diff options
Diffstat (limited to '1691')
122 files changed, 2855 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.1/Example1_1.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.1/Example1_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7ba6ef21c --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.1/Example1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +//Example 1.1
+clc
+disp("Step 1: Identity topology")
+disp(" The feedback voltage is applied across the resistance R_e1 and it is in series with input signal. Hence feedback is voltage series feedback.")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 2 and Step 3: Find input and output circuit.")
+disp(" To find input circuit, set Vo = 0 (connecting C2 to ground), which gives parallel combination of Re with Rf at E1. To find output circuit, set Ii = 0 (opening the input node E1 at emitter of Q1), which gives series combination of Rf and Re1 across the output. The resultant circuit is shown in Fig.1.32")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 4: Find open loop voltage gain(A_v)")
+format(5)
+rl2=(4.7*10.1)/(4.7+10.1) // in k-ohm
+disp(rl2," R_L2(in k-ohm) = R_c2 || (R_e1+Rf) =")
+disp(" A_i2 = -hfe = -100")
+disp(" R_i2 = hie = 1100 ohm")
+format(7)
+av2=(-100*3.21*10^3)/1100
+disp(av2," A_v2 = A_i2*R_L2 / R_i2 =")
+disp(" A_i1 = -hfe = -100")
+format(5)
+rl1=(22*220*22*1.100)/((220*22*1.100)+(22*22*1.100)+(22*220*1.100)+(22*220*22)) // in ohm
+disp(rl1*10^3," R_L1(in ohm) = R_c1 || R3 || R4 || R_i2 =")
+ri1=1.1+(101*((0.1*10)/(0.1+10))) // in k-ohm
+format(5)
+disp(ri1," R_i1(in k-ohm) = hie + (1+hfe)*R_e1eff = where Re1eff = (R_e1 || Rf)")
+av1=(-100*995)/(11.099*10^3)
+disp(av1,"Therefore, A_v1 = A_i1*RL1 / Ri1 =")
+disp("The overall voltage gain without feedback is given as,")
+av=-291.82*-8.96
+format(7)
+disp(av," Av = A_v1 * A_v2 =")
+disp("The overall voltage gain taking Rs in account is given as,")
+aV=(2614.7*11.099*10^3)/((11.099*10^3)+100)
+format(8)
+disp(aV," Av = Vo / Vs = Av*R_i1 / R_i1+Rs =")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 5: Calculate beta")
+disp("Looking at Fig.1.33.")
+beta=100/(100+(10*10^3))
+format(7)
+disp(beta," beta = Vf / Vo =")
+d=1+(0.0099*2591.35)
+format(6)
+disp(d," D = 1 + beta*Av =")
+avf=2591.35/26.65
+disp(avf," A_vf = Av/D =")
+rif=26.65*11.099 // in k-ohm
+format(8)
+disp(rif," R_if(in k-ohm) = R_i1 * D =")
+riff=(295.788*220*22)/((220*22)+(295.788*22)+(295.788*220)) // in k-ohm
+format(6)
+disp(riff," R''_if(in k-ohm) = R_if || R1 || R2 =")
+disp(" R_of = Ro / D = infinity / D = infinity")
+disp("Therefore, R''_of = R''_o / D where R''_o = R_L2")
+roff=(3.21*10^3)/26.65 // in omh
+format(7)
+disp(roff,"Therefore, R''_of(in ohm) = ")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.10/Example1_10.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.10/Example1_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9232949bc --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.10/Example1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 1.10
+clc
+disp("The voltage gain of amplifier can be given as")
+av=36/0.028
+format(7)
+disp(av,"A_v = Vo/V_in =")
+disp("(i) beta = 0.012")
+disp("Therefore, The gain of the amplifier with feedback is given as")
+af=1285.7/(1+(1285.7*0.012))
+format(6)
+disp(af,"A_f = A_v / 1+A_v*beta =")
+disp("The output voltage with feedback is given as")
+vo=78.26*0.028
+disp(vo,"Vo(in V) = A_f * V_in =")
+vin=7*0.028
+disp("(ii) If the output remains constant at 36V, then the distortion produced within the active devices of the amplifier is unchanged. However, since the distortion at the output is less than in part (i) by a factor of 7, it follows that the feedback now increased by 7 and hence, the voltage gain decreased by 7. Thus, the input signal required to produce the same output (as in part(i)) without feedback must be:")
+disp(vin,"V_in(in V) =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.11/Example1_11.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.11/Example1_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..45f54bd9c --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.11/Example1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 1.11
+clc
+disp("(i) The gain of the amplifier is given as")
+disp("60 dB = 20 log(Vo/V_s)")
+disp("Therefore, A_v = Vo/V_s = 1000")
+disp("beta = 1/20 = 0.05")
+disp("Therefore, The gain of amplifier with feedback is")
+avf=1000/(1+(1000*0.05))
+format(5)
+disp(avf,"A_vf = A_v / 1+A_v*beta =")
+disp("(ii) The gain of the amplifier is directly proportional to the g_m. Therefore, the gain of the amplifier without feedback changes as same amount as g_m changes")
+disp("Therefore, A_v = A_v +- 0.5*A_v = 1000 +- 500")
+disp("The gain of the amplifier with feedback is now given as")
+avf1=1500/(1+(1500*0.05))
+avf2=500/(1+(500*0.05))
+format(6)
+disp(avf1,avf2,"A_vf = A_v / 1+A_v*beta =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.12/Example1_12.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.12/Example1_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c6690fb2f --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.12/Example1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 1.12
+clc
+disp("A_v = 1000 and beta = 0.1")
+fh=1+(0.1*1000)
+format(4)
+disp(fh,"(i) f_Hf/f_H = 1 + beta*A_v =")
+fl=1/(1+(0.1*1000))
+format(7)
+disp(fl,"and f_Lf/f_L = 1 / 1+beta*A_v =")
+disp("(ii) With f_L = 20 Hz and f_H = 50 kHz")
+fll=20*0.0099
+format(6)
+disp(fll,"f_Lf(in Hz) =")
+fhh=(50*101)*10^-3
+format(5)
+disp(fhh,"f_Hf(in MHz) =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.13/Example1_13.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.13/Example1_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..620729679 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.13/Example1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 1.13
+clc
+disp("The voltage gain of the amplifier is given as")
+av=50/0.2
+format(4)
+disp(av,"A_v = Vo/V_in =")
+disp("We know that,")
+b=((0.06/0.01)-1)/250
+format(5)
+disp(b,"B_2f = B_2 / 1+A_v*beta =")
+disp("Therefore, feedback ratio, beta =")
+avf=250/(1+(250*0.02))
+format(6)
+disp(avf,"A_vf = A_v / 1+A_v*beta =")
+vin=50/41.66
+format(4)
+disp("To produce output voltage of 50 V V_in must be")
+disp(vin,"V_in = 50/A_vf =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.14/Example1_14.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.14/Example1_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f8ca30278 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.14/Example1_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 1.14
+clc
+disp("Given A_vf = 120")
+disp("A_v = Vo/V_s = Vo/60mV")
+disp("and A_vf = Vo/0.5")
+vo=0.5*120
+format(3)
+disp(vo,"Therefore, Vo(in V) =")
+disp("with Vo = 60 V we have,")
+av=60/(60*10^-3)
+format(5)
+disp(av,"A_v =")
+b=((1000/120)-1)/1000
+format(8)
+disp("We know that,")
+disp("A_vf = A_v / 1+A_v*beta")
+disp(b,"Therefore, beta =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.15/Example1_15.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.15/Example1_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e7f816eaa --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.15/Example1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//Example 1.15
+clc
+disp("Step 1: Identify topology")
+disp(" By shorting output(Vo = 0), feedback voltage V_f becomes zero, hence it is a voltage sampling. Since feedback is mixed in series with input the topology is voltage series feedback amplifier")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 2 and Step 3: Find input and output circuit.")
+disp(" To find input circuit, set Vo = 0. This places the parallel combination of resistors 3.3K and 3.3K at the first emitter. To find output circuit, set Ii = 0. This places resistors 3.3K and 3.3K in series across the output. The resultant circuit is shown in fig 1.48")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 4: Replace transistor with its h-parameter equivalent as shown in fig.1.49")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 5: Find open loop transfer gain.")
+disp("A_v = A_v1*A_v2")
+disp(" = V_i2/V_i1 * Vo/V_i2")
+disp(" = Vo/V_i2 = -h_fe*R_L2 / R_i2")
+rl2=3.3+3.3
+format(4)
+disp(rl2,"where R_L2(in k-ohm) =")
+disp("and R_i2 = h_ie = 2 K")
+voi=(-50*6.6)/2
+disp(voi,"Therefore, A_v2 = Vo/V_i2 =")
+disp("V_i2/V_i1 = -h_fe*R_L1 / R_i1")
+rl1=((51*2)/(53))
+format(5)
+disp(rl1,"where R_L1(in k-ohm) =")
+disp("and R_i = [h_ie + (1+h_fe)(3.3K||3.3K)]")
+ri=2+(51*1.65)
+format(6)
+disp(ri,"Therefore, R_i1(in k-ohm) = ")
+vi21=(-50*1.92)/(86.15)
+format(6)
+disp(vi21,"Therefore, A_v1 = V_i2/V_i1 =")
+av=-165*-1.114
+format(7)
+disp(av,"Therefore, A_v =")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 6: Calculate beta")
+be=3.3/6.6
+format(4)
+disp(be,"beta = V_f/Vo =")
+disp("We know that, D = 1 + beta*A_v =")
+avf=183.86/92.93
+format(6)
+disp(avf,"A_vf = A_v/D =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.16/Example1_16.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.16/Example1_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a47cf26f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.16/Example1_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +//Example 1.16
+clc
+disp("Step 1: Identify topology")
+disp(" By shorting output(Vo = 0), feedback voltage V_f becomes zero.The feedback is mixed in series feedback.")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 2 and Step 3: Find input and output circuit.")
+disp(" To find input circuit, set Vo = 0. This places the parallel combination of resistors 10K and 1K at the first emitter. To find output circuit, set Ii = 0. This places resistors 10K and 1K in series across the output. The resultant circuit is shown in fig 1.51.")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 4: Replace transistor with its h-parameter equivalent as shown in fig.1.52.")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 5: Find open loop transfer gain.")
+disp("A_v = A_v1*A_v2")
+disp(" = V_i2/V_i1 * Vo/V_i2")
+disp("Vo/V_i2 = -h_fe*R_L2 / R_i2")
+rl2=(5.1*11)/(16.1)
+format(6)
+disp(rl2,"where R_L2(in k-ohm) =")
+disp("and R_i2 = h_ic = 1.1 K")
+voi=(-50*3.484)/1.1
+format(7)
+disp(voi,"Therefore, Vo/V_i2 =")
+disp("V_i2/V_i1 = -h_fe*R_L1 / R_i1")
+rl1=((1.1*1)/(2.1))*10^3
+format(6)
+disp(rl1,"where R_L1(in ohm) =") //answer in text book is wrong
+disp("and R_i = 82K || [h_ie + (1+h_fe)(1K||10K)]")
+ri=((82*47.459)/(82+47.459))
+format(3)
+disp(ri,"Therefore, R_i(in k-ohm) = ")
+vi21=(-50*523.8)/(30*10^3)
+format(6)
+disp(vi21,"Therefore, V_i2/V_i1 =")
+av=-158.36*-0.888
+format(7)
+disp(av,"Therefore, A_v =")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 6: Calculate beta")
+be=1/10
+format(4)
+disp(be,"beta = V_f/Vo =")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 7: Calculate A_vf, R_if and R''_of")
+d=1+(0.1*140.62)
+format(7)
+disp(d,"D = 1 + beta*A_v =")
+avf=140.62/15.062
+format(6)
+disp(avf,"A_vf = A/D =")
+rif=30*15.062
+format(7)
+disp(rif,"R_if(in k-ohm) = R_i*D =")
+disp("R''_o = R_L2 = 3.484 k-ohm")
+rof=(3.484*10^3)/15.062
+disp(rof,"R''_of(in ohm) = R''_o/D =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.17/Example1_17.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.17/Example1_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d0e0b720e --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.17/Example1_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +//Example 1.17
+disp("Step 1: Identify topology")
+disp(" By shorting output voltage (Vo = 0), feedback voltage Vf becomes zero and hence it is voltage sampling. The feedback voltage is applied in series with the input voltage hence the topology is voltage series feedback.")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 2 and Step 3: Find input and output circuit.")
+disp(" To find input circuit, set Vo = 0. This places the parallel combination of resistor 10 K and 200 ohm at first source. To find output circuit, set Ii = 0. This places the resistor 10K and 200 ohm in series across the output. The resultant circuit is shown in fig 1.54.")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 4: Replace FET with its equivalent circuit as shown in fig.1.55.")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 5: Find open loop transfer gain.")
+disp(" Av = Vo / Vs = A_v1 * A_v2")
+disp(" A_v2 = -u*R_L2 / R_L2+r_d")
+rl2=(10.2*47)/(10.2+47) // in k-ohm
+format(5)
+disp(rl2,"where R_L2(in k-ohm) =")
+av2=(-40*8.38)/18.38
+format(7)
+disp(av2," A_v2 =")
+disp(" A_v1 = u*R_Deff / r_d+R_Deff+(1+u)*R_seff")
+rdeff=(47*1000)/(47+1000) // in k-ohm
+format(6)
+disp(rdeff," R_Deff(in k-ohm) = R_D || R_G2 =")
+av1=(-40*44.98)/(10+44.89+(41*((0.2*10)/(10+0.2))))
+disp(av1,"Therefore, A_v1 =")
+av=-28.59*-18.237
+format(7)
+disp(av,"Therefore, Av = A_v1 * A_v2 =")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 6: Calculate beta")
+beta=200/(10000)
+format(5)
+disp(beta," beta = Vf / Vo =")
+disp("")
+disp("step 7: Calculate D, A_vf, R_if, R''_of")
+d=1+(0.02*521.39)
+format(8)
+disp(d," D = 1 + Av*beta =")
+avf=521.39/11.4278
+format(6)
+disp(avf," A_vf = Av / D =")
+disp("Ri = R_G = 1 M-ohm")
+rif=11.4278
+format(8)
+disp(rif," R_if(in M-ohm) = Ri * D =")
+ro=10 // in k-ohm
+format(3)
+disp(ro," R''o(in k-ohm) = rd =")
+rof=(10*10^3)/11.4278 // in ohm
+format(4)
+disp(rof," R''_of(in ohm) = R''o / D =")
+rod=(10*8.38)/18.38
+format(6)
+disp(rod,"R''_o(in k-ohm) =")
+rofd=(4.559*10^3)/11.4278
+format(4)
+disp(rofd,"Therefore, R''_of(in ohm) = R''_o/D =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.18/Example1_18.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.18/Example1_18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8a79bf466 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.18/Example1_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 1.18
+clc
+disp("Here, output voltage is sampled and fed in series with the input signal. Hence the topology is voltage series feedback.")
+disp(" The open loop voltage gain for one stage is given as,")
+disp(" Av = -gm*R_eq")
+req=(8*40*1000)/((40*1000)+(8*1000)+(8*40)) // in k-ohm
+format(5)
+disp(req," R_eq(in k-ohm) = r_d || R_d || (R_i1+R_2) =")
+av=-5*6.62
+format(6)
+disp(av," Av =")
+avm=-33.11^3
+disp(avm,"Av = Overall voltage gain = |A_vmid|^3 =") // answer in textbook is wrong
+beta=50/(10^6)
+format(7)
+disp(beta," beta = Vf / Vo = -R_1 / R_g = -R_1 / R_1+R_2 =")
+d=1+((-5*10^-5)*-36306)
+format(6)
+disp(d," D = 1 + |Av|*beta =")
+avf=-36306/2.8153
+disp(avf," A_vf = Av / D =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.19/Example1_19.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.19/Example1_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fba76e622 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.19/Example1_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 1.19
+clc
+disp("Here, output terminals are B and ground, thus the forward gain is the gain of Q1 and it is,")
+disp(" A_v= -33.11")
+disp("Here beta = V_f / V_B = V_f/V_o * V_o/V_C * V_C/V_B")
+disp("where V_B and V_C are voltages at point B and C, respectively.")
+disp("Therefore, beta_BN = V_f/V_o * A_v3 * A_v2 because V_o/V_C = A_v3 and V_C/V_B = A_v2")
+bbn=(5*10^-5)*(33.11^2)
+format(7)
+disp(bbn,"Therefore, beta= ")
+avf=-33.11/2.815
+format(6)
+disp(avf,"Therefore, |A_vf| = A_vf / 1+|A_f|*beta =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.2/Example1_2.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.2/Example1_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4a4067af2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.2/Example1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +//Example 1.2
+clc
+avf=600/(1+(600*0.01))
+format(7)
+disp(avf,"A_vf = A / 1+A*beta =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.20/Example1_20.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.20/Example1_20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..971adb7af --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.20/Example1_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//Example 1.20
+clc
+disp("Step 1: Identify topology")
+disp(" By shorting output(Vo = 0), feedback voltage does not become zero. By opening the output loop feedback becomes zero and hence it is current sampling. The feedback is applied in series with the input signal, hence topology used is current series feedback.")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 2 and Step 3: Find input and output circuit.")
+disp(" To find input circuit, set Io = 0. This places Re in series with input. To find output circuit Ii = 0. This places Re in output side. The resultant circuit is shown in fig.1.58.")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 4: Replace transistor with its h-parameter equivalent as shown in fig 1.59.")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 5: Find open loop transfer gain.")
+disp(" From quation(13) of section 1.12 we have")
+disp(" A_vf = Io*R_L / Vs = G_Mf * R_L")
+disp(" = -h_fe*R_L / R''s+h_ie+(1+h_fe)*Re")
+disp("Here R''s = Rs || R1 || R2")
+disp(" = Rs || Rb because R_b = R1 || R2")
+disp("Therefore, Vo / Vs = Vo/Vi * Vi/Vs")
+disp("where Vi / Vs = Rb / Rs+Rb")
+disp("Therefore, Vo / Vs = (-h_fe*R_L / R''s+h_ie+(1+h_fe)*Re) * (Rb / Rs+Rb)")
+disp("Dividing both numerator and denominator by Rs+Rb we get,")
+disp(" A_vf = Vo / Vs = [-h_fe*Rc*(Rb/Rb+Rs)] / R''s+h_ie+(1+h_fe)*Re because RL = Rc")
+disp(" = -h_fe*Rc*[1/1+(Rs/Rb)] / R''s+h_ie+(1+h_fe)*Re")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.21/Example1_21.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.21/Example1_21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4d367abbb --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.21/Example1_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +//Example 1.21
+clc
+disp("Step 1: Identify topology")
+disp("Making output voltage zero(Vo = 0); feedback does not become zero and hence it is not voltage sampling. By opening the output loop feedback becomes zero and hence it is a current sampling. As I_i = I_s-I_f, the feedback current appears in shunt with the input signl and hence the topology is current shunt feedback")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 2 and Step 3: Find input and output circuit")
+disp("To find input circuit, set Vo = 0. This gives series combination of 20K and 1K across the input of the first transistor. To find output circuit, set V_i= 0. This gives parallel combination of 20K and 1K at emitter of the second transistor.The resultant circuit is shown in fig 1.61")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 4: Find open circuit current gain")
+disp("A_I = Io/I_s = -I_c2/I_s = -I_c2/I_b2 * I_b2/I_c1 * I_c1/I_b1 * I_b1/I_s")
+disp("-I_c2/I_b2 = -h_fe = -100")
+disp("I_b2/I_c1 = -R_c1 / R_i2+R_c1")
+ri2=2+(101*(20/21))
+format(6)
+disp(ri2,"where R_i2(in k-ohm) = h_ie + (1+h_fe)R_e =")
+ibc=(-12)/(98.19+12)
+format(6)
+disp(ibc,"Therefore, I_b2/I_c1 =")
+disp("I_c1/I_b1 = h_fe = 100")
+ibs=(21/22)/(2+(21/22))
+disp(ibs,"I_b1/I_s =")
+ai=100*0.109*0.323*100
+format(4)
+disp(ai,"Therefore, A_I =")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 5: Calculate beta")
+b=4/(24)
+format(7)
+disp(b,"beta = I_f/Io = R_e2/R_e2+R'' =")
+disp("")
+d=1+(0.1667*352)
+format(6)
+disp(d,"Therefore, D = 1 + beta*A_I =")
+aif=352/59.67
+format(5)
+disp(aif,"A_if = A_I/D =")
+ri=((1*21*2)/((21*2)+(1*2)+(21*1)))*10^3
+format(4)
+disp(ri,"R_i(in ohm) =")
+rif=646/59.67
+format(6)
+disp(rif,"R_if(in ohm) = R_i/D =")
+disp("Ro = infinity")
+disp("Therefore, R_of = infinity because h_oe = 0")
+disp("R''_o = Ro || R_c2 = 4 k-ohm")
+disp("R''_of = R''_o = 4 k-ohm")
+avf=(5.9*4)
+disp(avf,"A_vf = A_If*R_L/R_s =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.22/Example1_22.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.22/Example1_22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8f58dfbd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.22/Example1_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +//Example 1.22
+clc
+disp("Step 1: Identify topology")
+disp("Vo = 0, does not make feedback zero, but Io = 0 makes feedback to become zero and hence it is current sampling. The feedback is fed in shunt with the input signal, hence topology is current shunt feedback")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 2 and Step 3: Find input and output circuit")
+disp("To find input circuit, set Vo = 0. This gives series combination of R_e2 and 10K across the input. To find output circuit, set V1= 0. This gives parallel combination of R_e2 and 10K at E2.The resultant circuit is shown in fig 1.63")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 4: Replace transistor with its h-parameter equivalent as shown in fig 1.64")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 5 : Find open loop current gain")
+disp("A_I = Io/I_s = -I_c/I_s = -I_o/I_b2 * I_b2/I_c1 * I_c1/I_b1 * I_b1/I_s")
+disp("Io/I_b2 = -h_fe = -100")
+disp("I_c2/I_b2 * I_b1/I_e1 = -h_ie*R_c1 / R_i2+R_c2 because I_b2/I_c1 = R_c1/R_c1+R_i2")
+ri2=1+(101*(10/11))
+format(7)
+disp(ri2,"where R_i2(in k-ohm) = h_ie + (1+h_fe)(1K||10K) =")
+ibb=(-100*2.2)/(92.818+2.2)
+format(6)
+disp(ibb,"Therefore, I_b1/I_s =")
+ibs=(11/12)/(1+(11/12))
+disp(ibs,"I_b1/I_s =")
+ai=100*2.315*0.478
+disp(ai,"A_I =")
+disp("Step 6: Calculate beta")
+b=1/(11)
+format(5)
+disp(b,"beta = R_e2/R_e2+R'' =")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 6: Calculate D,A_If, A_vf, R_if, R_of")
+d=1+(0.09*110.7)
+format(7)
+disp(d,"D = 1 + beta*A_I =") //answer in textbook is wrong
+aif=110.7/11.063
+format(3)
+disp(aif,"A_if = A_I/D =")
+ri=((1*11*1)/((11*1)+(1*1)+(11*1)))*10^3
+format(4)
+disp(ri,"R_i(in ohm) =")
+rif=478/11.063
+format(6)
+disp(rif,"R_if(in ohm) = R_i/D =")
+disp("Ro = infinity")
+disp("Therefore, R_of = Ro*D = infinity because h_oe = 0")
+disp("R''_o = 2.2 k-ohm")
+disp("R''_of = R''_o = 2.2 k-ohm")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.23/Example1_23.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.23/Example1_23.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3847929b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.23/Example1_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +//Example 1.23
+clc
+disp("Step 1: Identify topology")
+disp("Here output voltage is sampled and fed in shunt with the input siganl such that, I_s-I_f = I_i, hence topology is voltage shunt feedback")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 2 and Step 3: Find input and output circuit")
+disp("To find input circuit, set Vo = 0. This places resistor R across the input. To find output circuit, set V_i = 0. This places resistor R across output. The resultant circuit is shown in fig 1.69")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 4: Replace transistor with its h-parameter equivalent circuits as shown in fig 1.67")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 5 : Find open loop transresistance")
+disp("R_M = Vo/I_s = R_c*Io/I_s = -R_c*I_c/I_s")
+disp(" = R_c * -I_c/I_b * I_b/I_s")
+icb=(-100*82)/94
+format(6)
+disp(icb,"-I_c/I_b = -h_fe*R / R+R_c =")
+disp("I_b/I_s = Ro||R / R_s||(R+R_i1)")
+ri1=1.1+(101*820*10^-3)
+disp(ri1,"R_i1(in k-ohm) = h_ie + (1+h_fe)R_e =")
+ibs=(82/83)/(83.92+(82/83))
+format(7)
+disp(ibs,"Therefore, I_b/I_s =")
+rm=-87.23*12*0.0116
+format(7)
+disp(rm,"Therefore, R_M(in k-ohm) = Vo/I_s =")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 6: Calculate beta")
+b=-1/(82*10^3)
+format(10)
+disp("beta = I_f/Io = V_i-Vo/Vo*R =")
+disp(b," = -1/R = because (Vo > V_i)")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 7: Calculate D, R_Mf, A_vf, R_if, R''_of")
+d=1+(-1.22*-12.142*10^-2)
+format(6)
+disp(d,"D = 1 + beta*R_M =")
+rmf=-12.142/1.148
+format(6)
+disp(rmf,"R_Mf(in k-ohm) = R_M/D =")
+avf=-10.57
+disp("A_vf = V0/V_s = Vo/I_s*R_s =")
+disp(avf," = R_Mf/R_s = because R_Mf = Vo/I_s")
+ri=((1*82*83.92)/((82*83.92)+(1*83.92)+(82*1)))
+disp(ri,"R_i(in k-ohm) = R_s || R_i1 || R =")
+rif=(0.976*10^3)/1.148
+format(4)
+disp(rif,"R_if(in ohm) = R_i/D =")
+disp("Ro = infinity")
+disp("Therefore, R_of = infinity/D = infinity because h_oe = 0")
+ro=(12*82)/(94)
+format(7)
+disp(ro,"R''_o(in k-ohm) = R || R_c =")
+rof=(10.468)/1.148
+format(6)
+disp(rof,"R''_of(in k-ohm) = R''_o/D =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.24/Example1_24.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.24/Example1_24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..095c043aa --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.24/Example1_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +//Example 1.24
+clc
+disp("Step 1: Identify topology")
+disp("Here output voltage is sampled and fed in shunt with the input siganl such that, I_s-I_f = I_i, hence topology is voltage shunt feedback")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 2 and Step 3: Find input and output circuit")
+disp("To find input circuit, set Vo = 0. This places resistor R across the input. To find output circuit, set V_i = 0. This places resistor R across output. The resultant circuit is shown in fig 1.69. The circuit shows voltage source replaced by current source")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 4: Replace transistor with their h-parameter equivalent circuits as shown in fig 1.70")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 5 : Find open loop transfer gain")
+disp("R_M = Vo/I_s = R_c2*Io/I_s")
+disp(" = R_c2 * Io/I_b2 * I_b2/I_e1 * I_e1/I_b1 * I_b1/I_s")
+iob=(-100*2.2)/7.3
+format(7)
+disp(iob,"Io/I_b2 = -h_ie*R / R+R_c2 =")
+iobe=(101*1.1)/3.1
+format(6)
+disp(iobe,"I_b2/I_e2 * I_e1/I_b1 = -h_ie*R / R+R_c2 =")
+disp("I_b1/I_s = R_s||R / (R_s||R)+R_i1")
+ri1=2+(101*1.1)
+disp(ri1,"where R_i1(in k-ohm) = h_ie + (1+h_fe)R_e =")
+ibs=(2.2/3.2)/((2.2/3.2)+(113.1))
+format(8)
+disp(ibs,"I_b1/I_s =")
+rm=5.1*-30.137*35.84*6.04*10^-3
+format(7)
+disp(rm,"Therefore, R_M(in k-ohm) =")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 6: Calculate beta")
+b=-1/(2.2*10^3)
+format(10)
+disp("beta = I_f/Io = V_i-Vo/Vo*R =")
+disp(b," = -1/R = because (Vo > V_i)")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 7: Calculate D, R_Mf, A_vf, R_if, R''_of")
+d=1+(4.545*33.539*10^-1)
+format(7)
+disp(d,"D = 1 + beta*R_M =")
+rmf=-33.539/16.245
+format(6)
+disp(rmf,"R_Mf(in k-ohm) = R_M/D =")
+avf=-2.065
+disp(avf,"A_vf = V0/V_s = Vo/I_s*R_s =")
+ri=((1*113.1*2.2)/((113.1*2.2)+(1*113.1)+(2.2*1)))*10^3
+format(4)
+disp(ri,"R_i(in ohm) = R_s || R_i1 || R =") //answer in textbook wrong
+rif=(683)/16.245
+format(3)
+disp(rif,"R_if(in ohm) = R_i/D =")
+disp("Ro = infinity")
+disp("Therefore, R_of = infinity/D = infinity")
+ro=(2.2*5.1)/(7.3)
+format(6)
+disp(ro,"R''_o(in k-ohm) = R || R_c2 =")
+rof=(1.537*10^3)/16.245
+disp(rof,"R''_of(in ohm) = R''_o/D =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.25/Example1_25.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.25/Example1_25.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2e7f62d1d --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.25/Example1_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +//Example 1.25
+clc
+disp("Step 1: Identify topology")
+disp("By making Vo = 0, feedback current becomes zero. Hence it is a voltage sampling. The feedback is fed in shunt with the input signal and thus the topology is voltage shunt feedback")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 2 and Step 3: Find input and output circuit")
+disp("To find input circuit, set Vo = 0. This places resistor R across the input. To find output circuit, set V_i = 0. This places resistor R across output. The resultant circuit is shown in fig 1.72")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 4: Replace FET with its equivalent circuit as shown in fig 1.73")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 5 : Find open loop transresistance")
+disp("R_M = Vo/I_s = -g_m*V_gs*R_eff/I_s")
+reff=(40*200*10)/((200*10)+(400)+(40*200))
+format(5)
+disp(reff,"where R_eff(in k-ohm) = r_d || R || R_D =")
+disp("and V_gs = I_s*R_i = I_s * R_s||1M||R")
+disp(" = I_s * 10K||1M||200K")
+disp(" = 9.43*10^3 I_s")
+rm=-2.5*9.43*7.69
+format(7)
+disp(rm,"R_M(in k-ohm) =")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 6: Calculate beta")
+b=-1/(200*10^3)
+format(7)
+disp("beta = I_f/Io = V_i-Vo/Vo*R =")
+disp(b," = -1/R = because (Vo > V_i)")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 7: Calculate D, R_Mf, A_vf, R_of, R''_of")
+d=1+(5*181.29*10^-3)
+format(4)
+disp(d,"D = 1 + beta*R_M =")
+rmf=-181.29/1.9
+format(7)
+disp(rmf,"R_Mf(in k-ohm) = R_M/D =")
+avf=-95.415/10
+format(7)
+disp(avf,"A_vf = V0/V_s = Vo/I_s*R_s = R_Mf/R_s =")
+ri=(10*1000*200)/((1000*200)+(10*200)+(1000*10))
+format(5)
+disp(ri,"R_i(in k-ohm) = R_s || M || R =")
+rif=(9.43)/1.9
+format(6)
+disp(rif,"R_if(in k-ohm) = R_i/D =")
+ro=(40*200*10)/((200*10)+(400)+(40*200))
+format(5)
+disp(ro,"R''_o(in k-ohm) = r_eff = r_d || R || R_D =")
+rof=(7.69/1.9)
+format(2)
+disp(rof,"R''_of(in k-ohm) = R''_o/D =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.26/Example1_26.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.26/Example1_26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ac6c767db --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.26/Example1_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +//Example 1.26
+clc
+disp("Step 1: Identify topology")
+disp("The feedback voltage is applied across the resistance R_e1 and it is in series with input signal. Hence feedback is voltage series feedback")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 2 and Step 3: Find input and output circuit")
+disp("To find input circuit, set Vo = 0, which gives parallel combination of R_e1 with R_f at E1 as shown in fig 1.75. To find output circuit, set I_i = 0 opening the input node E1 at emitter of Q1, which gives series combination of R_f and R_e1 across the output. The resultant circuit is shown in fig 1.75")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 4: Find open loop voltage gain (A_v)")
+rl2=(2.2*52.5)/54.7
+format(5)
+disp(rl2,"R_L2(in k-ohm) = R_c2 || (R_f+R_e1) =")
+disp("A_i2 = -h_fe = -50")
+disp("R_i2 = h_ie = 1.2 k-ohm")
+av2=(-50*2.11)/1.2
+format(6)
+disp(av2,"A_v2 = A_i2*R_L2 / R_i2 =")
+rl1=(100*1.2)/101.2
+disp(rl1,"R_L1(in k-ohm) = R_c1 || R_i2 =")
+disp("A_i1 = -h_fe = -50")
+ri2=1.2+(51*(51*1.5/52.5))
+format(6)
+disp(ri2,"R_i1(in k-ohm) = h_ie + (1+h_fe)R_e =")
+av1=(-50*1.185)/75.51
+disp(av1,"Therefore, A_v1 = A_i1*R_L1 / R_i1 =")
+disp("The overall gain without feedback is given as")
+av=-0.784*-87.91
+disp(av,"A_v = A_v1*A_v2 =")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 5: Calculate beta")
+b=1.5/52.5
+format(7)
+disp(b,"beta = V_f/Vo =")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 6: Calculate D,A_vf, R_if, R_of")
+d=1+(0.0285*68.92)
+format(6)
+disp(d,"D = 1 + beta*A_v =")
+avf=68.92/2.964
+disp(avf,"A_vf = A_v/D =")
+ri=(75.51*200.1485)/(200.1485+75.51)
+disp(ri,"R_i(in k-ohm) = R || R_i1 =")
+rif=54.82*2.964
+format(7)
+disp(rif,"R_if(in k-ohm) = R_i/D =")
+disp("Ro = infinity because h_oe = 0")
+disp("R''_o = Ro || R_c2 || (R_f+R_e1) = Ro || R_L2 = infinity || 2.11 K = 2.11 K")
+rof=(2.11*10^3)/2.964
+format(4)
+disp(rof,"R''_of(in ohm) = R''_o/D =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.27/Example1_27.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.27/Example1_27.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5fcdf62d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.27/Example1_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +//Example 1.27
+clc
+disp("Step 1: Identity topology")
+disp("The feedback is given from emitter of Q2 to the base of Q2. If Io=0 then feedback current through 5K register is zero, hence it is current sampling. As feedback signal is mixed in shunt with input, the amplifier is current shunt feedback amplifier")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 2 and Step 3: Find input and output circuit")
+disp("The input circuit of the amplifier without feedback is obatined by opening the output loop at the emitter of Q2(Io = 0). This places R''(5K) in series with R_s from base to emitter of Q1. The output circuit is found by shorting the input node, i.e. making V1=0. This places R''(5K) in parallel with R_e. The resultant equivalent circuit is shown in fig 1.78")
+disp("Step 4: Find open circuit transfer gain")
+disp("A_I = Io/I_s = -I_c/I_s = -I_c2/I_b2 * I_b2/I_c1 * I_c1/I_b1 * I_b1/I_s")
+disp("We know that -I_c2/I_b2 = A_i2 = -h_fe = -50 and")
+disp("-I_c/I_b1 = A_i1 = -h_fe = -50")
+disp("Therefore, I_c1/I_b1 = 50")
+disp("Looking at fig 1.77 we can write")
+disp("I_b2/I_c1 = -R_c1/R_c1+R_i2")
+ri2=1.5+(51*(5*0.6/5.6))
+format(6)
+disp(ri2,"R_i2(in k-ohm) = h_ie + (1+h_fe)(R_e2||R'') =")
+ibc=-2/30.82
+format(7)
+disp(ibc,"Therefore, I_b2/I_c1 =")
+disp("Looking at fig 1.78 we can write")
+disp("I_b1/I_s = R/R+R_i1")
+r=(5.6*10^3)/6.6
+format(4)
+disp(r,"where R(in ohm) = R3 || (R''+R_e) =")
+ri1=1.5+20.4
+format(5)
+disp(ri1,"and R_i1(in k-ohm) = h_ie + (1+h_fe)R_e1 =")
+ib1=0.848/22.748
+format(7)
+disp(ib1,"Therefore, I_b1/I_s =")
+disp("Substituting the numerical values obtained in equations of A_I we get,")
+ai=50*0.0649*50*0.0372
+format(2)
+disp(ai,"A_I =")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 5: Calculate beta")
+b=0.6/5.6
+format(6)
+disp(b,"beta = I_f/Io = R_e2 / R_e2+R'' =")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 6: Calculate D,A_If, A_vI, R_sf, R_of")
+d=1+(0.107*6)
+format(6)
+disp(d,"D = 1 + beta*A_I =")
+aif=6/1.642
+disp(aif,"A_if = A_I/D =")
+avf=(3.654*12)/1
+format(7)
+disp(avf,"A_vf = Vo/V_s = -I_c2/I_s * R_c2/R_s = A_if*R_c2 / R_s =")
+ri1=(848*21900)/(21900+848)
+disp(ri1,"R_i1(in ohm) = R || R_i1 =")
+rif=816.38/1.642
+format(6)
+disp(rif,"R_if(in ohm) = R_i/D =")
+disp("Ro = infinity because h_oe = 0")
+disp("Therefore, R_of = Ro*D = infinity")
+disp("R''_o = Ro || R_c2 = infinity || 12 K = 12 K")
+disp("R''_of = R''_o * 1+beta*A_i/1+beta*A1 = R''_o = R_c2 = 12K")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.28/Example1_28.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.28/Example1_28.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cb80af67f --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.28/Example1_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +//Example 1.28
+clc
+disp("Step 1: Identify topology")
+disp(" The feedback voltage is applied across R_e1 = 1.5 k-ohm, which is in series with input signal. Hence feedback is voltage series feedback")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 2 and step 3: Find input and output circuit")
+disp(" To find input circuit, set Vo = 0, which gives parallel combination of R_e1 with R_f at E1 as shown in fig.1.80. To find ouput circuit, set I_i = 0 by opening the input node, E1 at emitter of Q1, which gives the series combination of R_f and R_e1 across the output. The resultant circuit is shown in fig.1.80")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 4: Find the open loop voltage gain (Av)")
+rl2=(2.2*57.5)/(2.2+57.5) // in k-ohm
+format(6)
+disp(rl2," R_L2(in k-ohm) = R_c2 || (Rf + R_e1) =")
+disp("Since hoe*R_L2 = 10^-6*2.119 k-ohm = 0.002119 is less than 0.1 we use approximate analysis.")
+disp(" A_i2 = -h_fe = -200")
+disp(" R_i2 = hie = 2 k-ohm")
+av2=(-200*2.119)/2
+disp(av2," A_v2 = A_i2*R_L2 / R_i2 =")
+rl1=(120*2)/(122) // in k-ohm
+disp(rl1," R_L1(in k-ohm) = R_C1 || R_i2 =")
+disp("Since hoe*R_L1 = 10^-6*1.967 = 0.001967 is less than 0.1 we use approximate analysis.")
+disp(" A_i1 = -hfe = -200")
+ri1=2+(201*((1.5*56)/(57.5))) // in k-ohm
+format(7)
+disp(ri1," R_i1(in k-ohm) = hie + (1+hfe)*Re =")
+av1=(-200*1.967)/295.63
+format(5)
+disp(av1,"Therefore, A_v1 = A_i1*R_L1 / R_i1 =")
+disp("The overall gain without feedback is")
+av=-1.33*-211.9
+format(7)
+disp(av," Av = A_v1 * A_v2 =")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 5: Calculate beta")
+beta=1.5/57.5
+format(6)
+disp(beta," beta = Vf / Vo =")
+disp("")
+disp("Step 6: calculate D, A_vf, R_if, R_of")
+d=1+(0.026*281.82)
+disp(d," D = 1 + Av*beta =")
+avf=281.82/8.327
+disp(avf,"Therefore, A_vf = Av / D =")
+ri=(295.63*150)/(295.63+150) // in k-ohm
+format(5)
+disp(ri," Ri(in k-ohm) = R_i1 || R =")
+rif=99.5*8.327 // in k-ohm
+format(7)
+disp(rif," R_if(in k-ohm) = Ri *D =")
+disp(" Ro = 1/hoe = 1 M-ohm")
+rof=((1*10^6)/8.327)*10^-3 // in k-ohm
+format(4)
+disp(rof," R_of(in k-ohm) = Ro / D =")
+ro=(1000*2.119)/(2.119+1000) // in k-ohm
+format(7)
+disp(ro," R''o(in k-ohm) = Ro || R_c2 || (Rf+R_e1) = Ro || R_L2 =")
+rof=(2.1145*10^3)/8.327 // in ohm
+format(4)
+disp(rof," R''_of(in ohm) = R''o / D =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.29/Example1_29.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.29/Example1_29.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b87398e3f --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.29/Example1_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//Example 1.29
+clc
+disp("Fig 1.83 shows current shunt feedback amplifier open circuit transfer gain")
+disp("A_I = -I_c2/I_s = -I_c2/I_b2 * I_b2/I_c1 * I_c1/I_b1 * I_b1/I_s")
+disp("I_c2/I_b2 = A_i2 = -h_fe = -100")
+disp("-I_c1/I_b1 = 100")
+ri2=1+(101*(1/10.1))
+format(3)
+disp(ri2,"R_i2(in k-ohm) = h_ie + (1+h_fe)(R_e2||R'') =")
+ibc=-2.2/14.2
+format(6)
+disp(ibc,"I_b2/I_c1 = -R_c1 / R_c1+(R_i2+R_b2) =")
+disp("I_b1/I_s = R/R+h_ie")
+r=(10.1*10^3)/11.1
+disp(r,"R(in ohm) = R_s || (R''+R_e) =")
+ibs=0.9099/1.9099
+disp(ibs,"Therefore, I''_b/I_s =")
+ai=100*0.155*100*0.476
+disp(ai,"Therefore, A_I =")
+disp("Calculate of beta:")
+disp("I_f = -I_o*R_e2 / R_e2+R''")
+disp("beta = I_f/Io = R_e2/R_e2+R'' = 100/100+10K")
+d=1+(9.9*737.8*10^-3)
+format(4)
+disp(d,"D = 1 + beta*A_I =")
+disp("A_if = A_I/D = 88.89")
+avf=88.89*2.2
+format(8)
+disp(avf,"A_vf = Vo/V_s = -I_c2/I_s * R_c2/R_s = A_if*R_c2 / R_s =")
+ri1=(909.9*1000)/1909.9
+format(4)
+disp(ri1,"R_i1(in ohm) = R || h_ie =")
+rif=476/8.3
+format(6)
+disp(rif,"R_if(in ohm) = R_i/D =")
+disp("R_of = R_c2 = 2.2 k-ohm")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.3/Example1_3.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.3/Example1_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..82cf281ab --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.3/Example1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 1.3
+clc
+disp("Given: beta = 0.04, Distortion with feedback = 3%, Distortion without feedback = 15%")
+d=15/3
+format(2)
+disp(d,"Therefore, D =")
+disp("where D = 1 + A*beta = 5")
+a=4/0.04
+format(4)
+disp(a,"Therefore, A =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.30/Example1_30.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.30/Example1_30.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..00ed3306d --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.30/Example1_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 1.30
+clc
+disp("(i) Voltage gain with feedback A_f = A_v/D")
+d=1+(0.02*100)
+format(2)
+disp(d,"Where, D = 1 + beta*A_v =")
+avf=100/3
+format(6)
+disp(avf,"Therefore, A_vf =")
+vf=0.02*33.33*40
+disp(vf,"(ii) Feedback voltage V_f(in mV) = beta*Vo = beta*A_vf*V_i =")
+vo=33.33*40*10^-3
+disp(vo,"(iii) Output voltage Vo(in V) = A_vi*V_i =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.31/Example1_31.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.31/Example1_31.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..59be35d3d --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.31/Example1_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 1.31
+disp("For beta = -0.01, D = 1+beta*A_v = 11")
+avf=-100/11
+format(5)
+disp(avf,"(i) Voltage gain A_vf = A_v/D =")
+rif=10*11
+disp(rif,"(ii) Input impedance R_if(in k-ohm) = R_i*D =")
+rof=20/11
+disp(rof,"(iii) Output impedance R_of(in k-ohm) = Ro/D =")
+disp("For beta = -0.01, D = 1+beta*A_v = 51")
+avf=-100/51
+disp(avf,"(i) Voltage gain A_vf = A_v/D =")
+rif=10*51
+disp(rif,"(ii) Input impedance R_if(in k-ohm) = R_i*D =")
+rof=20/51
+format(6)
+disp(rof,"(iii) Output impedance R_of(in k-ohm) = Ro/D =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.32/Example1_32.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.32/Example1_32.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1b01bca60 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.32/Example1_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +
+//Example 1.32
+clc
+disp("Voltage series feedback is the most commonly used feedback arrangement in cascaded amplifier. Voltage series feedback increases input resistance and decreases output resistance. Increase in input resistance reduces the loading effect of previous stage and decreses in output resistance reduces the loading effect of amplifier itself for driving the next stage.")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.33/Example1_33.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.33/Example1_33.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d571cdb10 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.33/Example1_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 1.33
+clc
+disp("We know that,")
+disp("A_vf = A_v / 1+beta*A_v")
+disp("Therefore, A_vf + beta*A_v*A_vf = A_v")
+b=20/2400
+format(8)
+disp(b,"Therefore, beta = A_v-A_vf / A_v*A_vf =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.34/Example1_34.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.34/Example1_34.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ca13ac9d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.34/Example1_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 1.34
+clc
+disp("Given: A_v mid = 40, f_L = 100 Hz, f_H = 15 kHz and beta = 0.01")
+avf=400/(1+(0.01*400))
+format(3)
+disp(avf,"(i) A_vf = A_v mid / 1+beta*A_v mid =")
+flf=100/(1+(0.01*400))
+disp(flf,"(ii) f_Lf = f_L / 1+beta*A_v mid =")
+fhf=(15)*(1+(0.01*400)) // in kHz
+disp(fhf,"(iii) f_Hf(in kHz) = f_H * (1+beta*A_v mid) =")
+bw=75-0.02 // in kHz
+format(6)
+disp(bw,"(iv) New Bandwidth(in kHz) = f_Hf - f_Lf =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.4/Example1_4.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.4/Example1_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..53a1f24e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.4/Example1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 1.4
+clc
+disp("(a) Gain with feedback")
+format(5)
+av=1000/(1+(0.05*1000))
+disp(av," AV_mid = Av_mid / 1+beta*Av_mid =")
+flf=50/(1+(0.05*1000)) // in Hz
+disp(flf,"(b) f_Lf(in Hz) = f_L / 1+beta*Av_mid =")
+fhf=((50*10^3)*(1+(0.05*1000)))*10^-6 // in MHz
+disp(fhf,"(c) f_Hf(in MHz) = f_H * (1+beta*Av_mid) =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.5/Example1_5.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.5/Example1_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7b1731c8e --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.5/Example1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 1.5
+clc
+disp("(a) beta: -40 = 20*log[1+beta*A]")
+disp("Therefore, 1+beta*A = 100")
+b=99/1000
+format(6)
+disp(b,"Therefore, beta =")
+disp("Gain of the amplifier with feedback is given as")
+avf=1000/100
+disp(avf," A_Vf = A_V / 1+beta*A_V =")
+disp("(b) To maintain output power 10 W, we should maintain output voltage constant and to maintain output constant with feedback gain required Vs is")
+vsf=10*100*10^-3 // in V
+disp(vsf," V_sf(in V) = Vs * 100 =")
+disp("(c) Second harmonic distortion is reduced by factor 1 + beta*A")
+d2f=(0.1/100)*100 // in percentage
+disp(d2f," D_2f(in percentage) = D_2 / 1+beta*A =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.6/Example1_6.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.6/Example1_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9d934fcc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.6/Example1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 1.6
+clc
+disp("(a) We know that")
+disp(" dAf/Af = 0.1/1+beta*A * dA/A")
+disp("Therefore, 1+beta*A = 37.5")
+b=(36.5/2000)*100 // in percentage
+format(6)
+disp(b,"Therefore, beta(in percentage) =")
+af=2000/(1+(0.01825*2000))
+disp(af,"(b) Af = A / 1+beta*A =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.7/Example1_7.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.7/Example1_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..27dd0750f --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.7/Example1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Example 1.7
+clc
+disp("The voltage gain of the amplifier with feedback is given as,")
+disp("A_vf = A / 1+A*beta where beta = 0.1 and A = 100")
+avf=100/(1+(100*0.1))
+format(5)
+disp(avf,"Therefore, A_vf =")
+disp("The bandwidth of an amplifier with feedback is given by,")
+disp("B_wf = (1+A_mid*beta)f_H - f_L/(1+A_mid*beta)")
+disp("Assuming f_H >> f_L we have")
+disp("B_w = f_H and B_wf = (1+A_mid*beta)B_w")
+bwf=(1+(100*0.1))*300
+disp(bwf,"Therefore, B_wf(in kHz) =")
+disp("The gain bandwidth product before feedback can be given as")
+gbp=100*300*10^3
+format(7)
+disp(gbp,"Gain bandwidth product = A_v*B_w =")
+gbpf=9.09*3300*10^3
+disp(gbpf,"Gain bandwidth product after feedback= A_vf*B_wf =")
+disp("If bandwidth is to be limited to 800 kHz we have f_Hf = 800 kHz assuming f_Hf >> f_Lf")
+disp("We know that")
+disp("B_wf = (1+A_vmid*beta)*f_H")
+b=((8/3)-1)/100
+format(8)
+disp(b,"Therefore, beta =")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.8/Example1_8.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.8/Example1_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..34cff476e --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.8/Example1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 1.8
+clc
+disp("For the above circuit voltage gain with feedback is given as")
+disp("A_f = A1[A2/1+A2*B2] / 1+A1[A2/1+A2B2]B1")
+disp("(i) deltaA_f = | A1[A2/1+A2*B2]/1+A1[A2/1+A2B2]B1 - |A1-deltaA_i|[A2/1+A2*B2]/1+|A1-deltaA_i|[A2/1+A2B2]B1 |")
+disp("(ii) deltaA_f = | A1[A2/1+A2*B2]/1+A1[A2/1+A2B2]B1 - A1[|A2-deltaA2|/1+|A2-deltaA2|*B2]/1+A1[|A2-deltaA2|/1+|A2-deltaA2|B2]B1 |")
diff --git a/1691/CH1/EX1.9/Example1_9.sce b/1691/CH1/EX1.9/Example1_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cb075cc58 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH1/EX1.9/Example1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 1.9
+clc
+disp("The voltage gain with feedback can be given as")
+avf=4000/(1+(4000*0.05))
+format(5)
+disp(avf,"A_vf = A_v / 1+A_v*beta =")
+disp("In a voltage series feedback input resistance with feedback is given as")
+rif=2*(1+(0.05*4000))
+disp(rif,"R_if(in k-ohm) = R_i(1+beta*A_v) =")
+rof=(60*10^3)/(1+(0.05*4000))
+format(6)
+disp("In a voltage series feedback output resistance with feedback is given as")
+disp(rof,"R_of(in ohm) = Ro / 1+beta*A_v =")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.1/exmp2_1.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.1/exmp2_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..457f479fa --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.1/exmp2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//example 2.1
+clc
+disp("From the given information we can write,")
+disp(" A = -16*10^6/j*omega and beta = 10^3/[2*10^3+j*omega]^2")
+disp("To verify the Barkhausen condition means to verify whether |A*beta| = 1 at a frequency for which A*beta = 0 degree. Let us express, A*beta in its rectangluar form.")
+disp(" A*beta = -16*10^6*10^3 / j*omega*[2*10^3+j*omega]^2 = -16*10^9 / j*omega*[4*10^6+4*10^3*j*omega+(j*omega)^2]")
+disp(" = -16*10^9 / j*omega*[4*10^6+4*10^3*j*omega-omega^2] as j*2 = -1")
+disp(" = -16*10^9 / 4*10^6*j*omega+4*10^3*j^2*omega^2-j*omega^3]")
+disp(" = -16*10^9 / j*omega*[4*10^6-omega^2]-[omega^2*4*10^3]")
+disp("Rationalising the denominator function we get,")
+disp(" A*beta = -16*10^9[-omega^2*4*10^3 - j*omega*[4*10^6-omega^2]] / [-[omega^2*4*10^3]-j*omega*[4*10^6-omega^2]]*[-omega^2*4*10^3 - j*omega*[4*10^6-omega^2]]")
+disp("Using (a-b)(a+b) = a^2 - b^2 in the denominator,")
+disp(" A*beta = 16*10^9[omega^2*4*10^3+j*omega*[4*10^6-omega^2]] / [-omega^2*4*10^3]^2 - [j*omega*[4*10^6-omega^2]^2")
+disp(" A*beta = 16*10^9[omega^2*4*10^3+j*omega*[4*10^6-omega^2]] / 16*10^6*omega^4 + omega^2(4*10^6-omega^2)^2")
+disp("Now to have A*beta = 0 degree, the imaginary part of A*beta must be zero. This is possible when,")
+disp("Therefore, omega*(4*10^6 - omega^2) = 0")
+disp("Therefore, omega = 0 or 4*10^6 - omega^2 = 0")
+disp("Therefore, omega^2 = 4*10^6 Neglecting zero value of frequency")
+disp("Therefore, omega = 2*10^3 rad/sec")
+disp("At this frequency |A*beta| can be obtained as,")
+disp(" |A*beta| = 16*10^9[4*10^3*omega^2] / 16*10^6*omega^4+omega^2[4*10^6-omega^2]^2 at omega = 2*10^3")
+ab=(2.56*10^20)/(2.56*10^20)
+disp(ab," |A*beta| =")
+disp("Therefore, At omega = 2*10^3 rad/sec, A*beta = 0 degree as imaginary part is zero while |A*beta| = 1. Thus Barkhausen Criterion is satisfied.")
+disp("The frequency at which circuit will oscillate is the value of omega for which |A*beta| = 1 and A*beta = 0 degree at the same time")
+disp("i.e. omega = 2*10^3 rad/sec")
+disp("But omega = 2*pi*f")
+f=(2*10^3)/(2*%pi) // in Hz
+format(9)
+disp(f,"Therefore, f(in Hz) = omega / 2pi =")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.10/exmp2_10.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.10/exmp2_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..660946b2d --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.10/exmp2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 2.10
+clc
+disp("L1 = 20 uH, L2 = 2 mH")
+leq=(20*10^-6)+(2*10^-3)
+format(10)
+disp(leq,"Therefore, L_eq(in H) = L1 + L2 =")
+disp("For f = f_max = 2.5 MHz")
+disp("f = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(C*L_eq)")
+c=(1/(((2*%pi*2.5*10^6)^2)*(2.002*10^-3)))*10^12
+format(7)
+disp(c,"Therefore, C(in pF) =")
+disp("For f = f_min = 1 MHz")
+c=(1/(((2*%pi*1*10^6)^2)*(2.002*10^-3)))*10^12
+format(8)
+disp(c,"Therefore, C(in pF) =")
+disp("This C must be varied from 2.0244 pF to 12.6525 pF")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.11/exmp2_11.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.11/exmp2_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d86b6e8ed --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.11/exmp2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 2.11
+clc
+disp("The equivalent capacitance is given by,")
+ceq=(150*1.5*10^-21)/((150*10^-12)+(1.5*10^-9)) // in F
+format(12)
+disp(ceq," C_eq(in F) = C1*C2 / C1+C2 =")
+disp("Now, f = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L*C_eq)")
+f=(1/(2*%pi*sqrt(50*136.363*10^-18)))*10^-6 // in MHz
+format(6)
+disp(f," f(in MHz) =")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.12/exmp2_12.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.12/exmp2_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fb07d2a1e --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.12/exmp2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 2.12
+clc
+disp("The given values are,")
+disp(" L = 100 uH, C1 = C2 = C and f = 500 kHz")
+disp("Now, f = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L*C_eq)")
+ceq=1/(4*(%pi^2)*(100*10^-6)*((500*10^3)^2)) // in F
+format(11)
+disp(ceq,"Therefore, C_eq(in F) =")
+disp("but C_eq = C1*C2 / C1+C2 and C1 = C2 = C")
+disp("Therefore, C_eq = C / 2")
+c=1.0132*2
+format(6)
+disp(c,"Therefore, C(in nF) =")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.13/exmp2_13.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.13/exmp2_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..aa5729bb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.13/exmp2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 2.13
+clc
+disp("Given, C1 = 100 pF, C2 = 50 pF, f = 10 MHz, L = ?")
+ceq=(5000*10^-24)/(150*10^-12)
+format(10)
+disp(ceq,"C_eq(in F) = C1*C2 / C1+C2 = ")
+disp("f = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L*C_eq)")
+l=(1/(4*(%pi^2)*(33.33*10^-12)*((10*10^6)^2)))*10^6 // in F
+format(4)
+disp(l,"Therefore, L(in uH) =")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.14/exmp2_14.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.14/exmp2_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3fc2e04e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.14/exmp2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 2.14
+clc
+disp("For a tuned collector oscillator,")
+disp("f_r = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L*C)")
+disp("where L = 30 uH and f_r to be varied 300 kHz to 1.5 MHz")
+disp("For f_r = 300 kHz")
+c1=(1/(4*(%pi^2)*(30*10^-6)*((300*10^3)^2)))*10^9 // in nF
+format(7)
+disp(c1,"Therefore, C1(in nF) =")
+disp("For f_r = 1.5 MHz")
+c2=(1/(4*(%pi^2)*(30*10^-6)*((1.5*10^6)^2)))*10^12 // in pF
+format(8)
+disp(c2,"Therefore, C2(in pF) =")
+disp("Hence C must be varied over 375.264 pF to 9.3816 nF, to achieve frequency variations")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.15/exmp2_15.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.15/exmp2_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b3da1eb8c --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.15/exmp2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 2.15
+clc
+fs=(1/(2*%pi*sqrt(0.4*0.085*10^-12)))*10^-6 // in MHz
+format(6)
+disp(fs,"(i) f_s(in MHz) = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L*C) =")
+ceq=0.085/1.085 // in pF
+disp(ceq,"(ii) C_eq(in pF) = C*C_M / C+C_M =")
+fp=(1/(2*%pi*sqrt(0.4*0.078*10^-12)))*10^-6 // in MHz (the answer in textbook is wrong)
+disp(fp,"Therefore, f_p(in MHz) = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L*C_eq) =")
+inc=((0.899-0.856)/0.856)*100 // in percentage
+disp(inc,"(iii) %increase =")
+q=(2*%pi*0.4*0.856*10^6)/(5*10^3)
+format(8)
+disp(q,"(iv) Q = omega_s*L / R = 2*pi*f_s*L / R =")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.16/exmp2_16.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.16/exmp2_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d9c65d6f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.16/exmp2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 2.16
+clc
+disp(" C_M = 2 pF")
+fs=(1/(2*%pi*sqrt(2*0.01*10^-12)))*10^-6 // in MHz
+format(6)
+disp(fs,"Now f_s(in MHz) = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L*C) =")
+ceq=(2*0.01*10^-24)/(2.01*10^-12) // in F
+format(9)
+disp(ceq," C_eq(in F) = C_M*C / C_M+C =")
+fp=(1/(2*%pi*sqrt(2*9.95*10^-15)))*10^-6 // in MHz
+format(6)
+disp(fp," f_p = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L*C_eq) =")
+disp("So f_s and f_p values are almost same.")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.17/exmp2_17.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.17/exmp2_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..41851bfb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.17/exmp2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 2.17
+clc
+disp("R = 6 k-ohm, C = 1500 pF, R_C = 18 k-ohm")
+k=18/6
+disp(k,"Now K = R_C / R =")
+disp("Therefore, f = 1 / 2*pi*R*C*sqrt(6+4K)")
+f=(1/(2*%pi*(6*10^3)*(1500*10^-12)*sqrt(6+12)))*10^-3 // in kHZ
+format(6)
+disp(f," f(in kHz) =")
+hfe=(4*3)+23+(29/3)
+disp(hfe," (h_fe)min = 4K + 23 + 29/K =")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.18/exmp2_18.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.18/exmp2_18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1b0d57d82 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.18/exmp2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 2.18
+clc
+disp("Refering to equation(1) of section 4.5.3, the input impedance is given by,")
+disp("R''_i = R1 || R2 || h_ie")
+disp("Now R1 = 25 k-ohm, R2 = 47 k-ohm, and h_ie = 2 k-ohm")
+format(7)
+ri=(25*47*2)/((47*2)+(25*2)+(25*47)) // in k-ohm
+disp(ri,"Therefore, R''_i(in k-ohm) =")
+disp(" K = R_C / R")
+disp("Now R_C = 10 k-ohm ...given")
+disp("Now f = 1 / 2*pi*R*C*sqrt(6+4K)")
+disp("Therefore, R*sqrt(6+4K) = 31830.989")
+disp("Now K = R_C / R = 10*10^3 / R")
+disp("Therefore, R*sqrt(6+(40*10*10^3/R)) = 31830.989")
+disp("Therefore, R^2*(6+(40*10*10^3/R)) = (31830.989)^2")
+R=poly(0,'R')
+p1=6*R^2+(40*10^3)*R-(31830.989)^2
+t1=roots(p1)
+ans1=t1(1)
+format(6)
+disp((-ans1)*10^-3,"Therefore, R(in k-ohm)= Neglecting negative value")
+k=10/16.74
+format(7)
+disp(k,"Therefore, K = R_C / R =")
+disp("Therefore, h_fe >= 4K + 23 + 29/K")
+hfe=(4*0.5973)+23+(29/0.5973)
+format(6)
+disp(hfe," h_fe >=")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.19/exmp2_19.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.19/exmp2_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..67c199977 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.19/exmp2_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 2.19
+clc
+ceq=((0.02*12*10^-24)/(12.02*10^-12))*10^12 // in pF
+format(8)
+disp(ceq," C_eq(in pF) = C1*C2 / C1+C2 =")
+fs=(1/(2*%pi*sqrt(50*0.02*10^-15)))*10^-6 // in MHz
+format(7)
+disp(fs,"Therefore, f_s(in MHz) = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L*C1) =")
+fp=(1/(2*%pi*sqrt(50*0.01996*10^-15)))*10^-6 // in MHz
+format(7)
+disp(fp,"Therefore, f_p(in MHz) = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L*C_eq) =")
+disp("Let C_s = 5 pF connected across the crystal")
+c2=12+5
+disp(c2,"Therefore, C''2(in pF) = C2 + C_x =")
+format(10)
+ceq1=0.019976
+disp(ceq1,"Therefore, C''_eq(in pF) = C1*C''2 / C1+C''2 =")
+fp1=5.03588
+disp(fp1,"Therefore, f''_p(in MHz) = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L*C_eq) =")
+disp("New C_x = 6 pF is connected then,")
+c21=12+6
+disp(c21," C''''2(in pF) = C2 + C_x =")
+ceq2=0.0199778
+disp(ceq2,"Therefore, C''''_eq(in pF) = C1*C''''2 / C1+C''''2 =")
+fp2=5.035716
+disp(fp2,"Therefore, f''''_p(in MHz) = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L*C''''_eq) =")
+c=(5.03588-5.035716)*10^6
+disp(c,"Therefore, Change(in Hz) = f''_p - f''''_p =")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.2/exmp2_2.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.2/exmp2_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6cba5ebf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.2/exmp2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 2.2
+clc
+disp("Refering to equation(1),")
+ri=(25*57*1.8)/((57*1.8)+(25*1.8)+(25*57)) // in k-ohm
+format(6)
+disp(ri," R''_i(in k-ohm) = R1 || R2 || h_ie =")
+disp("Now R''_i + R3 = R")
+r3=7.1-1.631 // in k-ohm
+format(5)
+disp(r3,"Therefore, R3(in k-ohm) = R - R''_i =")
+k=20/7.1
+format(6)
+disp(k," K = R_C / R =")
+disp("Now f = 1 / 2*pi*R*C*sqrt(6+4K)")
+c=(1/(sqrt(6+(4*2.816))*2*%pi*7.1*10*10^6))*10^12 // in pF
+format(8)
+disp(c,"Therefore, C(in pF) =")
+disp(" h_fe >= 4K + 23 + 29/K")
+hfe=(4*2.816)+23+(29/2.816)
+format(7)
+disp(hfe," h_fe >=")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.20/exmp2_20.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.20/exmp2_20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5eaf8dba8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.20/exmp2_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 2.20
+clc
+ri=(22*68*2)/((68*2)+(22*2)+(22*68))
+format(7)
+disp(ri,"R''_i(in k-ohm) = R1 || R2 || h_fe =") //answer in textbook is wrong
+disp("Now R''_i + R3 = R")
+r3=6.8-1.8243
+disp(r3,"Therefore, R3(in k-ohm) = R - R''_i =")
+k=20/6.8
+disp(k,"K = R_C / R =")
+disp("Therefore, f = 1 / 2*pi*RC*sqrt(6+4K)")
+c=(1/(2*%pi*6.8*50*sqrt(6+(4*2.9411))*10^6))*10^12
+format(8)
+disp(c,"Therefore, C(in pF) =")
+hfe=(4*2.9411)+23+(29/2.9411)
+disp(hfe,"And h_fe >= 4 K + 23 + 29/K >=")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.21/exmp2_21.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.21/exmp2_21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..801dac7fc --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.21/exmp2_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 2.21
+clc
+disp("The frequency of the oscillator is given by,")
+disp(" f = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(R1*R2*C1*C2)")
+disp("For f = 20 kHz,")
+r2=(1/(4*(%pi^2)*((20*10^3)^2)*(10*10^3)*((0.001*10^-6)^2)))*10^-3
+format(5)
+disp(r2,"Therefore, R2(in k-ohm) =")
+disp("For f = 70 kHz,")
+r2=(1/(4*(%pi^2)*((70*10^3)^2)*(10*10^3)*((0.001*10^-6)^2)))*10^-3
+format(6)
+disp(r2,"Therefore, R2(in k-ohm) =")
+disp("So minimum value of R2 is 0.517 k-ohm while the maximum value of R2 is 6.33 k-ohm")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.22/exmp2_22.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.22/exmp2_22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..33e79798f --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.22/exmp2_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 2.22
+clc
+disp("For a Hartley oscillator,")
+disp(" f = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L_eq*C) where L_eq = L1 + L2 + 2M")
+leq=(1/(4*(%pi^2)*((168*10^3)^2)*(50*10^-12)))*10^3 // in mH
+format(6)
+disp(leq,"Therefore, L_eq(in mH) =")
+l2=((17.95*10^-3)-(15*10^-3)-(5*10^-6))*10^3 // in mH
+disp(l2,"Therefore, L2(in mH) =")
+hfe=((15*10^-3)+(5*10^-6))/((2.945*10^-3)+(5*10^-6))
+format(5)
+disp(hfe,"Now h_fe = L1+M / L2+M =")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.24/exmp2_24.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.24/exmp2_24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..afe8a857a --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.24/exmp2_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Example 2.24
+clc
+disp("(i) Assume one perticular coupling direction for which,")
+disp(" L_eq = L1 + L2 + 2M = 0.25 mH")
+format(8)
+f=(1/(2*%pi*sqrt(0.25*100*10^-15)))*10^-6 // in MHz
+disp(f,"Therefore, f(in MHz) = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L_eq*C) =")
+disp("Let the direction of coupling is reversed,")
+disp(" L_eq = L1 + L2 - 2M = 0.15 mH")
+fd=(1/(2*%pi*sqrt(0.15*100*10^-15)))*10^-6 // in MHz
+format(7)
+disp(fd,"Therefore, f''(in MHz) = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L_eq*C) =")
+pc=((1.2994-1.00658)/1.00658)*100 // in percentage
+format(6)
+disp(pc,"Therefore, % change = f''-f/f * 100 =")
+disp("(ii) Let us assume direction of coupling such that,")
+disp(" L_eq = L1 + L2 + 2M = 0.25 mH")
+disp(" C_t = Trim capacitor = 100 pF")
+disp("Therefore, C_eq = C*C_t / C+C_t = 50 pF")
+f1=(1/(2*%pi*sqrt(0.25*50*10^-15)))*10^-6 // in MHz
+format(7)
+disp(f1,"Therefore, f = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L_eq*C_eq) =")
+disp("If now direction of coupling is reversed,")
+disp(" L_eq = L1 + L2 - 2M = 0.15 mH")
+f2=(1/(2*%pi*sqrt(0.15*50*10^-15)))*10^-6 // in MHz
+format(8)
+disp(f2,"Therefore, f'' = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L_eq*C_eq) =")
+pc1=((1.83776-1.4235)/1.4235)*100
+format(7)
+disp(pc1,"Therefore, % change = f''-f/f * 100 =")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.25/exmp2_25.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.25/exmp2_25.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c34d3ea1f --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.25/exmp2_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 2.25
+clc
+disp("For RC phase shhift oscillator,")
+disp(" h_fe = 4K + 23 + 29/K ...given h_fe = 150")
+disp("Therefore, 150 = 4K + 23 + 29/K")
+disp("Therefore, 4K^2 - 127K + 29 = 0")
+K=poly(0,'K')
+p1=4*K^2-127*K+29
+t1=roots(p1)
+format(6)
+disp(t1,"Therefore, K =")
+disp(" f = 1 / 2*pi*R*C*sqrt(6+4K) ...given f = 5 kHz")
+disp("Therefore,Choose C = 100 pF")
+r=(1/(2*%pi*(1000*10^-12)*(5*10^3)*sqrt(6+(4*0.23))))*10^-3 // in k-ohm
+format(3)
+disp(r,"Therefore, R(in k-ohm) =")
+disp(" K = R_C / R i.e. R_C = KR = 2.7 k-ohm")
+disp("Neglecting effect of biasing resistances assuming them to be large and selecting transistor with h_ie = 2 k-ohm")
+disp(" R''_i = h_ie = 2 k-ohm")
+disp("Therefore,Last resistance in phase network")
+r3=12-2
+disp(r3," R3 = R - R''_i =")
+disp("Using the back to back connected zener diodes of 9.3 V (Vz) each at the output of emitter follower and using this at the output of the oscillator, the output amplitude can be controlled to 10 V i.e. 20 V peak to peak. The zener diode 9.3V and forward biased diode of 0.7 V gives total 10 V")
+disp("The designed circuit is shown in fig.2.58")
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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.26/exmp2_26.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.26/exmp2_26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..be3de8c3f --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.26/exmp2_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Example 2.26
+clc
+disp("(1) f = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L*C_eq)")
+ceq=(100*500)/600
+format(7)
+disp(ceq,"Where C_eq(in pF) = C1*C2 / C1+C2 =")
+f=(1/(2*%pi*sqrt(40*83.333*10^-15)))*10^-3
+format(8)
+disp(f,"f(in kHz) =")
+disp("(2) The input voltage is not required for the oscillator. The feedback voltage, which is the part of the output voltage is enough to drive the oscillator")
+disp("V0 = 10 V")
+disp("For Colpitts oscillator, gain = C2 / C1")
+gain=500/100
+disp(gain,"Therefore, Gain =")
+fv=10/5
+disp(fv,"Therefore, Feedback voltage(in V) = V0 / Gain =")
+disp("(3) Minimum gain = C2/C1 = 5")
+disp("h_fe(min) = C2/C1 = 5")
+disp("(4) Gain = 10 = C2/C1")
+c1=500/10
+disp(c1,"Therefore, C1(in pF) =")
+disp("(5) For C1 = 50 pF and C2 = 500 pF")
+ceq=(50*500)/550
+format(8)
+disp(ceq,"Where C_eq(in pF) = C1*C2 / C1+C2 =")
+f=(1/(2*%pi*sqrt(40*45.4545*10^-15)))*10^-3
+disp(f,"f(in kHz) = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L*C_eq) =")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.27/exmp2_27.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.27/exmp2_27.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c46038c5d --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.27/exmp2_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//Example 2.27
+clc
+disp("The frequency required is, f = 1 MHz and for FET, u = 20")
+disp("Now u = C2/C1 for oscillations")
+disp("Therefore, 20 = C2/C1")
+disp("Therefore, C2 = 20*C1 ....(1)")
+disp("Let C1 = 0.01 uF hence C2 = 0.2 uF")
+ceq=((0.01*0.2)/(0.21))*10^3
+format(7)
+disp(ceq,"Therefore, C_eq(in nF) = C1*C2 / C1+C2 =")
+disp("Now f = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L*C_eq)")
+l=(1/(((2*%pi*1*10^6)^2)*(9.5238*10^-9)))*10^6
+format(5)
+disp(l,"Therefore, L(in uH) =")
+disp("The baising resistances can be selected as,")
+disp("R1 = 12 M-ohm and R2 = 8 M-ohm")
+disp("These resistances must be large")
+disp("The designed circuit is shown in the fig 2.59")
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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.28/exmp2_28.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.28/exmp2_28.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a6935cd00 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.28/exmp2_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 2.28
+clc
+leq=500+5000+600
+format(5)
+disp(leq,"L_eq(in uH) = L1 + L2 + 2M =")
+f=(1/(2*%pi*sqrt(150*6100*10^-18)))*10^-3
+format(9)
+disp(f,"f(in kHz) = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(C*L_eq) =")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.29/exmp2_29.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.29/exmp2_29.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..65e2abac5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.29/exmp2_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 2.29
+clc
+disp("L_s = 0.8 H, C_s = 0.08 pF, R_s = 5 k-ohm, C_M = 1 pF")
+fs=(1/(2*%pi*sqrt(0.8*0.08*10^-12)))*10^-3
+format(9)
+disp(fs,"f_s(in kHz) = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(C_s*L_s) =")
+ceq=(0.08*10^-12)/1.08
+format(11)
+disp(ceq,"C_eq(in F) = C_M*C_s / C_M+C_s =")
+fp=(1/(2*%pi*sqrt(0.8*7.4074*10^-14)))*10^-3
+format(9)
+disp(fp,"Therefore, f_p(in kHz) = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(C*L_eq) =")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.3/exmp2_3.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.3/exmp2_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bb72c16d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.3/exmp2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +//Example 2.3
+clc
+disp("The given values are, R = 4.7 k-ohm and C = 0.47 uF")
+f=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(6)*(4.7*10^3)*(0.47*10^-6)) // in Hz
+format(7)
+disp(f," f(in Hz) = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(6)*R*C =")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.31/exmp2_31.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.31/exmp2_31.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bf78deb0e --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.31/exmp2_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 2.31
+clc
+disp("The series and parallel resonating frequencies are,")
+disp("f_s = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(C*L) while f_p = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L*C_eq)")
+disp("f_p/f_s = 1/2*pi*sqrt(L*C_eq) * 2*pi*sqrt(LC) = sqrt(c/C_eq) but C_eq = C*C_M/C+C_M")
+fp=sqrt(1+(0.04/2))
+format(8)
+disp(fp,"f_p/f_s = sqrt(C/(C*C_M/C+C_M)) = sqrt(C*(C+C_M)/C*C_M) = sqrt(1+(C/C_M)) =")
+disp("f_p = 1.00995*f_s")
+inc=0.00995*100
+disp(inc,"Therefore, %increase = (1.00995*f_s-f_s / f_s)*100 =")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.32/exmp2_32.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.32/exmp2_32.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c1d0f0e12 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.32/exmp2_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//Example 2.32
+clc
+disp("C = 20 pF, L2 = 1000 uH, L1 = 100 uH, M = 20 uH")
+leq=100+1000+40
+format(5)
+disp(leq,"Therefore, L_eq(in uH) = L1 + L2 + 2M =")
+f=(1/(2*%pi*sqrt(1140*20*10^-18)))*10^-6
+format(6)
+disp(f,"Therefore, f(in MHz) = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L_eq*C) =")
+disp("The feedback fraction beta is given by,")
+b=100/1100
+format(7)
+disp(b,"beta = V_f/V0 = X_L1 / X_L1+X_L2 = L1 / L1+L2 =")
+disp("It is a Hartley oscillator")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.33/exmp2_33.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.33/exmp2_33.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a58718a58 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.33/exmp2_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 2.33
+clc
+disp("Using the expression of the frequency,")
+disp("f = 1 / 2*pi*RC*sqrt(6)")
+c=(1/(2*%pi*10*sqrt(6)*10^6))*10^9
+format(7)
+disp(c,"Therefore, C(in nF) =")
+disp("For FET phase shift oscillator,")
+disp("|A| = g_m*R_L and |A| >= 29")
+rl=(29/5000)*10^3
+format(4)
+disp(rl,"Therefore, g_m*R_L >= 29 i.e. R_L(in k-ohm) >=")
+disp("With R_L = 5.8 k-ohm,")
+disp("R_L = R_D*r_d / R_D+r_d")
+rd=40/5.8965
+format(7)
+disp(rd,"Therefore, R_D(in k-ohm) =")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.34/exmp2_34.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.34/exmp2_34.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c6469849e --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.34/exmp2_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 2.34
+clc
+disp("The name of the oscillator is Pierce oscillator")
+disp("C1 = 1000 pF, C2 = 100 pF, f_s = 1 MHz")
+ceq=(1000*100*10^-12)/1100
+format(11)
+disp(ceq,"C_eq(in F) = C1*C2 / C1+C2 =")
+disp("At resonance, X_L = X_Ceq i.e. 2*pi*f*L = 1 / 2*pi*f*C_eq")
+l=(1/(((2*%pi*10^6)^2)*(90.909*10^-12)))*10^6
+format(4)
+disp(l,"Therefore, L(in uH) = 1/(2*pi*f)^2*C_eq =")
+disp("The fig 2.61(a) shows the electrical equivalent of the crystal")
+disp("At series resonance,")
+disp("X_L = X_C for crystal")
+disp("Therefore, C = 90.909 pF for crystal")
+disp("The mounting capacitance is about 1 to 2 pF")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.36/exmp2_36.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.36/exmp2_36.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..71fefb29b --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.36/exmp2_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 2.36
+clc
+disp("f = 2 kHz")
+disp("f = 1/ 2*pi*R*c*sqrt(6) ...For phase shift oscillator")
+disp("Choose C = 1 nF")
+r=(1/(2*%pi*2*sqrt(6)*10^-6))*10^-3
+format(7)
+disp(r,"Therefore, r(in k-ohm) =")
+disp("Select FET with g_m = 5000 us and r_d = 50 k-ohm")
+disp("For phase shift oscillator, |A| >= 29 and |A| = g_m*R_L")
+disp("Therefore, g_m*R_L >= 29")
+rl=(29/(5000*10^-6))*10^-3
+disp(rl,"i.e. R_L(in k-ohm) >= 29/g_m >=")
+disp("Select R_L = 6.8 k-ohm")
+disp("But R_L = R_D*r_d / R_D+r_d")
+rd=7.87
+disp(rd,"Therefore, R_D(in k-ohm) =")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.4/exmp2_4.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.4/exmp2_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..15d1dc18f --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.4/exmp2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 2.4
+clc
+disp("f = 1 kHz")
+disp("Now f = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(6)*R*C")
+disp("Choose C = 0.1 uF")
+r=1/(sqrt(6)*2*%pi*0.1*1*10^-3) // in ohm
+format(8)
+disp(r,"Therefore, R(in ohm) = ")
+disp("Choose R = 680 ohm standard value")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.5/exmp2_5.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.5/exmp2_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ef10188dd --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.5/exmp2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 2.5
+clc
+disp("Using the expression for the frequency")
+disp("Now, f = 1 / 2*pi*R*C*sqrt(6)")
+f=(1/(sqrt(6)*2*%pi*9.7*5*10^6))*10^9 // in nF
+format(5)
+disp(f,"Therefore, C(in nF) =")
+disp("Now using the equation(27)")
+disp(" |A| = g_m * R_L")
+disp("Therefore, |A| >= 29")
+disp("Therefore, g_m * R_L >= 29")
+rl=(29/(5000*10^-6))*10^-3 // in k-ohm
+format(4)
+disp(rl,"Therefore, R_L(in k-ohm) >= 29 / g_m =")
+disp(" R_L = R_D*r_d / R_D+r_d")
+rd=(40)/4.8823
+format(5)
+disp(rd," Therefore, R_D(in k-ohm) = ")
+disp("While for minimum value of R_L = 5.8 k-ohm")
+disp(" R_D = 6.78 k-ohm")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.6/exmp2_6.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.6/exmp2_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..21b3f66c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.6/exmp2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//exmaple 2.6
+clc
+disp("The circuit is Wien bridge oscillator using op-amp. The gain of the op-amp is")
+a=1+3
+disp(a,"A = 1 + R3/R4 =")
+disp("So A > 3")
+disp("This satisfies the required oscillating condition. The feedback is given to non-inverting terminal ensuring the zero phase shift. Hence the circuit will work as the oscillator.")
+f=1/(2*%pi*5.1*0.001)
+format(8)
+disp(f,"f(in kHz) = 1 / 2*pi*R*C =")
+disp("This will be the frequency of oscillations")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.7/exmp2_7.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.7/exmp2_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..344dc89bb --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.7/exmp2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 2.7
+clc
+disp("The frequency of the oscillator is given by,")
+disp(" f = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(R1*R2*C1*C2)")
+disp("For f = 10 kHz,")
+r2=(1/(4*(%pi^2)*(100*10^6)*(10*10^3)*(0.001*10^-12))) // in k-ohm
+format(6)
+disp(r2,"Therefore, R2(in k-ohm) =")
+disp("For f = 50 kHz,")
+r2=(1/(4*(%pi^2)*(2500*10^6)*(10*10^3)*(0.001*10^-12))) // in k-ohm
+format(6)
+disp(r2,"Therefore, R2(in k-ohm) =")
+disp("So minimum value of R2 is 1.013 k-ohm while the maximum value of R2 is 25.33 k-ohm")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.8/exmp2_8.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.8/exmp2_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e3a51ab0f --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.8/exmp2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 2.8
+clc
+disp("The frequency is given by,")
+disp(" f = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(C*L_eq)")
+leq=(2*10^-3)+(20*10^-6)
+format(8)
+disp(leq,"where L_eq(in kHz) = L1 + L2 =")
+disp("For f = f_max = 2050 kHz")
+format(5)
+c=(1/(4*(%pi^2)*((2050*10^3)^2)*0.00202))*10^12 // in pF
+disp(c,"Therefore, C(in pF) =")
+disp("For f = f_min = 950 kHz")
+c=(1/(4*(%pi^2)*((950*10^3)^2)*0.00202))*10^12 // in pF
+format(6)
+disp(c,"Therefore, C(in pF) =")
+disp("Hence C must be varied from 2.98 pF to 13.89 pF, to get the required frequency variation.")
diff --git a/1691/CH2/EX2.9/exmp2_9.sce b/1691/CH2/EX2.9/exmp2_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e1dc2d99b --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH2/EX2.9/exmp2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 2.9
+clc
+disp("The given values are,")
+disp(" L1 = 0.5 mH, L2 = 1 mH, C = 0.2 uF")
+disp("Now f = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(C*L_eq)")
+leq=0.5+1 // in mH
+disp(leq,"and L_eq(in mH) = L1 + L2 =")
+f=(1/(2*%pi*sqrt(1.5*0.2*10^-9)))*10^-3 // in kHz
+format(5)
+disp(f,"Therefore, f(in kHz) =")
diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.1/exp3_1.sce b/1691/CH3/EX3.1/exp3_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c2d392d58 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.1/exp3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +//Example 3.1
+clc
+disp("The circuit is similar to the circuit shown in the fig 3.2. Assume that Q1 is OFF and Q2 is ON")
+disp("Case i : Junction voltages of ON transistor are neglected")
+disp("i.e. V_CE2 = 0 V and V_BE2 = 0 V")
+disp("As emitter is grounded we can say,")
+disp(" V_C2 = 0 V and V_B2 = 0")
+disp("Now draw the equivalent circuit in a part from base of Q1 to the collector of Q2 as shown in fig. 3.4(a)")
+vb1=-8*(10/60)
+format(5)
+disp(vb1,"Now V_B1(in V) = - V_BB * (R1 / R1+R2) =")
+disp("As V_B1 < V_BE (cut-off) i.e. 0.7 V, it ensures that Q1 is OFF. To verify whether Q2 is ON or not, calculate I_C2")
+i1=12/(2.2)
+disp(i1,"I1(in mA) = V_CC/R_C = ")
+i2=(8/60)
+format(6)
+disp(i2,"I2(in mA) = V_BB / R1+R2 = ")
+ic=5.45-0.133
+disp(ic,"Therefore, I_C2(in mA) = I1 - I2 =")
+ib=(5.316/30)*10^3
+disp(ib,"Therefore, (I_B2)min(in mA) = I_C2 / h_fe(min) =")
+disp("Now to calculate actual I_B2 and verify that I_B2 > I_B2(min) let us draw part of circuit showing collector of Q1 to base of Q2")
+disp("Now I3 = current through R_C and R1, as I_C1 = 0")
+i3=12/12.2
+format(7)
+disp(i3,"Therefore, I3(in mA) = V_CC / R_C+R1 = ...as V_B2 = 0 V")
+i4=8/50
+format(5)
+disp(i4,"and I4(in mA) = V_B2-V_BB / R2 =")
+ib2=0.9836-0.16
+format(7)
+disp(ib2,"Therefore, I_B2(in mA) = I3 - I4 =")
+disp("As I_B2 > I_B2(min), the transistor Q2 is indeed in saturation")
+vc1=12-(0.98396*2.2)
+format(6)
+disp(vc1,"Therefore, V_C1(in V) = V_CC - I3*R_C =")
+disp("Hence the stable state current and voltages are:")
+disp("I_C1 = 0 A I_C2 = 5.316 mA I_B1 = 0 A I_B2 = 0.8236 mA")
+disp("V_C1 = 9.836 V V_C2 = 0 V V_B1 = -1.33 V V_B2 = 0 V")
+disp("Output swing = V_C1 - V_C2")
+disp("Therefore, V_W = 9.836 V")
+disp("")
+disp("Case ii : V_CE(sat) = 0.2 V and V_BE(sat) = 0.7 V")
+disp("For the transistor Q2, as emitter is grounded, from these voltages we can write,")
+disp(" V_C2 = 0.2 V and V_B2 = 0.7 V")
+disp("Referring to fig 3.4(a), we can write the equations to obtain the stable state currents and voltages")
+disp("Now V_B1 will be due to V_BB and V_C2 hence using superposition principle, considering effect of each independently we can write,")
+vb1=(-8*(10/60))+(0.2*(50/60))
+format(5)
+disp(vb1,"V_B1 = -V_BB(R1 + R1+R2)|V_C2=0 + V_C2(R2 / R1+R2)|V_BB=0 =")
+i1=11.8/2.2
+disp(i1,"I1(in mA) = V_CC-V_C2 / R_C =")
+i2=8.2/60
+format(6)
+disp(i2,"I2(in mA) = V_C2+V_BB / R1+R2 =")
+ic2=5.36-0.136
+disp(ic2,"Therefore, I_C2(in mA) = I1 - I2 =")
+ib2=5.223/30
+disp(ib2,"Therefore, I_B2(min)(in mA) = I_C2 / h_fe(min) =")
+disp("To calculate I_B2, refer fig.3.4(b), with V_B2 = 0.7 V")
+i3=11.3/12.2
+disp(i3,"Therefore, I3(in mA) = V_CC-V_B1 / R_C+R1 =")
+i4=8.7/50
+disp(i4,"and I4(in mA) = V_B2-V_BB / R2 =")
+ib2=0.926-0.174
+disp(ib2,"Therefore, I_B2(in mA) = I3 - I4 =")
+vc1=12-(0.926*2.2)
+format(7)
+disp(vc1,"Therefore, V_C1(in V) = V_CC - I3*R_C =")
+disp("Hence the stable state current and voltages are:")
+disp("I_C1 = 0 A I_C2 = 5.223 mA I_B1 = 0 mA I_B2 = 0.752 mA")
+disp("V_C1 = 9.9628 V V_C2 = 0.2 V V_B1 = -1.16 V V_B2 = 0.7 V")
+vw=9.9628-0.2
+disp(vw,"V_W(in V) = V_C1 - V_C2 =")
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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.10/e3_10.sce b/1691/CH3/EX3.10/e3_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..765d8e221 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.10/e3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +//example3.10
+clc
+disp("The circuit of self biased binary is shown in the fig. 3.80")
+disp("Assume Q1 is OFF and Q2 is ON. As Q2 is in saturation,")
+disp("V_CE(sat)=V_CE2=0.4V")
+disp("V_BE(sat)=V_BE2=0.8V")
+disp("a) Calculation for the stable state currents and voltages")
+disp("Draw equilvalent circuit from base of Q1 to collector of Q2.")
+disp("Another equivalent circuit from collector of Q1 to base of Q2 is shown in the fig.3.81")
+disp("To calculate the various voltages, is necessary to calculate the currents I_c2, I_B2 for ON transistor Q2. The currents I_C1=I_B1=0 mA as Q1 is OFF.")
+disp("To obtain I_c2, I_B2 let us obtain. Thevenins equivalent once across collector and ground and other across base and ground, for ON transistor Q2.")
+disp("Consider Thevenins equivalent across collector of Q2 and ground as shown in the fig. 3.83(a) while Thevenins equivalent across base of Q2 and ground as shown in the fig. 3.83(b).")
+disp("Referring fig 3.83(a) we can write,")
+i=(20*45)/49.7
+format(7)
+disp(i,"V_oc(in volts)=I(R1+R2)=(V_cc*(R1+R2))/(R1+R2+R_c)=")
+r=(45*4.7)/(45+4.7)
+format(6)
+disp(r,"R_th(in k ohms) = (R1+R2)parallel to R_c with V_cc -N short =")
+disp("Referring fig 3.83(b),")
+v=(20*15)/(30+15+4.7)
+format(6)
+disp(v,"V_OC(in V)=I*R2=(V_CC * R2)/(R1+R2+R_c)=")
+t=(15*34.7)/(15+34.7)
+format(7)
+disp(t,"And, R_th(in k ohm)=R2 parallel to(R1+R2)=")
+disp("Applying KVL to base-emitter loop,")
+disp("-I_B2(10.473)-0.8-0.39(I_B2+I_C2)+6.036=0")
+disp("0.863(I_B2)+0.39(I_C2)=5.236")
+disp("I_B2+0.0359(I_C2)=0.482 Now multiply by 0.39,")
+disp("0.39(I_b2)+0.014(I_C2)=0.1879 ..(1)")
+disp("Applying KVL to collector emitter loop,")
+disp("(-I_C2)(4.255)-0.4-0.39(I_B2+I_C2)+18.108=0")
+disp("-0.39(I_B2)-4.645(I_c2)=-17.708 ..(2)")
+disp("Adding equations (1) and (2) we get,")
+disp("-4.631(I_C2)=-17.5201")
+c=(-17.5201)/(-4.631)
+format(6)
+disp(c,"I_C2(in mA)=")
+b=(-17.708+((4.645)*(3.783)))/(-0.39)
+disp(b,"and, I_B2(in mA)=")
+disp("From this, the various voltages can be obtained as,")
+v=((0.346+3.783))*(0.390)
+format(5)
+disp(v,"V_EN(in V)=(I_B2+I_C2)*R_E =")
+n=0.4+1.61
+disp(n,"V_CN2(in V)=(V_CE2+V_EN)=")
+b=0.8+1.61
+disp(b,"V_BN2(in V)=(V_BE2+V_EN)=")
+w=(2.01*15)/45
+disp(w,"V_BN1(in V)=(V_CN2*R2)/(R1+R2)=")
+v=0.67-1.61
+format(5)
+disp(v,"V_BE1(in V)=(V_BN1-V_EN)=0.61-1.61=")
+disp("For cut-off, V_BE1 is 0V given, but actually it is still less i.e. -0.94 V. This ensures that Q1 is still OFF.")
+a=(((20*30)/(4.7+30))+((2.41*4.7)/(4.7+30)))
+format(7)
+disp(a,"V_CN1(in V)=")
+disp("b) To find (h_fe)_min")
+disp("For the ON transistor Q2")
+disp("I_C2=3.783mA, I_B2=0.346mA")
+h=3.783/0.346
+format(3)
+disp(h,"Therefore, (h_fe)_min = (I_C2)/(I_B2)=")
+disp("Calculation of (I_CBO)_max")
+disp("To calculate (I_CBO)_max consider the circuit shown in the fig 3.85")
+disp("Obtain the Thevenins equivalent across terminal A and ground.The Thevenin voltage is V_A=V_B1=0.67 V")
+disp("Looking into terminals A and ground,")
+r=(34.7*15)/(34.7+15)
+format(7)
+disp(r,"R_th(in kohms)=(R_1+R_c)parallel to R2 =")
+disp("Hence Thevenin equivalent is: To find I_CBO_max, ")
+disp("V_BE(cut-off)=0V and V_EN =1.61 V ...Calculated earlier")
+disp("As V_BE= 0, base must be also at same potential as emitter with respect to ground.")
+disp("V_B1=V_EN=1.61 V for(I_CBO)_max,")
+o=(1.61-0.67)/(10.472*10^3)
+format(11)
+disp(o,"I_CBO_max(in A)=(V_B1-V_TH)/(R_TH)=")
+disp("This is the maximum I_CBO")
diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.11/e3_11.sce b/1691/CH3/EX3.11/e3_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0b212bbd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.11/e3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +//example3.11
+clc
+disp("For the npn silicon transistors,")
+disp("V_CE(sat)=0.3 V and V_BE(sat)=0.7 V = V_rho")
+disp("While V_BE(cut-in)=0.5 V= V_gamma ...Referring Table 3.1")
+i=(12-0.3-0.7+0.5)/(2000+200)
+format(6)
+disp(i,"(I''_B)(in mA)=(V_CC-V_CE(sat)-V_rho-V_gamma)/(R_c+r''_bb)=")
+disp("Hence the overshoot in base voltage of Q2 is:")
+d=(5.227*200*10^-3)+0.7-0.5
+format(7)
+disp(d,"delta(in V)=(I''_b*r''_bb)+(V_rho)-(V_gamma)=")
+v=12-(5.227*2)
+disp(v,"V_C1(in V)=(V_CC)-(I''_B*R_C)=")
+disp("These are the values of various voltages just after the circuit returns back to stable state i.e at t=T.")
+disp("The width of the output pulse")
+t=(0.69*20*10^3)*(1000*10^-12)
+format(11)
+disp(t,"T(in sec)=(0.69*20*10^-3)*(1000*10^-12)=")
+disp("The voltage waveforms at base of Q2, Q1 and collector of Q2, Q1 are shown in the fig 3.87 on previous page.")
+disp("The overshoot in V_C1 is (delta'') and is same as (delta) ")
+disp("Therefore, (delta'')=1.2454 V")
+f=(-(14.7*20*10^3)/(40*10^3))+((12*20*10^3)/(40*10^3))
+format(5)
+disp(f,"V_F(in V)=((-V_BB*R1)/(R1+R2))+((V_CC*R2)/(R1+R2))= ")
+disp("V_C2=V_CE(sat)=0.3 in stable state")
+c=(((12*20000)/(40000))+((54.692*2000)/(22000)))
+format(7)
+disp(c,"V_C2(in V)[in quasi-stable state]=((V_CC*R1)/(R1+R2))+((V_delta*R_C)/(R1+R_C))= ")
diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.13/exp3_13.sce b/1691/CH3/EX3.13/exp3_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..84da826cb --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.13/exp3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Exmaple 3.13
+clc
+disp("Assume Q1 is normally OFF and Q2 is ON")
+disp("The given waveform is at collector of Q1 i.e. V_C1")
+disp("Therefore, V_CE(sat) = 0.1 V and V_CC = 3 V")
+vc1=0.6-0.1
+format(4)
+disp(vc1,"The overshoot in V_C1(in V) = delta'' =")
+disp("delta = delta'' = 0.5 V")
+disp("For germanium, V_BE(sat) = V_0 = 0.3 V")
+disp("V_BE(cut-in) = V_Y = 0.1 V")
+disp("r''_bb = 200 ohm")
+disp("Now delta = I''_B*r''_bb + V0 + V_Y")
+ib=(0.3/200)*10^3
+disp(ib,"Therefore, I''_B(in mA) =")
+rc=(3-0.6)/(1.5)
+disp("While delta'' = V_CC - I_B''*R_C - V_CE(sat)")
+disp(rc,"Therefore, R_C(in k-ohm) =")
+disp("The waveform at base of Q2 is shown in fig 3.91")
diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.14/e3_14.sce b/1691/CH3/EX3.14/e3_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..96fff7ab6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.14/e3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +//example3.14
+clc
+disp("The duty cycle is given as 60% i.e. 0.6")
+disp("Therefore duty cylcle = T2/(T1+T2)")
+disp("Therefore 0.6=T2/(T1+T2)")
+disp("Therefore 0.6(T1+T2)=T2")
+disp("Therefore T1=0.66*T2")
+disp("f=1 kHz")
+t=1/(10^3)
+format(6)
+disp(t,"T(in sec)=1/(1*10^3)=")
+disp("Now, T=T1+T2")
+disp("Therefore T1+T2=1 msec")
+disp("Therefore 0.66T2+T2=1 msec")
+o=(10^-3)/1.66
+format(7)
+disp(o,"Therefore T2(in sec)=")
+t=1-0.6
+disp(t,"T1(in msec)=")
+disp("Consider the circuit diagram shown in the fig 3.92")
+disp("Assume Q2 ON and Q1 OFF")
+disp("For ON transistor, assuming npn silicon transistor,")
+disp("V_CE(sat)=V_C2=0.3V")
+disp("V_BE(sat)=V_B2=0.7V")
+disp("I_C(sat)=I_C2=2 mA")
+disp("(h_fe)_min=30")
+disp("I2=(V_CC-V_C2)/R_c")
+disp("Neglecting thriugh C1,")
+disp("I2=I_C2=2 mA")
+disp("Therefore, (2*10^-3)=(10-0.3)/R_C")
+r=9.7/(2*10^-3)
+disp(r,"Therefore R_C(in ohms)= ")
+h=(1.5*2)/30
+disp(h,"Now I_B2(in mA)=1.5*(I_B2)_min=1.5*(I_C2)/(h_fe)_min= ")
+disp("Now, I_B2=(V_cc-V_B2)/R2")
+r=9.3/(0.1*10^-3)
+disp(r,"Therefore R2(in ohms)=")
+disp("Now assume C1=C2=C")
+disp("Therefore T1=0.69(R1*C1) and T2=0.69(R2*C2)")
+disp("Therefore T2=0.69(R2*C)")
+c=(0.6*10^-3)/(0.69*93*10^3)
+disp(c,"Therefore C(in F)= ")
+disp("Therefore T1=0.69*(R1*C)")
+disp("Therefore (0.4*10^-3)=(0.69*R1)*(9.35*10^-9)")
+r=(0.4*10^-3)/(0.69*9.35*10^-9)
+disp(r,"Therefore R1(in ohms)=")
diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.15/e3_15.sce b/1691/CH3/EX3.15/e3_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3731de8ea --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.15/e3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +//example4.15
+clc
+disp("UTP=5 V, LTP=3 V, V_CC=12 V")
+disp("V_i=V_B2=UTP=5 V when Q2 is ON.")
+v=5-0.7
+disp(v,"V_E(in V)=(V_i)-(V_BE1)=V_B2-V_BE2=5-0.7=")
+disp("Let I_C2=I_E2=1 mA ...In ON state")
+r=4.3/(10^-3)
+disp(r,"Therefore R_E(in ohms)=V_E/I_E2=")
+disp("Now, (I_C2)*(R_C2)=(V_CC)-(V_E)-(V_CE2)_sat ..Let (V_CE2)_sat =0.2V")
+disp("(1*10^-3)*(R_C2)=12-4.3-0.2")
+c=(12-4.3-0.2)/(10^-3)
+disp(c,"Therefore R_C2(in ohms)= ")
+i=(10^-3)/10
+disp(i,"Now I2(in A)=0.1(I_C2)=")
+r=5/(10^-4)
+disp(r,"Therefore R2(in ohms)= ")
+i=(10^-3)/100
+disp(i,"I_B2(in A)=(I_C2)/(h_fe)_min =")
+disp("Therefore I2+I_B2=(V_CC-V_B2)/(R_C1-R1)")
+disp("Therefore R_C1+R1=(12-5)/((10^-4)+(10^-5))=63.6363*10^3 ..(1)")
+disp("Now V_B2=B_B1=LTP=3 V and Q1 is ON.")
+i=3/(50*10^3)
+disp(i,"I1(in A)=(V_B2)/R2=")
+c=(3-0.7)/(4.3*10^3)
+format(10)
+disp(c,"amd I_C1(in A)=I_E1=(V_B1-V_BE1)/R_E= ")
+disp("Therefore V_CC=(R_C1)*(I_C1+I1)+I1*(R1+R2) ..(2)")
+disp("Using equation (1) in equation (2),")
+disp("Therefore V_CC=(I_C1*R_C1)+I1*(R_C+R1)+I1*R2")
+disp("12=(5.348*10^-4*R_C1)+(60*10^-6*63.6363*10^3)+(60*10^-4*50*10^3)")
+r=(12-(60*63.6363*10^-3)-(60*50*10^-3))/(5.348*10^-4)
+format(7)
+disp(r,"Therefore R_c1(in ohm)=")
+r=(63.6363*10^3)-(9.6892*10^3)
+disp(r,"Therefore R1(iin ohms)=")
+disp("Thus when Q2 is ON,")
+v=12-(7.5)
+disp(v,"V_o(in V)=V_CC-(I_C2(on))*R_C2=")
+disp("And when Q2 is OFF,")
+disp("V_o=V_CC=12 V")
+disp("The designed circuit is shown ib the fig 3.93")
diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.2/exp3_2.sce b/1691/CH3/EX3.2/exp3_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5e0bffa61 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.2/exp3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +//Example 3.2
+clc
+disp("Assume that the transistor Q1 is cut-off and the transistor Q2 is in saturation. Let us draw again the equivalent circuit from the base of Q1 to the collector of Q2")
+disp("This is shown in the fig. 3.8")
+disp("Another equivalent circuit from collector of Q1 to base of Q2 is shown in the fig 3.9")
+disp("To calculate the various voltages it is necessary to calculate the current I_C1, I_B2 as Q2 is ON. The current I_C1 = I_B1 = 0 as Q1 is OFF")
+disp("Now it is not very easy to calculate these currents by writing the equations from the equivalent circuits shown in the fig 3.8 and 3.9. So to calculate let us obtain Thevenin''s equivalent circuit once across collector and ground while another across base and ground for the same transistor Q2 assuming it as the load.")
+disp("To replace collector circuit of Q2 by Thevenin''s equivalent, consider Q2 as open shown in the fig 3.10")
+disp("Referring to fig 3.10,")
+voc=(12*40)/44
+format(5)
+disp(voc,"V_OC(in V) = I*(R1 + R2) = V_CC/(R1+R2+R_C) * (R1+R2) =")
+rth=160/44
+format(6)
+disp(rth,"and R_TH(in k-ohm) = (R1+R2)||R_C = with V_CC-N short")
+disp("To replace base circuit of Q2 by Thevenin''s equivalent, consider Q2 open and draw circuit as shown in the fig 3.11")
+voc=(12*10)/44
+format(5)
+disp(voc,"V_OC(in V) = I*R2 = V_CC/(R1+R2+R_C) * R2 =")
+rth=340/44
+format(6)
+disp(rth,"and R_TH(in k-ohm) = (R2)||(R1+R_C) =")
+disp("Thus the equivalent circuit for Q1 ON, using Thevenin''s result calculated above, is as shown in the fig 3.12")
+disp("For silicon transistor,")
+disp("V_BE(sat) = 0.8 V and V_CE(sat) = 0.4 V")
+disp("Applying KVL to base-emitter loop,")
+disp("-7.727*I_B2 - V_BE2 - (I_C2 + I_B2)*0.5 + 2.73 = 0")
+disp("With V_BE2 = 0.8 V, I_B2 + 0.06075*I_C2 = 0.2345 ...(1)")
+disp("Applying KVL to collector-emitter loop,")
+disp("-3.636*I_C2 - V_CE2 - (I_C2 + I_B2)*0.5 + 10.9 = 0")
+disp("With V_CE2 = 0.4 V, 4.14*I_C2 + 0.5*I_B2 = 10.5 ...(2)")
+disp("Solving equation(1) and (2) simultaneously we get,")
+disp("I_C2 = 2.526 mA and I_B2 = 0.0847 mA")
+hfe=2.526/0.0847
+format(7)
+disp(hfe,"Therefore, h_fe(min) = I_C2 / I_B2 =")
+disp("The various voltages can be obtained now by referring fig 3.8 and 3.9")
+disp("V_EN = (I_B2 + I_C2)*R_E = 1.305 V")
+vcn2=0.4+1.305
+format(6)
+disp(vcn2,"V_CN2(in V) = V_CE2 + V_EN =")
+vbn2=0.8+1.305
+disp(vbn2,"V_BN2(in V) = V_BE2 + V_EN =")
+vbn1=1.705*(10/40)
+format(7)
+disp(vbn1,"V_BN1(in V) = V_CN2 * (R2/R1+R2) =")
+vbe1=0.4262-1.305
+disp(vbe1,"V_BE1(in V) = V_BN1 - V_EN =")
+disp("As V_BE1 < V_BE(sat) which is about 0.8 V, the transistor Q1 is indeed OFF")
+vcn1=(360/34)+((2.105*4)/34)
+format(8)
+disp(vcn1,"V_CN1(in V) = V_CC*R1/(R_C+R1) + V_BN2*R_C/(R_C+R1) = ...usinf superposition principle")
+disp("Thus the stable state voltages and currents are:")
+disp("I_C1 = 0 mA I_C2 = 2.526 mA I_B1 = 0 mA I_B2 = 0.0847 mA")
+disp("V_CN1 = 10.835 V V_CN2 = 1.705 V V_BN1 = 0.4262 V V_BN2 = 2.105 V")
+disp("and V_EN = +1.305 V")
+disp("The voltage V_EN provides the required self bias")
diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.3/exp3_3.sce b/1691/CH3/EX3.3/exp3_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3185cc3b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.3/exp3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +//Example 3.3
+clc
+disp("Assume Q2 ON and Q1 in OFF condition")
+disp("Therefore, I_C2 = I_C(sat) = 6 mA")
+disp("Now I_C2 = V_CC-V_CE(sat)/R_C")
+disp("For the silicon npn transistors,")
+disp("V_CE(sat) = 0.3 V, V_BE(sat) = V_0 = 0.7 V")
+disp("V_BE(cut-in) = V_T = 0.5 V")
+rc=(5.7*10^3)/6
+format(4)
+disp(rc,"R_C(in ohm) =")
+ib2s=6/20
+disp(ib2s,"(I_B2)sat (in mA) = I_C(sat)/(h_fe)min =")
+disp("Therefore, (I_B1)sat = 0.3 mA")
+disp("Now I_B2 = V_CC-V_BE(sat)/R")
+r=5.3/0.3
+format(6)
+disp(r,"Therefore, R(in k-ohm) =")
+disp("In quasi-stable, Q1 is ON and Q2 is OFF")
+disp("T = 0.69 RC")
+c=120/(0.69*17.67)
+format(5)
+disp(c,"Therefore, C(in nF) =")
+disp("Consider the equivalent circuit in quasi-state(see fig 3.19)")
+disp("As Q2 is OFF, V_C2 = V_CC")
+disp("Therefore, I3 = V_CC-V0/R1 = 5.3/R1")
+disp("and I4 = V0-V_BB/R2 = 2.2/R2")
+disp("Assume I4 = (I_B1)sat = 0.3 mA")
+r2=2.2/0.3
+format(5)
+disp(r2,"Therefore, R2(in k-ohm) =")
+i3=0.3+0.3
+disp(i3,"and I3(in mA) = I4 + I_B1 =")
+r1=5.3/0.6
+format(6)
+disp(r1,"Therefore, R1(in k-ohm) = ")
+disp("The speed-up capacitor C1 can be chosen such that R1C1 = 1 usec hence")
+c1=1000/8.833
+format(7)
+disp(c1,"C1(in pF) = ")
+rb=(5.5/1100)*10^3
+disp(rb,"Now r''_B(in mA) = V_CC-V_CE(sat)-V0-V_Y / R_C+r''_bb =")
+del=(150*5*10^-3)+0.2
+disp(del,"Therefore, delta(in V) = Overshoot = I''_B*r''_bb + V0 - V_Y =")
diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.4/exp3_4.sce b/1691/CH3/EX3.4/exp3_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ec342d9e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.4/exp3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//Example 3.4
+clc
+disp("The components are,")
+disp(" C1 = C2 = C = 100 pF")
+disp("R1 = R2 = 10 k-ohm")
+t1=(0.69*10*100*10^-9)*10^6
+format(5)
+disp(t1,"Therefore, T1(in usec) = T2 = 0.69*RC =")
+p=2*0.69
+disp(p,"Therefore, Period(in usec) = T = T1+T2 =")
+f=1/1.38
+format(7)
+disp(f,"Therefore, f(in MHz) = 1/T =")
diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.5/exp3_5.sce b/1691/CH3/EX3.5/exp3_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5349ce3e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.5/exp3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +//Example 3.5
+clc
+disp("(a) For a silicon transistor,")
+disp("V_Y = 0.5 V, V_BE2 = 0.6 V, V0 = 0.7 V, V_CE(sat) = 0.3 V")
+disp("This is a practical circuit")
+disp("Therefore, V_CC2 = V_CC = 30 V")
+vbb=60/3
+format(3)
+disp(vbb,"V_BB(in V) = R2*V_CC / R1+R2 =")
+vcc1=15+10
+format(4)
+disp(vcc1,"and V_CC1(in V) = (R''''/R''+R'''')*V_CC + (R''/R''+R'''')*V_BB =")
+disp("R_C1 = R''*R'''' / R''+R'''' = 550 ohm")
+disp("Assume that Q1 saturates and Q2 is in active region.")
+disp("I_C2 = V_CC1/R_e and R_e = R_e1 || R_e2 = 1.65 k-ohm")
+ic2=25/1.65
+format(6)
+disp(ic2,"Therefore, I_C2(in mA) =")
+ib2=15.15/30
+disp(ib2,"I_B2(in mA) =")
+mul=0.505*0.55
+disp(mul,"Therefore, I_B2*R_C1(in V) =")
+mull=15.15*0.22
+disp(mull,"and I_C2*R_C2(in V) =")
+disp("The highest level of V_EN1 is V1 given by,")
+v1=25-0.277-0.6-0.3+0.5
+disp(v1,"V1(in V) = V_CC1 - I_B2*R_C1 - V_BE2 - V_CE(sat) + V_Y =")
+disp("The lowest level of V_EN1 is,")
+ven1=20-0.7
+disp(ven1,"V_EN1(t_-1)(in V) = V_BB - V0 =")
+vcn1=20-0.7+0.3
+disp(vcn1,"V_CN1(t_-1)(in V) = V_BB - V0 - V_CE(sat) =")
+format(7)
+vcn=25-0.277
+disp(vcn,"V_CN1(t_+1)(in V) = V_CC1 - I_B2*R_C1 =")
+disp("V_CN1 = V_BN2")
+ven2=19.6-0.5
+disp(ven2,"V_EN(t_-1)(in V) = V_BN2(t_-1) - V_Y =")
+ven=25-0.277-0.6
+disp(ven,"V_EN(t_+1)(in V) = V_CC1 - I_B2*R_C1 - V_BE2 =")
+vd=24.123-19.1
+disp(vd,"V_D(in V) = V_EN2(t_+1) - V_EN2(t_-1) =")
+disp("(b) The frequency of oscillations,")
+disp("f = 1/T = 1/T1+T2")
+t1=((3.3*0.1*10^-3)*log(24.323/19.5))*10^6
+format(6)
+disp(t1,"T1(in usec) = R_e1*C*ln(V1/V_BB-V_Y) =")
+disp("and T2 = T1 as R_e1 = R_e2")
+t=(2*72.93)*10^-3
+format(7)
+disp(t,"Therefore, T(in ms) = 2*T1 =")
+f=1/0.1458
+format(7)
+disp(f,"Therefore, f(in kHz) = 1/T =")
diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.7/exp3_7.sce b/1691/CH3/EX3.7/exp3_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..01f9cfb22 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.7/exp3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +//Example 3.7
+clc
+disp("(a) T = t_p + t_f + t_a")
+tp=(5/470)*10^3
+format(8)
+disp(tp,"Now t_p(in usec) = nL/R =")
+tf=(50/(470*6*2))*10^3
+format(6)
+disp(tf,"t_f(in usec) = (n/n+1)*L/R*V_CC/V_Y =")
+ta=(1.57*sqrt(5*90*10^-15))*10^6
+disp(ta,"t_a(in usec) = 1.57*sqrt(LC) =")
+t=10.6383+8.865+1.053
+format(8)
+disp(t,"T(in usec) =")
+f=(1/20.5564)*10^3
+disp(f,"Therefore, f(in kHz) = 1/T =")
+dc=10.6383/20.5564
+format(7)
+disp(dc,"Duty cycle = t_p/T =")
+disp("So duty cycle is 51.75% which is very close to 50% giving an indication that Q ON and OFF times are equal and the output is almost symmetrical square wave.")
+disp("(b) The collector voltage varies from V_CC-V to V_CC+V_Y")
+v=10/2
+disp(v,"Now V(in V) = V_CC / n+1 =")
+disp("Therefore, V_C varies from 10-5 i.e. +5 V to 10+6 = 16 V")
+disp("The base voltage varies from nV to -nV_Y i.e. +5 V to -6 V")
+disp("The emitter current is constant given by,")
+ie=(5/470)*10^3
+format(7)
+disp(ie,"I_E(in mA) = nV/R =")
+ib=(10/(4*470))*10^3
+disp("i_B = V_CC/(n+1)^2 * [n/R - t/L]")
+format(5)
+disp(ib,"So i_B(max)(in mA) = i_B|t=0 =")
+ib=((10/4)*((1/470)-((10.63*10^-3)/5)))*10^6
+format(6)
+disp(ib,"i_B(t=t_p)(in uA) =")
+disp("i_C = V_CC/(n+1)^2 * [n^2/R + t/L]")
+ic=((10/4)*((1/470)+((10.63*10^-3)/5)))*10^3
+format(7)
+disp(ic,"i_C(t=t_p)(in mA) =")
+i0=(10/940)*10^3
+disp(i0,"I_0 = Peak magnetizing current = n*V_CC / (n+1)*R =")
+disp("(c) I''_m which is the magnetizing current at the end of one cycle is given by")
+im=(6*sqrt(90/5))
+disp(im,"I''_m(in mA) = V_Y*sqrt(C/L) =") //answer in textbook is wrong
diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.8/exp3_8.sce b/1691/CH3/EX3.8/exp3_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..44089efbf --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.8/exp3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//Example 3.8
+clc
+disp("f = 20 kHz hence T = 1/f = 50*10^-6 sec")
+disp("Now T = t_p+t_f+t_a = t_p+t_f ...Neglecting t_a")
+disp("Therefore, 50*10^-6 = t_p+t_f")
+disp("Now Duty cycle = t_p/T = 1/10")
+disp("Therefore, t_p = T/10 = 5*10^-6 sec")
+tf=50-5
+disp(tf,"Therefore, t_f(in usec) = ")
+disp("i_E(max) = nV/R")
+disp("Therefore, nV/R = 5*10^-3 ...(1)")
+disp("t_p = nL/R")
+disp("Therefore, nL/R = 5*10^-6 ...(2)")
+disp("Dividing equations (1) and (2), V = 1000 L ...(3)")
+disp("And V = V_CC / n+1 = 30 / n+1 ...(4)")
+disp("The collector voltage pulse extents from V_CC-V to V_CC+V_Y")
+disp("Therefore, Peak of the pulse = [V_CC+V_Y] - [V_CC-V] = V + V_Y")
+disp("Therefore, V + V_Y = 10 (Given)")
+disp("and t_f = (n/n+1)*L/R*V_CC/V_Y = 45*10^-6")
+disp("Therefore, nL/R*V_CC/(n+1)*1/V_Y = 45*10^-6")
+disp("(5*10^-6)*V/V_Y = 45*10^-6")
+disp("Using equation(5), (5*10^-6)*(10-V_Y/V_Y) = 45*10^-6")
+disp("10 - V_Y = 9 V_Y")
+disp("V_Y = 1 V")
+disp("V = 10 - V_Y = 9 V")
+disp("Using equation(4), n = 2.3333")
+disp("Using equation(3), L = 9 mH")
+disp("Using equation(2), R = 4.2 k-ohm")
+disp("The designed circuit can be shown as in the fig 3.73")
+disp("Neglecting base current,")
+disp("V_BE = V_CC*R2 / R1+R2")
+disp("Therefore, 1 = 30*R2 / R1+R2")
+disp("Therefore, R1 = 29 R2")
+disp("So let R2 = 1 k-ohm")
+r1=29
+disp(r1,"R1(in k-ohm) =")
+disp("This is required potential divider components")
diff --git a/1691/CH4/EX4.1/Exmp4_1.sce b/1691/CH4/EX4.1/Exmp4_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5a359d07f --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH4/EX4.1/Exmp4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 4.1
+clc
+gm=(1/26)*10^3
+format(6)
+disp(gm,"(i) g_m(in mA/V) = I_C / V_T =")
+rbe=200/(38.46)
+format(5)
+disp(rbe,"(ii) r_b''e(in k-ohm) = h_fe / g_m =")
+cc=((38.46*10^-3)/(500*10^6))*10^12
+format(6)
+disp(cc,"(iii) (C_e + C_C)(in pF) = g_m / 2*pi*f_T = g_m / omega_T =")
+cbe=76.92-3
+disp(cbe,"Therefore, C_b''e(in pF) = C_e =")
+disp("(iv) We know that,")
+disp("f_T = h_fe*f_beta")
+disp("Therefore, 2*pi*f_T = h_fe*2*pi*f_beta")
+disp("omega_T = h_fe*omega_beta")
+ob=((500*10^6)/200)*10^-3
+format(5)
+disp(ob,"omega_beta(in rad/sec) = omega_T / h_fe =")
diff --git a/1691/CH4/EX4.10/e4_10.sce b/1691/CH4/EX4.10/e4_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b3a6fa332 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH4/EX4.10/e4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//example4.10
+clc
+disp("a) The 3dB frequency for circuit gain and voltage gain is given as,")
+disp("(f_H)=1/(2*pi*R_eq*C_eq)")
+r=(200*1000)/(200+1000)
+disp(r,"where R_eq(in ohm)=(R_s+r_bb'')parallel to r+b''e =")
+c=(100*10^-12)+((1+50)*3*10^-12)
+format(10)
+disp(c,"and C_eq(in F)=(C_b''e)+(1+(g_m*R_L)*C_b''c)= ")
+f=1/((2*%pi*166.67*253*10^-12))
+disp(f,"f_H(in Hz)= ")
+disp("b)Voltage gain is given as,")
+a=(-50*1)
+disp(a,"A=(-g_m*R_L)=")
diff --git a/1691/CH4/EX4.12/e4_12.sce b/1691/CH4/EX4.12/e4_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9c109dd49 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH4/EX4.12/e4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//example4.12
+clc
+disp("f_H=1/(2*pi*R_eq*C_eq)")
+disp("and f_H''=2(f_H)")
+disp("1/(2*pi*R_eq*C_eq) = 2/(2*pi*R_eq*C_eq)")
+disp("R_eq'' = R_eq/2")
+disp("R_eq=(r_b''e)parallel to (r_bb''+R_s)")
+disp("= (r_b''e)=1000 ohm")
+disp("Therefore R_eq'' =500 ohm")
+disp("Therefore 500=((r_b''e)*(r_bb''+R_s))/((r_b''e)+(r_bb'')+R_s)")
+disp(" = 1000(100+R_s)/(1000+100+R_s)")
+r=(4.5*10^5)/500
+disp(r,"R_s(in ohms)= ")
diff --git a/1691/CH4/EX4.16/Exmp4_16.sce b/1691/CH4/EX4.16/Exmp4_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1a1d6eee1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH4/EX4.16/Exmp4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 4.16
+clc
+disp("Hybrid-pi Equivalent is as shown in fig.4.29")
+disp("(i) Mid frequency voltage gain :")
+disp("V_o / V_s = -h_fe*R_L / R_s+h_ie")
+hie=(100+1000)*10^-3
+format(4)
+disp(hie,"h_ie(in k-ohm) = r_bb'' + r_b''e =")
+hfe=0.2*1000
+disp(hfe,"h_fe = g_m * r_b''e =")
+vo=-200/2
+disp(vo,"Therefore, V_o / V_s =")
+fb=(1/(2*%pi*1000*(204*10^-12)))*10^-3
+format(7)
+disp(fb,"(ii) f_beta(in kHz) = 1 / 2*pi*r_b''e*(C_e+C_C) =")
+format(4)
+disp(fb,"f_beta(in kHz) = ")
+ft=(200*780)*10^-3
+disp(ft,"(iii) f_T(in kHz) = h_fe * f_beta =")
diff --git a/1691/CH4/EX4.17/Exmp4_17.sce b/1691/CH4/EX4.17/Exmp4_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..094691f70 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH4/EX4.17/Exmp4_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Example 4.17
+clc
+disp("(i) We know that,")
+disp(" f_H = 1 / 2*pi*R_eq*C_eq")
+disp("where R_eq = (R_s+r_bb'')*r_b''e / R_s+r_bb''+r_b''e")
+disp("and C_eq = C_e + C_C*[1+g_m*R_L]")
+rbe=100/100
+format(2)
+disp(rbe," r_b''e(in k-ohm) = h_fo / g_m = ")
+disp("C_eq = C_e + C_C*[1+g_m*R_L] = C_e + C_C[1+100*10^-3*500]")
+disp(" = C_e + 51 pF")
+ce=((100*10^-3)/(2*%pi*(400*10^6)))*10^12
+format(6)
+disp(ce,"C_e(in pF) = g_m / 2*pi*f_T =")
+ceq=39.79+51
+disp(ceq,"Therefore, C_eq(in pF) =")
+req=1/(2*%pi*5*90.79*10^-6)
+disp(req,"R_eq(in ohm) = 1 / 2*pi*f_H*C_eq =")
+disp("Therefore, 350.6 = (R_s+100)*1000 / R_s+1100")
+rs=(285.66*10^3)/649.4
+format(7)
+disp(rs,"Therefore, R_s(in ohm) =")
+disp("(ii) The mid-band voltage gain V_o/V_s is given as")
+disp(" V_o/V_s = -h_fe*R_L / R_s+h_ie")
+hie=(100+1000)*10^-3
+format(4)
+disp(hie,"where h_ie(in K) = r_bb'' + r_b''e =")
+vo=(-100*500)/(439.88+1100)
+format(6)
+disp(vo,"Therefore, V_o/V_s =")
diff --git a/1691/CH4/EX4.2/Exmp4_2.sce b/1691/CH4/EX4.2/Exmp4_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8d3506d86 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH4/EX4.2/Exmp4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//Example 4.2
+clc
+ft=25*2
+format(3)
+disp(ft,"(i) f_T(in MHz) = |A_i|*f =")
+hfe=50000/200
+format(4)
+disp(hfe,"(ii) h_fe(in kHz) = f_T / f_beta =")
+disp("(iii) |A_i| = h_fe / sqrt(1+((f/f_beta)^2)) =")
+disp("At f = 10 MHz")
+ai=250/sqrt(1+(((10*10^6)/(200*10^3))^2))
+format(2)
+disp(ai,"|A_i| =")
+disp("At f = 100 MHz")
+ai=250/sqrt(1+(((100*10^6)/(200*10^3))^2))
+format(4)
+disp(ai,"|A_i| =")
diff --git a/1691/CH4/EX4.20/Exmp4_20.sce b/1691/CH4/EX4.20/Exmp4_20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c8d49b9a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH4/EX4.20/Exmp4_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Example 4.20
+clc
+disp("Assume that the output time-constant is negligible as compared to the time consedtant. When this is the case")
+disp("A_vs = V_o/V_s = -g_m*R''_L*G''_s / G''_s+g_b''e+sC")
+gs=6.66*10^-3
+format(8)
+disp(gs,"where G''_s = 1 / (R_s||R_b)+r_bb'' =")
+gbe=1/1000
+format(6)
+disp(gbe,"g_b''e = 1 / r_b''e =")
+rl=(0.5/1.5)*10^3
+format(7)
+disp(rl,"R''_L(in ohm) = R_L || R_C =")
+disp(" sC = admittance of C")
+c=100+(3*(1+(50*333.33*10^-3)))
+format(4)
+disp(c,"where C = C_e + C_C*(1+g_m*R''_L) =")
+disp("At 10 kHz,")
+sc=2*%pi*10*153*10^-9
+format(8)
+disp(sc,"sC = 2*pi*f*C =")
+disp("Therefore, At 10kHz signal frequency")
+avs=(-50*333.33*6.66*10^-6)/((6.66*10^-3)+(10^-3)+(9.613*10^-6))
+format(6)
+disp(avs,"A_vs = V_o / V_s =")
diff --git a/1691/CH5/EX5.1/exmp5_1.sce b/1691/CH5/EX5.1/exmp5_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ca2dbfeaf --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH5/EX5.1/exmp5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +//Example 5.1
+clc
+rp=2*%pi*10^6*250*300*10^-9
+format(7)
+disp(rp,"R_p(in k-ohm) = omega_0 * L * Q =")
+rs=(2*%pi*250)/300
+format(6)
+disp(rs,"R_s(in ohm) = omega_0*L / Q =")
diff --git a/1691/CH5/EX5.10/e5_10.sce b/1691/CH5/EX5.10/e5_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cb0d35232 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH5/EX5.10/e5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//example5.10
+clc
+disp("i) f_r=Resonant frequency")
+f=1/((2*%pi)*sqrt(0.0004*2500*10^-12))
+format(9)
+disp(f,"= 1/(2*pi*sqrt(L*C))= ")
+disp("ii) Tuned circuit dynamic resistance=R_p=L/CR")
+r=(80*10^6)/2500
+disp(r,"= (400 microH)/(2500pF)*(5ohm)= ")
+disp("iii) Gain at resonance=A_v=(-g_m*R_L)=(-g_m*R_p)")
+a=-6*32
+disp(a," = 6mA/V * 32kohm = ")
+disp("iv) The signal bandwidth =BW=(f_r)/Q")
+q=(2*%pi*0.159*400)/5
+format(6)
+disp(q,"Q=(omega_r*L)/R= ")
+b=159000/79.92
+format(7)
+disp(b,"BW(in Hz)=(f_r)/Q= ")
diff --git a/1691/CH5/EX5.11/exmp5_11.sce b/1691/CH5/EX5.11/exmp5_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..39f5ba7e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH5/EX5.11/exmp5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//Example 5.11
+clc
+disp("(i) R_L = r_d || R_p")
+disp("R_p = Tank circuit impedance at resonance = L / CR")
+disp("f_r = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L*C)")
+c=(1/(4*%pi^2*200*1.59^2*10^6))*10^12
+format(3)
+disp(c,"Therefore, C(in pF) = 1 / 4*pi^2*f_r^2*L =")
+disp("Q = omega_r*L / R = 2*pi*f_r*L / R")
+r=(2*%pi*200*1.59)/50
+disp(r,"Therefore, R(in ohm) = 2*pi*f_r*L / Q =")
+rf=((200*10^-6)/(50*40*10^-12))*10^-3
+format(4)
+disp(rf,"R_F(in k-ohm) = L / C*R =")
+rl=(500*100)/600
+format(6)
+disp(rl,"R_L(in k-ohm) = r_d*R_p / r_d+R_p =")
+av=5*83.33
+format(7)
+disp(av,"A_v = -g_m*R_L = at resonance frequency omega_r")
+disp("(ii) At f = f_r+10 kHz = 1.6 MHz")
+disp("|A_v / A_v(at resonance)| = 1 / sqrt(1+(f/f_r)^2)")
+ava=416.67/sqrt(1+((1.6/1.59)^2))
+format(6)
+disp(ava,"Therefore, |A_v| = |A_v(at resonance| / sqrt(1+(f/f_r)^2) =")
diff --git a/1691/CH5/EX5.12/exmp5_12.sce b/1691/CH5/EX5.12/exmp5_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9e3eb6807 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH5/EX5.12/exmp5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 5.12
+clc
+fr=1/(2*%pi*sqrt(100*1000*10^-18))
+format(8)
+disp(fr,"(i) Resonant frequency f_r(in kHz) = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L*C) =")
+disp("(ii) Tank circuit impedance at resonance can be given as")
+rp=((100*10^6)/5000)*10^-3
+disp(rp,"R_P(in k-ohm) = L / C*R =")
+av=(-5*10^-3)*((500*20*10^3)/(520))
+format(6)
+disp(av,"(iii) A_v = -g_m*R_L = -g_m*(r_d||R_P) =")
+bw=(5/(2*%pi*100*10^-6))*10^-3
+disp("(iv) BW = f_r/Q")
+disp(" BW = f_r*R / omega_r*L Therefore, Q = omega_r*L / R")
+disp(bw," BW(in kHz) = R / 2*pi*L =")
diff --git a/1691/CH5/EX5.13/exmp5_13.sce b/1691/CH5/EX5.13/exmp5_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3e5372a7c --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH5/EX5.13/exmp5_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +//Example 5.13
+clc
+disp("BW = f_r / Q")
+q=10700/200
+format(5)
+disp(q,"Therefore, Q = f_r / BW =")
+disp("Q = omega_r*L / R = 2*pi*f_r*L / R")
+lr=53.5/(2*%pi*10.7*10^6)
+format(9)
+disp(lr,"Therefore, L/R = Q / 2*pi*f_r =")
+disp("|A_v| = g_m*R_L = 30")
+rl=(30/5)
+disp(rl,"Therefore, R_L(in k-ohm) = (r_d || R_p) =")
+disp("Therefore, R_p = 6383 ohm")
+disp("We know that")
+disp("R_p = L/C*R")
+c=((795*10^-9)/6383)*10^12
+format(6)
+disp(c,"Therefore, C(in pF) =")
+disp("We know that")
+l=(1/(4*%pi^2*((10.7*10^6)^2)*124.5*10^-12))*10^6
+disp("f_r = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(L*C)")
+format(6)
+disp(l,"Therefore, L(in uH) =")
+disp("We have")
+disp("R_p = L / C*R")
+r=(1.777*10^-6)/(6383*124.5*10^-12)
+disp(r,"Therefore, R(in ohm) = L / C*R_p =")
+disp("Therefore, elements of tank circuit are:")
+disp("L = 1.777 uH, C = 124.5 pF and R = 2.236 ohm")
diff --git a/1691/CH5/EX5.2/exmp5_2.sce b/1691/CH5/EX5.2/exmp5_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c00cc239b --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH5/EX5.2/exmp5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +//Example 5.2
+clc
+disp("From equation 9 we have")
+disp(" BW = 1 / 2*pi*R*C")
+rc=1/(2*%pi*10*10^3)
+format(12)
+disp(rc,"Therefore, R*C = 1 / 2*pi*BW =")
+disp("From equation 3 we have")
+disp(" R = r_i || R_p || r_b''e")
+disp("where r_i = 4 k-ohm")
+rbe=100/0.04
+disp(rbe,"r_b''e(in ohm) = h_fe / g_m =")
+disp("R_p = Q_c * omega_0 * L = Q_c / omega_0*C")
+disp("Therefore, R = 4*10^3 || 2500 || Q_c/omega_0*C")
+disp("C = 1 / 2*pi*10*10^3*R")
+disp("Therefore, C = 1 / 2*pi*10*10^3*[4*10^3 || 2500 || Q_c/2*pi*500*10^3*C]")
+disp("The typical range for Q_c is 10 to 150. However, we have to assume Q such that value of C_p should be positive. Let us assume Q = 100")
+disp("Therefore, C = 1 / 2*pi*10*10^3*[1538.5 || 1/2*pi*5000*C]")
+disp(" = 1 / 2*pi*10*10^3*[1 / 1/1538.5+2*pi*5000*C]")
+disp("Solving for C we get")
+disp(" C = 0.02 uF")
+disp("We have")
+disp(" C = C'' + C_b''e + (1+g_m*R_L)*C_b''e")
+disp("Therefore, C'' = C - [C_b''e + (1+g_m*R_L)*C_b''e]")
+c=((0.02*10^-6)-[(1000*10^-12)+((1+(0.04*510))*100*10^-12)])*10^6
+format(8)
+disp(c,"Therefore, C''(in uF) =")
+disp("We have,")
+disp("omega_0^2 = 1 / L*C")
+l=(1/(((2*%pi*500*10^3)^2)*(0.02*10^-6)))*10^6
+format(2)
+disp(l,"Therefore, L(in uH) = 1 / omega_0^2*C =")
+disp("From equation 2 we have,")
+rp=2*%pi*500*5*100*10^-3
+format(5)
+disp(rp,"R_p(in ohm) = omega*L*Q_c =")
+r=(4000*1570*2500)/((1570*2500)+(4000*2500)+(4000*1570))
+format(4)
+disp(r,"Therefore, R(in ohm) = r_i || R_p || r_b''e =")
+disp("We have mid frequency gain as")
+av=-0.04*777
+disp(av,"A_v(max) = -g_m*R =")
diff --git a/1691/CH5/EX5.3/exmp5_3.sce b/1691/CH5/EX5.3/exmp5_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4b9aca008 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH5/EX5.3/exmp5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 5.3
+clc
+disp("(i) We know that,")
+bw=((20*10^3)*sqrt(((2)^(1/3))-1))*10^-3
+format(7)
+disp(bw,"BW_n(in kHz) = BW_1 * sqrt(2^1/n - 1) =")
+bw1=((20*10^3)*sqrt(((2)^(1/4))-1))*10^-3
+format(4)
+disp(bw1,"(ii) BW_n(in kHz) = BW_1 * sqrt(2^1/n - 1) =")
diff --git a/1691/CH5/EX5.6/e5_6.sce b/1691/CH5/EX5.6/e5_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8ebd9ed80 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH5/EX5.6/e5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//example5.6
+clc
+disp("a) We have,")
+disp("A_vmid=(-g_m*R)= -15")
+r=15/(5*10^-3)
+disp(r,"Therefore R(in ohms)=(-15)/(-5*10^-3)= ")
+disp("b) The Miller effect capacitance is given by ")
+disp("C_d(in F)=C_gs+(1+g_m*R)*(C_g*d)")
+c=(10^-12)+((1+15)*(3*10^-12))
+format(8)
+disp(c," = (1*10^-12)+(1+15)*(3*10^-12)=")
+disp("c) The limit frequency of the uncompemsated amplifier is ")
+f=1/(2*%pi*49*3*10^-9)
+format(9)
+disp(f,"f2(in Hz)=1/(2*pi*C_d*R)= ")
+l=0.414*((3*10^3)^2)*(49*10^-12)
+format(12)
+disp(l,"d) L(in H)=q*C_d*R^2= ")
+disp("e) Possible extension of frequency range")
+e=1.72*1.08*10^6
+disp(e,"f''2(in Hz)=1.72*f2= ")
diff --git a/1691/CH5/EX5.8/exmp5_8.sce b/1691/CH5/EX5.8/exmp5_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b8b1e575f --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH5/EX5.8/exmp5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 5.8
+clc
+disp("(i) Resonant frequency:")
+fr=(1/(2*%pi*sqrt(20*500*10^-18)))*10^-6
+format(5)
+disp(fr,"f_r(MHz) = 1 / 2*pi*sqrt(LC) =")
+disp("(ii) We know that")
+disp("Q_r = R_p / omega_r*L")
+rp=30*2*%pi*1.59*20
+format(5)
+disp(rp,"Therefore, Impedance of tuned circuit R_p = Q_r * omega_r * L =")
+disp("(iii) Voltage gain of stage A_v,")
+av=(-50*((5994*1500)/(5994+1500)))/200
+format(4)
+disp(av,"A_v = A_I*R''_L / R''_i =")
diff --git a/1691/CH6/EX6.1/Exmp6_1.sce b/1691/CH6/EX6.1/Exmp6_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f906fc229 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH6/EX6.1/Exmp6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Example 6.1
+clc
+ibq=(20-0.7)/1.5
+format(6)
+disp(ibq,"(i) I_BQ(in mA) = V_CC-V_BE / R_B =")
+icq=50*12.87
+format(7)
+disp(icq,"I_CQ(in mA) = beta * I_BQ =")
+disp("(ii) V_CC = I_CQ*R_L + V_CEQ")
+vceq=20-(643.5*16*10^-3)
+format(5)
+disp(vceq,"Therefore, V_CEQ(in V) = V_CC - I_CQ*R_L =")
+format(6)
+pdc=20*643.5*10^-3
+disp(pdc,"(iii) P_DC(in W) = V_CC * I_CQ =")
+disp("(iv) P_ac Peak current i_b = 9 mA")
+ic=50*9
+format(4)
+disp(ic,"i_c(in mA) = beta * i_b =")
+icm=450/sqrt(2)
+format(8)
+disp(icm,"Therefore, i_c(rms) = I_rms(in mA) = i_c(peak) / sqrt(2) =")
+pac=318.19^2*16*10^-6
+format(7)
+disp(pac,"Therefore, P_ac(in W) = (I_rms)^2 * R_L =")
+n=(1.619*100)/12.87
+disp(n,"(v) Efficiency eta(in percentage) = P_ac/P_DC * 100 =")
diff --git a/1691/CH6/EX6.12/Exmp6_12.sce b/1691/CH6/EX6.12/Exmp6_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1dfbb10c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH6/EX6.12/Exmp6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//Example 6.12
+clc
+disp("R_L = 8 ohm, V_CC = +-12 V hence dual supply version")
+pac=0.5*(12^2/8)
+format(2)
+disp(pac,"(1) (P_ac)_max(in W) = 1/2 * V_CC^2/R_L =")
+disp("(2) P_DC = V_CC*I_DC but I_DC = 2*I_m / pi")
+disp(" = V_CC * (2*I_m/pi)")
+disp("Now R_L = V_m/I_m i.e. I_m = V_m/R_L and V_m = V_CC")
+pdc=(12^2*2)/(8*%pi)
+format(8)
+disp(pdc,"Therefore, P_DC(in W) = V_CC * 2 * V_CC/R_L * 1/pi =")
+pdt=11.4591-9
+disp(pdt,"Therefore, Total P_D(in W) = P_DC - P_ac =")
+pd=2.4591/2
+format(7)
+disp(pd,"Therefore, P_D per transistor(in W) =")
+n=900/11.4591
+format(5)
+disp(n,"(3) %eta(in percentage) = P_ac/P_DC * 100 =")
diff --git a/1691/CH6/EX6.13/e6_13.sce b/1691/CH6/EX6.13/e6_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0cbe73c75 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH6/EX6.13/e6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +//example6.13
+clc
+disp("V_CC=10V ,R_L=5 ohm")
+p=100/10
+disp(p,"i) (P_ac)_max[in W]= (V_CC^2)/(2*R_L)=(10^2)/(2*5)=")
+disp("ii) To decide Power rating of transistors means to find (P_D)_max")
+v=(2*10)/(%pi)
+disp(v,"V_m(in V)=")
+disp("Now, R_L=(V_m)/(I_m)")
+i=6.3662/5
+disp(i,"Therefore (I_m)[in A]=")
+disp("Therefore (P_DC)=(V_CC)*(I_DC)=(V_CC)*(2*I_m)/pi (I_DC)=(2*I_m)/pi")
+p=(10*2*1.2732)/(%pi)
+disp(p," =(10*2*1.2732)/(pi) =")
+p=(6.3662*1.2732)/2
+disp(p,"and (P_ac)[in W]=(V_m*I_m)/2=")
+p=8.1056-4.5027
+disp(p,"(P_D)_max[in W]= (P_DC)-(P_ac)=")
+p=4.0528/2
+disp(p,"Therefore P_D rating fora each transistor =(P_D)_max/2=")
+disp("iii) For (P_ac)_max, V_m=V_CC=10 V")
+i=10/5
+disp(i,"I_m(in A)=(V_m)/R_L=")
+p=(10*2*2)/%pi
+disp(p,"P_DC(in W)=")
diff --git a/1691/CH6/EX6.15/Exmp6_15.sce b/1691/CH6/EX6.15/Exmp6_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1a2cb710b --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH6/EX6.15/Exmp6_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//Example 6.15
+clc
+disp("V_CC = 20 V, R_L = 4 ohm")
+vm=(2*20)/%pi
+format(8)
+disp(vm,"For (P_d)max, V_m(in V) = 2/pi * V_CC = ")
+disp("R_L = V_m / I_m")
+im=12.7324/4
+format(6)
+disp(im,"Therefore, I_m(in A) = V_m / R_L =")
+idc=(2*3.183)/%pi
+format(7)
+disp(idc,"Therefore, I_dc(in A) = 2*I_m / pi =")
+pac=(0.5*12.7324^2)/4
+format(8)
+disp(pac,"Therefore, P_ac(in W) = 1/2 * V_m^2/R_L =")
+pdc=20*2.0254
+format(7)
+disp(pdc,"and P_dc(in W) = V_CC * I_DC =")
+pdm=40.508-20.2542
+format(8)
+disp(pdm,"Therefore, Total (P_d)max(in W) = P_dc - P_ac =")
+pdma=20.2538/2
+disp(pdma,"Therefore, (P_d)max(in W) per transistor =")
diff --git a/1691/CH6/EX6.16/e6_16.sce b/1691/CH6/EX6.16/e6_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ddd8bfbd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH6/EX6.16/e6_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//example6.16
+clc
+disp("For a given transistor,")
+disp("Maximum collector current =I_cm =1A")
+disp("Maximum power dissipation =P_d=10W")
+disp("Maximum V_CEO =40V")
+disp("For maximum output power,")
+disp("I_cm=2*I_CQ")
+i=1/2
+disp(i,"I_CQ=1/2=")
+disp("and V_CEO=2*V_CC")
+v=40/2
+disp(v,"V_CC(in V)=V_CEO/2=")
+disp("and V_cc=V_m=20V for (P_ac)_max")
+disp("(P_ac)_max=(V_cc^2)/(2*R_L)")
+disp("R''_L=(V_m)/I_m and I_m=I_CQ=0.5 A")
+r=20/0.5
+disp(r,"R''_L(in ohm)=")
+p=(20^2)/80
+disp(p,"(P_ac)_max(in W)=(20^2)/(2*40)=")
+disp("Now, R''_L=R_L/n^2")
+n=sqrt(0.0625)
+disp(n,"n=N2/N1=")
+n=1/0.25
+disp(n,"Therefore N1/N2=1/n=")
+disp("Hence the turns ratio of output transformer is 4:1")
diff --git a/1691/CH6/EX6.19/e6_19.sce b/1691/CH6/EX6.19/e6_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..76630d2fa --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH6/EX6.19/e6_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//example6.19
+clc
+disp("Using equation (2) from section 6.7, we can determine I_BQ.")
+i=(18-0.7)/(1.2*10^3)
+format(10)
+disp(i,"I_BQ(in A)=")
+i=40*14.4167
+format(7)
+disp(i,"Now (I_CQ)[in mA]=(beta*I_BQ)=")
+v=18-(576.67*16*10^-3)
+disp(v,"And (V_CEQ)[in V]=(V_CC)-(I_CQ*R_L)=")
+p=18*576.67
+disp(p,"So P_dc(in W)=(V_CC)*(I_CQ)=")
+disp("This is the input power.")
+disp("Now input a.c. voltage causes a base current of 5mA rms")
+disp("Therefore (I_b)_rms=5 mA")
+i=40*5
+disp(i,"Therefore i_c_rms(in mA)=40*5=")
+disp("This is nothing but the output collector current,rms value I_rms")
+disp("Therefore I_rms = 200mA")
+disp("Using equation (13) from section 6.8, we can write,")
+p=16*(200*10^-3)^2
+disp(p,"P_ac(in W)=(I_rms^2)^R_L=")
+disp("This is the power delivered to the load.")
+disp("Hence the efficiency of the amplifier is,")
+n=(64000*10^-3)/10.38
+disp(n,"%eta=(P_ac*100)/P_dc= ")
diff --git a/1691/CH6/EX6.2/Exmp6_2.sce b/1691/CH6/EX6.2/Exmp6_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..75f55a014 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH6/EX6.2/Exmp6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +//Example 6.2
+clc
+disp("R_L = 4 ohm, N1 = 200, N2 = 20")
+n=20/200
+format(4)
+disp(n,"Therefore, n = N2 / N1 =")
+rl=4/(0.1^2)
+disp(rl,"Therefore, R''_L(in ohm) = R1 / n^2 =")
+disp("As N2 < N1, the transformer is step down and hence R''_L > R_L, as the primary winding is high voltage winding.")
diff --git a/1691/CH6/EX6.20/Exmp6_20.sce b/1691/CH6/EX6.20/Exmp6_20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..afb0199c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH6/EX6.20/Exmp6_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +//Example 6.20
+clc
+disp("V_CC = 20 V, R_L = 20 ohm, turns ratio 1.58:1")
+n=1/1.58
+format(7)
+disp(n," n = 1/1.58 = ")
+rl=20/0.6329^2
+disp(rl,"Therefore, R''_L(in ohm) = R_L / n^2 =")
+disp("(i) For maximum possible peak to peak output voltage, the power output is also maximum possible. For this condition the slope of the a.c. load line can be expressed as")
+disp("R''_L = V_m/I_m = V_CC/I_CQ")
+icq=20/49.928
+format(4)
+disp(icq,"Therefore, I_CQ(in A) =")
+ibq=0.4/40
+format(5)
+disp(ibq,"Therefore, I_BQ(in A) = I_CQ/beta =")
+disp("This is the required value of the base current")
+disp("(ii) P_ac = I_Irms^2 * R''_L")
+disp("But for maximum power output condition,")
+irms=0.4/sqrt(2)
+format(8)
+disp(irms,"I_Irms(in A) = I_Im/sqrt(2) = I_CQ/sqrt(2) =")
+pac=49.928*0.2828^2
+format(2)
+disp(pac,"Therefore, P_ac(in W) =")
+disp("(iii) %eta = P_ac/P_DC * 100")
+pdc=20*0.4
+disp(pdc,"Now P_DC(in W) = V_CC * I_CQ =")
+eta=400/8
+format(3)
+disp(eta,"%eta(in percentage) =")
diff --git a/1691/CH6/EX6.21/Exmp6_21.sce b/1691/CH6/EX6.21/Exmp6_21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ad9df0952 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH6/EX6.21/Exmp6_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 6.21
+clc
+disp("R_L = 8 ohm, P_ac(max) = 40 W")
+disp("2*N1 = 160, N2 = 40")
+disp("N1 = 80")
+n=40/80
+format(4)
+disp(n,"n = N2/N1 =")
+rl=8/0.5^2
+disp(rl,"Therefore, R''_L(in ohm) = R_L / n^2 =")
+disp("Under maximum condition, V_CC = V_m")
+disp("Therefore, P_ac(max) = 1/2 * V_CC^2/R''_L")
+vcc=sqrt(40*2*32)
+format(6)
+disp(vcc,"Therefore, V_CC(in V) =")
+disp("This is the required value of V_CC")
diff --git a/1691/CH6/EX6.22/Exmp6_22.sce b/1691/CH6/EX6.22/Exmp6_22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ccfa77828 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH6/EX6.22/Exmp6_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//Example 6.22
+clc
+disp("For a common collector configuration the voltage gain is 1")
+disp("Therefore, V_in(peak) = V_out(peak) = 20 V")
+disp("i.e. V_m = 20 V")
+disp("Now V_m/I_m = R_L")
+im=20/16
+format(5)
+disp(im,"Therefore, I_m(in A) = V_m/R_L =")
+disp("while V_CC = 25 V")
+pdc=(2*25*1.25)/%pi
+format(8)
+disp(pdc,"Now P_DC(in W) = 2*V_CC*I_m / pi =")
+pac=(20*1.25)/2
+format(5)
+disp(pac,"P_ac(in W) = V_m*I_m / 2 =")
+eta=1250/19.8943
+format(7)
+disp(eta,"Therefore, %eta(in percentage) = P_ac*100 / P_DC =")
diff --git a/1691/CH6/EX6.26/Exmp6_26.sce b/1691/CH6/EX6.26/Exmp6_26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f2d6cc144 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH6/EX6.26/Exmp6_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 6.26
+clc
+disp("(i) As single transistor is used, even harmonic components will not get eliminated")
+d2=1000/120
+d3=400/120
+d4=200/120
+d5=100/120
+format(5)
+disp(d2," D2(in percentage) = |B2| / |B1| =")
+disp(d3," D3(in percentage) = |B3| / |B1| =")
+format(6)
+disp(d4," D4(in percentage) = |B4| / |B1| =")
+disp(d5," D5(in percentage) = |B5| / |B1| =")
+disp("The total harmonic distortion is,")
+disp("%D = sqrt(D2^2 + D3^2 + D4^2 + D5^2) * 100")
+d=sqrt((0.0833^2)+(0.0333^2)+(0.01667^2)+(0.00833^2))*100
+format(7)
+disp(d,"Therefore, %D(in percentage) =")
+disp("(ii) When identical second transistor is used, then all even harmonics get eliminated. So only D3 and D5 will present")
+dp=sqrt((0.033^2)+(0.00833^2))*100
+disp(dp,"Therefore, %D(in percentage) = sqrt(D3^2 + D5^2)*100 =")
diff --git a/1691/CH6/EX6.27/e6_27.sce b/1691/CH6/EX6.27/e6_27.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cec748684 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH6/EX6.27/e6_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//example6.27
+clc
+disp("From the fig 6.50 we can write,")
+disp("V_CC=20V and R_L=12 ohm")
+disp("i) The maximum ac power that can be delivered to the load is,")
+p=(20^2)/24
+disp(p,"(P_ac)_max[in W]= ")
+disp("Let new power delivered to load be (P_ac)''.")
+disp("The corresponding new supply voltage be (V''_cc)")
+disp("(P_ac)''[in W]=1.36(P_ac)_max ..36% more")
+p=1.36*16.67
+disp(p,"= 1.36*16.67=")
+disp("And (P_ac)''=(V''_cc^2)/R_L")
+disp("Therefore 22.67=(V''_cc^2)/(2*12)")
+v=sqrt(544.1088)
+disp(v,"V''_cc(in V)=")
+disp("Hence the percentage increase in supply voltage is,")
+p=(23.326-20)/0.2
+disp(p,"= ((V''_cc-V_cc)*100)/V_cc= ")
+disp("The mimimum breakdown voltage per transistor this condition is,")
+v=2*23.326
+disp(v,"=2*V''_cc=2*23.326=")
diff --git a/1691/CH6/EX6.3/Exmp6_3.sce b/1691/CH6/EX6.3/Exmp6_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e0f0c6dd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH6/EX6.3/Exmp6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +//Example 6.3
+clc
+disp("R_L = 8 ohm, R''_L = 648 ohm")
+disp("Now R''_L = R_L / n^2")
+n=8/648
+format(8)
+disp(n,"Therefore, n^2 = R_L / R''_L =")
+disp("Therefore, n = 0.1111 = Turn ratio")
+disp("But, n = N2 / N1 = 0.1111")
+disp("Therefore, N1/N2 = 9")
+disp("Generally the turns ratio is specified as Ni/N2 : 1 i.e. for this transformer it is 9:1")
diff --git a/1691/CH6/EX6.30/e6_30.sce b/1691/CH6/EX6.30/e6_30.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..293d67dfa --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH6/EX6.30/e6_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +//example6.30
+disp("The circuit used for providing proper biasing is self bias, for which the various currents can be shown in the fig 6.52")
+disp("Applying KVL to base emiter loop,")
+disp("(-V_BE)-(I_E*R_E)+(I*R2)=0")
+disp("Theredfore (I*100)-(1+beta)*I_B*10=V_BE")
+disp("100I-210(I_B)=0.5 ..(1)")
+disp("Applying KVL through R1 and R2,")
+disp("(-R1(I+I_B))-(R2*I)+V_cc=0")
+disp("-1000(I+I_B)-100I=-V_cc")
+disp("1100I+1000(I_B)=25 ..(2)")
+disp("Multiplying equation (1) by 11 and subtracting from equation (2) we get,")
+disp("3310(I_B)=19.5")
+i=19.5/3310
+disp(i,"Therefore I_B(in A)=")
+format(8)
+disp("Thereofore I_C=(beta*I_B)=117.82 mA=I_CQ")
+disp("Now n=N2/N1=1/8")
+r=5*(8^2)
+disp("Therefore (R''_L)=(R_L)/(n^2)=")
+disp("i) For maximum power delivered to load,")
+disp("V_1m=V_CEQ")
+disp("Apply KVL to collector-emitter loop,")
+disp("(-10I_C)-(V_CEQ)-(10*I_E)+V_CC=0")
+v=25-(20*(117.82*10^-3))
+format(7)
+disp(v,"V_CEQ=V_cc-20*I_C ...I_C=I_E")
+p=(22.643^2)/640
+disp(p,"(P_ac)_pri[in W]=(V_CEQ^2)/(2*R''_L)=")
+p=0.9*0.8011
+disp(p,"(P_ac)_max[in W]=0.9*0.8011=")
+disp("This is maximum power delivered to the load.")
+p=25*117.82*10^-3
+format(7)
+disp("ii) Now (P_DC)[in W]=V_CC*I_CQ=")
+n=(0.721*100)/2.9455
+format(6)
+disp(n,"%eta=(P_ac*100)/(P_dc)=")
diff --git a/1691/CH6/EX6.32/e6_32.sce b/1691/CH6/EX6.32/e6_32.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3c1621b17 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH6/EX6.32/e6_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//example6.32
+clc
+disp("When no signal is applied, current drawn is")
+disp("I_CQ =200mA from V_cc= 10V")
+p=10*200*10^-3
+disp("P_DC(in W)=V_CC*I_CQ=")
+disp("For maximum power output,")
+disp("V_1m=V_cc=10V and I_1m=I_CQ=200mA")
+p=2/2
+disp(p,"P_ac(in W)=(V_1rms*I_1rms)=(V_1m*I_1m)/2=(10*200*10^-3)/2=")
+disp("i) P_ac(max)=Maximum output power =1W")
+n=100/2
+disp(n,"ii) %eta=(P_ac*100)/(P_DC)=")
+disp("P_d(max)=V_cc*I_CQ= 2W")
+disp("The power dissipation rating of the transistor must be higher than 2W")
+r=10/(200^10^-3)
+disp(r,"Now R''_L(in ohm)=(V_1m)/(I_1m)=")
+n=1/5
+disp(n,"Now R_L=2 ohm and n =N2/N1=1/5=")
+r=2/(0.2^2)
+disp(r,"R''_L(in ohm)=(R_L)/n^2=")
+disp("As R''_L required matches with the R''_L of the circuit, impedance matching is perfect")
diff --git a/1691/CH6/EX6.33/Exmp6_33.sce b/1691/CH6/EX6.33/Exmp6_33.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cf86c6358 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH6/EX6.33/Exmp6_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//Example 6.33
+clc
+disp("B1 = 5*10^-2, B2 = 10^-4, B3 = 3*10^-6")
+disp("These are the amplitudes of various frequency components")
+d2=10^-4/(50*10^-2)
+d3=(3*10^-6)/(50*10^-2)
+d=sqrt((2*10^-4)^2+(6*10^-6)^2)*100
+format(7)
+disp(d2,"Therefore, D2 = |B2|/|B1| =")
+disp(d3,"Therefore, D2 = |B3|/|B1| =")
+format(5)
+disp(d,"Therefore, %D(in percentage) = sqrt(D2^2 + D3^2)*100 =")
diff --git a/1691/CH6/EX6.34/Exmp6_34.sce b/1691/CH6/EX6.34/Exmp6_34.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d997c50d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH6/EX6.34/Exmp6_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//Example 6.34
+clc
+disp("V_CC = 12 V, I_PP = 100 mA, R_L = 5 ohm")
+disp("Therefore, I_m = I_PP/2 = 50 mA")
+pac=((2500*10^-6)*5)/2
+format(8)
+disp(pac,"(i) P_ac(in W) = I_m^2*R_L / 2 =")
+disp("(ii) P_ac(max) = 1/2 * V_CC^2/R_L")
+disp("But P_ac = V_m*I_m/2 and V_m = V_CC for maximum power")
+rl=12^2/0.6
+format(4)
+disp(rl,"Therefore, R''_L(in ohm) = ")
+disp("But R''_L = R_L/n^2 i.e. 240 = 5/n^2")
+disp("Therefore, n^2 = 0.02083 i.e. n = 0.1443 = N2/N1")
+disp("Therefore, N1/N2 = 6.928 : 1")
diff --git a/1691/CH6/EX6.35/Exmp6_35.sce b/1691/CH6/EX6.35/Exmp6_35.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3b230e449 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH6/EX6.35/Exmp6_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//Example 6.35
+clc
+disp("I_CQ = 250 mA, V_CEQ = 8 V")
+disp("V_max = 15 V, V_min = 1 V, I_max = 450 mA, I_min = 40 mA")
+ipp=450-40
+disp(ipp,"Therefore, I_pp(in mA) = I_max - I_min =")
+vpp=15-1
+disp(vpp,"Therefore, V_pp(in V) = V_max - V_min =")
+vm=14/2
+disp(vm,"Therefore, V_m(in V) = V_pp/2 =")
+im=410/2
+disp(im,"Therefore, I_m(in mA) = I_pp/2 =")
+pac=(7*205*10^-3)/2
+pdc=250*8*10^-3
+n=71.75/2
+pd=2-0.7175
+format(7)
+disp(pac,"(i) P_ac(in W) = V_m*I_m/2 = ...output power")
+disp(pdc,"(ii) P_DC(in W) = I_CQ*V_CEQ = ...input power")
+disp(n,"(iii) %eta(in %) = P_ac/P_DC * 100 = ...efficiency")
+disp(pd,"(iv) P_d(in W) = P_DC - P_ac = ...power dissipation")
diff --git a/1691/CH6/EX6.4/e6_4.sce b/1691/CH6/EX6.4/e6_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..07e0d6e82 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH6/EX6.4/e6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//example6.4
+clc
+disp("R_L=8ohm, I_CQ=140 mA, V_CC=10V")
+disp("P_ac= 0.48 W")
+disp("The turns ratio are specified as N1/N2:1 i.e 3:1")
+disp("Therefore N1/N2=3")
+n=1/3
+disp(n,"n=N2/N1=1/3=")
+r=8/(0.333)^2
+disp(r,"Therefore R''_L=R_L/n^2=")
+disp("1. As the transformer is ideal, whatever is the power delivered to the load,same is the power developed across primary.")
+disp("Therefore P_ac(across primary)=0.48W")
+disp("2. Using equation (9),")
+disp("we get, P_ac=(V_1rms^2)/(R''_L)")
+disp("Therefore 0.48=(V_1rms^2)/72")
+v=sqrt(34.56)
+disp(v,"Therefore V_1rms(in V)=")
+disp("But rms value of the load voltage is V_2rms")
+disp("So (V1_rms)/(V2_rms)=N1/N2=3/1")
+v=5.8787/3
+disp(v,"Therefore (V2_rms)(in V)=(V1_rms)/3=")
+disp("This is the rms value of the load voltage.")
+disp("3. The rms value of the primary voltage is (V1_rms) as calculated above.")
+disp("Therefore (V1_rms)=5.8787 V")
+disp("4. The power delivered to the load = (I_2rms^2)*R_L ..Refer equation 13.")
+disp("0.48=(I_2rms^2)*8")
+i=sqrt(0.06)
+disp(i,"(I_2rms)[in A]=")
+disp("This is the rms value of the load current as the resistance value used is R_L and not R''_L")
+disp("5. The rms values of primary and secondary are related through the transformation ratio.")
+disp("Therefore (I_1rms)/(I_2rms)=N2/N1=n=0.333")
+i=0.2449*0.333
+disp(i,"Thererfore (I_1rms)[in A]=0.2449*0.333= ")
+disp("6. The dc power input is,")
+p=140*10^-2
+disp(p,"P_DC(in W)=(V_CC)*(I_CQ)=")
+n=(0.48*100)/1.4
+disp(n,"7. %eta=(P_ac *100)/(P_dc)=")
+d=1.4-0.48
+disp(d,"P_d(in W)=")
+disp("This is the power dissipation.")
diff --git a/1691/CH6/EX6.6/Exmp6_6.sce b/1691/CH6/EX6.6/Exmp6_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d2a9206c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH6/EX6.6/Exmp6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//Example 6.6
+clc
+disp("R_L = 4 k-ohm, (P_ac)_D = 0.85 W")
+disp("The current without signal is I_CQ = 31 mA")
+disp("The current with signal is I_CQ + B0 = 34 mA")
+disp("The increase is due to harmonic content in the signal")
+disp("Therefore, B0 = 34 - 31 = 3 mA")
+disp("But, B2 = B0 = 3 mA")
+disp("Now (P_ac)_D = P_ac * [1+D2^2] ... Assuming only second harmonic")
+disp("Therefore, (P_ac)_D = 1/2*B1^2*R_L * [1 + B2^2/B1^2]")
+disp("Therefore, (P_ac)_D = 1/2*B1^2*R_L + 1/2*B2^2*R_L")
+disp("0.85 = 1/2*B1^2*(4*10^3) + 1/2*(9*10^-6)*(4*10^3)")
+disp("Therefore, B1 = 20.396 mA")
+d2=300/20.396
+format(7)
+disp(d2,"Therefore, D2(in percentage) = |B2|/|B1| * 100 =")
diff --git a/1691/CH6/EX6.7/Exmp6_7.sce b/1691/CH6/EX6.7/Exmp6_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fa8d27218 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH6/EX6.7/Exmp6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +//Example 6.7
+clc
+disp("The maximum power dissipation occurs when the value of V_m is")
+disp("V_m = 2/pi * V_CC")
+disp("Now P_ac = V_m*I_m / 2")
+disp("So at the time of maximum power dissipation, it is")
+disp("P_ac = 2/pi * V_CC*I_m/2 = V_CC*I_m / pi")
+disp("Now P_DC = 2/pi * V_CC * I_m")
+disp("Hence, %eta = P_ac/P_DC * 100 = (V_CC*I_m/pi)/(2*V_CC*I_m/pi)*100 = 50%")
+disp("Thus efficiency is just 50% when the power dissipation is maximum. While the maximum effiency of the class B operation is 78.5%")
diff --git a/1691/CH6/EX6.8/Exmp6_8.sce b/1691/CH6/EX6.8/Exmp6_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..76c807628 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH6/EX6.8/Exmp6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +//Example 6.8
+clc
+disp("R_L = 12 ohm, n = N2/N1 = 1/3 = 0.333, eta_trans = 78.5%")
+rl=12/(0.333^2)
+format(4)
+disp(rl,"Therefore, R''_L = R_L / n^2 =")
+pac=(0.5*20^2)/108
+format(7)
+disp("(i) For P_max, V_m = V_CC")
+disp(pac,"Threfore, (P_ac)_max(in W) = 1/2 * V_CC^2/R''_L =")
+disp("But eta_trans = 78.5%")
+pl=0.785*1.8518
+disp(pl,"Therefore, P_L(in W) = eta_trans * (P_ac)_max =")
+vm=(2*20)/%pi
+format(8)
+disp(vm,"(ii) Condition for (P_d)_max is V_m(in V) = 2*V_CC/pi =")
+pd=(2*20^2)/(108*%pi^2)
+format(7)
+disp(pd,"Therefore, (P_d)_max(in W) = 2*V_CC^2 / pi^2*R''_L =")
+pdm=0.7505/2
+disp(pdm,"Therefore, (P_d)_max(in W) per transistor =")
+disp("(iii) (P_ac)_max = V_rms * I_rms = V_m/sqrt(2) * I_m/sqrt(2) = V_m*I_m / 2 and V_m = V_CC")
+disp("Therefore, 1.8518 = 20*I_m / 2")
+im=(2*1.8518)/20
+disp(im,"Therefore, I_m(in A) = (I_c)_max =")
+ibm=(0.1851/25)*10^3
+disp(ibm,"and (i_b)_max(in mA) = (i_c))max / h_fe =")
diff --git a/1691/CH6/EX6.9/e6_9.sce b/1691/CH6/EX6.9/e6_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5e81cdcb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1691/CH6/EX6.9/e6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//example6.9
+clc
+disp("R_L=16 ohm, V_CC=25 V")
+disp("Now 2N1=200, N2=50")
+n=200/2
+disp(n,"Therefore N1=")
+n=50/100
+disp(n,"Therefore n=N2/N1=")
+r=16/(0.5^2)
+disp(r,"Therefore R''_L =(R_L)/(n^2)=")
+disp("For maximum power output, V_m=V_CC")
+p=(25^2)/(2*64)
+disp(p,"i) (P_ac)_max [in W]=(V_CC^2)/(2*R_L)=")
+disp("ii) (P_dc)=(2*V_CC*I_m)/pi")
+disp("Now (V_m)/(I_m)=(R''_L)")
+disp("and V_m=V_CC")
+i=25/64
+disp(i,"Therefore (I_m)=(V_CC)/(R''_L)=")
+p=(2*25*0.3906)/(%pi)
+disp(p,"Therefore (P_DC)[in W]=")
+n=(4.8848*100)/6.2169
+disp(n,"iii) %eta=(P_ac*100)/(P_DC)=")
+p=(2*4.8828)/(%pi^2)
+disp(p,"iv) (P_d)_max[in W]=(2*(P_ac)_max)/(pi^2)=")
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