light, cm
+lambda2 = 4500e-008; // Second wavelength of light, cm
+theta = 45; // Angle of diffraction for lower order, degrees
+n = lambda2/(lambda1-lambda2); // Lower order of diffraction
+// But a_plus_b*sind(theta)=n*lambda, solving for a_plus_b
+a_plus_b = floor(n)*lambda1/sind(theta); // Grating element, cm
+N = 1/a_plus_b; // No. of lines per cm on grating surface, lines/cm
+
+printf("\nThe number of lines per cm on grating surface = %4d lines/cm", ceil(N));
+
+// Result
+// The number of lines per cm on grating surface = 3215 lines/cm
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.37/Ch03Ex37.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.37/Ch03Ex37.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..96544acf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.37/Ch03Ex37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.37:: Page-3.52 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 6500e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+theta = 19.5; // Angle of diffraction for maxima in first order, degrees
+l = 3.5; // Length of the grating, cm
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction
+// But a_plus_b*sind(theta)=n*lambda, solving for a_plus_b
+a_plus_b = n*lambda/sind(theta); // Grating element, cm
+N = 1/a_plus_b; // No. of lines per cm on grating surface, lines/cm
+N_total = l*N; // Total number of lines on grating surface
+
+printf("\nThe total number of lines on grating surface = %5d", N_total);
+
+// Result
+// The total number of lines on grating surface = 17974
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.38/Ch03Ex38.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.38/Ch03Ex38.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bb6a34686 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.38/Ch03Ex38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Scilab Code EX3.38:: Page-3.52 (2009) +clc;clear; +function [mint, secnd]=degmin(theta) + mint = (theta-floor(theta))*60; + secnd = (mint-floor(mint))*60 +endfunction +lambda_D1 = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of sodium D1 line, cm +lambda_D2 = 5896e-008; // Wavelength of sodium D2 line, cm +n = 2; // Order of diffraction +N = 6500; // Number of lines per cm on grating, lines/cm +a_plus_b = 1/6500; // Grating element, cm +// As a_plus_b*sin(theta1)=n*lambda1, solving for theta1 +theta1 = asind(n*lambda_D1/a_plus_b); +// As a_plus_b*sin(theta2)=n*lambda2, solving for theta1 +theta2 = asind(n*lambda_D2/a_plus_b); +d_theta = theta2-theta1; // Angular separation between the sodium D1 and D2 lines, degrees +[mint, secnd] = degmin(d_theta); // Call deg_2_degmin function + +printf("\nThe angular separation between the sodium D1 and D2 lines = %d minutes %d seconds", mint, secnd); + +// Result +// The angular separation between the sodium D1 and D2 lines = 4 minutes 10 seconds +// Since theta1 and theta2 are rounded off in the textbook, therefore the answer is mismatching. diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.39/Ch03Ex39.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.39/Ch03Ex39.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9ce45f5a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.39/Ch03Ex39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code EX3.39:: Page-3.55 (2009) +clc;clear; +lambda1 = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of sodium D1 line, cm +lambda2 = 5896e-008; // Wavelength of sodium D2 line, cm +d_lambda = lambda2-lambda1; // Difference in the wavelength of two lines, cm +n = 2; // Order of diffraction +// As lambda/d_lambda = n*N, solving for N +N = lambda1/(d_lambda*n); // Minimum number of lines in a grating +printf("\nThe minimum number of lines in a grating = %3d lines", N); + +// Result +// The minimum number of lines in a grating = 490 lines diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.4/Ch03Ex4.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.4/Ch03Ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6fb8bfa83 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.4/Ch03Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.4:: Page-3.11 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 1; // For simplicity assume wavelength of light used to be unity, unit
+R = 150; // Radius of curvature of the curved surface, cm
+r1 = sqrt(lambda*R); // For Newton's ring, cm
+f1 = r1^2/lambda; // Principal focal length of zone plate, cm
+
+printf("\nThe principal focal length of zone plate = %3d cm", f1);
+
+// Result
+// The principal focal length of zone plate = 150 cm
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.40/Ch03Ex40.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.40/Ch03Ex40.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6016c1490 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.40/Ch03Ex40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code EX3.40:: Page-3.56 (2009) +clc;clear; +lambda = 5500e-008; // Wavelength of most sensitive color to an eye, cm +a = 400; // Aperture of the telescope, cm +D = 3.8e+010; // Distance of the moon from the earth, cm +d_theta = 1.22*lambda/a; // Limit of resolution of telescope, radians +// As d_theta = x/D, solving for x +x = d_theta*D; // Linear separation of two points on the moon, cm + +printf("\nThe linear separation of two points on the moon = %5.2f m", x/1e+002); + +// Result +// The linear separation of two points on the moon = 63.74 m diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.41/Ch03Ex41.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.41/Ch03Ex41.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2c1f54750 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.41/Ch03Ex41.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code EX3.41:: Page-3.56 (2009) +clc;clear; +lambda1 = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of sodium D1 line, cm +lambda2 = 5896e-008; // Wavelength of sodium D2 line, cm +d_lambda = lambda2-lambda1; // Wavelength difference, cm +n = 2; // Order of diffraction +// As lambda/d_lambda = n*N, solving for N +N = 1/n*(lambda1+lambda2)/(2*d_lambda); // Minimum required number of lines on the plane transmission grating + +printf("\nThe minimum required number of lines on the plane transmission grating = %3d", N); + +// Result +// The minimum required number of lines on the plane transmission grating = 491 diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.42/Ch03Ex42.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.42/Ch03Ex42.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fb74eb068 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.42/Ch03Ex42.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code EX3.42:: Page-3.57 (2009) +clc;clear; +lambda1 = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of sodium D1 line, cm +lambda2 = 5896e-008; // Wavelength of sodium D2 line, cm +d_lambda = lambda2-lambda1; // Wavelength difference, cm +w = 2.5; // Width of the grating, cm +n = 2; // Order of diffraction +// As lambda/d_lambda = n*N, solving for N +N = 1/n*(lambda1+lambda2)/(2*d_lambda); // Minimum required number of lines on the plane transmission grating + +printf("\nThe number of lines on the plane transmission grating to just resolve the sodium lines = %3d", N/w); + +// Result +// The number of lines on the plane transmission grating to just resolve the sodium lines = 196 diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.43/Ch03Ex43.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.43/Ch03Ex43.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e91147f0c --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.43/Ch03Ex43.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code EX3.43:: Page-3.57 (2009) +clc;clear; +lambda1 = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of sodium D1 line, cm +lambda2 = 5896e-008; // Wavelength of sodium D2 line, cm +d_lambda = lambda2-lambda1; // Wavelength difference, cm +n = 3; // Order of diffraction +P = 2500; // Number of lines per unit length of grating +// As lambda/d_lambda = n*N, solving for N +N = 1/n*(lambda1+lambda2)/(2*d_lambda); // Total lines on the grating +w = N/P; // Minimum width of the grating, cm +printf("\nThe minimum width of the grating to resolve the sodium lines in third order = %5.3f cm", w); + +// Result +// The minimum width of the grating to resolve the sodium lines in third order = 0.131 cm diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.44/Ch03Ex44.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.44/Ch03Ex44.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..067b67177 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.44/Ch03Ex44.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Scilab Code EX3.44:: Page-3.57 (2009) +clc;clear; +w = 2; // Width of the grating, cm +P = 4500; // Total number of lines on the grating +a_plus_b = w/P; // Grating element, cm +lambda1 = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of sodium D1 line, cm +lambda2 = 5896e-008; // Wavelength of sodium D2 line, cm +lambda = (lambda1+lambda2)/2; // Mean wavelength of light used, cm +d_lambda=lambda2-lambda1; // Difference in wavelengths of D-lines of sodium, cm +n = 2; // Order of diffraction +// As a_plus_b*sind(theta)=n*lambda, solving for theta +theta = asind(n*lambda/a_plus_b); // Angle of diffraction, degrees +DP = n/(a_plus_b*cosd(theta)); // Dispersive power of grating +d_theta = DP*d_lambda*180/%pi; // Angular separation between D-lines, degrees +RP = lambda/d_lambda; // Required resolving power of grating for sodium lines +N = 2.54/a_plus_b; // No. of lines per cm on grating, lines/cm +RP_cal = n*N; // Calculated resolving power of grating + +printf("\nThe angle of diffraction for maxima in second order = %6.4f degrees", d_theta); +printf("\nAs %5.3e > %3d, D-lines can be resolved.", RP_cal, RP); + +// Result +// The angle of diffraction for maxima in second order = 0.0160 degrees +// As 1.143e+04 > 982, D-lines can be resolved. diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.45/Ch03Ex45.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.45/Ch03Ex45.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cf8535560 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.45/Ch03Ex45.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code EX3.45:: Page-3.58 (2009) +clc;clear; +lambda = 5500e-010; // Wavelength of light used, m +a = 0.01; // Diameter of objective of telescope, m +f = 3.0; // Focal length of tlescope objective, m +// For telescope, the limit of resolution, +// theta = x/f = 1.22*lambda/a, solving for x +x = 1.22*lambda/a*f; // Distance between centres of imgaes of the two stars + +printf("\nThe distance between centres of imgaes of the two stars = %4.2e m", x); + +// Result +// The distance between centres of imgaes of the two stars = 2.01e-04 m diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.46/Ch03Ex46.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.46/Ch03Ex46.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..eb8485c76 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.46/Ch03Ex46.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code EX3.46:: Page-3.59 (2009) +clc;clear; +lambda = 5461e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm +d = 4e-005; // Separation distance between two self-luminous objects, cm +NA = 1.22*lambda/(2*d); // Numerical aperture of microscope, cm + +printf("\nThe numerical aperture of the objective of the microscopes = %6.4f cm", NA); + +// Result +// The numerical aperture of the objective of the microscopes = 0.8328 cm diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.5/Ch03Ex5.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.5/Ch03Ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c50468bee --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.5/Ch03Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.5:: Page-3.22 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 5000e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+a = 15e-005; // Width of the slit, cm
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction
+// For a single slit Fraunhofer diffraction, a*sin(theta) = n*lambda, solving for theta
+theta = asin(n*lambda/a); // Half angular width at central maximum in Fraunhoffer diffraction, radian
+
+printf("\nThe half angular width at central maximum in Fraunhoffer diffraction = %5.3f rad", theta);
+
+// Result
+// The half angular width at central maximum in Fraunhoffer diffraction= 0.340 rad
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.6/Ch03Ex6.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.6/Ch03Ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f9ee32936 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.6/Ch03Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.6:: Page-3.23 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 5000e-010; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction
+x = 5e-003; // Position of first minima on either sides of central maximum, m
+D = 2.5; // Distance of screen from the narrow slir, m
+sin_theta = x/sqrt(x^2+D^2); // Sine of angle theta, rad
+// For a single slit Fraunhofer diffraction, a*sin(theta) = n*lambda, solving for a
+a = n*lambda/sin_theta; // Width of the slit, m
+
+printf("\nThe Width of the slit = %3.1e m", a);
+
+// Result
+// The Width of the slit = 2.5e-004 m
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.7/Ch03Ex7.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.7/Ch03Ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..897624766 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.7/Ch03Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.7:: Page-3.23 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 6000e-010; // Wavelength of light used, m
+a = 15e-007; // Width of the slit, m
+// For a single slit Fraunhofer diffraction, a*sind(theta) = n*lambda, solving for theta
+theta = asind(lambda/a); // Half angular width of central maximum, degrees
+
+printf("\nThe angular width of central maximum = %2d degrees", 2*ceil(theta));
+
+// Result
+// The angular width of central maximum = 48 degrees
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.8/Ch03Ex8.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.8/Ch03Ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a75278475 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.8/Ch03Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.8:: Page-3.23 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 5000e-010; // Wavelength of light used, m
+a = 0.7e-002; // Width of the slit, m
+f = 0.5; // Focal length of the lens, m
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction
+// For minima, a*sind(theta_n) = n*lambda
+// Also theta_n = n*lambda/a = x1/f, solving for x1
+x1 = f*n*lambda/a; // Position of first minima, cm
+// For secondary maxima, a*sind(theta_n) = (2*n+1)*lambda/2
+// Also theta_n = 3*lambda/(2*a) = x2/f, solving for x2
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction for first secondary minima
+x2 = 3*f*lambda/(2*a); // Position of first secondary maxima, cm
+
+printf("\nThe distance between first minima and the next minima from the axis = %4.2e cm", x2-x1);
+
+// Result
+// The distance between first minima and the next minima from the axis = 1.79e-005 cm
diff --git a/1847/CH3/EX3.9/Ch03Ex9.sce b/1847/CH3/EX3.9/Ch03Ex9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..308349a5b --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH3/EX3.9/Ch03Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.9:: Page-3.24 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 6600e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+a = 0.018; // Width of the slit, cm
+f = 200; // Focal length of the lens, cm
+n = 1; // Order for first order diffraction
+// As a*sin(theta) = n*lambda, a*theta = n*lambda
+// As theta = lambda/a and theta = x/f, solving for x
+x = lambda*f/a; // Half angular width at central maximum, cm
+
+printf("\nThe width of central maximum = %3.1f cm", 2*x);
+
+// Result
+// The width of central maximum = 1.5 cm
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.1/Ch04Ex1.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.1/Ch04Ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c014233b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.1/Ch04Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.1:: Page-4.5 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+ip = 60; // Polarizing angle, degrees
+mu = tand(ip); // Refractive index of the material from Brewster's law
+printf("\nThe refractive index of the material = %5.3f", mu);
+
+// Result
+// The refractive index of the material = 1.732
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.10/Ch04Ex10.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.10/Ch04Ex10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..58716a7da --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.10/Ch04Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.10:: Page-4.23 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+mu_o = 1.658; // Refractive index of ordinary wave
+mu_e = 1.486; // Refractive index of extraordinary wave
+lambda = 5893e-008; // Wavelength of light used, m
+// As (mu_o - mu_e)*t = lambda/4, solving for t
+t = lambda/(4*(mu_o - mu_e)); // Thickness of quarter-wave plate, cm
+
+printf("\nThe thickness of quarter-wave plate = %3.1e cm", t);
+
+// Result
+// The thickness of quarter-wave plate = 8.6e-005 cm
+
+
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.11/Ch04Ex11.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.11/Ch04Ex11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6b9f86d16 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.11/Ch04Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.11:: Page-4.23 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+mu_o = 1.5442; // Refractive index of ordinary wave
+mu_e = 1.5533; // Refractive index of extraordinary wave
+lambda = 5000e-008; // Wavelength of light used, m
+// As (mu_o - mu_e)*t = lambda/4, solving for t
+t = lambda/(4*(mu_e - mu_o)); // Least thickness of plate for which emergent beam is plane polarised, cm
+
+printf("\nThe least thickness of plate for which emergent beam is plane polarised = %4.2e cm", t);
+
+// Result
+// The least thickness of plate for which emergent beam is plane polarised = 1.37e-003 cm
+
+
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.12/Ch04Ex12.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.12/Ch04Ex12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ff5f86759 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.12/Ch04Ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.12:: Page-4.23 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 5893e-008; // Wavelength of light used, m
+t = 0.005; // Thickness of the crystal, cm
+// As for quarter wave plate, mu_diff*t = (mu_o - mu_e)*t = lambda/4, solving for mu_diff
+mu_diff = lambda/(4*t); // The difference in refractive indices of rays, cm
+printf("\nThe least thickness of plate for which emergent beam is plane polarised = %4.2e cm", mu_diff);
+
+// Result
+// The least thickness of plate for which emergent beam is plane polarised = 2.95e-003 cm
+
+
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.13/Ch04Ex13.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.13/Ch04Ex13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..05828c751 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.13/Ch04Ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.13:: Page-4.24 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+mu_o = 1.54; // Refractive index of ordinary wave
+mu_e = 1.45; // Refractive index of extraordinary wave
+lambda = 5500e-008; // Wavelength of light used, m
+// As for a half wave plate, (mu_o - mu_e)*t = lambda/4, solving for t
+t = lambda/(2*(mu_o - mu_e)); // The thickness of a half wave plate for wavelength, cm
+
+printf("\nThe thickness of a half wave plate for wavelength = %4.2e cm", t);
+
+// Result
+// The thickness of a half wave plate for wavelength = 3.06e-004 cm
+
+
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.14/Ch04Ex14.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.14/Ch04Ex14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..20fa4ac64 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.14/Ch04Ex14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.14:: Page-4.24 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+mu_o = 1.55; // Refractive index of ordinary wave
+mu_e = 1.52; // Refractive index of extraordinary wave
+lambda = 5500e-008; // Wavelength of light used, m
+// As for a half wave plate, (mu_o - mu_e)*t = lambda/4, solving for t
+t = lambda/(4*(mu_o - mu_e)); // The thickness of a quarter wave plate for wavelength, cm
+
+printf("\nThe thickness of a quarter wave plate for wavelength = %4.2e cm", t);
+
+// Result
+// The thickness of a quarter wave plate for wavelength = 4.58e-004 cm
+
+
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.15/Ch04Ex15.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.15/Ch04Ex15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3d44e42b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.15/Ch04Ex15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.15:: Page-4.24 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+mu_o = 1.51; // Refractive index of ordinary wave
+mu_e = 1.55; // Refractive index of extraordinary wave
+lambda = 6000e-008; // Wavelength of light used, m
+// As for a half wave plate, (mu_o - mu_e)*t = lambda/4, solving for t
+t = lambda/(2*(mu_e - mu_o)); // The thickness of a quarter wave plate for wavelength, cm
+
+printf("\nThe thickness of a half wave plate quartz = %4.2e cm", t);
+
+// Result
+// The thickness of a half wave plate quartz = 7.50e-004 cm
+
+
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.16/Ch04Ex16.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.16/Ch04Ex16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..84d9dee7d --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.16/Ch04Ex16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.16:: Page-4.24 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of light used, m
+t = 7.5e-004; // Thickness of the crystal, cm
+// As for quarter wave plate, mu_diff*t = (mu_e - mu_o)*t = lambda/4, solving for mu_diff
+mu_diff = lambda/(4*t); // The difference in refractive indices of rays, cm
+printf("\nThe difference between refractive indices = %6.4f cm", mu_diff);
+
+// Result
+// The difference between refractive indices = 0.0196 cm
+
+
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.17/Ch04Ex17.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.17/Ch04Ex17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5125e4282 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.17/Ch04Ex17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.17:: Page-4.34 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+theta = 15.2; // Angle through which plane of polarization is rotated, degrees
+c = 0.2; // Concentration of sugar, g/cc
+l = 25; // Length of sugar, cm
+S = 10*theta/(l*c); // Specific rotation of superposition, degrees
+
+printf("\nThe specific rotation of superposition = %4.1f cm", S);
+
+// Result
+// The specific rotation of superposition = 30.4 cm
+
+
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.18/Ch04Ex18.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.18/Ch04Ex18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2a46ccc3e --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.18/Ch04Ex18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.18: : Page-4.34 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+theta = 15.2; // Angle through which plane of polarization is rotated, degrees
+S = 65; // Specific rotation of sugar solution, degrees
+l = 15; // Length of sugar, cm
+// As S = 10*theta/(l*c), solving for c
+c = 10*theta/(l*S); // Concentration of sugar, g/cc
+
+printf("\nThe strength of sugar solution = %4.2f g/cc", c);
+
+// Result
+// The strength of sugar solution = 0.16 g/cc
+
+
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.19/Ch04Ex19.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.19/Ch04Ex19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4f468f6a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.19/Ch04Ex19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.19:: Page-4.34 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+theta = 15; // Angle through which plane of polarization is rotated, degrees
+S = 69; // Specific rotation of sugar solution, degrees
+l = 10; // Length of sugar, cm
+V = 50; // Volume of the tube, cc
+// As S = 10*theta/(l*c), solving for c
+c = 10*theta/(l*S); // Concentration of sugar, g/cc
+M = c*V; // Mass of sugar in solution, g
+
+printf("\nThe quantity of sugar contained in the tube in the form of solution = %5.2f g", M);
+
+// Result
+// The quantity of sugar contained in the tube in the form of solution = 10.87 g
+
+
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.2/Ch04Ex2.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.2/Ch04Ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4db57a79b --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.2/Ch04Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.2:: Page-4.6 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+ip = 57; // Polarizing angle, degrees
+mu = tand(ip); // Refractive index of the material from Brewster's law
+printf("\nThe refractive index of the material = %4.2f", mu);
+
+// Result
+// The refractive index of the material = 1.54
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.20/Ch04Ex20.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.20/Ch04Ex20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..da6261d32 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.20/Ch04Ex20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.20:: Page-4.35 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+theta = 8; // Angle through which plane of polarization is rotated, degrees
+M = 10; // Amount of sugar, g
+l = 14; // Length of the tube, cm
+V = 44; // Volume of sugar solution, cc
+c = M/V; // Concentration of sugar, g/cc
+S = 10*theta/(l*c); // Specific rotation of sugar solution from the given data, degrees
+
+printf("\nThe specific rotation of sugar solution from the given data = %4.1f degrees", S);
+
+// Result
+// The specific rotation of sugar solution from the given data = 25.1 degrees
+
+
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.21/Ch04Ex21.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.21/Ch04Ex21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d20d8b815 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.21/Ch04Ex21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.21:: Page-4.35 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+m = 15; // Amount of sugar, g
+S = 66; // Specific rotation of sugar solution from the given data, degrees
+l = 20; // Length of the tube, cm
+V = 100; // Volume of sugar solution, cc
+c = m/V; // Concentration of sugar, g/cc
+// As S = 10*theta/(l*c), solving for theta
+theta = S*l*c/10; // Angle of rotation of the plane of polarization, degrees
+
+printf("\nThe angle of rotation of the plane of polarization = %4.1f degrees", theta);
+
+// Result
+// The angle of rotation of the plane of polarization = 19.8 degrees
+
+
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.22/Ch04Ex22.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.22/Ch04Ex22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f3da649ab --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.22/Ch04Ex22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.22: : Page-4.35 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+l = 5; // Length of the tube, dm
+m = 50; // Amount of sugar, g
+S = 50; // Specific rotation of sugar solution, degrees
+V = 150; // Volume of sugar solution, cc
+c = m/V; // Concentration of sugar, g/cc
+// As S = theta/(l*c), solving for theta
+theta = S*l*c; // Angle of rotation of the optically active solution
+
+printf("\nThe angle of rotation of the optically active solution = %4.1f degrees", theta);
+
+// Result
+// The angle of rotation of the optically active solution = 83.3 degrees
+
+
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.23/Ch04Ex23.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.23/Ch04Ex23.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0cb4e71fd --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.23/Ch04Ex23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.23:: Page-4.35 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+l = 3; // Length of the tube, dm
+theta = 17.0; // Angle of rotation of the plane of polarization, degrees
+c = 1.0; // For simplicity assume concentration of solution to be unity, g/cc
+l_prime = 2.5; // New length of the tube, dm
+c_prime = 1.25*c; // Concentration of solution with 25 cm length of tube, g/cc
+theta_prime = theta*l_prime*c_prime/(l*c); // Angle of rotation in a tube of new length
+
+
+printf("\nThe angle of rotation in a tube of new length of %3.1f cm = %4.1f degrees", l_prime, theta_prime);
+
+// Result
+// The angle of rotation in a tube of new length of 2.5 cm = 17.7 degrees
+
+
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.24/Ch04Ex24.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.24/Ch04Ex24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ec8935fbd --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.24/Ch04Ex24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.24:: Page-4.36 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+l = 17; // Length of the tube, cm
+V = 37; // Volume of sugar solution, cc
+theta = 15; // Angle of rotation of the plane of polarization, degrees
+S = 68; // Specific rotation of sugar solution, degrees
+// As S = 10*theta/(l*c), solving for c
+c = 10*theta/(l*S); // Concentration of sugar solution, g/cc
+m = c*V; // Mass of sugar in the solution contained in the tube, g
+
+printf("\nThe mass of sugar in the solution contained in the tube = %3.1f g", m);
+
+// Result
+// The mass of sugar in the solution contained in the tube = 4.8 g
+
+
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.25/Ch04Ex25.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.25/Ch04Ex25.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..645e56193 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.25/Ch04Ex25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.25:: Page-4.36 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+m = 80; // Mass of sugar in the solution, g
+theta = 9.9; // Angle of rotation of the plane of polarization, degrees
+l = 20; // Length of the tube, cm
+S_pure = 66; // Specific rotation of pure sugar solution, degrees per dm per (g/cc)
+c = 0.08; // Concentration of sugar solution, g/cc
+S = 10*theta/(l*c); // calculated specific rotation of sugar solution, degrees per dm per (g/cc)
+percent_purity = S/S_pure*100; // Percentage purity of sugar sample, percent
+
+printf("\nThe percentage purity of the sugar sample = %5.2f percent", percent_purity);
+
+// Result
+// The percentage purity of the sugar sample = 93.75 percent
+
+
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.26/Ch04Ex26.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.26/Ch04Ex26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2c2ecda1a --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.26/Ch04Ex26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.26:: Page-4.42 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 6600e-010; // Wavelength of circularly polarized light, cm
+mu_R = 1.53914; // Refractive index of right-handed circularly polarized light
+mu_L = 1.53920; // Refractive index of left-handed circularly polarized light
+t = 0.0005; // Thickness of polarimeter plate, m
+theta = %pi/lambda*(mu_L-mu_R)*t; // Angle of rotation produced by the polarimeter plate, radian
+
+printf("\nThe angle of rotation produced by the polarimeter plate = %4.2f degrees", theta*180/%pi);
+
+// Result
+// The angle of rotation produced by the polarimeter plate = 8.18 degrees
+
+
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.3/Ch04Ex3.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.3/Ch04Ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..57facf757 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.3/Ch04Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.3:: Page-4.6 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+mu = 1.53; // Refractive index of the material from Brewster's law
+// As mu = tand(ip), solving for ip
+ip = atand(mu); // Polarizing angle, degrees
+// But mu = sind(ip)/sind(r), solving for r
+r = asind(sind(ip)/mu); // Angle of refraction, degrees
+
+printf("\nThe angle of refraction of the ray = %4.1f degrees", r);
+
+// Result
+// The angle of refraction of the ray = 33.2 degrees
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.4/Ch04Ex4.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.4/Ch04Ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fbfe47889 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.4/Ch04Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.4:: Page-4.6 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+ip = 60; // Polarizing angle, degrees
+A = 60; // Angle of equilateral prism, degrees
+mu = tand(ip); // Refractive index of the material from Brewster's law
+// For angle of minimum deviation in prism, delta_m, refractive index
+// mu = sind((A+delta_m)/2)/sind(A/2), solving for delta_m
+delta_m = 2*asind(mu*sind(A/2))-A; // Angle of minimum deviation, degrees
+
+printf("\nThe angle of minimum deviation for green light = %2d degrees", ceil(delta_m));
+
+// Result
+// The angle of minimum deviation for green light = 60 degrees
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.5/Ch04Ex5.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.5/Ch04Ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3b427e1dc --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.5/Ch04Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.5:: Page-4.7 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+mu = [1.33 1.65 1.55]; // Refractive indices of the material
+// As mu = tand(ip), solving for ip
+ip = atand(mu); // Brewster's law gives polarizing angle, degrees
+for i =1:1:3
+printf("\nmu = %4.2f, ip = %4.1f degrees", mu(i), ip(i));
+end
+
+// Result
+// mu = 1.33, ip = 53.1 degrees
+// mu = 1.65, ip = 58.8 degrees
+// mu = 1.55, ip = 57.2 degrees
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.6/Ch04Ex6.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.6/Ch04Ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..913f0b27c --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.6/Ch04Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.6:: Page-4.8 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+E0 = 1; // For simplicity assume maximum intensity through polarizer and analyser to be unity, unit
+E = 1/6*E0; // One-sixth of the maximum intensity, unit
+// From Malus law, E = E0*cosd(theta)^2, solving for theta
+theta = acosd(sqrt(E)); // Angle through which analyser should be rotated, degrees
+printf("\nThe angle of rotation of analyser = %4.1f degrees", theta);
+
+// Result
+// The angle of rotation of analyser = 65.9
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.7/Ch04Ex7.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.7/Ch04Ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6c556b9fd --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.7/Ch04Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.7:: Page-4.8 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+E0 = 1; // For simplicity assume maximum intensity through polarizer and analyser to be unity, unit
+light_fraction = [0.25 0.45 0.65 0.75 0.0];
+for i = 1:1:5
+E = light_fraction(i)*E0; // Light fraction of the maximum intensity, unit
+// From Malus law, E = E0*cosd(theta)^2, solving for theta
+theta = acosd(sqrt(E)); // Angle through which analyser should be rotated, degrees
+printf("\nE = %4.2fE0, theta = %4.1f degrees", light_fraction(i), theta);
+end
+
+// Result
+// E = 0.25E0, theta = 60.0 degrees
+// E = 0.45E0, theta = 47.9 degrees
+// E = 0.65E0, theta = 36.3 degrees
+// E = 0.75E0, theta = 30.0 degrees
+// E = 0.00E0, theta = 90.0 degrees
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.8/Ch04Ex8.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.8/Ch04Ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..27a99a461 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.8/Ch04Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.8:: Page-4.9 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+ip = 60; // Polarizing angle, degrees
+mu = tand(ip); // Brewster's law giving refractive index
+A = 60; // Angle of prism, degrees
+d = (mu - 1)*A; // Angle of minimum deviation for green light, degrees
+
+printf("\nThe angle of minimum deviation for green light = %5.2f degrees", d);
+
+// Result
+// The angle of minimum deviation for green light = 43.92 degrees
+
diff --git a/1847/CH4/EX4.9/Ch04Ex9.sce b/1847/CH4/EX4.9/Ch04Ex9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..679814534 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH4/EX4.9/Ch04Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.9:: Page-4.9 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+theta = 30; // Angle which the plane of vibration makes with the incident beam, degrees
+// As intensity of ordinary and extraordinary ray are
+// E_E = A^2*cosd(theta)^2 and E_O = A^2*sind(theta)^2, solving for E_E/E_O
+EE_ratio_EO = cotd(30)^2; // Ratio of ordinary and extraordinary ray intensities
+
+printf("\nThe ratio of ordinary to extraordinary ray intensities = %d", EE_ratio_EO);
+
+// Result
+// The ratio of ordinary to extraordinary ray intensities = 3
+
diff --git a/1847/CH5/EX5.1/Ch05Ex1.sce b/1847/CH5/EX5.1/Ch05Ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..595dd753f --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH5/EX5.1/Ch05Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.1 :: Page-5.2 (2009)
+clc;clear;
+m_p = 1.007826; // Mass of a proton, amu
+m_n = 1.008665; // Mass of a neutron, amu
+M_He = 4.002604; // Measured mass of He nucleuc, amu
+delta_m = 2*m_p+2*m_n - M_He; // Mass defect of He, amu
+printf("\nThe mass defect of He = %f amu", delta_m);
+
+// Result
+// The mass defect of He = 0.030378 amu
diff --git a/1847/CH5/EX5.3/Ch05Ex3.sce b/1847/CH5/EX5.3/Ch05Ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..85fa7b147 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH5/EX5.3/Ch05Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.3 :: Page-5.16 (2009)
+clc;clear;
+B = 0.70; // Magnetic field of cyclotron, weber/metre square
+q = 1.6e-019; // Charge of the proton, C
+R = 3; // Radius of Dee's, m
+m = 1.67e-027; // Mass of the proton, kg
+E_max = B^2*q^2*R^2/(2*m); // Maximum energy of the proton in the cyclotron, joule
+printf("\nThe maximum energy of the proton in the cyclotron = %4.2e MeV", E_max/1.6e-013);
+
+// Result
+// The maximum energy of the proton in the cyclotron = 2.11e+02 MeV
+// The unit has been given wrong in the textbook. It should be MeV instead of eV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1847/CH5/EX5.4/Ch05Ex4.sce b/1847/CH5/EX5.4/Ch05Ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d3bc08c44 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH5/EX5.4/Ch05Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.4 :: Page-5.20 (2009)
+clc;clear;
+f = 1e+06; // Frequency of revolution of electron, Hz
+rate_phi_B = 25; // Rate of change of magnetic flux, wb/s
+E = f*rate_phi_B; // Energy of 'f' revolutios, eV
+printf("\nThe energy of the electron in Betatron after %g revolutions = %3.1e eV", f, E);
+
+// Result
+// The energy of the electron in Betatron after 1e+06 revolutions = 2.5e+07 eV
diff --git a/1847/CH5/EX5.5/Ch05Ex5.sce b/1847/CH5/EX5.5/Ch05Ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c126b06bb --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH5/EX5.5/Ch05Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.5 :: Page-5.20 (2009)
+clc;clear;
+e = 1.6e-019; // Charge on an electron, C
+D = 2.0; // Diameter of the stable orbit in betatron, m
+R = D/2; // Radius of the stable orbit in betatron, m
+B = 0.5; // Magnetic field of betatron, wb/metre square
+c = 3e+08; // final speed of electron in betatron, m/s
+E = B*e*R*c; // Final energy gained by electrons in a betatron, eV
+printf("\nThe final energy gained by electrons in the betatron = %3.1e eV", E/e);
+
+// Result
+// The final energy gained by electrons in the betatron = 1.5e+08 eV
diff --git a/1847/CH5/EX5.6/Ch05Ex6.sce b/1847/CH5/EX5.6/Ch05Ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..94631b724 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH5/EX5.6/Ch05Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.6 :: Page-5.27 (2009)
+clc;clear;
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+A = 235; // Atomic weight of uranium, gm/mol
+N_A = 6.023e+026; // No. of atoms present in 235 kg of uranium
+N = N_A/(A*1000); // No. of nuceli of uranium per gram
+E = N*200; // Energy produced by 1 g of U-235, MeV
+printf("\nThe energy produced by 1 g of U-235 = %3.1e joule", E*e*1e+06);
+
+// Result
+// The energy produced by 1 g of U-235 = 8.2e+10 joule
diff --git a/1847/CH5/EX5.7/Ch05Ex7.sce b/1847/CH5/EX5.7/Ch05Ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f522782f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH5/EX5.7/Ch05Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.7 :: Page-5.32 (2009)
+clc;clear;
+A = 235; // Atomic weight of uranium, gm/mol
+N_A = 6.023e+026; // No. of atoms present in 235 kg of uranium-235
+N = N_A*5/A; // No. of nuceli of uranium in 5 kg of U-235
+E = N*200; // Energy released in the fission of 5 kg of U-235, MeV
+t = 24*3600; // Time taken to consume 5 kg of U-235, sec
+P = E/t; // Total power output of the nuclear reactor, MeV per second
+printf("\nThe total power output of the nuclear reactor = %4.2e MeV per second", P);
+
+// Result
+// The total power output of the nuclear reactor = 2.97e+22 MeV per second
diff --git a/1847/CH5/EX5.8/Ch05Ex8.sce b/1847/CH5/EX5.8/Ch05Ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..31d7e8b7c --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH5/EX5.8/Ch05Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.8 :: Page-5.34 (2009)
+clc;clear;
+e = 1.6e-019; // Electronic charge, C
+f = 450; // Count rate of GM counter, counts/min
+N = f*1e+08; // Total number of electrons collected per min
+Q = N*e; // Charge collected per min, C
+I = Q/60; // Averge current in the GM counter, A
+printf("\nThe averge current in the GM counter= %3.1e A", I);
+
+// Result
+// The averge current in the GM counter= 1.2e-10 A
diff --git a/1847/CH5/EX5.9/Ch05Ex9.sce b/1847/CH5/EX5.9/Ch05Ex9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..af6f8dacc --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH5/EX5.9/Ch05Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.9 :: Page-5.39 (2009)
+clc;clear;
+m_Ca_41 = 40.962278; // Mass of one Ca-41 nuclei, amu
+m_Ca_42 = 41.958618; // Mass of one Ca-41 nuclei, amu
+m_n = 1.008665; // Mass of a neutron, amu
+delta_m = m_Ca_42 - (m_Ca_41 + m_n); // Difference in the mass of Ca-42 and Ca_41 nuclei, amu
+E = delta_m*(931.49); // Binding energy of the missing neutron, MeV
+printf("\nThe energy needed to remove a neutron from Ca-42 nucleus = %5.2f MeV", abs(E));
+
+// Result
+// The energy needed to remove a neutron from Ca-42 nucleus = 11.48 MeV
diff --git a/1847/CH6/EX6.1/Ch06Ex1.sce b/1847/CH6/EX6.1/Ch06Ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..20b6fd30e --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH6/EX6.1/Ch06Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex6.1:: Page-6.19 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+T = 300; // Temperature of pure semiconductor, K
+n_i = 2.5e+019; // Intrinsic carrier density, per metre square
+e = 1.6e-019; // Charge on an electron, C
+mu_e = 0.39; // Mobility of electrons, Sq.m/V/s
+mu_h = 0.19; // Mobility of holes, Sq.m/V/s
+sigma_i = e*n_i*(mu_e+mu_h); // Conductivity of intrinsic semiconductor at 300 K, mho/m
+rho_i = 1/sigma_i; // Resistivity of intrinsic semiconductor at 300 K, ohm-m
+
+printf("\nThe resistivity of intrinsic semiconductor at 300 K = %4.2f ohm-m", rho_i);
+
+// Result
+// The resistivity of intrinsic semiconductor at 300 K = 0.43 ohm-m
diff --git a/1847/CH6/EX6.2/Ch06Ex2.sce b/1847/CH6/EX6.2/Ch06Ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3dac45784 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH6/EX6.2/Ch06Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex6.2: : Page-6.19 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+E_F = 2.0*e; // Fermi level of Po, J
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of an electron, kg
+// As E_F = 1/2*m*v^2, solving for v
+v = sqrt(2*E_F/m); // Velocity of electron at Fermi level, m/s
+printf("\nThe Velocity of electron at Fermi level = %4.2e m/s", v);
+
+// Result
+// The Velocity of electron at Fermi level = 8.39e+05 m/s
diff --git a/1847/CH7/EX7.1/Ch07Ex1.sce b/1847/CH7/EX7.1/Ch07Ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..31a16bf66 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH7/EX7.1/Ch07Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.1:: Page-7.7 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+n1 = 1.6; // Refractive index of core material of fibre
+n2 = 1.3; // Refractive index of cladding material of fibre
+phi_C = asind(n2/n1); // Critical angle of optical fibre, degrees
+theta_Q = asind(sqrt(n1^2-n2^2)); // Acceptance angle of optical fibre, degrees
+
+printf("\nThe critical angle of optical fibre = %4.1f degrees", phi_C);
+printf("\nThe angle of acceptance cone = %5.1f degrees", 2*theta_Q);
+
+// Result
+// The critical angle of optical fibre = 54.3 degrees
+// The angle of acceptance cone = 137.7 degrees
diff --git a/1847/CH7/EX7.10/Ch07Ex10.sce b/1847/CH7/EX7.10/Ch07Ex10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bf3247dcd --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH7/EX7.10/Ch07Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.10:: Page-7.14 (2009) +clc; clear; +n1 = 1.480; // Refractive index of core material +n2 = 1.47; // Refractive index of cladding material +lambda = 850e-006; // Wavelength of light used, m +NA = sqrt(n1^2-n2^2); // Numerical aperture of the step index fibre +theta0 = asind(NA); // Maximum acceptance angle for the fibre, degrees +M_N = 1; // Number of modes in step index cable +// As number of modes, M_N = 1/2*V^2, solving for V +V = sqrt(2*M_N); // V-number for the fibre +// As V = 2*%pi*a/lambda*NA, solving for a +a = V*lambda/(2*%pi*NA); // Radius of core for single mode operation in step index fibre, m + +printf("\nThe radius of core for single mode operation in step index fibre = %3.1e", a); + +// Result +// The radius of core for single mode operation in step index fibre = 1.1e-03 +// The ansswer is quoted wrong in the textbook diff --git a/1847/CH7/EX7.11/Ch07Ex11.sce b/1847/CH7/EX7.11/Ch07Ex11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..929fcb0a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH7/EX7.11/Ch07Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.11: : Page-7.16 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+Pi = 1.5; // Input power to the optical fibre, mW
+Po = 0.5; // Output power to the optical fibre, mW
+L = 0.12; // Length of the optical fibre, km
+alpha_dB = 10/L*log10(Pi/Po); // Signal attenuation in optical fibre, dB/km
+
+printf("\nThe signal attenuation in optical fibre = %4.1f dB/km", alpha_dB);
+
+// Result
+// The signal attenuation in optical fibre = 39.8 dB/km
diff --git a/1847/CH7/EX7.2/Ch07Ex2.sce b/1847/CH7/EX7.2/Ch07Ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..503c1ac4d --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH7/EX7.2/Ch07Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.2:: Page-7.8 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+n1 = 1.50; // Refractive index of core material of fibre
+n2 = 1.47; // Refractive index of cladding material of fibre
+phi_C = asind(n2/n1); // Critical angle of optical fibre, degrees
+NA = sqrt(n1^2-n2^2); // Numerical aperture for the fibre
+theta_Q = asind(sqrt(n1^2-n2^2)); // Acceptance angle of optical fibre, degrees
+
+printf("\nThe critical angle of optical fibre = %4.1f degrees", phi_C);
+printf("\nThe numerical aperture for the fibre = %5.3f", NA);
+printf("\nThe angle of acceptance cone = %5.1f degrees", theta_Q);
+
+// Result
+// The critical angle of optical fibre = 78.5 degrees
+// The numerical aperture for the fibre = 0.298
+// The angle of acceptance cone = 17.4 degrees
diff --git a/1847/CH7/EX7.3/Ch07Ex3.sce b/1847/CH7/EX7.3/Ch07Ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4aae2c44d --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH7/EX7.3/Ch07Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.3:: Page-7.8 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+n1 = 1.46; // Refractive index of the core material
+delta = 0.01; // Relative refractive index difference
+NA = n1*sqrt(2*delta); // Numerical aperture for the fibre
+theta_Q = %pi*NA^2; // Solid acceptance angle of optical fibre for small angles, radians
+// As relative refractive index, delta = 1-n2/n1, solving for n2
+n2 = n1*(1-delta); // Refractive index of cladding
+phi_C = asind(n2/n1); // Critical angle of optical fibre, degrees
+
+printf("\nThe numerical aperture for the fibre = %4.2f", NA);
+printf("\nThe solid acceptance angle of the optical fibre = %4.2f radians", theta_Q);
+printf("\nThe critical angle of optical fibre = %4.1f degrees", phi_C);
+
+// Result
+// The numerical aperture for the fibre = 0.21
+// The solid acceptance angle of the optical fibre = 0.13 radians
+// The critical angle of optical fibre = 81.9 degrees
diff --git a/1847/CH7/EX7.4/Ch07Ex4.sce b/1847/CH7/EX7.4/Ch07Ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c86ffd927 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH7/EX7.4/Ch07Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.4:: Page-7.9 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+n1 = 1.54; // Refractive index of the core material
+NA = 0.45; // Numerical aperture for the fibre
+n2 = sqrt(n1^2-NA^2); // Refractive index of cladding
+
+printf("\nThe refractive index of cladding = %4.2f", n2);
+
+// Result
+// The refractive index of cladding = 1.47
diff --git a/1847/CH7/EX7.5/Ch07Ex5.sce b/1847/CH7/EX7.5/Ch07Ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..de3d50c50 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH7/EX7.5/Ch07Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.5:: Page-7.9 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+n1 = 1.544; // Refractive index of the core material
+n2 = 1.412; // Refractive index of cladding
+NA = sqrt(n1^2-n2^2); // Numerical aperture for the fibre
+
+printf("\nThe numerical aperture for an optical fibre = %4.2f", NA);
+
+// Result
+// The numerical aperture for an optical fibre = 0.62
diff --git a/1847/CH7/EX7.6/Ch07Ex6.sce b/1847/CH7/EX7.6/Ch07Ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bcaced748 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH7/EX7.6/Ch07Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.6:: Page-7.9 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+n1 = 1.544; // Refractive index of the core material
+theta0 = 35; // Acceptance angel for an optical fibre, degrees
+// As theta0 = asind(sqrt(n1^2-n2^2)), solving for n2
+n2 = sqrt(n1^2-sind(theta0)^2); // Refractive index of cladding
+
+printf("\nThe refractive index of the cladding = %4.2f", n2);
+
+// Result
+// The refractive index of the cladding = 1.43
diff --git a/1847/CH7/EX7.7/Ch07Ex7.sce b/1847/CH7/EX7.7/Ch07Ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..edbcd05c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH7/EX7.7/Ch07Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.7:: Page-7.10 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+NA = 0.4; // Numerical aperture of the optical fibre
+n0 = 1; // Refractive index of fibre in air
+theta_a = asind(NA/n0); // Acceptance angle for meridional rays, degrees
+theta = 100; // Direction through which the skew rays are bent at each reflection, degrees
+r = theta/2; // Angle of reflection, degrees
+theta_as = asind(NA/(cosd(r)*n0)); // Acceptance angle for skew rays, degrees
+
+printf("\nAcceptance angle for meridional rays = %4.1f degrees", theta_a);
+printf("\nAcceptance angle for skew rays = %4.1f degrees", theta_as);
+
+// Result
+// Acceptance angle for meridional rays = 23.6 degrees
+// Acceptance angle for skew rays = 38.5 degrees
diff --git a/1847/CH7/EX7.8/Ch07Ex8.sce b/1847/CH7/EX7.8/Ch07Ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2556a89d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH7/EX7.8/Ch07Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.8: : Page-7.13 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+NA = 0.16; // Numerical aperture of the step index fibre
+n1 = 1.50; // Refractive index of the core material
+d = 65e-006; // Diameter of the core, m
+lambda = 0.9e-006; // Wavelength of transmitted light, m
+V = %pi*d/lambda*NA; // V-number for the optical fibre
+
+printf("\nThe V-number for the optical fibre = %5.2f", V);
+
+// Result
+// The V-number for the optical fibre = 36.30
diff --git a/1847/CH7/EX7.9/Ch07Ex9.sce b/1847/CH7/EX7.9/Ch07Ex9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c283ed7c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH7/EX7.9/Ch07Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.9:: Page-7.13 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+NA = 0.28; // Numerical aperture of the step index fibre
+d = 55e-006; // Diameter of the core, m
+lambda = 0.9e-006; // Wavelength of transmitted light, m
+M_N = (2.22*d*(NA)/lambda)^2; // Number of modes in the step index fibre
+
+printf("\nThe number of modes in the step index fibre = %4d degrees", M_N);
+
+// Result
+// The number of modes in the step index fibre = 1442 degrees
diff --git a/1847/CH8/EX8.1/Ch08Ex1.sce b/1847/CH8/EX8.1/Ch08Ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cf1be04dc --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH8/EX8.1/Ch08Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex8.1:: Page-8.8 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 31235; // Wavelength of prominent emission of laser, aangstrom
+E = 12400/lambda; // Energy difference between the two levels, eV
+
+printf("\nThe difference between upper and lower energy levels for the most prominent wavelength = %5.3f eV", E);
+
+// Result
+// The difference between upper and lower energy levels for the most prominent wavelength = 0.397 eV
diff --git a/1847/CH8/EX8.2/Ch08Ex2.sce b/1847/CH8/EX8.2/Ch08Ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..baf3bd521 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH8/EX8.2/Ch08Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex8.2:: Page-8.8 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+E = 0.121; // Energy difference between the two levels, eV
+lambda = 12400/E; // Wavelength of the radiation, angstrom
+f = 3e+08/(lambda*1e-010); // Frequency of the radiation, Hz
+
+printf("\nThe wavelength of the radiation = %8.1f angstrom", lambda);
+printf("\nThe frequency of the radiation = %4.2e Hz", f);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of the radiation = 102479.3 angstrom
+// The frequency of the radiation = 2.93e+13 Hz
diff --git a/1847/CH8/EX8.3/Ch08Ex3.sce b/1847/CH8/EX8.3/Ch08Ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7a043a0ed --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH8/EX8.3/Ch08Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex8.3:: Page-8.8 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 7000; // Wavelength of the Ruby laser, angstrom
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+N = 2.8e+019; // Total number of photons
+E = 12400/lambda; // Energy of one emitted photon, eV
+E_p = E*e*N; // Total energy available per laser pulse, joule
+
+printf("\nThe energy of one emitted photon = %4.2e J", E*e);
+printf("\nThe total energy available per laser pulse = %4.2f joule", E_p);
+
+// Result
+// The energy of one emitted photon = 2.83e-19 J
+// The total energy available per laser pulse = 7.94 joule
diff --git a/1847/CH8/EX8.4/Ch08Ex4.sce b/1847/CH8/EX8.4/Ch08Ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..23f605cf8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH8/EX8.4/Ch08Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex8.4:: Page-8.9 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 7000; // Wavelength of the emitted light, angstrom
+k = 8.6e-005; // Boltzmann constant, eV/K
+dE = 12400/lambda; // Energy difference of the levels, eV
+T = [300 500]; // Temperatures of first and second states, K
+for i = 1:1:2
+ N2_ratio_N1 = exp(-(dE/(k*T(i)))); // Relative population
+ printf("\nThe relative population at %d K = %3.1e", T(i), N2_ratio_N1);
+end
+
+// Result
+// The relative population at 300 K = 1.5e-30
+// The relative population at 500 K = 1.3e-18
+// The answer is given wrong in the textbook for first part.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1847/CH8/EX8.5/Ch08Ex5.sce b/1847/CH8/EX8.5/Ch08Ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..106783d89 --- /dev/null +++ b/1847/CH8/EX8.5/Ch08Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex8.5:: Page-8.9 (2009)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 7000; // Wavelength of the emitted light, angstrom
+k = 8.6e-005; // Boltzmann constant, eV/K
+dE = 12400/lambda; // Energy difference of the levels, eV
+T = 27+273; // Temperatures of the state, K
+N2_ratio_N1 = exp(-(dE/(k*T))); // Relative population
+printf("\nThe relative population of two states in He-Ne laser at %d K = %3.1e", T, N2_ratio_N1);
+
+
+// Result
+// The relative population of two states in He-Ne laser at 300 K = 1.5e-30
+// The answer is given wrong in the textbook
\ No newline at end of file |