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| author | priyanka | 2015-06-24 15:03:17 +0530 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | priyanka | 2015-06-24 15:03:17 +0530 |
| commit | b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b (patch) | |
| tree | ab291cffc65280e58ac82470ba63fbcca7805165 /2258 | |
| download | Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.tar.gz Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.tar.bz2 Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.zip | |
initial commit / add all books
Diffstat (limited to '2258')
117 files changed, 1569 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..55062a169 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.1/1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the de Broglie wavelength
+c=3*10^8; //velocity of light in m/s
+v=c/10; //velocity of proton in m/s
+m=1.67*10^(-27); //mass of proton in kg
+h=6.626*10^(-34);
+lamda=h/(m*v); //de Broglie wavelength
+printf("The de Broglie wavelength in metres is");
+disp(lamda);
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ccc115b3c --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.10/1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the wavelength of an electron
+V=15; //potential in kV
+V=V*10^3; //potential in V
+lamda=12.26/sqrt(V); //de Broglie wavelength
+printf("The de Broglie wavelength is %f Armstrong",lamda);
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..672f1dce4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.11/1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the de Broglie wavelength of neutron
+m=1.675*10^(-27); //mass of neutron in kg
+h=6.626*10^(-34);
+E=10; //kinetic energy in keV
+EeV=E*10^3; //Energy in eV
+Ej=EeV*1.6*10^-19; //kinetic energy in J
+v=sqrt(2*Ej/m); //velocity in m/s
+printf("The velocity in m/sec is");
+disp(v);
+lamda=h/(m*v); //de broglie wavelength in m
+printf("The de Broglie wavelength in metres is");
+disp(lamda);
+lamda_A=lamda*10^10; //de broglie wavelength in armstrong
+printf("The de Broglie wavelength is %f Armstrong",lamda_A);
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ca7cc3f95 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.12/1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the de Broglie wavelength of electron
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron in kg
+h=6.6*10^(-34);
+E=2; //kinetic energy in keV
+EeV=E*10^3; //Energy in eV
+Ej=EeV*1.6*10^-19; //kinetic energy in J
+p=sqrt(2*m*Ej); //momentum
+lamda=h/p; //de broglie wavelength in m
+printf("The de Broglie wavelength in metres is");
+disp(lamda);
+lamda_A=lamda*10^10; //de broglie wavelength in armstrong
+printf("The de Broglie wavelength is %f Armstrong",lamda_A);
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1236b90f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.13/1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the wavelength of thermal neutron
+m=1.676*10^(-27); //mass of neutron in kg
+h=6.62*10^(-34);
+E=0.025; //kinetic energy in eV
+Ej=E*1.6*10^-19; //kinetic energy in J
+v=sqrt(2*Ej/m); //velocity in m/s
+lamda=h/(m*v); //wavelength in m
+printf("The neutrons wavelength in metres is");
+disp(lamda);
+lamda_A=lamda*10^10; //de broglie wavelength in armstrong
+printf("The wavelength is %f Armstrong",lamda_A);
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.14/1_14.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.14/1_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6843936c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.14/1_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the wavelength of an electron
+V=10; //potential in kV
+V=V*10^3; //potential in V
+lamda=12.26/sqrt(V); //wavelength
+printf("The wavelength is %f Armstrong",lamda);
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.15/1_15.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.15/1_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..900ad61c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.15/1_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the first three permitted levels of electron
+h=6.626*10^(-34);
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass in kg
+L=1; //width in armstrong
+L=L*10^-10; //width in m
+//permitted electron energies En=(n^2*h^2)/(8*m*L^2)
+//let X = h^2/(8*m*L^2)
+X = h^2/(8*m*L^2); //energy in J
+XeV=X/(1.6*10^-19); //energy in eV
+//in the 1st level n1=1
+n1=1;
+E1=(n1^2)*XeV; //energy in eV
+printf("minimum energy the electron can have is %f eV",E1);
+//in second level n2=2
+n2=2;
+E2=(n2^2)*XeV; //energy in eV
+//in third level n3=
+n3=3;
+E3=(n3^2)*XeV; //energy in eV
+printf("other values of energy are %f eV and %f eV",E2,E3);
+
+//answers given in the book are wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.16/1_16.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.16/1_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b12fc9eac --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.16/1_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the probability of finding the particle
+n=1; //lowest state
+L=10; //width in armstrong
+L=L*10^-10; //width in m
+x=L/2;
+delta_x=1; //interval in armstrong
+delta_x=delta_x*10^-10; //interval in m
+psi1=(sqrt(2/L))*sin(%pi*x/L);
+A=psi1^2;
+P=A*delta_x;
+printf("probability of finding the particle is %f",P);
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.17/1_17.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.17/1_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..190372792 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.17/1_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the Fermi energy of the metal
+d=970; //density of Na in kg/m^3
+n=6.02*10^26;
+h=6.62*10^(-34);
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass in kg
+w=23; //atomic weight
+N=(d*n)/w; //number of atoms per m^3
+A=(h^2)/(8*m);
+B=(3*N)/%pi;
+Ef=A*B^(2/3);
+EfeV=Ef/(1.6*10^-19);
+printf("fermi energy of Na is %f eV",EfeV);
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.18/1_18.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.18/1_18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..16a230e5d --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.18/1_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the lowest energy of electron
+n1=1;
+n2=1;
+n3=1; //values in lowest energy
+h=6.62*10^(-34);
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass in kg
+L=0.1; //side in nm
+L=L*10^-9; //side in m
+n=(n1^2)+(n2^2)+(n3^2);
+E1=(n*h^2)/(8*m*L^2); //energy in j
+E1eV=E1/(1.6*10^-19); //energy in eV
+printf("lowest energy of electron in Joule is");
+disp(E1);
+printf("lowest energy of electron is %f eV",E1eV);
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.19/1_19.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.19/1_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..273f364a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.19/1_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the de broglie wavelength of neutron
+mn=1.676*10^-27; //mass of neutron in kg
+me=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron in kg
+h=6.62*10^(-34);
+c=3*10^8; //velocity of light in m/sec
+En=2*me*c^2;
+lamda=h/sqrt(2*mn*En); //wavelength in m
+lamda_A=lamda*10^10; //converting lamda from m to A
+printf("The de broglie wavelength is %f Angstrom",lamda_A);
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..feec367e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.2/1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the de Broglie wavelength of an electron
+V=400; //potential in Volts
+lamda=12.56/sqrt(V); //de Broglie wavelength
+printf("The de Broglie wavelength is %f Armstrong",lamda);
+
+//answer given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.20/1_20.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.20/1_20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..678faefbf --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.20/1_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the energies of electron
+n2=2; //second quantum state
+n4=4; //fourth quantum state
+h=6.626*10^-34;
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass in kg
+a=2; //potential box length in armstrong
+a=a*10^-10; //length in m
+A=n2^2*h^2;
+B=8*m*a^2;
+E2=A/B; //energy in j
+E2eV=E2/(1.6*10^-19); //energy in eV
+C=n4^2*h^2;
+E4=C/B; //energy in j
+E4eV=E4/(1.6*10^-19); //energy in eV
+printf("energy corresponding to second quantum state in Joule is");
+disp(E2);
+printf("energy corresponding to second quantum state in eV is");
+disp(E2eV);
+printf("energy corresponding to fourth quantum state in Joule is");
+disp(E4);
+printf("energy corresponding to fourth quantum state in eV is");
+disp(E4eV);
+
+//answers given in the book are wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.21/1_21.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.21/1_21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fe539cda3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.21/1_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the spacing of the crystal
+V=344; //accelerated voltage in V
+n=1; //first reflection
+theta=60; //glancing angle in degrees
+lamda=12.27/sqrt(V);
+d=(n*lamda)/(2*sind(theta));
+printf("The spacing of the crystal is %f Angstrom",d);
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.22/1_22.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.22/1_22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d737e6a35 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.22/1_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the energies of electron
+n2=2; //second quantum state
+n3=3; //fourth quantum state
+h=6.626*10^-34;
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass in kg
+a=1*10^-10; //width of potential well in m
+B=8*m*a^2;
+E1=h^2/B; //ground state energy
+E1eV=E1/(1.6*10^-19); //energy in eV
+A=n2^2*h^2;
+E2=A/B; //energy in j
+E2eV=E2/(1.6*10^-19); //energy in eV
+C=n3^2*h^2;
+E3=C/B; //energy in j
+E3eV=E3/(1.6*10^-19); //energy in eV
+printf("ground state energy in Joule is");
+disp(E1);
+printf("ground state energy in eV is");
+disp(E1eV);
+printf("first energy state in eV is");
+disp(E2eV);
+printf("second energy state in eV is");
+disp(E3eV);
+
+//answers given in the book are wrong by one decimal
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.23/1_23.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.23/1_23.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..488c066d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.23/1_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the energy required to jump an electron
+n3=3; //fourth quantum state
+h=6.626*10^-34;
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass in kg
+//ground state energy E1 = h^2/(8*m*a^2)
+//second excited state E3 = (9*h^2)/(8*m*a^2)
+//required energy E = E3-E1
+//E = (9*h^2)/(8*m*a^2) - h^2/(8*m*a^2)
+//E = (h^2/(8*m*a^2))*(9-1)
+//therefore E = (8*h^2)/(8*m*a^2)
+//hence E = (h^2)/(m*a^2)
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.24/1_24.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.24/1_24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3e7b149bc --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.24/1_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the minimum uncertainity in velocity
+delta_x=10^-8; //length of box in m
+h=6.626*10^-34;
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass in kg
+delta_v=h/(m*delta_x); //uncertainity in m/sec
+delta_vk=delta_v*10^-3; //uncertainity in km/sec
+printf("minimum uncertainity in velocity is %f m/sec",delta_v);
+printf("minimum uncertainity in velocity is %f km/sec",delta_vk);
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.25/1_25.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.25/1_25.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b3c41e65f --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.25/1_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the de broglie wavelength of proton
+mp=1.6*10^-27; //mass of proton in kg
+me=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron in kg
+h=6.626*10^(-34);
+c=3*10^10; //velocity of light in m/sec
+Ep=me*c^2;
+lamda=h/sqrt(2*mp*Ep); //wavelength in m
+lamda_A=lamda*10^10; //converting lamda from m to A
+printf("The de broglie wavelength in Angstrom is");
+disp(lamda_A);
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.26/1_26.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.26/1_26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ab975ced1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.26/1_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the glancing angle
+m=1.675*10^(-27); //mass of neutron in kg
+h=6.626*10^(-34);
+n=1; //diffractive order
+d=0.314; //spacing in nm
+d=d*10^-9; //spacing in m
+E=0.04; //kinetic energy in eV
+Ej=E*1.6*10^-19; //kinetic energy in J
+lamda=h/sqrt(2*m*Ej); //de Broglie wavelength
+lamdaA=lamda*10^9; //converting wavelength from m to nm
+theta=asind((n*lamda)/(2*d));
+printf("The de Broglie wavelength in metres is");
+disp(lamda);
+printf("The de Broglie wavelength is %f nm",lamdaA);
+printf("glancing angle is %f degrees",theta);
+
+//answer given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ebd5d71e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.3/1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the de Broglie wavelength of neutron
+m=1.674*10^(-27); //mass of neutron in kg
+h=6.626*10^(-34);
+E=0.025; //kinetic energy in eV
+Ej=E*1.6*10^-19; //kinetic energy in J
+lamda=h/sqrt(2*m*Ej); //de Broglie wavelength
+printf("The de Broglie wavelength in metres is");
+disp(lamda);
+lamdaA=lamda*10^10; //converting wavelength from m to Armstrong
+printf("The de Broglie wavelength is %f Armstrong",lamdaA);
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3a6b4deff --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.4/1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +
+clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the wavelength of an electron
+V=1600; //potential in Volts
+lamda=12.26/sqrt(V); //de Broglie wavelength
+printf("The de Broglie wavelength is %3.1f Angstrom",lamda);
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2ecd531b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.5/1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the uncertainity in momentum
+deltax=0.2; //distance in armstrong
+delta_xm=deltax*10^-10; //distance in m
+h=6.626*10^(-34);
+delta_p=h/(2*%pi*delta_xm);
+printf("The uncertainity in momentum of electron in kg m/sec is");
+disp(delta_p);
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fe0a774ed --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.6/1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the lowest energy of electron
+n1=1;
+n2=1;
+n3=1; //values in lowest energy
+h=6.62*10^(-34);
+M=9.1*10^-31; //mass in kg
+L=0.1; //side in nm
+L=L*10^-9; //side in m
+n=(n1^2)+(n2^2)+(n3^2);
+E1=(n*h^2)/(8*M*L^2); //energy in j
+E1eV=E1/(1.6*10^-19); //energy in eV
+printf("lowest energy of electron in Joule is");
+disp(E1);
+printf("lowest energy of electron is %f eV",E1eV);
+
+//answer for lowest energy in eV given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0906354a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.7/1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the wavelength associated with electron
+M=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron in kg
+h=6.66*10^(-34);
+E=2000; //energy in eV
+Ej=E*1.6*10^-19; //energy in J
+lamda=h/sqrt(2*M*Ej); //wavelength in m
+lamda_nm=lamda*10^9; //converting lamda from m to nm
+printf("The wavelength associated with electron is %f nm",lamda_nm);
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c8eacb32a --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.8/1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the minimum energy of electron
+n=1; //for minimum energy
+h=6.626*10^(-34);
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass in kg
+L=4*10^-10; //size in m
+E1=(n*h^2)/(8*m*L^2); //energy in j
+printf("lowest energy of electron in Joule is");
+disp(E1);
+
+//answer given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce b/2258/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..695437c56 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH1/EX1.9/1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the velocity and kinetic energy of electron
+h=6.626*10^(-34);
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass in kg
+lamda=1.66*10^-10; //wavelength in m
+v=h/(m*lamda); //velocity in m/sec
+printf("velocity of electron in m/sec is");
+disp(v);
+v_km=v*10^-3; //velocity in km/sec
+printf("velocity of electron is %f km/sec",v_km);
+E=(1/2)*m*v^2; //kinetic energy in joule
+EeV=E/(1.6*10^-19); //energy in eV
+printf("kinetic energy of electron in Joule is");
+disp(E);
+printf("kinetic energy of electron is %f eV",EeV);
diff --git a/2258/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce b/2258/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..182ca4144 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH2/EX2.1/2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the Fermi function
+// given that E-Ef = kT
+// fermi function FE = 1/(1+exp((E-Ef)/kT)
+// therefore FE = 1/(1+exp(kT/kT));
+// FE = 1/(1+exp(1))
+FE=1/(1+exp(1));
+printf("fermi function is %f",FE);
diff --git a/2258/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.sce b/2258/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..554327a23 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH2/EX2.10/2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the number of states per unit volume
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass in kg
+h=6.626*10^-34;
+A=(8*m)^(3/2);
+B=%pi/(2*h^3);
+EfeV=3.10; //fermi energy in eV
+Ef=EfeV*1.6*10^-19; //fermi energy in J
+EFeV=EfeV+0.02; //energy after interval in eV
+EF=EFeV*1.6*10^-19; //energy after interval in J
+function Q=f(E),Q=A*B*sqrt(E),endfunction
+I=intg(Ef,EF,f)
+printf("number of energy states per unit volume is");
+disp(I);
diff --git a/2258/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce b/2258/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..62df8945d --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH2/EX2.11/2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the mean free path of electron
+T=300; //temperature in K
+n=8.5*10^28; //density per m^3
+rho=1.69*10^-8; //resistivity in ohm/m^3
+me=9.11*10^-31; //mass of electron in kg
+e=1.6*10^-19; //charge in coulomb
+KB=1.38*10^-23; //boltzmann constant in J/k
+lamda=sqrt(3*KB*me*T)/(n*(e^2)*rho);
+printf("mean free path of electron in m is");
+disp(lamda);
+
+//answer given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH2/EX2.12/2_12.sce b/2258/CH2/EX2.12/2_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..eee3a1345 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH2/EX2.12/2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the relaxation time of conduction electrons
+rho=1.43*10^-8; //resistivity in ohm-m
+n=6.5*10^28; //electron/m^3
+m=9.11*10^-34; //mass in kg
+e=1.6*10^-19; //charge in coulomb
+tow=m/(n*(e^2)*rho);
+printf("relaxation time of conduction electrons in sec is");
+disp(tow);
diff --git a/2258/CH2/EX2.13/2_13.sce b/2258/CH2/EX2.13/2_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..85222dc9c --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH2/EX2.13/2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the mobility and average time of collision of electrons
+d=8.92*10^3; //density in kg/m^3
+rho=1.73*10^-8; //resistivity in ohm-m
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass in kg
+M=63.5; //atomic weight
+e=1.6*10^-19; //charge in coulomb
+A=6.02*10^26; //avagadro number
+n=(d*A)/M;
+mew=1/(rho*n*e);
+tow=m/(n*(e^2)*rho);
+printf("mobility of electrons in Copper is %f m/Vs",mew);
+printf("average time of collision of electrons in copper in sec is");
+disp(tow);
diff --git a/2258/CH2/EX2.14/2_14.sce b/2258/CH2/EX2.14/2_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ebef1a637 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH2/EX2.14/2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the order of magnitude of velocity of molecules
+MH=1.008*2*1.67*10^-27; //mass in kg
+T=30; //temperature in C
+T=T+273; //temperature in K
+KB=1.38*10^-23; //boltzmann constant in J/k
+KE=(3/2)*KB*T; //kinetic energy in J
+KEeV=KE*6.24*10^18; //kinetic energy in eV
+cbar=sqrt((3*KB*T)/MH);
+printf("average kinetic energy in J is");
+disp(KE);
+printf("average kinetic energy in eV is");
+disp(KEeV);
+printf("velocity of molecules is %f m/s",cbar);
+
+//answers for average kinetic energy in eV and velocity of electrons given in the book are wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH2/EX2.15/2_15.sce b/2258/CH2/EX2.15/2_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..321554ccc --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH2/EX2.15/2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the velocity of an electron and proton
+Ee=10; //electron kinetic energy in eV
+EeeV=Ee*1.6*10^-19; //electron kinetic energy in J
+Ep=10; //proton kinetic energy in eV
+EpeV=Ep*1.6*10^-19; //proton kinetic energy in J
+me=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron in kg
+mp=1.67*10^-27; //mass of proton in kg
+cebar=sqrt((2*EeeV)/me);
+cpbar=sqrt((2*EpeV)/mp);
+printf("velocity of electron in m/s is");
+disp(cebar);
+printf("velocity of proton in m/s is");
+disp(cpbar);
+
+//answers given in the book are wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH2/EX2.16/2_16.sce b/2258/CH2/EX2.16/2_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..da59c6275 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH2/EX2.16/2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the drift velocity of free electrons
+A=10; //area of cross section in mm^2
+A=A*10^-6; //area of cross section in m^2
+i=100; //current in amp
+n=8.5*10^28; //number of electrons per mm^3
+e=1.6*10^-19; //electron charge in coulumb
+vd=1/(n*A*e);
+printf("drift velocity is %f m/s",vd);
+
+//answer given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH2/EX2.17/2_17.sce b/2258/CH2/EX2.17/2_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..129ec9057 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH2/EX2.17/2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the thermal conductivity of copper
+tow=3*10^-14; //relaxation time in sec
+n=8*10^28; //density of electrons per m^3
+KB=1.38*10^-23; //boltzmann constant in J/k
+T=0; //temperature in C
+T=T+273; //temperature in K
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron in kg
+sigma_T=((3*n*tow*(KB^2)*T)/(2*m));
+printf("thermal conductivity of copper is %f ohm-1",sigma_T);
diff --git a/2258/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce b/2258/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..182ca4144 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH2/EX2.2/2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the Fermi function
+// given that E-Ef = kT
+// fermi function FE = 1/(1+exp((E-Ef)/kT)
+// therefore FE = 1/(1+exp(kT/kT));
+// FE = 1/(1+exp(1))
+FE=1/(1+exp(1));
+printf("fermi function is %f",FE);
diff --git a/2258/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce b/2258/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..51852afec --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH2/EX2.3/2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the temperature
+FE=10/100; //fermi function is 10%
+Ef=5.5; //fermi energy of silver in eV
+k=1.38*10^-23;
+E=Ef+(Ef/100);
+//FE=1/(1+exp((E-Ef)/(k*T)))
+//therefore 1/FE = 1+exp((E-Ef)/(k*T))
+//therefore (1/FE)-1 = exp((E-Ef)/(k*T))
+//therefore log((1/FE)-1) = (E-Ef)/(k*T)
+//therefore T = (E-Ef)/(k*log((1/FE)-1))
+//let X=E-Ef;
+X=E-Ef; //energy in eV
+X=X*1.6*10^-19; //energy in J
+T = (X/(k*log((1/FE)-1)));
+printf("temperature is %f K",T);
diff --git a/2258/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce b/2258/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9fecc5793 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH2/EX2.4/2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the temperature
+//let X=E-Ef
+X=0.5; //E-Ef=0.5 in eV
+X=X*1.6*10^-19; //X in J
+FE=1/100; //fermi function is 1%
+k=1.38*10^-23;
+//FE=1/(1+exp(X/(k*T)))
+//therefore 1/FE = 1+exp(X/(k*T))
+//therefore (1/FE)-1 = exp(X/(k*T))
+//therefore log((1/FE)-1) = X/(k*T)
+//but log(x) = 2.303*log10(x)
+//therefore T = X/(k*log((1/FE)-1))
+//but log(x)=2.303*log10(x)
+//therefore T = X/(k*2.303*log10((1/FE)-1))
+T = X/(k*2.303*log10((1/FE)-1));
+printf("temperature is %f K",T);
diff --git a/2258/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce b/2258/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a579261a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH2/EX2.5/2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the density and mobility of electrons in silver
+rho_s=10.5*10^3; //density in kg/m^3
+NA=6.02*10^26; //avagadro number per kmol
+MA=107.9;
+n=(rho_s*NA)/MA;
+sigma=6.8*10^7;
+e=1.6*10^-19; //charge in coulomb
+mew=sigma/(n*e);
+printf("density of electrons is");
+disp(n);
+printf("mobility of electrons in silver is %f m^2/Vs",mew);
diff --git a/2258/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce b/2258/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b807d2cee --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH2/EX2.6/2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the mobility and average time of collision of electrons
+d=8.92*10^3; //density in kg/m^3
+rho=1.73*10^-8; //resistivity in ohm-m
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass in kg
+w=63.5; //atomic weight
+e=1.6*10^-19; //charge in coulomb
+A=6.02*10^26; //avagadro number
+n=(d*A)/w;
+mew=1/(rho*n*e);
+tow=m/(n*(e^2)*rho);
+printf("mobility of electrons in Copper is %f m/Vs",mew);
+printf("average time of collision of electrons in copper in sec is");
+disp(tow);
diff --git a/2258/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce b/2258/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fd6ce9d9b --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH2/EX2.7/2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the relaxation time of conduction electrons
+rho=1.54*10^-8; //resistivity in ohm-m
+n=5.8*10^28; //electron/m^3
+m=9.108*10^-31; //mass in kg
+e=1.602*10^-19; //charge in coulomb
+tow=m/(n*(e^2)*rho);
+printf("relaxation time of conduction electrons in sec is");
+disp(tow);
diff --git a/2258/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce b/2258/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..51852afec --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH2/EX2.8/2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the temperature
+FE=10/100; //fermi function is 10%
+Ef=5.5; //fermi energy of silver in eV
+k=1.38*10^-23;
+E=Ef+(Ef/100);
+//FE=1/(1+exp((E-Ef)/(k*T)))
+//therefore 1/FE = 1+exp((E-Ef)/(k*T))
+//therefore (1/FE)-1 = exp((E-Ef)/(k*T))
+//therefore log((1/FE)-1) = (E-Ef)/(k*T)
+//therefore T = (E-Ef)/(k*log((1/FE)-1))
+//let X=E-Ef;
+X=E-Ef; //energy in eV
+X=X*1.6*10^-19; //energy in J
+T = (X/(k*log((1/FE)-1)));
+printf("temperature is %f K",T);
diff --git a/2258/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.sce b/2258/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d87a1dcc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH2/EX2.9/2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the Fermi distribution function
+// given that E-Ef = kT
+// fermi function FpE = 1/(1+exp((E-Ef)/kT)
+// therefore FpE = 1/(1+exp(kT/kT));
+// FpE = 1/(1+exp(1))
+FpE=1/(1+exp(1));
+printf("fermi function is %f",FpE);
+//the presence of electron at that energy level is not certain
diff --git a/2258/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce b/2258/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..06d5da32e --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH4/EX4.1/4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the relative permeability of iron
+H=6.5*10^-4; //magnetic field in T
+M=1.4; //field with iron
+chi=M/H;
+mew_r=1+chi;
+printf("relative permeability of iron is %f",mew_r);
+
+//answer given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.sce b/2258/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7c4f63429 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH4/EX4.10/4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the flux density at centre and dipole moment
+r=6.1*10^-11; //radius of H atom in m
+new=8.8*10^15; //frequency in rev/sec
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+mew0=4*%pi*10^-7;
+i=e*new;
+B=(mew0*i)/(2*r);
+mew=i*%pi*(r^2);
+printf("current is %f amp",i);
+printf("magnetic induction is %f weber/m^2",B);
+printf("dipole moment in amp m^2 is");
+disp(mew);
diff --git a/2258/CH4/EX4.11/4_11.sce b/2258/CH4/EX4.11/4_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ec90592a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH4/EX4.11/4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the average number of Bohr magnetons
+Is=1.96*10^6; //saturation magnetisation in amp/m
+a=3; //cube edge of iron in armstrong
+a=a*10^-10; //cube edge of iron in m
+mew_b=9.27*10^-24; //bohr magneton in amp/m^2
+n=2; //number of atoms per unit cell
+N=n/(a^3);
+mewbar=Is/N;
+mew_ab=mewbar/mew_b;
+printf("average number of Bohr magnetons is %f bohr magneton per atom",mew_ab);
diff --git a/2258/CH4/EX4.12/4_12.sce b/2258/CH4/EX4.12/4_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b5ee8bca1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH4/EX4.12/4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the magnetic force and relative permeability
+I=3000; //magnetisation in amp/m
+B=0.005; //flux density in weber/m^2
+mew0=4*%pi*10^-7;
+H=(B/mew0)-I;
+mew_r=(I/H)+1;
+printf("magnetic force is %f amp/m",H);
+printf("relative permeability is %f",mew_r);
+
+//answer given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH4/EX4.13/4_13.sce b/2258/CH4/EX4.13/4_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6cc160f62 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH4/EX4.13/4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the permeability
+H=1800; //magnetising field in amp/m
+phi=3*10^-5; //magnetic flux in weber
+A=0.2; //cross sectional area in cm^2
+A=A*10^-4; //cross sectional area in m^2
+B=phi/A;
+mew=B/H;
+printf("the permeability is %f Henry/m",mew);
+
+//answer given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH4/EX4.14/4_14.sce b/2258/CH4/EX4.14/4_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cbe6f2324 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH4/EX4.14/4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the magnetic dipole moment and torque
+r=0.04; //radius of circular loop in m
+i=1000; //current in mA
+i=i*10^-3; //current in amp
+B=10^-3; //magnetic flux density in Wb/m^2
+theta=45; //angle in degrees
+A=%pi*(r^2);
+mew=i*A;
+tow=i*B*cosd(theta);
+printf("the magnetic dipole moment is %f amp m^2",mew);
+printf("the torque is %f Nm",tow);
diff --git a/2258/CH4/EX4.15/4_15.sce b/2258/CH4/EX4.15/4_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5214cefd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH4/EX4.15/4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the hysterisis loss per cycle
+A=100; //area of hysteris loop in m^2
+B=0.01; //flux density in wb/m^2
+H=40; //magnetic field in amp/m
+M=7650; //atomic weight in kg/m^3
+hl=A*B*H;
+printf("the hysterisis loss per cycle is %f J/m^3",hl);
diff --git a/2258/CH4/EX4.16/4_16.sce b/2258/CH4/EX4.16/4_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..201642853 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH4/EX4.16/4_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the hysterisis power loss and power loss
+hl=200; //hysterisis loss per cycle in J/m^3
+M=7650; //atomic weight in kg/m^3
+m=100; //magnetisation cycles per second
+hpl=hl*m;
+pl=hpl/M;
+printf("hysterisis power loss per second is %f watt/m^3",hpl);
+printf("the power loss is %f watt/kg",pl);
diff --git a/2258/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce b/2258/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..52272ed5e --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH4/EX4.2/4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the relative permeability of ferromagnetic material
+H=220; //field in amp/m
+M=3300; //magnetisation in amp/m
+chi=M/H;
+mew_r=1+chi;
+printf("relative permeability is %f",mew_r);
+
diff --git a/2258/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce b/2258/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e5295f20f --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH4/EX4.3/4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the change in magnetic moment
+r=5.29*10^-11; //radius of orbit in m
+B=2; //applied field in Tesla
+e=1.602*10^-19; //charge of electron in coulomb
+m=9.108*10^-31; //mass of electron in kg
+mew=(e^2)*(r^2)*B/(4*m);
+printf("magnetic moment in Am^2 is");
+disp(mew);
diff --git a/2258/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce b/2258/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7183d8010 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH4/EX4.4/4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the intensity of magnetisation and flux density
+chi=0.5*10^-5; //susceptibility
+H=10^6; //field strength in amp/m
+mew_0=4*%pi*10^-7;
+I=chi*H;
+B=mew_0*(I+H);
+printf("intensity of magnetisation is %f Amp/m",I);
+printf("flux density is %f Weber/m^2",B);
+
diff --git a/2258/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce b/2258/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0318a2e04 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH4/EX4.5/4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the average number of bohr magnetons
+e=2.86; //edge in armstrong
+e=e*10^-10; //edge in m
+Is=1.76*10^6; //magnetisation in amp/m
+mewB=9.27*10^-24; //1 bohr magneton in amp m^2
+N=2/(e^3); //density per m^3
+mewbar=Is/N;
+mew_bar=mewbar/mewB;
+printf("average dipole moment is %f mewB",mew_bar);
diff --git a/2258/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce b/2258/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1d796d045 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH4/EX4.6/4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the magnetisation and flux density
+H=10^6; //magnetic field in amp/m
+chi=1.5*10^-3; //susceptibility
+mew_0=4*%pi*10^-7;
+M=chi*H;
+B=mew_0*(M+H);
+printf("magnetisation is %f Amp/m",M);
+printf("flux density is %f Tesla",B);
+
+//answer for flux density given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce b/2258/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5c6101cdd --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH4/EX4.7/4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the magnetisation and flux density
+chi=3.7*10^-3; //susceptibility
+H=10^4; //field strength in amp/m
+mew_0=4*%pi*10^-7;
+M=chi*H;
+B=mew_0*(M+H);
+printf("magnetisation is %f Amp/m",M);
+printf("flux density is %f Weber/m^2",B);
+
+//answer for flux density given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.sce b/2258/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8f4bf2f8e --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH4/EX4.8/4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the change in magnetic moment
+r=0.052*10^-9; //radius of orbit in m
+B=1; //magnetic field in Wb/m^2
+e=1.6*10^-19; //charge of electron in coulomb
+m=9.1*10^-31; //mass of electron in kg
+dmew=(e^2)*(r^2)*B/(4*m);
+printf("magnetic moment in Am^2 is");
+disp(dmew);
+
+//answer given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.sce b/2258/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..240e5c517 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH4/EX4.9/4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the intensity of magnetisation and flux density
+chi=-0.5*10^-5; //susceptibility
+H=9.9*10^4; //field strength in amp/m
+mew_0=4*%pi*10^-7;
+I=chi*H;
+B=mew_0*H*(1+chi);
+printf("intensity of magnetisation is %f Amp/m",I);
+printf("flux density in Weber/m^2 is");
+disp(B);
+
+//answer for flux density given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce b/2258/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..05e99ba4a --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH5/EX5.1/5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the critical field
+Tc=3.7; //critical temperature in kelvin
+Hc_0=0.0306; //critical field in T
+T=2;
+Hc_2k=Hc_0*(1-((T/Tc)^2));
+printf("the critical feild at 2K is %f Tesla",Hc_2k);
diff --git a/2258/CH5/EX5.10/5_10.sce b/2258/CH5/EX5.10/5_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7310349b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH5/EX5.10/5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the critical current
+d=3; //diameter in mm
+d=d*10^-3; //diameter in m
+Tc=8; //critical temp in K
+T=5; //temp in K
+Ho=5*10^4; //magnetic field in A/m
+r=d/2;
+Hc=Ho*(1-((T/Tc)^2));
+Ic=2*%pi*r*Hc;
+printf("critical current is %f amp",Ic);
+
+//answer in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce b/2258/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ab3a4f245 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH5/EX5.11/5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the critical temperature
+M1=199.5; //isotopic mass
+M2=203.4;
+Tc1=4.185; //1st critical temp in K
+Tc2=Tc1*sqrt(M1/M2);
+printf("the critical temperature is %f K",Tc2);
diff --git a/2258/CH5/EX5.12/5_12.sce b/2258/CH5/EX5.12/5_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..eecab8366 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH5/EX5.12/5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the EM wave frequency
+V=8.50; //voltage in micro Volts
+V=V*10^-6; //in volts
+e=1.6*10^-19; //electron charge in coulomb
+h=6.626*10^-24;
+new=2*e*V/h;
+printf("EM wave frequency in Hz is");
+disp(new);
+
+//answer given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH5/EX5.13/5_13.sce b/2258/CH5/EX5.13/5_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..38ee59194 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH5/EX5.13/5_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the critical temperature
+p1=1; //1st pressure in mm
+p2=6; //2nd pressure in mm
+Tc1=5; //1st critical temp in K
+Tc2=Tc1*(p2/p1);
+printf("the critical temperature is %f K",Tc2);
diff --git a/2258/CH5/EX5.14/5_14.sce b/2258/CH5/EX5.14/5_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4c90fc77f --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH5/EX5.14/5_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate maximum critical temperature
+Tc=8.7; //1st critical temp in K
+Hc=6*10^5; //critical magnetic field in Amp/m
+Ho=3*10^6; //critical magnetic field in Amp/m
+T=Tc*sqrt(1-(Hc/Ho));
+printf("maximum critical temperature is %f K",T);
+
+//answer given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce b/2258/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b94529d8d --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH5/EX5.2/5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the critical current
+T=4.2; //temp in kelvin
+Tc=7.18; //critical temp in kelvin
+Hc_0=6.5*10^4; //in amp/m
+d=1; //diameter in mm
+d=d*10^-3; //diameter in m
+r=d/2;
+Hc_T=Hc_0*(1-((T/Tc)^2));
+Ic=2*%pi*r*Hc_T;
+printf("the critical current is %f Amp",Ic);
+
+//answer given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce b/2258/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..704c91bd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH5/EX5.3/5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the penetration depth
+lamda_T=75; // penetration depth in nm
+T=3.5; //temperature in K
+HgTc=4.12; //in K
+lamda_0=lamda_T*sqrt(1-((T/HgTc)^4));
+printf("the pentration depth at 0k is %f nm",lamda_0);
diff --git a/2258/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce b/2258/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..476478518 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH5/EX5.4/5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the critical temperature
+lamda_T1=396; //pentration depth in armstrong
+lamda_T2=1730; //pentration depth in armstrong
+T1=3; //temperature in K
+T2=7.1; //temperature in K
+//lamda_T2^2=lamda_0^2*(((Tc^4-T2^4)/Tc^4)^-1)
+//lamda_T12^=lamda_0^2*(((Tc^4-T1^4)/Tc^4)^-1)
+//dividing lamda_T2^2 by lamda_T1^2 = (Tc^4-T1^4)/(Tc^4-T2^4)
+//let A=lamda_T2^2 and B=lamda_T1^2
+A=lamda_T2^2;
+B=lamda_T1^2;
+C=A/B;
+X=T1^4;
+Y=T2^4;
+//C*((TC^4)-Y)=(Tc^4)-X
+//C*(Tc^4)-(Tc^4)=C*Y-X
+//(Tc^4)*(C-1)=(C*Y)-X
+//let Tc^4 be D
+//D*(C-1)=(C*Y)-X
+D=((C*Y)-X)/(C-1);
+Tc=D^(1/4);
+printf("the critical temperature is %f K",Tc);
diff --git a/2258/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce b/2258/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..61c5519aa --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH5/EX5.5/5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the critical field
+Tc=7.2; //critical temp in K
+Ho=6.5*10^3; //critical magnetic field in amp/m
+T=5; //temp in K
+Hc=Ho*(1-((T/Tc)^2));
+printf("the critical magnetic field at 5K is %f amp/m",Hc);
+
+//answer given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce b/2258/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..af745ff01 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH5/EX5.6/5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the critical feild at 2.5K
+Tc=3.5; //in K
+Ho=3.2*10^3; //in amp per m
+T=2.5; //in K
+Hc=Ho*(1-((T/Tc)^2));
+printf("critical field is %f amp/m is",Hc);
diff --git a/2258/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce b/2258/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ff2447db1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH5/EX5.7/5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the transition temperature
+Hc=5*10^3 //critical magnetic field in amp/m
+Ho=2*10^4; //critical field in amp/m
+T=6; //temp in K
+Tc=T/sqrt(1-(Hc/Ho));
+printf("the transition temperature is %f K",Tc)
+
+//answer in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce b/2258/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..02c13c257 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH5/EX5.8/5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the critical current
+Hc=2*10^3; //critical magnetic field in amp/m
+R=0.02; //radius in m
+p=3.14;
+Ic=2*p*R*Hc;
+printf("the critical current is %f amp",Ic);
diff --git a/2258/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.sce b/2258/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f9d129e12 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH5/EX5.9/5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the isotopic mass
+M1=199.5; //isotopic mass in in a.m.u
+T1=5; //1st critical temp in K
+T2=5.1; //2nd critical temp in K
+M2=((T1/T2)^2)*M1;
+printf("the isotopic mass of M2 is %f a.m.u",M2);
diff --git a/2258/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce b/2258/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9c924e34d --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH6/EX6.1/6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the energy stored in the condenser and polarizing the dielectric
+C=2; //capacitance in micro farad
+C=C*10^-6; //capacitance in farad
+V=1000; //voltage in Volts
+epsilon_r=100;
+W=(C*(V^2))/2;
+C0=C/epsilon_r;
+W0=(C0*(V^2))/2;
+W_0=1-W0;
+printf("energy stored in the condenser is %f Joule",W);
+printf("energy stored in the dielectric is %f Joule",W_0);
diff --git a/2258/CH6/EX6.10/6_10.sce b/2258/CH6/EX6.10/6_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..219e0f514 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH6/EX6.10/6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the complex polarisability of material
+epsilonr=4.36; //dielectric constant
+t=2.8*10^-2;
+N=4*10^28;
+epsilon0=8.84*10^-12;
+epsilon_r=epsilonr*t;
+//epsilonstar=epsilonr-(j*epsilon_r)
+//by substituting values epsilonstar = 4.36-(j*0.12208)
+//by taking out 4.36 common we get epsilonstar = 4.36(1-(j*0.028))
+//(epsilonstar-1)/(epsilonstar+2) = (N*alphastar/(3*epsilon0))
+// (4.36(1-(j*0.028))-1)/(4.36(1-(j*0.028))+2) = (N*alphastar/(3*epsilon0))
+//consider real part in numerator of LHS be A and in denominator be B
+A=4.36-1;
+B=4.36+2;
+C=N/(3*epsilon0);
+//therefore alpastar = (1/C)*((3.36-0.12208j)/(6.36-0.12208j))
+//by rationalising the denominatore we get
+//((3.36-0.12208j)/(6.36-0.12208j))*((6.36+0.12208j)/(6.36+0.12208j))
+//after simplifuing let real part ne X and imaginary part be Y
+X=((3.36*6.36)+(0.12208*0.12208))/((6.36^2)+(0.12208^2));
+Y=((3.36*0.12208)-(6.36*0.12208))/((6.36^2)+(0.12208^2));
+//alphastar=(1/C)*(X+jY) = ((1/C)*X)+((1/C)*jY)
+R=(1/C)*X;
+I=(1/C)*Y;
+printf("the complex polarizability in F-m^2 is");
+disp('j',I,R);
+//by taking 10^-40 common we get alphastar = (3.5-j0.06)*10^-40 F-m^2
diff --git a/2258/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce b/2258/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5ce7289ab --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH6/EX6.2/6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the ratio between electronic and ionic polarizability
+epsilon_r=4.94;
+N=2.69; //let n^2 be N
+//(epsilon_r-1)/(epsilon_r+2) = (N*alpha)/(3*epsilon_0)
+//alpha = alpha_e+alpha_i
+//therefore (epsilon_r-1)/(epsilon_r+2) = (N*(alpha_e+alpha_i))/(3*epsilon_0)
+//let (N*(alpha_e+alpha_i))/(3*epsilon_0) be X
+X=(epsilon_r-1)/(epsilon_r+2);
+//Ez=n^2
+//therefore (N-1)/(N+2) = (N*alpha_e)/(3*epsilon_0)
+//let (N*alpha_e)/(3*epsilon_0) be Y
+Y=(N-1)/(N+2);
+//dividing X/Y = (N*(alpha_e+alpha_i))/(N*alpha_e)
+//therefore X/Y = 1+(alpha_i/alpha_e)
+//let alpha_i/alpha_e be A
+R=(X/Y)-1;
+printf("ratio between electronic and ionic polarizability is %f",R);
+
+//answer given in the book is wrong in the second part
diff --git a/2258/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce b/2258/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..aa6431c7e --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH6/EX6.3/6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the dielectric constant of the material
+N=3*10^28; //atoms per m^3
+alpha_e=10^-40; //farad m^2
+epsilon_0=8.854*10^-12; //f/m
+epsilon_r=1+(N*alpha_e/epsilon_0);
+printf("dielectric constant of the material is %f",epsilon_r);
diff --git a/2258/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce b/2258/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..54875e9db --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH6/EX6.4/6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the electronic polarizability of He atoms
+epsilon_0=8.854*10^-12; //f/m
+epsilon_r=1.0000684;
+N=2.7*10^25; //atoms per m^3
+alpha_e=(epsilon_0*(epsilon_r-1))/N;
+printf("electronic polarizability of He atoms in Fm^2 is");
+disp(alpha_e);
diff --git a/2258/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce b/2258/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c15fd6c30 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH6/EX6.5/6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the capacitance and charge
+epsilon_0=8.854*10^-12; //f/m
+A=100; //area in cm^2
+A=A*10^-4; //area in m^2
+V=100; //potential in V
+d=1; //plate seperation in cm
+d=d*10^-2; //plate seperation in m
+C=(epsilon_0*A)/d;
+Q=C*V;
+printf("charge on the plates in F is");
+disp(C);
+printf("charge on the capacitor in coulomb is");
+disp(Q);
diff --git a/2258/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce b/2258/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3a5defed8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH6/EX6.6/6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the resultant voltage across the capacitors
+Q=2*10^-10; //charge in coulomb
+d=4; //plate seperation in mm
+d=d*10^-3; //plate seperation in m
+epsilon_r=3.5;
+epsilon_0=8.85*10^-12; //f/m
+A=650; //area in mm^2
+A=A*10^-6; //area in m^2
+V=(Q*d)/(epsilon_0*epsilon_r*A);
+printf("voltage across the capacitor is %f Volts",V);
diff --git a/2258/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce b/2258/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..54c9c9042 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH6/EX6.7/6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the dielectric displacement
+V=10; //potential in volts
+d=2*10^-3; //plate seperation in m
+epsilon_r=6; //dielectric constant
+epsilon_0=8.85*10^-12; //f/m
+E=V/d;
+D=epsilon_0*epsilon_r*E;
+printf("dielectric displacement in cm^-2 is");
+disp(D);
+
+//answer given in the book is wrong in the 7th decimal point
diff --git a/2258/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce b/2258/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..327148eed --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH6/EX6.8/6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the polarizability and relative permittivity of He
+R=0.55; //radius of He atom in angstrom
+R=R*10^-10; //radius of He atom in m
+epsilon_0=8.84*10^-12; //f/m
+N=2.7*10^25;
+alpha_e=4*%pi*epsilon_0*R^3;
+epsilon_r=(N*alpha_e/epsilon_0)+1;
+printf("polarizability in farad m^2 is");
+disp(alpha_e);
+printf("relative permitivity is");
+disp(epsilon_r);
diff --git a/2258/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.sce b/2258/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..363f0f141 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH6/EX6.9/6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the field strength and total dipole moment
+V=15; //potential difference in volts
+C=6; //capacity in micro farad
+C=C*10^-6; //capacity in farad
+epsilon_0=8.84*10^-12; //f/m
+epsilon_r=8;
+A=360; //surface area in cm^2
+A=A*10^-4; //surface area in m^2
+E=(V*C)/(epsilon_0*epsilon_r*A);
+d=epsilon_0*(epsilon_r-1)*V*A;
+printf("field strength in V/m is");
+disp(E);
+printf("total dipole moment in cm is");
+disp(d);
+
+//answer for field strength E given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5f91cbf25 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the number of electron hole pairs
+T1=300; //temp in K
+T2=310; //temp in K
+ni1=2.5*10^19; //per cubic metre
+EgeV1=0.72; //value of Eg in eV
+EgeV2=1.12; //value of Eg in eV
+Eg1=EgeV1*1.6*10^-19; //Eg in J
+Eg2=EgeV2*1.6*10^-19; //Eg in J
+KB=1.38*10^-23; //boltzmann constant in J/k
+//density of electron hole pair is ni = A*(T^(3/2))*exp(-Eg/(2*KB*T))
+// let (T^(3/2))*exp(-Eg/(2*KB*T)) be X
+X1=(T1^(3/2))*exp(-Eg1/(2*KB*T1));
+X2=(T2^(3/2))*exp(-Eg2/(2*KB*T2));
+//therefore ni1=A*X1 and ni2=A*X2. dividing ni2/ni1 we get X2/X1
+ni2=ni1*(X2/X1);
+printf("the number of electron hole pairs per cubic metre is");
+disp(ni2);
+
+//answer given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.10/7_10.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.10/7_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9d7f50a1b --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.10/7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the resistance
+l=1; //length in cm
+l=l*10^-2; //length in m
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+w=1; //width in mm
+w=w*10^-3; //width in m
+t=1; //thickness in mm
+t=t*10^-3; //thickness in m
+A=w*t;
+ni=2.5*10^19;
+mew_e=0.39;
+mew_p=0.19;
+sigma=ni*e*(mew_p+mew_e);
+R=l/(sigma*A);
+printf("resistance of intrinsic Ge rod is %f ohm",R);
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.11/7_11.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.11/7_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5600b38ae --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.11/7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the conductivity
+Eg=1.1; //energy gap in eV
+m=9.109*10^-31;
+k=1.38*10^-23;
+T=300;
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+h=6.626*10^-34;
+mew_e=0.48; //electron mobility
+mew_h=0.013; //hole mobility
+C=2*(2*%pi*m*k/(h^2))^(3/2);
+X=2*k*T/e;
+Y=-Eg/X;
+A=exp(Y);
+ni=C*(T^(3/2))*A;
+sigma=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h);
+printf("conductivity in ohm-1 m-1 is");
+disp(sigma);
+
+//answer given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.12/7_12.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.12/7_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7c49f7299 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.12/7_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the intrinsic carrier density and conductivity
+m=9.109*10^-31;
+k=1.38*10^-23;
+T=300;
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+h=6.626*10^-34;
+Eg=0.7;
+mew_e=0.4; //electron mobility
+mew_h=0.2; //hole mobility
+C=2*(2*%pi*m*k/((h^2)))^(3/2);
+X=2*k*T/e;
+ni=C*(T^(3/2))*exp(-Eg/X);
+sigma=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h);
+printf("conductivity is %f ohm-1 m-1",sigma);
+
+//answer given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.13/7_13.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.13/7_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9908f81e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.13/7_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the energy band gap
+k=8.616*10^-5;
+T1=20; //temp in C
+T1=T1+273; //temp in K
+T2=32; //temp in C
+T2=T2+273; //temp in K
+rho2=4.5; //resistivity in ohm m
+rho1=2; //resistivity in ohm m
+dy=log10(rho2)-log10(rho1);
+dx=(1/T1)-(1/T2);
+Eg=2*k*dy/dx;
+printf("energy band gap is %f eV",Eg);
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.14/7_14.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.14/7_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c80307335 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.14/7_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the temperature
+EgeV=1; //energy in eV
+k=1.38*10^-23;
+Eg=EgeV*1.602*10^-19; //in J
+//EF can be taken as (Ev+0.5)eV
+//therefore (Ev+0.5)eV = (Ec+Ev)/2--------(1)
+//let fermi level shift by 10% then (Ev+0.6)eV = ((Ec+Ev)/2)+((3*k*T/4)*log(4))-----(2)
+//subtracting (1) from (2)
+//0.1 eV = (3*k*T/4)*log(4)
+E=0.1; //energy in eV
+E=E*1.602*10^-19; //energy in J
+T=(4*E)/(3*k*log(4));
+printf("temperature is %f K",T);
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.15/7_15.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.15/7_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f32b21d0f --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.15/7_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the conductivity of intrinsic silicon
+ni=1.5*10^16;
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+mew_e=0.13;
+mew_h=0.05;
+sigma=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h);
+printf("conductivity is %f ohm-1 m-1",sigma);
+M=28.1; //atomic weight of Si
+d=2.33*10^3; //density in kg/m^3
+v=M/d;
+N=6.02*10^26;
+N1=N/v;
+printf("number of Si atoms per m^3 is");
+disp(N1);
+//1 donor type impurity is added to 1 impurity atom
+ND=N1/(10^8);
+p=(ni^2)/ND;
+sigma_exd=ND*e*mew_e;
+printf("conductivity for donor type impurity is %f ohm-1 m-1",sigma_exd);
+//1 acceptor type impurity is added to 1 impurity atom
+Na=N1/(10^8);
+n=(ni^2)/Na;
+sigma_exa=Na*e*mew_h;
+printf("conductivity for acceptor type impurity is %f ohm-1 m-1",sigma_exa);
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.16/7_16.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.16/7_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..75fdddabe --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.16/7_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the diffusion coefficient of electrons
+T=300; //temperature in K
+KB=1.38*10^-23;
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+mew_e=0.19; //mobility of electrons in m^2/Vs
+Dn=mew_e*KB*T/e;
+printf("diffusion coefficient of electrons is %f m^2/s",Dn);
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.17/7_17.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.17/7_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..de2ce317e --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.17/7_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the Hall voltage
+RH=3.66*10^-4; //hall coefficient in m^3/coulomb
+I=10^-2; //current in amp
+B=0.5; //magnetic field in wb/m^2
+t=1; //thickness in mm
+t=t*10^-3; //thickness in m
+VH=(RH*I*B)/t;
+VH=VH*10^3; //converting from Volts to mV
+printf("Hall voltage is %f mV",VH);
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.18/7_18.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.18/7_18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d6354859f --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.18/7_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the density and mobility of charge carrier
+RH=-7.35*10^-5; //hall coefficient
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+n=(-1/(RH*e));
+sigma=200;
+mew=sigma/(n*e);
+printf("density of charge carriers in m^3 is");
+disp(n);
+printf("mobility of charge carriers is %f m^2/Vs",mew);
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.19/7_19.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.19/7_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bfa4bcfba --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.19/7_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the magnitude of Hall voltage
+I=50; //current in amp
+B=1.5; //magnetic field in T
+n=8.4*10^28; //free electron concentration in electron/m^3
+t=0.5; //thickness in cm
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+t=t*10^-2; //thickness in m
+VH=(I*B)/(n*e*t);
+VH=VH*10^6; //converting VH from V to micro V
+printf("magnitude of Hall voltage is %f microVolt",VH);
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..dd3ab1a6f --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.2/7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the charge carrier density and electron mobility
+RH=3.66*10^-4; //hall coefficient in m^3/coulomb
+sigma=112; //conductivity in ohm-1 m-1
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+ne=1/(RH*e);
+//sigma = e*ne*(mew_e+mew_h)
+//assuming mew_h = 0
+mew_e=sigma/(e*ne);
+printf("the charge carrier density per m^3 is");
+disp(ne);
+printf("electron mobility is %f m^2/Vs",mew_e);
+
+//answer given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.20/7_20.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.20/7_20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..11778893a --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.20/7_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate mew and n
+RH=3.66*10^-4;
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+rho_n=8.93*10^-3;
+n=1/(RH*e);
+mew_e=RH/rho_n;
+printf("n per m^3 is");
+disp(n);
+printf("mew_e is %f m^2/V",mew_e);
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.21/7_21.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.21/7_21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..104df520a --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.21/7_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the conductivity and equilibrium hole concentration
+mew_e=0.13; //electron mobility in m^2/Vs
+mew_h=0.048; //hole mobility in m^2/Vs
+ni=1.5*10^16;
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+T=300; //temp in K
+ND=10^23; //density per m^3
+sigmai=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h);
+sigma=ND*mew_e*e;
+p=(ni^2)/ND;
+printf("conductivity of intrinsic Si is %f s",sigmai);
+printf("conductivity is %f s",sigma);
+printf("equilibrium hole concentration per m^3 is");
+disp(p);
+
+//answers for sigmai and sigma given in the book are wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.22/7_22.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.22/7_22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..59e56de2c --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.22/7_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the forbidden energy gap
+T=300; //temp in K
+kB=1.38*10^-23;
+mew_e=0.36; //mobility of electrons in m^2/Vs
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+mew_h=0.7; //mobility of electrons in m^2/Vs
+sigma=2.12; //conductivity in ohm-1 m-1
+C=4.83*10^21; //proportional constant
+ni=sigma/(e*(mew_e+mew_h));
+//exp(-Eg/(2*kB*T)) = (C*(T^(3/2)))/ni
+//let X be (C*(T^(3/2)))/ni
+X=(C*(T^(3/2)))/ni;
+//exp(-Eg/(2*kB*T)) = X
+//applyinf log on both sides
+//Eg/(2*kB*T) = log(X)
+Eg=2*kB*T*log(X);
+printf("forbidden energy gap in eV is");
+disp(Eg);
+
+//answer given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.23/7_23.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.23/7_23.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9e0ec3ba0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.23/7_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the probability of occupation
+Eg=0.4; //energy gap in eV
+Eg=Eg*1.6*10^-19; //Eg in J
+KB=1.38*10^-23;
+T1=0; //temp 1 in C
+T1k=T1+273; //temp 1 in K
+T2=50; //temp 2 in C
+T2k=T2+273; //temp 2 in K
+T3=100; //temp 3 in C
+T3k=T3+273; //temp 3 in K
+//F(E) = 1/(1+(exp((E-Ep)/(KB*T))))
+//but E-Ep = (1/2)*Eg
+//therefore F(E) = 1/(1+(exp(Eg/(2*KB*T))))
+FE1=1/(1+(exp(Eg/(2*KB*T1k))));
+FE2=1/(1+(exp(Eg/(2*KB*T2k))));
+FE3=1/(1+(exp(Eg/(2*KB*T3k))));
+printf("probability of occupation at 0 C is %f eV",FE1);
+printf("probability of occupation at 50 C is %f eV",FE2);
+printf("probability of occupation at 100 C is %f eV",FE3);
+
+//answers given in the book are wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.24/7_24.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.24/7_24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1365aaad0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.24/7_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the ratio between conductivity
+Eg=1.2; //energy in eV
+Eg=Eg*1.6*10^-19; //in J
+KB=1.38*10^-23;
+T1=600; //temp in K
+T2=300; //temp in K
+//sigma is proportional to exp(-Eg/(2*KB*T))
+//let sigma1/sigma2 be R
+R=exp((Eg/(2*KB))*((1/T2)-(1/T1)));
+disp(R);
+
+//answer given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.25/7_25.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.25/7_25.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e08c114a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.25/7_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the resistivity of doped Ge
+ni=2.5*10^19; //density of charge carriers in m^3
+r=1/(10^6); //ratio
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+mew_e=0.36; //mobility of electrons in m^2/Vs
+mew_h=0.18; //mobility of holes in m^2/Vs
+N=4.2*10^28; //number of Si atoms per m^3
+Ne=r*N;
+printf("number of impurity atoms per m^3 is");
+disp(Ne);
+Nh=(ni^2)/Ne;
+sigma=(Ne*e*mew_e)+(Nh*e*mew_h);
+rho=1/sigma;
+printf("the resistivity of doped Ge is %f ohm m",rho);
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.26/7_26.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.26/7_26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..286d01025 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.26/7_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the conductivity of material
+n=5*10^17; //concentration in m^3
+vd=350; //drift velocity in m/s
+E=1000; //electric field in V/m
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+mew=vd/E;
+sigma=n*e*mew;
+printf("the conductivity of material is %f ohm m",sigma);
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.27/7_27.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.27/7_27.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7cfe809c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.27/7_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the concentration
+sigma_e=2.2*10^-4; //conductivity
+mew_e=125*10^-3; //mobility of electrons in m^2/Vs
+e=1.602*10^-19;
+ne=sigma_e/(e*mew_e);
+printf("concentration in m^3 is");
+disp(ne);
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.28/7_28.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.28/7_28.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..52538a1e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.28/7_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the mobility and density of charge carrier
+RH=3.66*10^-4; //hall coefficient in m^3/c
+rho_i=8.93*10^-3; //resistivity in ohm m
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+nh=1/(RH*e);
+mew_h=1/(rho_i*nh*e);
+printf("density of charge carriers in m^3 is");
+disp(nh);
+printf("mobility of charge carriers is %f m^2/Vs",mew_h);
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.29/7_29.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.29/7_29.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8d35860df --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.29/7_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the Hall voltage and charge carrier concentration
+I=3; //current in mA
+I=I*10^-3; //current in amp
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+RH=3.66*10^-4; //hall coefficient in m^3/C
+B=1; //flux density in w/m^2
+d=2; //dimension along Y in cm
+d=d*10^-2; //dimension along Y in m
+z=1; //dimension along z in mm
+z=z*10^-3; //dimension along z in m
+A=d*z; //area in m^2
+EH=RH*I*B/A;
+VH=EH*d;
+VH=VH*10^3; //converting from V to mV
+n=1/(RH*e);
+printf("Hall voltage is %f mV",VH);
+printf("charge carrier concentration in m^3 is");
+disp(n);
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e81c5b276 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.3/7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the conductivity of intrinsic silicon and resultant conductivity
+ni=1.5*10^16; //intrinsic concentration per m^3
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+mew_e=0.13; //mobility of electrons in m^2/Vs
+mew_h=0.05; //mobility of holes in m^2/Vs
+ND=5*10^20; //conductivity in atoms/m^3
+sigma1=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h);
+nd=(ni^2)/ND;
+sigma2=ND*e*mew_e;
+NA=5*10^20;
+na=(ni^2)/NA;
+sigma3=NA*e*mew_h;
+printf("intrinsic conductivity of Si is %f ohm-1 m-1",sigma1);
+printf("conductivity of Si during donor impurity is %f ohm-1 m-1",sigma2);
+printf("conductivity of Si during acceptor impurity is %f ohm-1 m-1",sigma3);
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c0ffdde02 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the conductivity
+sigma1=2; //conductivity in ohm-1 m-1
+EgeV=0.72; //band gap in eV
+Eg=EgeV*1.6*10^-19; //in J
+KB=1.38*10^-23; //boltzmann constant
+T1=20; //temp in C
+T1=T1+273; //temp in K
+T2=40; //temp in C
+T2=T2+273; //temp in K
+//sigma2/sigma1 = exp((-Eg/(2*KB))*((1/T2)-(1/T1)))
+//by taking log on both sides we get 2.303*log10(sigma2/sigma1) = (Eg/(2*KB))*((1/T1)-(1/T2))
+//let (Eg/(2*KB))*((1/T1)-(1/T2)) be X
+X=(Eg/(2*KB))*((1/T1)-(1/T2));
+//let log10(sigma2/sigma1) be Y
+Y=X/2.303;
+//log10(sigma2/sigma1) = log10(sigma2)-log10(sigma1)
+//let log10(sigma2) be A
+A=Y+log10(sigma1);
+sigma2=10^A;
+printf("the conductivity is %f ohm-1 m-1",sigma2);
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7c5b96d01 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the concentration of holes and electrons
+mew_n=1300*10^-4; //in m^2/Vs
+mew_p=500*10^-4; //in m^2/Vs
+sigma=3*10^4; //conductivity in ohm-1 m-1
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+N=sigma/(e*mew_n);
+ni=1.5*10^16; //per m^3
+p=(ni^2)/N;
+P=sigma/(e*mew_p);
+n=(ni^2)/P;
+printf("concentration of electrons in n-type per cubic metre are");
+disp(N);
+printf("concentration of holes in n-type per cubic metre are");
+disp(p);
+printf("concentration of electrons in p-type per cubic metre are");
+disp(n);
+printf("concentration of holes in p-type per cubic metre are");
+disp(P);
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e33546f43 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the resistivity
+ni=2.37*10^19; //intrinsic carrier density per m^3
+mew_e=0.38; //in m^2/Vs
+mew_n=0.18; //in m^2/Vs
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+sigmai=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_n);
+rho=1/sigmai;
+printf("resistivity is %f ohm m",rho);
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..292240261 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the position of fermi level
+Eg=1.12; //band gap in eV
+K=1.38*10^-23;
+T=300; //temp in K
+//EF = (Eg/2)+(3*K*T/4)*log(mh/me)
+//given me=0.12m0 and mh=0.28m0. therefore mh/me = 0.28/0.12
+//let mh/me be X. therefore X=0.28/0.12
+X=0.28/0.12;
+EF=(Eg/2)+((3*K*T/4)*log(X));
+printf("the position of fermi level is %f eV",EF);
+
+//answer given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.8/7_8.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.8/7_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..db5de244a --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.8/7_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the concentration of intrinsic charge carriers
+KB=1.38*10^-23;
+T=300; //temp in K
+h=6.626*10^-34;
+m0=9.11*10^-31;
+mh=m0;
+me=m0;
+EgeV=0.7; //energy gap in eV
+Eg=EgeV*1.6*10^-19; //in J
+A=((2*%pi*KB/(h^2))^(3/2))*(me*mh)^(3/4);
+B=T^(3/2);
+C=exp(-Eg/(2*KB*T));
+ni=2*A*B*C;
+printf("concentration of intrinsic charge carriers per cubic metre is");
+disp(ni);
diff --git a/2258/CH7/EX7.9/7_9.sce b/2258/CH7/EX7.9/7_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ff2bc987e --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH7/EX7.9/7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the resistivity
+ni=2.4*10^19;
+mew_e=0.39;
+mew_h=0.19;
+e=1.6*10^-19;
+sigmai=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h);
+rhoi=1/sigmai;
+printf("resistivity is %f ohm m",rhoi);
diff --git a/2258/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce b/2258/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..65c426cea --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH8/EX8.1/8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the surface area to volume ratio
+r=5; //radius in m
+SA=4*%pi*r^2; //surface area of sphere in m^2
+V=(4/3)*%pi*r^3; //volume of sphere in m^3
+R=SA/V; //ratio
+//surface area to volume ratio can also be given by 3/radius
+printf("surface area to volume ratio of sphere is %f m-1",R);
diff --git a/2258/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce b/2258/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..831d4b0a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH8/EX8.2/8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the surface area to volume ratio
+d=26; //distance in m
+r=d/2; //radius in m
+SA=4*%pi*r^2; //surface area of sphere in m^2
+V=(4/3)*%pi*r^3; //volume of sphere in m^3
+R=SA/V; //ratio
+//surface area to volume ratio can also be given by 3/radius
+printf("surface area to volume ratio of sphere is %f m-1",R);
diff --git a/2258/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce b/2258/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..dabc7205a --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH8/EX8.3/8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the volume of cone
+r=1; //radius in m
+h=1; //height in m
+V=(1/3)*%pi*(r^2)*h;
+printf("volume of cone is %f m^3",V);
diff --git a/2258/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce b/2258/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5b348ec92 --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH8/EX8.4/8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the total surface area of cone
+r=3; //radius in m
+h=4; //height in m
+SA=%pi*r*sqrt((r^2)+(h^2));
+TSA=SA+(%pi*r^2);
+printf("total surface area of cone is %f m^2",TSA);
+
+//answer given in the book is wrong
diff --git a/2258/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce b/2258/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6b4e31a6f --- /dev/null +++ b/2258/CH8/EX8.5/8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// To calculate the height of cone
+V=100; //volume of cone in cubic inches
+r=5; //radius of cone in inches
+r_m=r*0.0254; //radius of cone in m
+//volume V=(1/3)*%pi*(r^2)*h
+//therefore h = (3*V)/(%pi*r^2)
+h=(3*V)/(%pi*r^2); //height in inches
+R=3/r_m;
+printf("height of the cone is %f inches",h);
+printf("surface area to volume ratio is %f m-1",R);
+
+//answer for the surface area to volume ratio given in the book is wrong
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