initial commit / add all books

20 files changed, 873 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/905/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce b/905/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..669b6b2bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/905/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+

+// Illustration 1.1

+// Page: 6

+

+printf('Illustration 1.1 - Page: 6\n\n');

+

+//*****Data*****

+T = 300; // [K]

+P = 500; // [kPa]

+R = 8.314; // [J/mole.K]

+//*****//

+printf('Illustration 1.1 (a) - Page: 6\n\n');

+// Solution (a)

+// Using equation 1.7 

+C = P/(R*T); // [Total molar concentration, kmole/cubic m]

+printf("Total molar concentration in the gas feed is %f kmole/cubic m\n\n",C);

+

+printf('Illustration 1.1 (b) - Page: 7\n\n');

+// Solution (b)

+

+// Mixture of gases 

+// Components  a-CH4 , b-C2H6 , c-nC3H8 , d-nC4H10

+// Basis: 100 kmole of gas mixture

+n_a = 88; // [kmole]

+n_b = 4; // [kmole]

+n_c = 5; // [kmole]

+n_d = 3; // [kmole]

+M_a = 16.04; // [gram/mole]

+M_b = 30.07; // [gram/mole]

+M_c = 44.09; // [gram/mole]

+M_d = 58.12; // [gram/mole]

+m_a = n_a*M_a; // [kg]

+m_b = n_b*M_b; // [kg]

+m_c = n_c*M_c; // [kg]

+m_d = n_d*M_d; // [kg]

+n_total = n_a+n_b+n_c+n_d; // [kmole]

+m_total = m_a+m_b+m_c+m_d; // [kg]

+M_avg = m_total/n_total; // [kg/kmole]

+row = C*M_avg; // [mass density, kg/cubic m]

+printf("Average molecular weight of gas feed is %f kg/kmole\n",M_avg);

+printf("Density of gas feed is %f kg/cubic m\n\n",row);

+

+printf('Illustration 1.1 (c) - Page: 7\n\n');

+// Solution (c)

+

+// Mass fraction of each component

+x_a = m_a/m_total;

+x_b = m_b/m_total;

+x_c = m_c/m_total;

+x_d = m_d/m_total;

+printf("Mass fraction of CH4, C2H6, nC3H8, nC4H10 are %f, %f, %f, %f respectively",x_a,x_b,x_c,x_d);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/905/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce b/905/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bdaec9359
--- /dev/null
+++ b/905/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+

+// Illustration 1.10

+// Page: 30

+

+printf('Illustration 1.10 - Page:30 \n\n');

+// Solution

+

+//*****Data*****//

+//  acetone-1   benzene-2

+T = 298; // [K]

+x_1 = 0.7808;

+x_2 = 1-x_1; 

+// The infinite dilution diffusivities are

+D_12o = 2.75*10^-9; // [square m/s]

+D_21o = 4.15*10^-9; // [square m/s]

+// From the NRTL equation, for this system at the given temperature and concentration the thermodynamic correction factor r = 0.871.

+r = 0.871;

+D_12exp = 3.35*10^-9; // [square m/s]

+//*****//

+

+// Using equation 1.56

+D_12 = (D_12o^x_2)*(D_21o^x_1);

+D_12 = D_12*r;

+printf("The theoritical value of Fick diffusivity is %e square m/s",D_12);

+// The predicted value of the Fick diffusivity is in excellent agreement with the experimental result.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/905/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce b/905/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..863da9d76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/905/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+

+// Illustration 1.11

+// Page: 33

+

+printf('Illustration 1.11 - Page:33 \n\n');

+// Solution

+

+//*****Data*****//

+//  ammonia-1  nitrogen-2   hydrogen-3

+T = 300; // [K]

+P = 1; // [bar]

+y_1 = .40;

+y_2 = .20;

+y_3 = .40;

+//*****//

+

+// Lennard-Jones parameter for ammonia

+sigma_1 = 2.9; // [Angstrom]

+d_1 = 558.3; // [E/K, K]

+M_1 = 17; // [gram/mole]

+

+// Lennard-Jones parameter for nitrogen

+sigma_2 = 3.798; // [Angstrom]

+d_2 = 71.4; // [E/K, K]

+M_2 = 28; // [gram/mole]

+

+// Lennard-Jones parameter for hydrogen 

+sigma_3 = 2.827; // [Angstrom]

+d_3 = 59.7; // [E/K, K]

+M_3 = 2; // [gram/mole]

+

+// Binary diffusivitiy of ammonia in nitrogen (D_12)

+

+sigma_12 = (sigma_1+sigma_2)/2; // [Angstrom]

+d_12 = sqrt(d_1*d_2); // [K]

+M_12 = 2/((1/M_1)+(1/M_2)); // [gram/mole]

+

+T_star12 = T/d_12;

+a = 1.06036; b = 0.15610; c = 0.19300; d = 0.47635; e = 1.03587; f = 1.52996; g = 1.76474; h = 3.89411; 

+ohm12 = ((a/T_star12^b)+(c/exp(d*T_star12))+(e/exp(f*T_star12))+(g/exp(h*T_star12)));

+ 

+// Substituting these values into the Wilke-Lee equation yields (equation 1.49)

+D_12 = ((10^-3*(3.03-(.98/sqrt(M_12)))*T^1.5)/(P*(sqrt(M_12))*(sigma_12^2)*ohm12)); // [square cm/s]

+printf("The diffusivitiy of ammonia in nitrogen %e square cm/s\n",D_12);

+

+// Binary diffusivitiy of ammonia in hydrogen (D_13)

+

+sigma_13 = (sigma_1+sigma_3)/2; // [Angstrom]

+d_13 = sqrt(d_1*d_3); // [K]

+M_13 = 2/((1/M_1)+(1/M_3)); // [gram/mole]

+

+T_star13 = T/d_13;

+a = 1.06036; b = 0.15610; c = 0.19300; d = 0.47635; e = 1.03587; f = 1.52996; g = 1.76474; h = 3.89411; 

+ohm13 = ((a/T_star13^b)+(c/exp(d*T_star13))+(e/exp(f*T_star13))+(g/exp(h*T_star13)));

+ 

+// Substituting these values into the Wilke-Lee equation yields (equation 1.49)

+D_13 = ((10^-3*(3.03-(.98/sqrt(M_13)))*T^1.5)/(P*(sqrt(M_13))*(sigma_13^2)*ohm13)); // [square cm/s]

+printf("The diffusivitiy of ammonia in hydrogen %e square cm/s\n",D_13);

+

+// Figure 1.5 shows the flux of ammonia (N_1) toward the catalyst surface, where 

+// it is consumed by chemical reaction, and the fluxes of nitrogen (N_2) and hydrogen (N_3)

+// produced by the reaction migrating away from the same surface.

+

+// Therefore N_1 = N_2+N_3 

+// From equation 1.59

+// N_2 = -(0.5)*N_1    and    N_3 = -(1.5)*N_1

+

+// Substituting in equation (1.58) we obtain

+D_1eff = (1+y_1)/((y_2+0.5*y_1)/D_12 + (y_3+1.5*y_1)/D_13); // [square cm/s]

+printf("The effective diffusivity of ammonia in the gaseous mixture is  %e square cm/s",D_1eff);  
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/905/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce b/905/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d95f98586
--- /dev/null
+++ b/905/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+

+// Illustration 1.12

+// Page: 34

+

+printf('Illustration 1.12 - Page:34 \n\n');

+// Solution

+

+//*****Data*****//

+//  ammonia-1  nitrogen-2   hydrogen-3

+T = 300; // [K]

+P = 1; // [bar]

+y_1 = .40;

+y_2 = .20;

+y_3 = .40;

+//*****//

+

+// The binary diffusivities are the same as for Example 1.11.

+D_12 = 0.237; // [square cm/s]

+D_13 = 0.728; // [square cm/s]

+

+// mole fractions of nitrogen (2) and hydrogen (3) on an ammonia (1)-free base from equation (1.61)

+y_21 = y_2/(1-y_1);

+y_31 = y_3/(1-y_1);

+// Substituting in equation (1.60) gives us

+D_1eff = 1/((y_21/D_12)+(y_31/D_13));

+printf("The effective diffusivity of ammonia in the gaseous mixture is  %e square cm/s",D_1eff); 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/905/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce b/905/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6a9c5db4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/905/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+

+// Illustration 1.13

+// Page: 36

+

+printf('Illustration 1.13 - Page:36 \n\n');

+// Solution

+

+//*****Data*****

+// acetic acid-1   water-2   ethyl alcohol-3

+T = 298; // [K]

+// The data required data for water at 298 K

+u_2 = 0.894; // [cP]

+V_c1 = 171; // [cubic cm/mole]

+// From equation 1.48

+V_b1 = 62.4; // [cubic cm/mole]

+// Substituting in equation (1.53)

+// the infinite dilution diffusion coefficient of acetic acid in water at 298 K

+E = (9.58/V_b1)-1.12;

+D_abo12 = (1.25*10^-8)*(((V_b1)^-.19)-0.292)*(T^1.52)*(u_2^E); // [square cm/s]

+

+

+// Data for acetic acid

+T_b1 = 390.4; // [K]

+T_c1 = 594.8; // [K]

+P_c1 = 57.9; // [bar]

+V_c1 = 171; // [cubic cm/mole]

+M_1 = 60; // [gram/mole]

+

+// Data for ethanol

+T_b3 = 351.4; // [K]

+T_c3 = 513.9; // [K]

+P_c3 = 61.4; // [bar]

+V_c3 = 167; // [cubic cm/mole]

+M_3 = 46; // [gram/mole]

+u_3 = 1.043; // [cP]

+

+// Using the Hayduk and Minhas correlation for nonaqueous solutions

+

+// According to restriction 3 mentioned above, the molar volume of the acetic acid to be used in equation (1.54) should be

+V_b1 = V_b1*2; // [cubic cm/mole]

+// The molar volume of ethanol is calculated from equation (1.48)

+V_b3 = 60.9; // [cubic cm/mole]

+

+

+// For acetic acid (1)

+T_br1 = T_b1/T_c1; // [K]

+// Using equation 1.55 

+alpha_c1 =  0.9076*(1+((T_br1)*log(P_c1/1.013))/(1-T_br1));

+sigma_c1 = (P_c1^(2/3))*(T_c1^(1/3))*(0.132*alpha_c1-0.278)*(1-T_br1)^(11/9); // [dyn/cm]

+

+// For ethanol (3)

+T_br3 = T_b3/T_c3; // [K]

+// Using equation 1.55 

+alpha_c3 =  0.9076*(1+((T_br3*log(P_c3/1.013))/(1-T_br3)));

+sigma_c3 = (P_c3^(2/3))*(T_c3^(1/3))*(0.132*alpha_c3-0.278)*(1-T_br3)^(11/9); // [dyn/cm]

+

+// Substituting in equation 1.54

+D_abo13 = (1.55*10^-8)*(V_b3^0.27)*(T^1.29)*(sigma_c3^0.125)/((V_b1^0.42)*(u_3^0.92)*(sigma_c1^0.105));

+

+// The viscosity of a 40 wt% aqueous ethanol solution at 298 K is u_mix = 2.35 cP

+u_mix = 2.35; // [cP]

+// The solution composition must be changed from mass to molar fractions following a procedure similar to that illustrated in Example 1.2

+// Accordingly, a 40 wt% aqueous ethanol solution converts to 20.7 mol%.

+// Therefore mole fraction of ethanol (x_3) and water (x_2) 

+

+x_3 = 0.207;

+x_2 = 1-x_3;

+// Using equation 1.62

+D_1eff = ((x_2*D_abo12*(u_2^0.8))+(x_3*D_abo13*(u_3^0.8)))/(u_mix^0.8);

+printf("The diffusion coefficient of acetic acid at very low concentrations diffusing into a mixed solvent containing 40.0 wt percent ethyl alcohol in water at a temperature of 298 K is %e square cm/s\n\n",D_1eff); 

+

+// The experimental value reported by Perkins and Geankoplis (1969) is 

+D_1exp = 5.71*10^-6; // [square cm/s]

+percent_error = ((D_1eff-D_1exp)/D_1exp)*100; // [%]

+printf("The error of the estimate is %f\n",percent_error);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/905/CH1/EX1.14/1_14.sce b/905/CH1/EX1.14/1_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..91a82850f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/905/CH1/EX1.14/1_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+

+// Illustration 1.14

+// Page: 39

+

+printf('Illustration 1.14 - Page:39 \n\n');

+// Solution

+

+//*****Data*****

+//  Binary gaseous mixture of components A and B

+P = 1; // [bar]

+T = 300; // [K]

+R = 8.314; // [cubic m.Pa/mole.K]

+delta = 1; // [mm]

+y_A1 = 0.7;

+y_A2 = 0.2;

+D_AB = 0.1; // [square cm/s]

+//*****//

+

+// Using equation 1.72

+N_A = (D_AB*10^-4)*(P*10^5)*(y_A1-y_A2)/(R*T*delta*10^-3);

+printf("The molar flux of component A is %f mole/square m.s",N_A);  
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/905/CH1/EX1.15/1_15.sce b/905/CH1/EX1.15/1_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bfd41b06e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/905/CH1/EX1.15/1_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+

+// Illustration 1.15

+// Page: 43

+

+printf('Illustration 1.15 - Page:43 \n\n');

+// Solution

+

+//*****Data*****//

+// Diffusion of A through stagnant B

+P_total = 1.0; // [bar]

+P_B1 = 0.8; // [bar]

+P_B2 = 0.3; // [bar]

+//*****//

+

+// Using equation 1.83

+P_BM = (P_B2-P_B1)/(log(P_B2/P_B1)); // [bar]

+// using the result of Example 1.14, we have

+N_A = 0.2; // [mole/square m.s]

+N_A = N_A*P_total/P_BM; // [moloe/square m.s]

+printf("The molar flux of component A is %f mole/square m.s",N_A);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/905/CH1/EX1.16/1_16.sce b/905/CH1/EX1.16/1_16.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fcdb43084
--- /dev/null
+++ b/905/CH1/EX1.16/1_16.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+

+// Illustration 1.16

+// Page: 44

+

+printf('Illustration 1.16 - Page:44 \n\n');

+// Solution

+

+//*****Data*****//

+// Nickel Carbonyl-A    carbon monoxide-B

+T = 323; // [K]

+P = 1; // [atm]

+R = 8.314; // [cubic m.Pa/mole.K]

+y_A1 = 1.0;

+y_A2 = 0.5;

+delta = 0.625; // [mm]

+D_AB = 20; // [square mm/s]

+//*****//

+

+// The stoichiometry of the reaction determines the relation between the fluxes: from equation (1-59), N_B = - 4N_A and N_A + N_B = -3NA

+// Molar flux fraction si_A = N_A/(N_A+N_B) = N_A/(-3*N_A) = -1/3

+si_A = -1/3;

+// Using equation 1.78

+N_A = si_A*(D_AB*10^-6*P*10^5*log((si_A-y_A2)/(si_A-y_A1))/(R*T*delta*10^-3));

+printf("The molar flux of component A is %f mole/square m.s",N_A);

diff --git a/905/CH1/EX1.19/1_19.sce b/905/CH1/EX1.19/1_19.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..70a0bd3d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/905/CH1/EX1.19/1_19.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+

+// Illustration 1.19

+// Page: 54

+

+printf('Illustration 1.19 - Page:54 \n\n');

+// Solution

+

+//*****Data*****//

+// a-CuS04    b-H2O

+T = 273; // [K]

+delta = 0.01; // [mm]

+sol_ab = 24.3; // [gram/100 gram water]

+den_ab = 1140; // [kg/cubic m]

+D_ab = 3.6*10^-10; // [square m/s]

+den_b = 999.8; // [kg/cubic m]

+//*****//

+

+// both fluxes are in the same direction; therefore, they are both positive and relation is N_b = 5N_a (where N_b and N_a are molar fluxes of component 'a' and 'b') 

+// From equation (1.76), si_a = 1/6 = 0.167

+si_a = 0.167;

+// Calculation of mole fraction of component 'a'

+// Basis: 100 gram H2O (b)

+M_a = 159.63; // [gram/mole]

+M_b = 18; // [gram/mole]

+M_c =249.71; // [here M_c is molecular mass of hydrated CuSO4, gram/mole]

+m_a = 24.3; // [gram]

+m_c = m_a*(M_a/M_c); // [here m_c is the mass of  CuSO4 in 24.3 gram of crystal, gram]

+m_d = m_a-m_c; // [here m_d is mass of hydration of water in the crystal, gram]

+m_b_total = 100+m_d; // [total mass of water, gram]

+

+x_a1 = (m_c/M_a)/((m_c/M_a)+(m_b_total/M_b));

+x_a2 = 0;

+

+// At point 1, the average molecular weight is

+M_1 = x_a1*M_a+(1-x_a1)*M_b; // [gram/mole]

+// At point 2, the average molecular weight is

+M_2 = x_a2*M_a+(1-x_a2)*M_b

+// Molar density at point 1 and 2

+row_1 = den_ab/M_1; // [kmole/cubic m]

+row_2 = den_b/M_2

+row_avg = (row_1+row_2)/2; // [kmole/cubic m]

+

+// Using equation 1.96

+

+N_a = si_a*D_ab*row_avg*log((si_a-x_a2)/(si_a-x_a1))/(delta*10^-3); // [kmole/square m.s]

+rate = N_a*M_c*3600; // [kg/square m of crystal surface area per hour]

+printf("the rate at which the crystal dissolves in solution is %f kg/square m of crystal surface area per hour",rate);

+   

diff --git a/905/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce b/905/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3c5fe66d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/905/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+

+// Illustration 1.2

+// Page: 7

+

+printf('Illustration 1.2 - Page: 7\n\n');

+

+//*****Data*****

+// Component  a-KNO3   b-H20

+T = 293; // [K]

+s_eqm = 24; // [percent by weight, %]

+row = 1162; // [density of saturated solution, kg/cubic m]

+//*****//

+

+printf('Illustration 1.2 (a)- Page: 7\n\n');

+// Solution (a)

+

+// Basis: 100 kg of fresh wash solution

+m_a = (s_eqm/100)*100; // [kg]

+m_b = 100 - m_a; // [kg]

+M_a = 101.10; // [gram/mole]

+M_b = 18.02; // [gram.mole]

+// Therefore moles of component 'a' and 'b' are

+n_a = m_a/M_a; // [kmole]

+n_b = m_b/M_b; // [kmole]

+

+m_total = 100; // [basis, kg]

+n_total = n_a+n_b; // [kmole]

+// Average molecular weight

+M_avg = m_total/n_total; // [kg/kmole]

+// Total molar density of fresh solution

+C = row/M_avg; // [kmole/cubic m]

+printf("Total molar density of fresh solution is %f kmole/cubic m\n\n",C);

+

+printf('Illustration 1.2 (b)- Page: 8\n\n');

+// Solution (b)

+

+// mole fractions of components 'a' and 'b'

+x_a = n_a/n_total;

+x_b = n_b/n_total;

+printf("Mole fraction of KNO3 and H2O is %f %f",x_a,x_b); 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/905/CH1/EX1.20/1_20.sce b/905/CH1/EX1.20/1_20.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a2d69f2a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/905/CH1/EX1.20/1_20.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+

+// Illustration 1.20

+// Page: 58

+

+printf('Illustration 1.20 - Page:58 \n\n');

+// Solution

+

+//*****Data*****//

+// A-hydrogen   B-ethane

+T = 373; // [K]

+P = 10; // [atm]

+d = 4000; // [Angstrom]

+e = 0.4; // [porosity]

+t = 2.5; // [tortuosity]

+D_AB = 0.86/P; // [square cm/s]

+k = 1.3806*10^-23; // [J/K]

+//*****//

+

+// Using data from Appendix B for hydrogen and ethane, and equation (1.45)

+sigma_A = 2.827; // [Angstrom]

+sigma_B = 4.443; // [Angstrom]

+sigma_AB = ((sigma_A+sigma_B)/2)*10^-10; // [m]

+

+lambda = k*T/(sqrt(2)*3.14*(sigma_AB^2)*P*1.01325*10^5); // [m]

+lambda = lambda*10^10; // [Angstrom]

+// From equation 1.101

+K_n = lambda/d;

+printf("The value of a dimensionless ratio, Knudsen number is %f\n\n",K_n);

+// If K_n is less than 0.05 then diffusion inside the pores occurs only by ordinary molecular diffusion and equation 1.100 can be used to calculate D_ABeff

+D_ABeff = D_AB*e/t;

+printf("The effective diffusivity of hydrogen in ethane is %f square cm /s",D_ABeff);  
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/905/CH1/EX1.21/1_21.sce b/905/CH1/EX1.21/1_21.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1cbe34140
--- /dev/null
+++ b/905/CH1/EX1.21/1_21.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+

+// Illustration 1.21

+// Page: 60

+

+printf('Illustration 1.21 - Page:60 \n\n');

+// Solution

+

+//*****Data*****//

+//   a-oxygen   b-nitrogen

+T = 293; // [K]

+P = 0.1; // [atm]

+d = 0.1*10^-6; // [m]

+e = 0.305; // [porosity]

+t = 4.39; // [tortuosity]

+k = 1.3806*10^-23; // [J/K]

+l = 2*10^-3; // [m]

+R = 8.314; // [cubic m.Pa/mole.K]

+x_a1 = 0.8;

+x_a2 = 0.2;

+M_a = 32; // [gram/mole]

+M_b = 28; // [gram/mole]

+//*****//

+

+// Using data from Appendix B for oxygen and nitrogen, and equation (1.45)

+sigma_a = 3.467; // [Angstrom]

+sigma_b = 3.798; // [Angstrom]

+sigma_AB = ((sigma_a+sigma_b)/2)*10^-10; // [m]

+

+lambda = k*T/(sqrt(2)*3.14*(sigma_AB^2)*P*1.01325*10^5); // [m]

+// From equation 1.101

+K_n = lambda/d;

+printf("The value of a dimensionless ratio, Knudsen number is %f\n\n",K_n);

+// If K_n is greater than 0.05 then transport inside the pores is mainly by Knudsen diffusion

+// Using equation 1.103

+D_Ka = (d/3)*(sqrt(8*R*T)/sqrt(3.14*M_a*10^-3)); // [square m/s]

+

+// Using equation 1.107

+D_Kaeff = D_Ka*e/t; // [square m/s]

+

+p_a1 = (x_a1*P)*1.01325*10^5; // [Pa]

+p_a2 = (x_a2*P)*1.01325*10^5; // [Pa]

+

+// Using equation 1.108

+N_a = D_Kaeff*(p_a1-p_a2)/(R*T*l); // [mole/square m.s]

+// Now using the Graham’s law of effusion for Knudsen diffusion

+// N_b/N_a = -sqrt(M_a/M_b) ,therefore

+N_b = -N_a*sqrt(M_a/M_b); // [mole/square m.s]

+

+printf("The diffusion fluxes of both components oxygen and nitrogen are %e mole/square m.s and %e mole/square m.s respectively\n",N_a,N_b);

diff --git a/905/CH1/EX1.22/1_22.sce b/905/CH1/EX1.22/1_22.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e0225cdae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/905/CH1/EX1.22/1_22.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+

+// Illustration 1.22

+// Page: 61

+

+printf('Illustration 1.22 - Page:61 \n\n');

+// Solution

+

+//*****Data*****//

+//   a-oxygen   b-nitrogen

+T = 293; // [K]

+P = 0.1; // [atm]

+d = 0.3*10^-6; // [m]

+e = 0.305; // [porosity]

+t = 4.39; // [tortuosity]

+k = 1.3806*10^-23; // [J/K]

+R = 8.314; // [cubic m.Pa/mole.K]

+l = 2*10^-3; // [m]

+D_ab = 2.01*10^-4; // [square m/s]

+y_a1 = 0.8;

+y_a2 = 0.2;

+//*****//

+

+// Using data from Appendix B for oxygen and nitrogen, and equation (1.45)

+sigma_a = 3.467; // [Angstrom]

+sigma_b = 3.798; // [Angstrom]

+sigma_AB = ((sigma_a+sigma_b)/2)*10^-10; // [m]

+

+lambda = k*T/(sqrt(2)*3.14*(sigma_AB^2)*P*1.01325*10^5); // [m]

+// From equation 1.101

+K_n = lambda/d;

+printf("The value of a dimensionless ratio, Knudsen number is %f\n\n",K_n);

+

+// It means that both molecular and Knudsen diffusion are important and equation (1.109) must be used to calculate N_a

+// From example 1.21     N_b/N_a = -1.069

+// Therefore si_a = 1/(1+(N_b/N_a))

+si_a = 1/(1+(-1.069));

+

+// From equation 1.100

+D_abeff = D_ab*e/t; // [square m/s]

+

+// From equation 1.103

+D_Ka = (d/3)*(sqrt(8*R*T)/sqrt(3.14*M_a*10^-3)); // [square m/s]

+

+// Using equation 1.107

+D_Kaeff = D_Ka*e/t; // [square m/s]

+

+Y_a = 1+(D_abeff/D_Kaeff); 

+

+// Using equation 1.109 to calculate N_a

+N_a = (si_a*P*1.01325*10^5*D_abeff*log((si_a*Y_a-y_a2)/(si_a*Y_a-y_a1)))/(R*T*l);

+N_b = -1.069*N_a;

+printf("The diffusion fluxes of both components oxygen and nitrogen are %e mole/square m.s and %e mole/square m.s respectively\n",N_a,N_b);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/905/CH1/EX1.23/1_23.sce b/905/CH1/EX1.23/1_23.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6499d9c34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/905/CH1/EX1.23/1_23.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+

+// Illustration 1.23

+// Page: 62

+

+printf('Illustration 1.23 - Page:62 \n\n');

+// Solution

+

+//*****Data*****//

+// A-beta dextrin   B-water

+T = 293; // [K]

+d = 88.8; // [Average pore diameter, Angstrom]

+d_mol = 17.96; // [Molecular diameter, Angstrom]

+e = 0.0233; // [porosity]

+t = 1.1; // [tortuosity]

+D_AB = 3.22*10^-6; // [square cm/s]

+//*****//

+

+// Using equation 1.111 to calculate restrictive factor

+K_r = (1-(d_mol/d))^4

+

+// Using equation 1.110 to calculate effective diffusivity

+D_ABeff = e*D_AB*K_r/t; // [square cm/s]

+printf("The effective diffusivity of beta-dextrin at 298 K is %e square cm/s",D_ABeff); 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/905/CH1/EX1.24/1_24.sce b/905/CH1/EX1.24/1_24.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9f6e3cfd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/905/CH1/EX1.24/1_24.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+

+// Illustration 1.24

+// Page: 63

+

+printf('Illustration 1.24 - Page:63 \n\n');

+// Solution

+

+//*****Data*****//

+//   a-nitrogen

+P_atm = 1.01325*10^5; // [Pa]

+T = 300; // [K]

+P_2 = 10130; // [Pa]

+P_1 = 500+P_2; // [Pa]

+d = 0.01*10^-2; // [average pore diameter, m]

+u = 180; // [micro Poise]

+u = 180*10^-6*10^-1; // [Pa.s]  

+l = 25.4*10^-3; // [m]

+v = 0.05; // [volumetric flow rate,  cubic m/square m.s]

+R = 8.314; // [cubic m.Pa/mole.K]

+//*****//

+

+printf('Illustration 1.24 (a) - Page:63 \n\n');

+// Solution (a)

+

+P_avg = (P_1+P_2)/2; // [Pa]

+// The mean free path for nitrogen is from equation (1.102)

+lambda = 0.622*10^-6; // [m]

+K_n = lambda/d;

+// Therefore, Knudsen diffusion will not occur and all the flow observed is of a hydrodynamic nature.

+

+// From the ideal gas law, the nitrogen flux corresponding to the volumetric flow rate of 0.05 m3/m2-s at 300 K and 1 atm

+ 

+N_a = P_atm*v/(R*T); // [mole/square m.s]

+// Using equation 1.113

+B_o = u*R*T*N_a*l/(P_avg*(P_1-P_2)); // [square m]

+printf("The value of the viscous flow parameter is %e square m\n\n",B_o);

+

+printf('Illustration 1.24 (b) - Page:64 \n\n');

+// Solution (b)

+

+T1 = 393; // [K]

+u = 220; // [micro Poise]

+u = 220*10^-6*10^-1; // [Pa.s]

+// Substituting in equation (1.113) the new values of temperature and viscosity and the value of B_o, obtained in part (a) while maintaining the pressure conditi// ons unchanged, we get N_a

+N_a1 = B_o*P_avg*(P_1-P_2)/(l*T*u*R); // [mole/square m.s]

+v1 = N_a1*R*T/P_atm; // [cubic m(measured at 300 K and 1 atm)/ square m.s]

+printf("The nitrogen flow to be expected at 393 K with the same pressure difference is %e cubic m(measured at 300 K and 1 atm)/ square m.s\n",v1);

diff --git a/905/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce b/905/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d4cea7d1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/905/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+

+// Illustration 1.3

+// Page: 9

+

+printf('Illustration 1.3 - Page:9 \n\n');

+

+//*****Data*****//

+// Blood contains two parts a-blood cells  b-plasma

+f_a = 45; // [percent of blood cells by volume]

+f_b = 55; // [percent of plasma by volume]

+r = 1200; // [Rate of blood which is pumped through artificial kidney, mL/minute]

+m_urine = 1540; // [mass of urine collected, g]

+x_u = 1.3; // [urea concentration, percent by weight]

+// Data for sample of blood plasma

+c_urea = 155.3; // [mg/dL]

+d = 1.0245; // [specfic gravity of plasma]

+//*****//

+

+printf('Illustration 1.3 (a) - Page:9 \n\n');

+// Solution (a)

+

+// Basis: 4 hours

+// Assuming that the rate of formation and decomposition of urea during the procedure is negligible and that no urea is removed by the patient’s kidneys

+// Therefore urea in “clean” blood = urea in “dirty” blood - urea in urine

+

+m_u = m_urine*(x_u/100); // [mass of urea in urine, g]

+// total volume of plasma that flows through the artificial kidney in 4 hours

+V_b = r*60*(f_b/100)*(1/100)*4; // [dL]

+// urea in dirty blood from given plasma concentration

+m_ud = c_urea*(1/1000)*V_b; // [g]

+// urea removal efficiency

+n = (m_u/m_ud)*100;

+printf("Urea removal efficiency is %f\n\n",n);

+  

+printf('Illustration 1.3 (b) - Page:10 \n\n');

+// Solution (b)

+

+m_uc = m_ud-m_u; // [mass of urea on clean blood, g]

+m_p = d*100*V_b; // [Mass of plasma entering, g]

+m_rem = m_p-m_urine; // [Mass of plasma remaining, g]

+V_brem = m_rem/(d*100); // [Volume of plasma remaining, dL]

+c_y = (m_uc*1000)/V_brem; // [urea concentration in remaining plasma, mg/dL]

+printf("urea concentration in the plasma of the cleansed blood is %f mg/dL",c_y);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/905/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce b/905/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..20474810f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/905/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+clear;
+clc;
+
+// Illustration 1.6
+// Page: 21
+
+printf('Illustration 1.6 - Page:21 \n\n');
+// Solution
+
+//*****Data*****//
+//  a-CS2   b-air
+T = 273; // [K]
+P = 1; // [bar]
+// 1 bar = 10^5 Pa
+// Values of the Lennard-Jones parameters (sigma and E/K) are obtained from Appendix B:
+sigma_a = 4.483; // [1st Lennard-Jones parameter, Angstrom]
+sigma_b = 3.620; // [Angstrom]
+d_a = 467; // [d = E/K 2nd Lennard-Jones parameter, K]
+d_b = 97; // [K]
+M_a = 76; // [gram/mole]
+M_b = 29; // [gram/mole]
+sigma_ab = (sigma_a+sigma_b)/2; // [Angstrom]
+d_ab = sqrt(d_a*d_b); // [K]
+M_ab = 2/((1/M_a)+(1/M_b)); // [gram/mole]
+
+T_star = T/d_ab;
+a = 1.06036; b = 0.15610; c = 0.19300; d = 0.47635; e = 1.03587; f = 1.52996; g = 1.76474; h = 3.89411; 
+ohm = ((a/T_star^b)+(c/exp(d*T_star))+(e/exp(f*T_star))+(g/exp(h*T_star)));
+
+// Substituting these values into the Wilke-Lee equation yields (equation 1.49)
+D_ab = ((10^-3*(3.03-(.98/sqrt(M_ab)))*T^1.5)/(P*(sqrt(M_ab))*(sigma_ab^2)*ohm)); // [square cm/s]
+printf("The diffusivity of carbon disulfide vapor in air at 273 K and 1 bar is %e square cm/s\n",D_ab);
+
+// The experimental value of D_ab obtained from Appendix A:
+D_abexp = (.894/(P*10^5))*10^4; // [square cm/s]
+percent_error = ((D_ab-D_abexp)/D_abexp)*100; // [%]
+printf("The percent error of the estimate, compared to the experimental value is %f ",percent_error);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/905/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce b/905/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..44ba378b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/905/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+

+// Illustration 1.7

+// Page: 22

+

+printf('Illustration 1.7 - Page:22 \n\n');

+// Solution

+

+//*****Data*****//

+//   A-C3H5Cl    B-air

+T = 298; // [K]

+P = 1; // [bar]

+//*****//

+

+// Values of the Lennard-Jones parameters for allyl chloride must be estimated from equations (1.46) and (1.47).

+// From Table 1.2

+V_bA = 3*14.8+5*3.7+24.6; // [cubic cm/mole]

+// From equation 1.46

+sigma_A = 1.18*(V_bA)^(1/3); // [1st Lennard-Jones parameter, Angstrom]

+// Normal boiling-point temperature for allyl chloride is Tb = 318.3 K

+// From equation 1.47, E/K = 1.15*Tb

+T_b = 318.3; // [K]

+d_A = 1.15*T_b; // [2nd Lennard-Jones parameter for C3H5Cl  E/K, K]

+M_A = 76.5; // [gram/mole]

+

+// Lennard-Jones parameters for air

+sigma_B = 3.62; // [Angstrom]

+d_B = 97; // [2nd Lennard-Jones parameter for air E/K, K]

+

+M_B = 29; // [gram/mole]

+

+sigma_AB = (sigma_A+sigma_B)/2; // [Angstrom]

+d_AB = sqrt(d_A*d_B); // [K]

+M_AB = 2/((1/M_A)+(1/M_B)); // [gram/mole]

+

+T_star = T/d_AB;

+a = 1.06036; b = 0.15610; c = 0.19300; d = 0.47635; e = 1.03587; f = 1.52996; g = 1.76474; h = 3.89411; 

+ohm = ((a/T_star^b)+(c/exp(d*T_star))+(e/exp(f*T_star))+(g/exp(h*T_star)));

+ 

+// Substituting these values into the Wilke-Lee equation yields (equation 1.49)

+D_AB = ((10^-3*(3.03-(.98/sqrt(M_AB)))*T^1.5)/(P*(sqrt(M_AB))*(sigma_AB^2)*ohm)); // [square cm/s]

+printf("The diffusivity of allyl chloride in air at 298 K and 1 bar is %e square cm/s\n",D_AB);

+

+// The experimental value of D_AB reported by Lugg (1968) is 0.098 square cm/s

+D_ABexp = .098; // [square cm/s]

+percent_error = ((D_AB-D_ABexp)/D_ABexp)*100; // [%]

+printf("The percent error of the estimate, compared to the experimental value is %f ",percent_error);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/905/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce b/905/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b0396b268
--- /dev/null
+++ b/905/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+

+// Illustration 1.8

+// Page: 26

+

+printf('Illustration 1.8 - Page:26 \n\n');

+// Solution

+

+//*****Data*****//

+// solute A-C2H60   solvent B-water

+T = 288; // [K]

+//*****//

+// Critical volume of solute

+V_c = 167.1; // [cubic cm/mole]

+// Calculating molar volume using equation 1.48

+V_ba = 0.285*(V_c)^1.048; // [cubic cm/mole]

+u_b = 1.153; // [Viscosity of liquid water at 288 K, cP]

+M_solvent = 18; // [gram/mole]

+phi_b = 2.26; // [association factor of solvent B]

+

+printf('Illustration 1.8 (a) - Page:26 \n\n');

+// Solution (a)

+

+// Using the Wilke-Chang correlation, equation 1.52

+D_abo1 = (7.4*10^-8)*(sqrt(phi_b*M_solvent))*T/(u_b*(V_ba)^.6); // [diffusivity of solute A in very dilute solution in solvent B, square cm/s]

+printf("Diffusivity of C2H60 in a dilute solution in water at 288 K is %e square cm/s\n",D_abo1);

+// The experimental value of D_abo reported in Appendix A is 1.0 x 10^-5 square cm/s

+D_aboexp = 1*10^-5; // [square cm/s]

+percent_error1 = ((D_abo1-D_aboexp)/D_aboexp)*100; // [%]

+printf("The percent error of the estimate, compared to the experimental value is %f\n\n ",percent_error1);

+

+printf('Illustration 1.8 (b) - Page:27 \n\n');

+// Solution (b)

+

+// Using the Hayduk and Minhas correlation for aqueous solutions equation 1.53

+E = (9.58/V_ba)-1.12;

+D_abo2 = (1.25*10^-8)*(((V_ba)^-.19)-0.292)*(T^1.52)*(u_b^E); // [square cm/s]

+printf("Diffusivity of C2H60 in a dilute solution in water at 288 K is %e square cm/s\n",D_abo2);

+percent_error2 = ((D_abo2-D_aboexp)/D_aboexp)*100; // [%]

+printf("The percent error of the estimate, compared to the experimental value is %f ",percent_error2);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/905/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce b/905/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6c48a44c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/905/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+clear;

+clc;

+

+// Illustration 1.9

+// Page: 27

+

+printf('Illustration 1.9 - Page:27 \n\n');

+// Solution

+

+//*****Data*****//

+//    A-acetic acid(solute)     B-acetone(solvent)

+T = 313; // [K]

+// The following data are available (Reid, et al., 1987):

+

+// Data for acetic acid

+T_bA = 390.4; // [K]

+T_cA = 594.8; // [K]

+P_cA = 57.9; // [bar]

+V_cA = 171; // [cubic cm/mole]

+M_A = 60; // [gram/mole]

+

+// Data for acetone

+T_bB = 329.2; // [K]

+T_cB = 508; // [K]

+P_cB = 47; // [bar]

+V_cB = 209; // [cubic cm/mole]

+u_bB = 0.264; // [cP]

+M_B = 58; // [gram/mole]

+phi = 1;

+

+printf('Illustration 1.9 (a) - Page:27 \n\n');

+// Solution (a)

+// Using equation 1.48

+V_bA = 0.285*(V_cA)^1.048; // [cubic cm/mole]

+

+// Using the Wilke-Chang correlation , equation 1.52

+D_abo1 = (7.4*10^-8)*(sqrt(phi*M_B))*T/(u_bB*(V_bA)^.6);

+printf("Diffusivity of acetic acid in a dilute solution in acetone  at 313 K using the Wilke-Chang correlation is %e square cm/s\n",D_abo1);

+// From Appendix A, the experimental value is 4.04*10^-5 square cm/s

+D_aboexp = 4.04*10^-5; // [square cm/s]

+percent_error1 = ((D_abo1-D_aboexp)/D_aboexp)*100; // [%]

+printf("The percent error of the estimate, compared to the experimental value is %f\n\n ",percent_error1);

+

+printf('Illustration 1.9 (b) - Page:28 \n\n');

+// Solution (b)

+

+// Using the Hayduk and Minhas correlation for nonaqueous solutions

+

+V_bA = V_bA*2; // [cubic cm/mole]

+V_bB = 0.285*(V_cB)^1.048; // [cubic cm/mole]

+

+// For acetic acid (A)

+T_brA = T_bA/T_cA; // [K]

+// Using equation 1.55 

+alpha_cA =  0.9076*(1+((T_brA)*log(P_cA/1.013))/(1-T_brA));

+sigma_cA = (P_cA^(2/3))*(T_cA^(1/3))*(0.132*alpha_cA-0.278)*(1-T_brA)^(11/9); // [dyn/cm]

+

+// For acetone (B)

+T_brB = T_bB/T_cB; // [K]

+// Using equation 1.55 

+alpha_cB =  0.9076*(1+((T_brB*log(P_cB/1.013))/(1-T_brB)));

+sigma_cB = (P_cB^(2/3))*(T_cB^(1/3))*(0.132*alpha_cB-0.278)*(1-T_brB)^(11/9); // [dyn/cm]

+

+// Substituting in equation 1.54

+D_abo2 = (1.55*10^-8)*(V_bB^0.27)*(T^1.29)*(sigma_cB^0.125)/((V_bA^0.42)*(u_bB^0.92)*(sigma_cA^0.105));

+

+printf("Diffusivity of acetic acid in a dilute solution in acetone  at 313 K using the Hayduk and Minhas correlation is %e square cm/s\n",D_abo2);

+

+percent_error2 = ((D_abo2-D_aboexp)/D_aboexp)*100; // [%]

+printf("The percent error of the estimate, compared to the experimental value is %f\n\n ",percent_error2);