updated the code

6 files changed, 220 insertions, 222 deletions

diff --git a/72/CH4/EX4.1.1/4_1_1.sce b/72/CH4/EX4.1.1/4_1_1.sce
index 3a35f37c8..05a1c05e3 100755
--- a/72/CH4/EX4.1.1/4_1_1.sce
+++ b/72/CH4/EX4.1.1/4_1_1.sce
@@ -1,39 +1,39 @@
-//CAPTION: TE10_In_Rectangular_Waveguide

-//CHAPTER-4        

-// EXAMPLE: 4-1-1,page no.-128.

-

-//(a)program_to_find_the_cut-off_frequency_(fc)_of_an_airfilled_rectangular_waveguide_in_TE10_mode.

-

-

-a=0.07       ;     b=0.035     ;                                           //wave-guide_dimensions_in_metres

-f=3.5*(10^9);                                                              //Given_that_guide_is_operating_at_a_frequency_of 3.5 GHZ 

-c=3*(10^8);                                                                // c_is_the_speed_of_the_light 

-m=1  ;   n=0;                                                              //Given_that_guide_operates_in_the_dominant_mode_TE10

-

-fc=c/(a*2);                                                                //since,fc=(c/2)*sqrt(((m/a)^2)+((n/b)^2)). For TE10 mode m=1,n=0,fc=c/2*a 

-disp(fc/(10^9),'cut-off_frequency_for_TE10_mode_in_GHZ=');                 //display_fc ,fc_is_divided_by_10^9 to_obtain_frequency_in_GHZ

-

-

-

-// (b) program_to_find_the phase_velocity_of_the wave_in_the_guide_at_a_frequency_of_3.5GHZ

-

-f=3.5*(10^9);                                                               //Given  that_guide_is_operating_at_a_frequency_of_3.5.GHZ 

-vg=c/(sqrt(1-((fc/f)^2)));                                                  //since , phase_velocity=c/(sqrt(1-((fc/f)^2))) 

-disp(vg,'phase_velocity_for_a_wave_at_a_frequency_of_3.5GHZ__(m/s)=');      //display_the_phase_velocity

-

-

-

-

-// (c) program_to_find_the_guide_wavelength(lg_of_the_wav__at_a_frequency_of 3.5GHZ

-

-

-lo=c/f;                                                                     // lo= wavelength in an unbounded dielectric and lo is in metres

-lginmetres=lo/(sqrt(1-((fc/f)^2)));                                         //since ,lg=lo/sqrt(1-(fc/f^2));  guide_wavelength(lg)_is_in_metres

-lgincm=100*lginmetres;                                                      //guide_wavelength (lg) is_in_centimetres

-disp(lgincm,'Guide_wavelength_for_a_wave_at_frequency_of_3.5GHZ_(cm)=')  //display_the_guide_wavelength

-

-

-

-

-

+
+//CHAPTER-4        
+// EXAMPLE: 4-1-1,page no.-128.
+
+//(a)program_to_find_the_cut-off_frequency_(fc)_of_an_airfilled_rectangular_waveguide_in_TE10_mode.
+
+
+a=0.07       ;     b=0.035     ;                                           //wave-guide_dimensions_in_metres
+f=3.5*(10^9);                                                              //Given_that_guide_is_operating_at_a_frequency_of 3.5 GHZ 
+c=3*(10^8);                                                                // c_is_the_speed_of_the_light 
+m=1  ;   n=0;                                                              //Given_that_guide_operates_in_the_dominant_mode_TE10
+
+fc=c/(a*2);                                                                //since,fc=(c/2)*sqrt(((m/a)^2)+((n/b)^2)). For TE10 mode m=1,n=0,fc=c/2*a 
+disp(fc/(10^9),'cut-off_frequency_for_TE10_mode_in_GHZ=');                 //display_fc ,fc_is_divided_by_10^9 to_obtain_frequency_in_GHZ
+
+
+
+// (b) program_to_find_the phase_velocity_of_the wave_in_the_guide_at_a_frequency_of_3.5GHZ
+
+f=3.5*(10^9);                                                               //Given  that_guide_is_operating_at_a_frequency_of_3.5.GHZ 
+vg=c/(sqrt(1-((fc/f)^2)));                                                  //since , phase_velocity=c/(sqrt(1-((fc/f)^2))) 
+disp(vg,'phase_velocity_for_a_wave_at_a_frequency_of_3.5GHZ__(m/s)=');      //display_the_phase_velocity
+
+
+
+
+// (c) program_to_find_the_guide_wavelength(lg_of_the_wav__at_a_frequency_of 3.5GHZ
+
+
+lo=c/f;                                                                     // lo= wavelength in an unbounded dielectric and lo is in metres
+lginmetres=lo/(sqrt(1-((fc/f)^2)));                                         //since ,lg=lo/sqrt(1-(fc/f^2));  guide_wavelength(lg)_is_in_metres
+lgincm=100*lginmetres;                                                      //guide_wavelength (lg) is_in_centimetres
+disp(lgincm,'Guide_wavelength_for_a_wave_at_frequency_of_3.5GHZ_(cm)=')  //display_the_guide_wavelength
+
+
+
+
+
  
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/72/CH4/EX4.1.2/4_1_2.sce b/72/CH4/EX4.1.2/4_1_2.sce
index ab3530a57..66c8b50c9 100755
--- a/72/CH4/EX4.1.2/4_1_2.sce
+++ b/72/CH4/EX4.1.2/4_1_2.sce
@@ -1,48 +1,48 @@
-//CAPTION: TE10_Mode_In_Rectangular_Waveguide

-

-// chapter no.-4

-// Example-4-1-2 , page no.-133

- 

-

-//Program to find the peak value of the electric field occuring in the guide.

-

-

-clc; 

-m=1; n=0;                                              //given guide transports energy in the TE10 mode.

-f=30*(10^9);                                           //The impressed frequency is 30GHZ

-uo=(4*(%pi))*(10^-7);eo=8.85*(10^(-12));               //scientific values of permeability and permittivity in free space

-a=.02; b=.01;                                          // dimensions of wave-guide given in metres

-energyrate=0.5*746;                                    //given ,the rate of transport of energy =0.5 hp   ,1 horse power(1 hp)= 746 watts.

-

-kc=%pi/a;                                              //kc is cutoff wave number  , kc=sqrt((m*%pi/a)+(n*%pi/b)) ,For m=1,n=0 => kc=%pi/a

-bg=sqrt((((2*%pi*f)^2)*(uo*eo)) - (kc^2));             //bg is the phase constant in radian/metre, bg=sqrt((w^2)*(uo*eo))-(kc^2)); where w=2*%pi*f

-Zg=((2*%pi*30*(10^9))*uo)/bg;                          //Zg is the characteristic wave impedence ,Zg=(w*uo)/bg; where w=2*%pi*f

-

-syms x z Eoy Hoz                                       //Defining the variables

-

-Ex=0;                                                  //since, Ex=Eox*cos((m*%pi*x)/a)*sin((n*%pi*y)/b)*exp(-%i*bg*z)..For m=1 , n=0 => Ex=0

-Ey = Eoy*sin((%pi*x)/a)*exp(-%i*bg*z);                 //since ,Ey = Eoy*sin((m*%pi*x)/a)*cos((n*%pi*y)/b)*exp(-%i*bg*z) (here put m=1,n=0)

-Ez=0;                                                  // For TE mode Ez=0 

-

-Hx=(Eoy/Zg)*sin((%pi*x)/a)*exp(-%i*bg*z);              //since, Hx=Hox*sin(m*%pi*x)/a)*cos((n*%pi*y)/b)*exp(-%i*bg*z). put m=1,n=0 and Hox=(Eoy/Zg)

-Hy = 0 ;                                               //since ,Hy = Hoy*cos((m*%pi*x)/a)*sin((n*%pi*y)/b)*exp(-%i*bg*z)  here(for m=1,n=0) => Hy=0

-Hz=Hoz*cos((%pi*x)/a)*exp(-%i*bg*z);                   //Hz=Hoz*cos(m*%pi*x)/a)*cos((n*%pi*y)/b)*exp(-%i*bg*z). put m=1,n=0 .

-

-Hxc=Hx';                                               //power formula of poynting involves integrating (Ey*cojugate(Hx))over guide dimension.Thus                                                               we take conjugate of hx for propagation of wave in z direction

-

-power=(Ey*Hxc);                                        //(Taking the term (Ey*cojugate(Hx)) from power formula of poynting vector 

-power=power/(Eoy^2);                                //normalise power with respect to (Eoy^2) so as to definitely integrate remaining terms in x and y.

- 

-temp = str2max2sym(power.str1);                 

-PowerToIntegrate = max2scistr(temp.str1) ;     //coverting_type_sym_into_type_string 

-

-I=integrate(PowerToIntegrate,'x',0,a);  //integrate X=(Ey*cojugate(Hx))(which is normalised with respect to Eoy^2) with respect                                                                    to x dimension from 0 to a. Thus the result of above multiplication(Ey*Hxc)/(Eoy^2)                                                                    = 1333*sin(2599825*x/16551)^2/519323 is written here for definite intergration.

-

-I=I*b;                                              //since definite integral is independent of y.Hence dimension in y direction i.e,b can be taken out

-

-I=real(I);                                          //since from poyting formula [energyrate = (0.5*(real(I))*(Eoy^2))].So we consider only real                                                            part of I.

-

-

-Eoy=sqrt((energyrate*2)/I);                         // since ,energyrate =373= (0.5*(real(I))*(Eoy^2))

-

-disp((Eoy/1000),'the peak value of the electric field intensity in(KV/m)');    //  display peak value of electric field .Divide by 1000 to obtain the                                                                                      electric field intensity in KV/m.

+
+
+// chapter no.-4
+// Example-4-1-2 , page no.-133
+ 
+
+//Program to find the peak value of the electric field occuring in the guide.
+
+
+clc; 
+m=1; n=0;                                              //given guide transports energy in the TE10 mode.
+f=30*(10^9);                                           //The impressed frequency is 30GHZ
+uo=(4*(%pi))*(10^-7);eo=8.85*(10^(-12));               //scientific values of permeability and permittivity in free space
+a=.02; b=.01;                                          // dimensions of wave-guide given in metres
+energyrate=0.5*746;                                    //given ,the rate of transport of energy =0.5 hp   ,1 horse power(1 hp)= 746 watts.
+
+kc=%pi/a;                                              //kc is cutoff wave number  , kc=sqrt((m*%pi/a)+(n*%pi/b)) ,For m=1,n=0 => kc=%pi/a
+bg=sqrt((((2*%pi*f)^2)*(uo*eo)) - (kc^2));             //bg is the phase constant in radian/metre, bg=sqrt((w^2)*(uo*eo))-(kc^2)); where w=2*%pi*f
+Zg=((2*%pi*30*(10^9))*uo)/bg;                          //Zg is the characteristic wave impedence ,Zg=(w*uo)/bg; where w=2*%pi*f
+
+syms x z Eoy Hoz                                       //Defining the variables
+
+Ex=0;                                                  //since, Ex=Eox*cos((m*%pi*x)/a)*sin((n*%pi*y)/b)*exp(-%i*bg*z)..For m=1 , n=0 => Ex=0
+Ey = Eoy*sin((%pi*x)/a)*exp(-%i*bg*z);                 //since ,Ey = Eoy*sin((m*%pi*x)/a)*cos((n*%pi*y)/b)*exp(-%i*bg*z) (here put m=1,n=0)
+Ez=0;                                                  // For TE mode Ez=0 
+
+Hx=(Eoy/Zg)*sin((%pi*x)/a)*exp(-%i*bg*z);              //since, Hx=Hox*sin(m*%pi*x)/a)*cos((n*%pi*y)/b)*exp(-%i*bg*z). put m=1,n=0 and Hox=(Eoy/Zg)
+Hy = 0 ;                                               //since ,Hy = Hoy*cos((m*%pi*x)/a)*sin((n*%pi*y)/b)*exp(-%i*bg*z)  here(for m=1,n=0) => Hy=0
+Hz=Hoz*cos((%pi*x)/a)*exp(-%i*bg*z);                   //Hz=Hoz*cos(m*%pi*x)/a)*cos((n*%pi*y)/b)*exp(-%i*bg*z). put m=1,n=0 .
+
+Hxc=Hx';                                               //power formula of poynting involves integrating (Ey*cojugate(Hx))over guide dimension.Thus                                                               we take conjugate of hx for propagation of wave in z direction
+
+power=(Ey*Hxc);                                        //(Taking the term (Ey*cojugate(Hx)) from power formula of poynting vector 
+power=power/(Eoy^2);                                //normalise power with respect to (Eoy^2) so as to definitely integrate remaining terms in x and y.
+ 
+temp = str2max2sym(power.str1);                 
+PowerToIntegrate = max2scistr(temp.str1) ;     //coverting_type_sym_into_type_string 
+
+I=integrate(PowerToIntegrate,'x',0,a);  //integrate X=(Ey*cojugate(Hx))(which is normalised with respect to Eoy^2) with respect                                                                    to x dimension from 0 to a. Thus the result of above multiplication(Ey*Hxc)/(Eoy^2)                                                                    = 1333*sin(2599825*x/16551)^2/519323 is written here for definite intergration.
+
+I=I*b;                                              //since definite integral is independent of y.Hence dimension in y direction i.e,b can be taken out
+
+I=real(I);                                          //since from poyting formula [energyrate = (0.5*(real(I))*(Eoy^2))].So we consider only real                                                            part of I.
+
+
+Eoy=sqrt((energyrate*2)/I);                         // since ,energyrate =373= (0.5*(real(I))*(Eoy^2))
+
+disp((Eoy/1000),'the peak value of the electric field intensity in(KV/m)');    //  display peak value of electric field .Divide by 1000 to obtain the                                                                                      electric field intensity in KV/m.
diff --git a/72/CH4/EX4.2.1/4_2_1.sce b/72/CH4/EX4.2.1/4_2_1.sce
index 9827215c0..b9ca44401 100755
--- a/72/CH4/EX4.2.1/4_2_1.sce
+++ b/72/CH4/EX4.2.1/4_2_1.sce
@@ -1,33 +1,33 @@
- //CAPTION: TE_Mode_In_Circular_Waveguide                                                         

-//CHAPTER-4                                                         

-// EXAMPLE:4-2-1,  page no.-144.

-

-// (a) program_to_find_the_cut_off_frequency_(fc)_of_circular_waveguide_in_TE11_mode

-

-

-radius=0.05  ;                                                             //Given .Here radius_is_in_metres. 

-f=3*(10^9);                                                                //operating_frequency_is_3_GHZ

-uo=(4*(%pi))*(10^-7) ; eo=8.85*(10^(-12));                                 //scientific_values_of_permeability_and_permittivity_in_free_space

-m=1          ;           n=1;                                              //Given_that_a_TE11_mode_is_propagating.

-X=1.841;                                                                   //For_TE11_mode_in_circular_waveguide_X= (kc*radius) =1.841

-              

-kc=X/radius;                                                               //cut-off_wave_number

-fc=kc/((2*%pi)*(sqrt(uo*eo)));                                             //since fc=kc/((2*%pi)*(sqrt(uo*eo)));

-disp(fc/(10^9),'cut-off_frequency_for_TE10_mode_in_GHZ=');                 // display_cut-off_frequency_in_GHZ_by_dividing_by_(10^9)for_TE10_mode 

-

-

-

-

-// (b) program_to_find_the_guide_wavelength(lg)_of_the_wave__at_operating_frequency_of_3GHZ

-

-

-bg=sqrt((((2*%pi*3*(10^9))^2)*(uo*eo)) - (kc^2));      //bg_is_the_phase_constant_in_radian/metre,_bg=sqrt((w^2)*(uo*eo))-(kc^2)); where w=2*%pi*f

-lginmetres=(2*%pi)/bg;                                 //Guide_wavelength_is_in_meters

-lgincm=100*lginmetres;                                 //Guide_wavelength_is_in_centimetres

-disp(lgincm,'Guide_wavelength_for_a_wave_at_a_frequency_of_3.5GHZ__(cm)=');  // display_Guide_wavelength_for_TE10_mode

-

-

-

-// (c) program_to_find_the_Guide_wavelength_in_the_wave_guide

-zg=(2*%pi*(3*(10^9))*uo)/bg;                            //Zg_is_the_characteristic_wave_impedence ,Zg=(w*uo)/bg; where w=2*%pi*f

+                                                     
+//CHAPTER-4                                                         
+// EXAMPLE:4-2-1,  page no.-144.
+
+// (a) program_to_find_the_cut_off_frequency_(fc)_of_circular_waveguide_in_TE11_mode
+
+
+radius=0.05  ;                                                             //Given .Here radius_is_in_metres. 
+f=3*(10^9);                                                                //operating_frequency_is_3_GHZ
+uo=(4*(%pi))*(10^-7) ; eo=8.85*(10^(-12));                                 //scientific_values_of_permeability_and_permittivity_in_free_space
+m=1          ;           n=1;                                              //Given_that_a_TE11_mode_is_propagating.
+X=1.841;                                                                   //For_TE11_mode_in_circular_waveguide_X= (kc*radius) =1.841
+              
+kc=X/radius;                                                               //cut-off_wave_number
+fc=kc/((2*%pi)*(sqrt(uo*eo)));                                             //since fc=kc/((2*%pi)*(sqrt(uo*eo)));
+disp(fc/(10^9),'cut-off_frequency_for_TE10_mode_in_GHZ=');                 // display_cut-off_frequency_in_GHZ_by_dividing_by_(10^9)for_TE10_mode 
+
+
+
+
+// (b) program_to_find_the_guide_wavelength(lg)_of_the_wave__at_operating_frequency_of_3GHZ
+
+
+bg=sqrt((((2*%pi*3*(10^9))^2)*(uo*eo)) - (kc^2));      //bg_is_the_phase_constant_in_radian/metre,_bg=sqrt((w^2)*(uo*eo))-(kc^2)); where w=2*%pi*f
+lginmetres=(2*%pi)/bg;                                 //Guide_wavelength_is_in_meters
+lgincm=100*lginmetres;                                 //Guide_wavelength_is_in_centimetres
+disp(lgincm,'Guide_wavelength_for_a_wave_at_a_frequency_of_3.5GHZ__(cm)=');  // display_Guide_wavelength_for_TE10_mode
+
+
+
+// (c) program_to_find_the_Guide_wavelength_in_the_wave_guide
+zg=(2*%pi*(3*(10^9))*uo)/bg;                            //Zg_is_the_characteristic_wave_impedence ,Zg=(w*uo)/bg; where w=2*%pi*f
 disp(zg,'wave_impedence_zg_in_the_wave_guide(ohm)=')    //display_wave_impedence_in_the_wave_guide
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/72/CH4/EX4.2.2/4_2_2.sce b/72/CH4/EX4.2.2/4_2_2.sce
index d4c4f97c7..170854822 100755
--- a/72/CH4/EX4.2.2/4_2_2.sce
+++ b/72/CH4/EX4.2.2/4_2_2.sce
@@ -1,41 +1,40 @@
-//CAPTION:Wave_Propagation_In_circular_Waveguide

-

-//chapter-4

-//Example-4-2-2  page no.-147

-

-//program_to_find_all_the_TE(n,p)_and_TM(n,p)modes_for_which_energy_transmisssion_is_possible.

-

-radius=.02;                                                                //Given. Here_radius_is_in_metres. 

-uo=(4*(%pi))*(10^-7); eo=8.85*(10^(-12));                                  //scientific_values_of_permeability_and_permittivity_in_free_space

-f=(10^10);                                                                 //guide_is_operating_at_the_frequency_of_10GHZ

-wc=(2*%pi*f);                                                              //since, wc=(2*%pi*f)

-kc=wc*sqrt(uo*eo);                                                         //kc_is_cut-off_wave_number  

-X=kc*radius ;                                                              //the product X=(kc*radius) for_a_given_mode_is_constant

-disp(kc*radius,'The_value_of_the_product X=(kc*radius)is = ');                  //display_the_product_X=(kc*a)

-disp('Any mode having a product (kc*radius) less than or equal to 4.18 will propagate the wave with a frequency of 10 GHZ .This is (kc*radius)<=4.18');

-                                          

-

-syms i j                                                                    //Defining_the_variables

-

-

-p=[3.832 1.841 3.054 4.201 5.317 6.416;7.016 5.331 6.706 8.015 9.282 10.520 ; 10.173 8.536 9.969 11.346 12.682 13.987]//represent_the_values_of X_for_                                                                                        different_modes_in_a_form_of_matrix. Where_columns_represent                                                                                            the_n_values_of_mode_and_rows_represent_the_m_values_of_mode.

-

-for i=1:1:3                                                                 //value_of_i_traverse_across_the_rows

-for j=1:1:6                                                                 //value_of_j_traverse_across_the_columns

-if(X >=p(i,j))                                                              //check_if_the_value_in(n,p)_matrix_is_less_than_or_equal_to_X

-disp(p(i,j),i,j-1,'TE mode(n,p) and corresponding value of X=');            //display_TE_mode_for_which_value_in [(n,p)matrix] <= X and print                                                                                           corresponding_value_of_X

-end                                                                         //end if

-end                                                                         //end for

-end                                                                         //end for

-

-

-m=[2.405 3.832 5.136 6.380 7.588 ; 5.520 7.106 8.417 9.761 11.065 ;        //represent_the_values_of_X_for_different_modes_in_a_form_of_matrix.Where                                                                          columns_represent_the_n_values_of_mode_and_rows_represent_the_m_values_of_mode.   

- 8.645 10.173 11.620 13.015 14.372]

-

-for i=1:1:3                                                                 //value_of_i_traverse_across_the_rows_in [(n,p)matrix].

-for j=1:1:5                                                                 //value_of_j_traverse_across_the_columns in [(n,p)matrix].

-if(X >=m(i,j))                                                              //check_if_the_value_in(n,p)_matrix_is_less_than_or_equal_to_X

-disp(m(i,j),i,j-1,'TM mode(n,p) and corresponding value of X=');            //display_TM_mode_for_which_value in [(n,p)matrix] <= X and_print                                                                                         corresponding_value_of_X.

-end                                                                         //end if

-end                                                                         //end for

+
+//chapter-4
+//Example-4-2-2  page no.-147
+
+//program_to_find_all_the_TE(n,p)_and_TM(n,p)modes_for_which_energy_transmisssion_is_possible.
+
+radius=.02;                                                                //Given. Here_radius_is_in_metres. 
+uo=(4*(%pi))*(10^-7); eo=8.85*(10^(-12));                                  //scientific_values_of_permeability_and_permittivity_in_free_space
+f=(10^10);                                                                 //guide_is_operating_at_the_frequency_of_10GHZ
+wc=(2*%pi*f);                                                              //since, wc=(2*%pi*f)
+kc=wc*sqrt(uo*eo);                                                         //kc_is_cut-off_wave_number  
+X=kc*radius ;                                                              //the product X=(kc*radius) for_a_given_mode_is_constant
+disp(kc*radius,'The_value_of_the_product X=(kc*radius)is = ');                  //display_the_product_X=(kc*a)
+disp('Any mode having a product (kc*radius) less than or equal to 4.18 will propagate the wave with a frequency of 10 GHZ .This is (kc*radius)&lt;=4.18');
+                                          
+
+syms i j                                                                    //Defining_the_variables
+
+
+p=[3.832 1.841 3.054 4.201 5.317 6.416;7.016 5.331 6.706 8.015 9.282 10.520 ; 10.173 8.536 9.969 11.346 12.682 13.987]//represent_the_values_of X_for_                                                                                        different_modes_in_a_form_of_matrix. Where_columns_represent                                                                                            the_n_values_of_mode_and_rows_represent_the_m_values_of_mode.
+
+for i=1:1:3                                                                 //value_of_i_traverse_across_the_rows
+for j=1:1:6                                                                 //value_of_j_traverse_across_the_columns
+if(X &gt;=p(i,j))                                                              //check_if_the_value_in(n,p)_matrix_is_less_than_or_equal_to_X
+disp(p(i,j),i,j-1,'TE mode(n,p) and corresponding value of X=');            //display_TE_mode_for_which_value_in [(n,p)matrix] &lt;= X and print                                                                                           corresponding_value_of_X
+end                                                                         //end if
+end                                                                         //end for
+end                                                                         //end for
+
+
+m=[2.405 3.832 5.136 6.380 7.588 ; 5.520 7.106 8.417 9.761 11.065 ;        //represent_the_values_of_X_for_different_modes_in_a_form_of_matrix.Where                                                                          columns_represent_the_n_values_of_mode_and_rows_represent_the_m_values_of_mode.   
+ 8.645 10.173 11.620 13.015 14.372]
+
+for i=1:1:3                                                                 //value_of_i_traverse_across_the_rows_in [(n,p)matrix].
+for j=1:1:5                                                                 //value_of_j_traverse_across_the_columns in [(n,p)matrix].
+if(X &gt;=m(i,j))                                                              //check_if_the_value_in(n,p)_matrix_is_less_than_or_equal_to_X
+disp(m(i,j),i,j-1,'TM mode(n,p) and corresponding value of X=');            //display_TM_mode_for_which_value in [(n,p)matrix] &lt;= X and_print                                                                                         corresponding_value_of_X.
+end                                                                         //end if
+end                                                                         //end for
 end                                                                         //end for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/72/CH4/EX4.5.1/4_5_1.sce b/72/CH4/EX4.5.1/4_5_1.sce
index 511f7095a..42404d46f 100755
--- a/72/CH4/EX4.5.1/4_5_1.sce
+++ b/72/CH4/EX4.5.1/4_5_1.sce
@@ -1,35 +1,35 @@
-//CAPTION: Directional_Coupler

-

-//Chapter -4 

-//EXAMPLE: 4-5-1  PAGE NO. 170

-

-//(a)program_to_find_the_amount_of_the_power_delivered_in_the_load_Zl

-

-PT4=8;                                                  //Given.Transmitted_power_to_Bolometer_1_at_port_4

-s=2;                                                    //Given.VSWR_of_2.0_is_introduced_on_arm 4_by_Bolometer 1    

-r4=(s-1)/(s+1);                                         //reflection_coefficient_at_port 4(r4)

-PR4=8/8;                                                //(r4^2)=PR4/PI4=PR4/(PR4+PT4)=PR4/PR4+8=1/9  =>  8PR4=8 

-PI4=PT4 + PR4;                                          //PI4=power_incident_at_port_4 ;PT4=power_transmitted_at_port 4;PR4=power_reflected_at_port 4 

-disp(PI4,'power_incident_at_the_port_4_is_(mW)=');

-disp(PR4,'power_reflected_from_the_port 4_is_(mW) =');

-

-disp('Since port 3 is matched and the Bolometer at port 3 reads 2mw ,then 1 mw must be radiated through the holes .Since 20 dB is equivalent to a power of 100:1,the power input at port 1 is given by=');

-

-PI2=100*PI4;                                                                  //attenuation=20=10*log(PI1/PI4)

-disp(PI2,'power_input_at_port_2_is_given_by_(mW)=');

-

-PR2=100*PR4;                                                                   //attenuation=20=10*log(PR2/PR4)

-disp(PR2,'power_reflected_from_the_load_at_port_2_is_given_by_(mW)=');

-

-PT2=PI2-PR2;                                                                   //transmitted power = incident power - reflected power

-disp(PT2,'power_dissipated_in_the_load_at_port_2_is_given_by_(mW) =');  

-

-

-

-

-//(b)Program_to_find_the_VSWR_on arm 2

-

-r=sqrt(PR2/PI2);                                                              //reflection_coefficient_at_port 2

-s=(1+r)/(1-r);                                                               //VSWR ON ARM 2                                                   

-disp(s,'value_of_VSWR_ON_ARM 2:::=');

+
+
+//Chapter -4 
+//EXAMPLE: 4-5-1  PAGE NO. 170
+
+//(a)program_to_find_the_amount_of_the_power_delivered_in_the_load_Zl
+
+PT4=8;                                                  //Given.Transmitted_power_to_Bolometer_1_at_port_4
+s=2;                                                    //Given.VSWR_of_2.0_is_introduced_on_arm 4_by_Bolometer 1    
+r4=(s-1)/(s+1);                                         //reflection_coefficient_at_port 4(r4)
+PR4=8/8;                                                //(r4^2)=PR4/PI4=PR4/(PR4+PT4)=PR4/PR4+8=1/9  =&gt;  8PR4=8 
+PI4=PT4 + PR4;                                          //PI4=power_incident_at_port_4 ;PT4=power_transmitted_at_port 4;PR4=power_reflected_at_port 4 
+disp(PI4,'power_incident_at_the_port_4_is_(mW)=');
+disp(PR4,'power_reflected_from_the_port 4_is_(mW) =');
+
+disp('Since port 3 is matched and the Bolometer at port 3 reads 2mw ,then 1 mw must be radiated through the holes .Since 20 dB is equivalent to a power of 100:1,the power input at port 1 is given by=');
+
+PI2=100*PI4;                                                                  //attenuation=20=10*log(PI1/PI4)
+disp(PI2,'power_input_at_port_2_is_given_by_(mW)=');
+
+PR2=100*PR4;                                                                   //attenuation=20=10*log(PR2/PR4)
+disp(PR2,'power_reflected_from_the_load_at_port_2_is_given_by_(mW)=');
+
+PT2=PI2-PR2;                                                                   //transmitted power = incident power - reflected power
+disp(PT2,'power_dissipated_in_the_load_at_port_2_is_given_by_(mW) =');  
+
+
+
+
+//(b)Program_to_find_the_VSWR_on arm 2
+
+r=sqrt(PR2/PI2);                                                              //reflection_coefficient_at_port 2
+s=(1+r)/(1-r);                                                               //VSWR ON ARM 2                                                   
+disp(s,'value_of_VSWR_ON_ARM 2:::=');
  
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/72/CH4/EX4.5.2/4_5_2.sce b/72/CH4/EX4.5.2/4_5_2.sce
index 1a28e7fe9..68dc76f46 100755
--- a/72/CH4/EX4.5.2/4_5_2.sce
+++ b/72/CH4/EX4.5.2/4_5_2.sce
@@ -1,30 +1,29 @@
-//CAPTION: Operation_Of_a_Balanced_Amplifier

-

-//chapter-4

-//Example4-5-2   page no. 174

-                                                    

-//(a)Program_to_find_out_the_input_and_output_VSWRs.

-

-s11=0;                                                            //for_balanced_amplifier s11=0

-s=(1+s11)/(1-s11);                                                //Input_VSWR

-disp(s,'input vswr=');

-

-s22=0;                                                            //for_balanced_amplifier s22=0

-s=(1+s22)/(1-s22);                                                //output_VSWR

-disp(s,'output vswr=');

-

-

-

-//(b)Program_to_find_out_the_output_power_in_watts

-

-PO=200*10*2;                                                      //output_power(PO)=[powerinput]*[power_gain_of_each_GaAs_chip]*[n]  ,here n=2

-disp(PO/1000,'Output_POWER_in_Watts');                            //display_power_in_watts_by_dividing_by_1000

-

-

-

-//(C)Program to find out the linear output power gain in db 

-

-GAIN=10*log10(2);                                             //BECAUSE_TWO_CHIPS_ARE_IN_PARALLEL. Gain=(power gain of each GaAs chip)*log(n),n=2.

-disp(GAIN,'Linear_output_power_gain_in_db=');                     //display_linear_output_power_gain_in_db

-

-

+
+//chapter-4
+//Example4-5-2   page no. 174
+                                                    
+//(a)Program_to_find_out_the_input_and_output_VSWRs.
+
+s11=0;                                                            //for_balanced_amplifier s11=0
+s=(1+s11)/(1-s11);                                                //Input_VSWR
+disp(s,'input vswr=');
+
+s22=0;                                                            //for_balanced_amplifier s22=0
+s=(1+s22)/(1-s22);                                                //output_VSWR
+disp(s,'output vswr=');
+
+
+
+//(b)Program_to_find_out_the_output_power_in_watts
+
+PO=200*10*2;                                                      //output_power(PO)=[powerinput]*[power_gain_of_each_GaAs_chip]*[n]  ,here n=2
+disp(PO/1000,'Output_POWER_in_Watts');                            //display_power_in_watts_by_dividing_by_1000
+
+
+
+//(C)Program to find out the linear output power gain in db 
+
+GAIN=10*log10(2);                                             //BECAUSE_TWO_CHIPS_ARE_IN_PARALLEL. Gain=(power gain of each GaAs chip)*log(n),n=2.
+disp(GAIN,'Linear_output_power_gain_in_db=');                     //display_linear_output_power_gain_in_db
+
+