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| author | priyanka | 2015-06-24 15:03:17 +0530 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | priyanka | 2015-06-24 15:03:17 +0530 |
| commit | b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b (patch) | |
| tree | ab291cffc65280e58ac82470ba63fbcca7805165 /1871 | |
| download | Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.tar.gz Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.tar.bz2 Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.zip | |
initial commit / add all books
Diffstat (limited to '1871')
165 files changed, 2927 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/1871/CH1/EX1.1/Ch01Ex1.sce b/1871/CH1/EX1.1/Ch01Ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6c96a7c46 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH1/EX1.1/Ch01Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Scilab code Ex1.1 : Pg:18 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J
+m = 0.05; // Mass of the golf ball, kg
+v = 20; // Velocity of golf ball, m/s
+h = 6.625e-034; // Planck's constant, joule-sec
+Lambda1 = h/(m*v); // de Broglie wavelength of a golf ball, m
+m = 1.67e-027; // mass of proton, kg
+v = 2200; // Velocity of proton, m/s
+Lambda2 = h/(m*v); // de Broglie wavelength of a proton, m
+E = 10*e; // Kinetic energy of an electron, eV
+m = 9.11e-031; // Mass of electron, kg
+Lambda3 = h/sqrt(2*m*E); // de Broglie wavelength of an electron, m
+printf("\nThe de-Broglie wavelength of a golf ball = %5.3e m", Lambda1);
+printf("\nThe de-Broglie wavelength of a proton = %4.2e m", Lambda2);
+printf("\nThe de-Broglie wavelength of a electron = %3.1f m", Lambda3/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// The de-Broglie wavelength of a golf ball = 6.625e-034 m
+// The de-Broglie wavelength of a proton = 1.80e-010 m
+// The de-Broglie wavelength of a electron = 3.9 m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH1/EX1.10/Ch01Ex10.sce b/1871/CH1/EX1.10/Ch01Ex10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7ca19f905 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH1/EX1.10/Ch01Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex1.10: Pg:36 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+m = 9.13e-031; // Mass of an electron, kg
+e = 1.6e-019; // Charge of electron, coulomb
+V = 20000; // Potential difference applied between cathode and anode, volt
+// Since (1/2)*m*v^2 = e*V, solving for v
+v = sqrt(2*e*V/m); // Maximum speed of electrons striking the anti cathode, m/s
+printf("\nThe maximum speed of electrons striking anticathode in an X-ray tube = %4.2e m/s", v);
+
+// Result
+// The maximum speed of electrons striking anticathode in an X-ray tube = 8.37e+007 m/s
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH1/EX1.11/Ch01Ex11.sce b/1871/CH1/EX1.11/Ch01Ex11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..70559b2f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH1/EX1.11/Ch01Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab code Ex1.11: Pg:36 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+h = 6.62e-034; // Planck's constant, joule-sec
+c = 3e+08; // Velocity of light, m/s
+m = 9.13e-031; // Mass of an electron, kg
+e = 1.6e-019; // Charge of electron, coulomb
+V = 18000; // Potential difference applied between cathode and anode, volts
+E = e*V; // Energy of the electron, joule
+// Since energy of X-rays is equal to energy of the electron thus
+// h*c/Lambda = e*V, solving for Lambda
+Lambda = h*c/E; // Wavelength of X-rays, angstorm
+printf("\nThe shortest wavelength of X-rays in an X-ray tube = %4.2f angstorm", Lambda/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// The shortest wavelength of X-rays in an X-ray tube = 0.69 angstorm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH1/EX1.12/Ch01Ex12.sce b/1871/CH1/EX1.12/Ch01Ex12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..592af15c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH1/EX1.12/Ch01Ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Scilab code Ex1.12: Pg:37 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda = 1e-010; // Wavelength of X-rays, cm
+c = 3e+08; // Velocity of light, m/s
+m = 9.13e-031; // Mass of an electron, kg
+h = 6.62e-034; // Planck's constant, joule-sec
+e = 1.6e-019; // Charge of electron, coulomb
+f = c/Lambda; // Frequency of X-rays, cycles/sec
+E = h*f; // Energy of X-ray photon, joule
+// Since energy of X-ray photon is converted into energy of electrons thus
+// h*f = (1/2)*m*v^2, solving for v
+v = sqrt(2*h*f/m); // Velocity of the electron, m/s
+printf("\nThe energy of an electron beam = %5.0f eV", E/e);
+printf("\nThe velocity of an X-ray beam = %5.3e m/s", v);
+
+// Result
+// The energy of an electron beam = 12413 eV
+// The velocity of an X-ray beam = 6.596e+007 m/s
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH1/EX1.13/Ch01Ex13.sce b/1871/CH1/EX1.13/Ch01Ex13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6789b9cd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH1/EX1.13/Ch01Ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Ex1.13: Pg:37 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda = 1e-010; // Wavelength of X-rays, m
+c = 3e+08; // Velocity of light, m/s
+h = 6.625e-034; // Planck's constant, joule-sec
+e = 1.6e-019; // Charge of electron, coulomb
+E = h*c/Lambda; // Energy of X-rays, cycles/sec
+// Since h*c/Lambda = e*V, solving for V
+V = E/e; // voltage applied to an X-ray tube, volts
+printf("\nThe minimum voltage applied to an X-ray tube to produce X-rays = %5.2e volt", V);
+
+// Result
+// The minimum voltage applied to an X-ray tube to produce X-rays = 1.24e+004 volt
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH1/EX1.14/Ch01Ex14.sce b/1871/CH1/EX1.14/Ch01Ex14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..67965d7ee --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH1/EX1.14/Ch01Ex14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex1.14: Pg:43 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+d = 2.82e-008; // Interplanar spacing in sodium chloride crystal, cm
+n = 1; // Order of reflection
+theta = 10; // Glancing angle, degree
+// Since 2*d*sin theta = n*Lambda, solving for Lambda
+Lambda = 2*d*sind(theta); // Wavelength of X-rays in Bragg's reflection, cm
+printf("\nThe wavelength of X-rays in Bragg reflection = %4.2f angstrom", Lambda/1e-008);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of X-rays in Bragg reflection = 0.98 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH1/EX1.15/Ch01Ex15.sce b/1871/CH1/EX1.15/Ch01Ex15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..61650d3a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH1/EX1.15/Ch01Ex15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Scilab code Ex1.15: Pg:44 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+function [deg, minute] = deg2min(theta)
+ deg = floor(theta);
+ minute = (theta-deg)*60;
+endfunction
+d = 3.14e-010; // Interplanar spacing in sylvine crystal, cm
+n = 1; // Order of reflectio
+h = 6.62e-034; // Planck's constant, joule-sec
+c = 3e+08; // Velocity of light, m/s
+E = 0.01*1e+06*1.6e-019; // Energy of X-ray beam, joule
+Lambda = h*c/E; // Wavelength of X-rays, m
+// Since 2*d*sin theta = n*Lambda, solving for theta
+theta = asind(n*Lambda)/(2*d) // Glancing angle, degree
+[deg, minute] = deg2min(theta);
+printf("\nThe glancing angle for the first order Bragg spectrum in Sylvine crystal = %2d degree %2d minute", deg, minute);
+
+// Result
+// The glancing angle for the first order Bragg spectrum in Sylvine crystal = 11 degree 19 minute
+// The answer is given wrongly in the textbook
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH1/EX1.2/Ch01Ex2.sce b/1871/CH1/EX1.2/Ch01Ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e720e46ac --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH1/EX1.2/Ch01Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Scilab code Ex1.2: : Pg:19 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+V = 100; // potential difference, volt
+Lambda = 12.25/sqrt(V); // de Broglie wavelength, angstorm
+printf("\nThe de-Broglie wavelength of an electron = %5.3f angstorm", Lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The de-Broglie wavelength of an electron = 1.225 angstorm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH1/EX1.3/Ch01Ex3.sce b/1871/CH1/EX1.3/Ch01Ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2a13c1f31 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH1/EX1.3/Ch01Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex1.3: : Pg:19 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+m = 1.67e-027; // Mass of proton, kg
+h = 6.62e-034; // Planck's constant, joule-sec
+c = 3e+08; // Velocity of light, m/s
+v = c/20; // Velocity of proton, m/sec
+Lambda = h/(m*v); // de-Broglie wavelength of a proton, m
+printf("\nThe de-Broglie wavelength of a proton = %4.2e m", Lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The de-Broglie wavelength of a proton = 2.64e-014 m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH1/EX1.4/Ch01Ex4.sce b/1871/CH1/EX1.4/Ch01Ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2659a1640 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH1/EX1.4/Ch01Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Ex1.4: Pg:19 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+m = 1.674e-027; // Mass of neutron, kg
+h = 6.60e-034; // Planck's constant, joule-sec
+Lambda = 1e-010; // de-Broglie wavelength of neutron,
+E = h^2/(2*m*Lambda^2); // Energy of neutron, joule
+printf("\nThe energy of neutron in electron volt = %4.2e eV", E/1.6e-019);
+
+// Result
+// The energy of neutron in electron volt = 8.13e-002 eV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH1/EX1.5/Ch01Ex5.sce b/1871/CH1/EX1.5/Ch01Ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..995a92968 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH1/EX1.5/Ch01Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Ex1.5: Pg:20 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of the electron, kg-m
+h = 6.62e-034; // Planck's constant, joule-sec
+Lambda = 3e-002; // de-Broglie wavelength of the electron, m
+E = h^2/(2*m*Lambda^2); // Energy of the electron wave, joule
+printf("\nThe energy of the electron wave = %4.2e eV", E/1.6e-019);
+
+// Result
+// The energy of the electron wave = 1.67e-015 eV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH1/EX1.6/Ch01Ex6.sce b/1871/CH1/EX1.6/Ch01Ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a336bbe7a --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH1/EX1.6/Ch01Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Ex1.6: Pg:20 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of an electron, kg-m
+h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, joule-sec
+Lambda = 0.4e-010; // de-Broglie wavelength of an electron, m
+// Since E = e*V and Lambda = h/sqrt(2*m*e*V), solving for V we have
+V = h^2/(2*Lambda^2*m*e); // Voltage that must be applied to an electron microscope, volt
+printf("\nThe voltage that must be applied to the electron microscope = %3d V", V);
+
+// Result
+// The voltage that must be applied to the electron microscope = 934 V
+// The answer is given wrongly in the textbook
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH1/EX1.7/Ch01Ex7.sce b/1871/CH1/EX1.7/Ch01Ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8680998b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH1/EX1.7/Ch01Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Ex1.7: Pg:20 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of an electron, kgm
+h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, joule-sec
+c = 3e+08; // Velocity of light, m/s
+// Energy of one quantum of radiation is given by E = h*nu and
+// furhter, E = m*c^2 where nu = c/Lambda, the frequency of radiation
+// On compairing the energies and solving for Lambda
+Lambda = h/(m*c); // de Broglie wavelength of an electron, m
+printf("\nThe wavelength of quantum of radiant energy = %6.4f angstrom", Lambda/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of quantum of radiant energy = 0.0242 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH1/EX1.8/Ch01Ex8.sce b/1871/CH1/EX1.8/Ch01Ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1a196db56 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH1/EX1.8/Ch01Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab code Ex1.8: Pg:20 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+m = 1.675e-027; // Mass of a neutron, kg
+h = 6.625e-034; // Planck's constant, joule-sec
+E = 1.6e-005; // Kinetic energy of the neutron, joule
+// Since (1/2)*m*v^2 = 1.6e-005, solving for v
+v = (2*E/m)^(1/2);
+Lambda = h/(m*v); // de Broglie wavelength of a neutron, m
+printf("\nThe de-Broglie wavelength of neutron = %4.2e m", Lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The de-Broglie wavelength of neutron = 2.86e-018 m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH1/EX1.9/Ch01Ex9.sce b/1871/CH1/EX1.9/Ch01Ex9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a486fb6a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH1/EX1.9/Ch01Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab code Ex1.9: Pg:21 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+h = 6.62e-034; // Planck's constant, joule-sec
+c = 3e+008; // Velocity of light, m/s
+m_0 = 9.1e-031; // Rest mass of an electron, kg
+m = 1836*m_0; // Mass of a proton, kg
+E = m_0*c^2; // Energy of an electron, joule
+// Since (1/2)*m*v^2 = 81.9e-015, solving for v
+v = (2*E/m)^(1/2); // Velocity of the electron, m/s
+Lambda = h/(m*v); // The de-Broglie wavelength of a proton, m
+printf("\nThe de-Broglie wavelength of proton whose kinetic energy is equal to the rest energy of an electron = %1.0e angstrom", Lambda/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// The de-Broglie wavelength of proton whose kinetic energy is equal to the rest energy of an electron = 4e-004 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH10/EX10.1/Ch010Ex1.sce b/1871/CH10/EX10.1/Ch010Ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ea506792f --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH10/EX10.1/Ch010Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex10.1 : Pg:405 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+E = 1000; // Electric field applied to sodium chloride crystal, V/m
+P = 4.3e-008; // Polarization, Coulomb per meter square
+epsilon_0 = 8.85e-012; // Permittivity of free space, force per meter
+// Since P = epsilon_0*(epsilon_r-1)*E, solving for epsilon_r
+epsilon_r = 1 + P/(epsilon_0*E); // Relative permittivity of sodium chloride
+printf("\nThe relative permittivity of sodium chloride = %4.2f ", epsilon_r);
+
+// Result
+// The relative permittivity of sodium chloride = 5.86
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH10/EX10.2/Ch010Ex2.sce b/1871/CH10/EX10.2/Ch010Ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e7fd16140 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH10/EX10.2/Ch010Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex10.2: Pg:411 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+N = 2.7e+025; // Number of molecules per unit volume
+epsilon_r = 1.0024; // Dielectric constant due to electronic polarization
+epsilon_0 = 8.85e-012; // Permittivity of free space, force per meter
+// P = epsilon_0*(epsilon_r-1)*E and P = N*alpha_e*E, solving for alpha_e
+alpha_e = epsilon_0*(epsilon_r-1)/N; // Electronic polarizability of an argon atom, farad Sq.m
+printf("\nThe electronic polarizability of an argon atom = %3.1e farad Sq.m", alpha_e);
+
+// Result
+// The electronic polarizability of an argon atom = 7.9e-040 farad Sq.m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH10/EX10.3/Ch010Ex3.sce b/1871/CH10/EX10.3/Ch010Ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..85bccd615 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH10/EX10.3/Ch010Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Ex10.3 : Pg:414 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+N = 9.8e+026; // Number of atoms in one cubic meter of hydrogen gas
+R = 0.53e-010; // Radius of hydrogen atom, meter
+epsilon_0 = 8.85e-012; // Permittivity of free space, force per meter
+alpha_e = 4*%pi*epsilon_0*R^3; // Electronic polarizability of an argon atom, farad Sq.m
+epsilon_r = 1 + 4*%pi*N*R^3; // Relative permittivity of one cubic meter of hydrogen gas
+printf("\nThe polarizability of one cubic meter of hydrogen gas = %4.2e farad Sq.m", alpha_e);
+printf("\nThe relative permittivity of one cubic meter of hydrogen gas = %6.4f", epsilon_r);
+
+// Result
+// The polarizability of one cubic meter of hydrogen gas = 1.66e-041 farad Sq.m
+// The relative permittivity of one cubic meter of hydrogen gas = 1.0018
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH10/EX10.4/Ch010Ex4.sce b/1871/CH10/EX10.4/Ch010Ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ea7584eb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH10/EX10.4/Ch010Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab code Ex10.4: Pg:417 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+alpha_e = 3.28e-040; // Electronic polarizability of sulphur atom, Force meter square
+eps_0 = 8.85e-012; // Permittivity of free space, farad per metre
+N_A = 6.023e+026; // Avagadro's number
+M = 32; // Atomic weight of sulphur
+rho = 2.08e+003; // Density of sulphur atom, kg per cubic meter
+// Since (eps_r - 1)/(eps_r + 2) = N*alphe_e/(3*eps_0), solvinf for eps_r
+ep_r = poly(0, 'ep_r');
+ep_r = roots((ep_r - 1)*3*M*eps_0-(ep_r + 2)*N_A*rho*alpha_e); // Relative permittivity of the medium
+printf("\nThe relative dielectric constant for sulphur = %3.1f", ep_r);
+
+// Result
+// The relative dielectric constant for sulphur = 3.8
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH10/EX10.5/Ch010Ex5.sce b/1871/CH10/EX10.5/Ch010Ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c98fa4b25 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH10/EX10.5/Ch010Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab code Ex10.5: Pg:419 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+n = 1.5; // Refractive index of glass
+E = 1; // For simplicity assume electric field strength to be unity, N/C
+epsilon_0 = 8.85e-012; // Permittivity of free space, farad per metre
+epsilon_r = 6.75; // Relative permittivity of free space at optical frequencies
+mu = 1.5; // Refractive index for glass
+P_e = epsilon_0*(n^2 - 1)*E; // Electronic polarizability, farad Sq.m
+P_i = epsilon_0*(epsilon_r - n^2)*E; // Ionic polarizability, farad Sq.m
+percent_P_i = P_i/(P_e+P_i)*100; // Percentage ionic polarizability
+printf("\nPercent ionic polarizability for glass = %3.1f percent", percent_P_i);
+
+// Result
+// Percent ionic polarizability for glass = 78.3 percent
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH10/EX10.6/Ch010Ex6.sce b/1871/CH10/EX10.6/Ch010Ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ff8f65c14 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH10/EX10.6/Ch010Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab code Ex10.6: Pg:422 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+eps_r_prime = 1; // For simplicity assume real part of dielectric constant to be unity
+eps_r_dprime = eps_r_prime; // Imaginary part of dielectric constant is the same as that of real part
+tau = 18e-06; // Relaxation time of ice, s
+f = 1/(2*%pi*tau*1e+003); // Frequency when the real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric constant will become equal, kHz
+delta = atand(eps_r_dprime/eps_r_prime); // Loss angle, degree
+phi = 90 - delta; // Phase difference between the current and voltage, degree
+printf("\nThe frequency when the real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric constant will become equal = %3.1f kHz", f);
+printf("\nThe phase difference between the current and voltage = %2.0f degree", phi);
+
+// Result
+// The frequency when the real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric constant will become equal = 8.8 kHz
+// The phase difference between the current and voltage = 45 degree
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH12/EX12.1/Ch12Ex1.sce b/1871/CH12/EX12.1/Ch12Ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d865ccc67 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH12/EX12.1/Ch12Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Scilab code Ex12.1: Pg:463 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+n1 = 1.5; // Core index of an optical fibre
+n0 = 1; // Refractive index of air
+delta = 0.0005; // Intermodal dispersion factor for the fibre
+// Since delta = (n1-n2)/n1, solving for n2
+n2 = n1 - n1*delta; // Refractive index of cladding
+//As sind(phi_c) = n2/n1, solving for phi_c, we have
+phi_c = asind(n2/n1); // Critical internal reflection angle, degree
+// As sind(theta_0) = sqrt(n1^2-n2^2)/n0, solving for theta_0
+theta_0 = asind(sqrt(n1^2-n2^2)/n0); // External critical acceptance angle, degree
+NA = n1*sqrt(2*delta); // Numerical aperture
+printf("\nThe refractive index of cladding = %7.5f ", n2);
+printf("\nThe critical internal reflection angle = %4.1f degree", phi_c);
+printf("\nThe external critical acceptance angle = %4.2f degree", theta_0);
+printf("\nThe numerical aperture = %6.4f ", NA);
+
+// Result
+// The refractive index of cladding = 1.49925
+// The critical internal reflection angle = 88.2 degree
+// The external critical acceptance angle = 2.72 degree
+// The numerical aperture = 0.0474
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH12/EX12.2/Ch12Ex2.sce b/1871/CH12/EX12.2/Ch12Ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6773b6f57 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH12/EX12.2/Ch12Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab code Ex12.2: Pg:464 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+n2 = 1.59; // Cladding refractive index of an optical fibre
+n0 = 1; // Refractive index when the fiber is in air
+NA = 0.20; // Numerical aperture of fiber
+// Since NA = sqrt(n_1^2-n_2^2)/n0, solving for n1
+n1 = sqrt(NA^2 + n2^2)/n0; // Core refractive index of fiber
+// In water, n0 = 1.33
+n0 = 1.33; // Refractive index of water
+NA = sqrt(n1^2-n2^2)/n0; // Numerical aperture when the fiber is in water
+theta_max = asind(NA); // Acceptance angle for the fiber in water, degree
+printf("\nThe acceptance angle for the fibre = %3.1f degree", theta_max);
+
+// Result
+// The acceptance angle for the fibre = 8.6 degree
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH12/EX12.3/Ch12Ex3.sce b/1871/CH12/EX12.3/Ch12Ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..433a8395e --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH12/EX12.3/Ch12Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex12.3: Pg:467 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+n1 = 1.45; // Core refractive index of an fibre
+d = 0.6; // Core diameter of fiber, m
+NA = 0.16; // Numerical aperture of fiber
+lambda_0 = 9e-007; // Wavelength of light, m
+V = %pi*d*NA/lambda_0; // Normalized frequency (V-number)for the fiber
+printf("\nThe normalized frequency for fiber = %4.2e ", V);
+
+// Result
+// The normalized frequency for fiber = 3.35e+005
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH12/EX12.4/Ch12Ex4.sce b/1871/CH12/EX12.4/Ch12Ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1a16ee5ff --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH12/EX12.4/Ch12Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab code Ex12.4: Pg:468 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+n1 = 1.52; // Core refractive index of an fibre
+d = 29e-06; // Core diameter of fiber, m
+delta = 0.0007; // Fractional difference index
+lambda_0 = 1.3e-06; // Wavelength of light, m
+// Since delta = (n1-n2)/n1, solving for n2
+n2 = n1-n1*delta; // Cladding refractive index of fiber
+V = %pi*d*sqrt(n1^2 - n2^2)/lambda_0; // Normalized frequency for the fiber
+N = 1/2*V^2; // Number of modes the fiber will support
+printf("\nThe normalized frequency for fiber = %5.3f ", V);
+printf("\nThe number of modes supported by the fiber = %1.0f ", N);
+
+// Result
+// The normalized frequency for fiber = 3.985
+// The number of modes supported by the fiber = 8
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH12/EX12.5/Ch12Ex5.sce b/1871/CH12/EX12.5/Ch12Ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8245a974a --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH12/EX12.5/Ch12Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Scilab code Ex12.5: Pg:468 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+// Define function to convert degrees to degree, minute and second
+function [deg, minute, second] = deg2dms(theta)
+ deg = floor(theta);
+ minute = floor((theta-deg)*60);
+ second = floor(((theta-deg)*60-minute)*60);
+endfunction
+n1 = 1.480; // Core refractive index of an optical fibre
+n2 = 1.47; // Cladding refractive index of an optical fibre
+lambda_0 = 850e-09; // wavelength of light, m
+V = 2.405; // Normalized frequency for single mode propagation of the fibre
+// As V = %pi*d*sqrt(n1^2-n2^2)/lambda_0, solving for d
+d = V*lambda_0/(%pi*sqrt(n1^2-n2^2)*1e-006); // Core radius, micro-metre
+NA = sqrt(n1^2-n2^2); // Numerical aperture of the fiber
+// Since sind(theta_0) = NA, solving for theta_0
+theta_0 = asind(NA); // The maximum acceptance angle of fiber, degree
+[deg, m, s] = deg2dms(theta_0); // Call conversion function
+printf("\nThe core radius of the fiber = %4.2f micro-meter", d);
+printf("\nThe numerical aperture of fiber = %6.4f ", NA);
+printf("\nThe maximum acceptance angle = %d deg %d min %d sec", deg, m, s);
+
+// Result
+// The core radius of the fiber = 3.79 micro-meter
+// The numerical aperture of fiber = 0.1718
+// The maximum acceptance angle = 9 deg 53 min 23 sec
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH12/EX12.6/Ch12Ex6.sce b/1871/CH12/EX12.6/Ch12Ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cd146a53f --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH12/EX12.6/Ch12Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex12.6: Pg:473 (2008) +clc;clear; +alpha = 3.5; // Attenuation of optical signal, dB/km +Pi = 0.5e-003; // Initial Power level of optical fibre, mW +L = 4; // Lenght of optical fibre, km +// As alpha = (10/L)*log(Pi/Po), solving for Po +Po = Pi/10^(alpha*L/10); // Output power level of optical fibre, micro-W +printf("\nThe output power level in optical fiber = %4.1f micro-W", Po/1e-006); + +// Result +// The output power level in optical fiber = 19.9 micro-W
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH12/EX12.7/Ch12Ex7.sce b/1871/CH12/EX12.7/Ch12Ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..82e17513b --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH12/EX12.7/Ch12Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Ex12.7: Pg:473 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Pi = 1; // Initial Power level of optical fibre, mW
+Po = 0.85; // Output Power level of optical fibre, mW
+L = 0.5; // Lenght of optical fibre, km
+alpha = (10/L)*log10(Pi/Po); // Attenuation of optical signal, dB/km
+printf("\nThe attenuation of optical signal = %4.2f dB/km", alpha);
+
+// Result
+// The attenuation of optical signal = 1.41 dB/km
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH12/EX12.8/Ch12Ex8.sce b/1871/CH12/EX12.8/Ch12Ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..905923ab3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH12/EX12.8/Ch12Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Scilab code Ex12.8: Pg:477 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light, m/s
+n1 = 1.5; // Core index of an optical fibre
+n2 = 1.498; // Cladding index of an optical fibre
+l = 18; // Length of an optical fibre, km
+D = (n1-n2)/n1; // Intermodal dispersion factor for the fibre
+// For a 1 km length fibre
+delta = n1*1000/c*D/(1-D)*1e+009; // intermodal dispersion factor for 1 km length fibre, ns/km
+delta_t_total = delta*l; // Total dispersion in 18 km length, ns
+B_max = 1/(5*delta_t_total*1e-009); // Maximum bit rate, bits/sec
+printf("\nThe intermodal dispersion factor for 1 km length fibre = %4.2f ns/km", delta );
+printf("\nThe total dispersion in 18 km length fibre = %5.1f ns", delta_t_total);
+printf("\nThe maximum bit rate allowed asuuming dispersion limiting = %4.2f M bits/s",B_max/1e+006);
+
+// Result
+// The intermodal dispersion factor for 1 km length fibre = 6.68 ns/km
+// The total dispersion in 18 km length fibre = 120.2 ns
+// The maximum bit rate allowed asuuming dispersion limiting = 1.66 M bits/s
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH12/EX12.9/Ch12Ex9.sce b/1871/CH12/EX12.9/Ch12Ex9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..21dc38963 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH12/EX12.9/Ch12Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab code Ex12.9:Pg:478 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+P2 = 0.3e-006; // Optical power level at the detector, W
+dB_1 = 0.8*15; // Connector loss, dB
+dB_2 = 1.5*15; // Fibre loss, dB
+dB = dB_1 + dB_2; // Total Loss, dB
+// As dB = 10*log10(P1/P2), solving for P1
+P1 = P2*10^(dB/10)/1e-003; // Initial power level of an optical fibre, mw
+printf("\nThe initial power level of an optical fibre = %4.2f mW",P1 );
+
+// Result
+// The initial power level of an optical fibre = 0.85 mW
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH2/EX2.1/Ch02Ex1.sce b/1871/CH2/EX2.1/Ch02Ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..63ea19198 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH2/EX2.1/Ch02Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Ex2.1: Pg:55 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+V1 = 250; // Accelerating potential of electron in first region, volts
+theta1 = 50; // Angle of incidence, degrees
+theta2 = 30; // Angle of refraction, degrees
+// According to Bethe's law sind(theta1)/sind(theta2) = []V2/V1]^1/2
+// On solving for V2
+V2 = V1*(sind(theta1)/sind(theta2))^2; // Potential in second region, volts
+deltaV = (V2-V1); // Potential difference between two regions, volts
+printf("\nPotential difference between two regions of an electric field = %5.1f V", deltaV);
+
+// Result
+// Potential difference between two regions of an electric field = 336.8 V
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH2/EX2.2/Ch02Ex2.sce b/1871/CH2/EX2.2/Ch02Ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..033bf2c72 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH2/EX2.2/Ch02Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Ex2.2: Pg:79(2008)
+clc;clear;
+amu = 1.67e-027; // Mass of a nucleon, kg
+E = 8e+004; // Electric field in a Bainbridge mass spectrograph, V/m
+B = 0.55; // Magnetic induction, Wb per square meter
+M1 = 20; // Atomic mass of first isotope of neon, amu
+M2 = 22; // Atomic mass of second isotope of neon, amu
+q = 1.602e-019; // Charge of the ion, coulomb
+delta_x = 2*E*(M2-M1)*amu/(q*B^2); // Separation between the lines, mm
+printf("\nLinear separation between the lines on a photographic plates = %4.2f m", delta_x);
+
+// Result
+// Linear separation between the lines on a photographic plates= 0.01 m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH3/EX3.1/Ch03Ex1.sce b/1871/CH3/EX3.1/Ch03Ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..925878977 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH3/EX3.1/Ch03Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Scilab code Ex3.1 Pg:89 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+f1 = 30; // Focal length of first lens, cm
+f2 = 10; // Focal length of second lens, cm
+d = 25; // Distance of separation between two lenses, cm
+F = f1*f2/(f1 + f2 - d); // Focal length of the combination of lenses, cm
+// Positions of Principal Points
+alpha = F*d/f2; // Distance of the first principal point from the first lens, cm
+bita = -F*d/f1; // Distance of the second principal point from the second lens, cm
+// Positions of Focal Points
+L1F1 = -F*(1-d/f2); // Distance of the first focal point from the first lens, cm
+L2F2 = F*(1-d/f1); // Distance of the second focal point from the second lens, cm
+printf("\nThe positions of Principal points = %2.0f cm and %4.2f cm", alpha, bita);
+printf("\nThe positions of Focal points = %2.0f cm and %3.1f cm", L1F1, L2F2);
+
+// Result
+// The positions of Principal points = 50 cm and -16.67 cm
+// The positions of Focal points = 30 cm and 3.3 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH3/EX3.10/Ch03Ex10.sce b/1871/CH3/EX3.10/Ch03Ex10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fc11a5e49 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH3/EX3.10/Ch03Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex3.10 : Pg:113 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+omega1 = 0.02; // Dispersive power of the convex lens
+omega2 = 0.04; // Dispersive power of the concave lens
+f2 = -80; // Focakl length of the concave lens, cm
+// As omega1/omega2 = -f1/f2, solving for f1
+f1 = -omega1/omega2*f2; // Focal length of the crown glass convex lens, cm
+printf("\nThe focal length of the crown glass convex lens = %2.0f cm", f1);
+
+// Result
+// The focal length of the crown glass convex lens = 40 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH3/EX3.11/Ch03Ex11.sce b/1871/CH3/EX3.11/Ch03Ex11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d601a085f --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH3/EX3.11/Ch03Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab code Ex3.11 : Pg:113 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+mu_V = 1.55; // Refractive index of violet color
+mu_R = 1.53; // Refractive index of red color
+mu_Y = (mu_V + mu_R)/2; // Refractive index of yellow color
+omega1 = (mu_V - mu_R)/(mu_Y - 1); // Dispersive power of the crown glass convex lens
+F = 150; // Focal length of the combination of lenses, cm
+R = 54; // Radius of curvature of the convex lens, cm
+f1 = R/(2*(mu_Y-1)); // Focal length of the convex lens from thin lens maker formula, cm
+f2 = F*f1/(f1 - F); // Focal length of the second lens, cm
+// As omega1/omega2 = -f1/f2, solving for omega2
+omega2 = -f2/f1*omega1; // Dispersive power of flint glass
+printf("\nThe dispersive power of flint glass = %5.3f", omega2);
+
+// Result
+// The dispersive power of flint glass = 0.056
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH3/EX3.12/Ch03Ex12.sce b/1871/CH3/EX3.12/Ch03Ex12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d9dd3a3ce --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH3/EX3.12/Ch03Ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Scilab code Ex3.12 : Pg:114 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+omega1 = 0.017; // Dispersive power of the crown glass lens
+omega2 = 0.034; // Dispersive power of flint glass lens
+F = 40; // Focal length of the combination of lenses, cm
+f1 = (omega2 - omega1)/omega2*F; // Focal length of crown glass lens, cm
+f2 = (omega1 - omega2)/omega1*F; // Focal length of flint glass lens, cm
+mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of crown glass
+R2 = -25; // Radius of curvature of the first surface of convex lens, cm
+// Now from lens maker's formula
+R1 = (mu - 1)/(1/f1+(mu-1)/R2); // Radius of curvature of second surface of convex lens, cm
+printf("\nThe radius of curvature of the second surface of convex lens = %5.2f cm", R1);
+mu = 1.7; // Refractive index of flint glass
+R1 = -25; // Radius of curvature of the first surface of concave lens, cm
+R2 = (mu - 1)/(1/f2-(mu-1)/R1); // Radius of curvature of second surface of concave lens, cm
+printf("\nThe radius of curvature of the second surface of concave lens = %6.2f cm", R2);
+
+// Result
+// The radius of curvature of the second surface of convex lens = 16.67 cm
+// The radius of curvature of the second surface of concave lens = 233.33 cm
diff --git a/1871/CH3/EX3.13/Ch03Ex13.sce b/1871/CH3/EX3.13/Ch03Ex13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..14ea23426 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH3/EX3.13/Ch03Ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Scilab code Ex3.13 : Pg:115 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+P = 5; // Power of combination of a convex lens and a plano-convex lens, dioptre
+mu1 = 1.50; // Refractive index of crown glass
+mu2 = 1.60; // Refractive index of flint glass
+omega1 = 0.01; // Dispersive power of the crown glass convex lens
+omega2 = 0.02; // Dispersive power of flint glass plano-convex lens
+F = 100/P; // Focal length of the combination of lenses, cm
+f_ratio = -omega2/omega1; // Ratio of f2 to f1
+// From thin lens formula, 1/F = 1/f1 + 1/f2 and as f2 = f_ratio*f1, solving for f1
+f1 = -F/f_ratio; // Focal length of flint glass lens, cm
+f2 = f_ratio*f1; // Focal length of crown glass lens, cm
+mu = 1.60; // Refractive index of flint glass
+R2 = %inf; // Radius of curvature of the first surface of convex lens, cm
+// Now from lens maker's formula
+R1 = (mu - 1)/(1/f2+(mu-1)/R2); // Radius of curvature of second surface of convex lens, cm
+mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of crown glass
+R2 = R1; // Radius of curvature of the first surface of convex lens, cm
+R1_prime = (mu - 1)/(1/f1+(mu-1)/R2); // Radius of curvature of second surface of concave lens, cm
+printf("\nThe radii of curvature of the convex lens are = %-3.1f cm and %2.0f cm", R1_prime, R1);
+
+// Result
+// The radii of curvature of the convex lens are = 8.6 cm and -12 cm
diff --git a/1871/CH3/EX3.15/Ch03Ex15.sce b/1871/CH3/EX3.15/Ch03Ex15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..57dad4b78 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH3/EX3.15/Ch03Ex15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab code Ex3.15 : Pg:117 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+omega1 = 0.01; // Dispersive power of the crown glass convex lens
+omega2 = 0.02; // Dispersive power of flint glass plano-convex lens
+f1 = 20; // Focal length of crown glass lens, cm
+f2 = 30; // Focal length of crown flint lens, cm
+d = (omega1*f2+omega2*f1)/(omega1 + omega2); // The distance between two achromatic lenses of different material, cm
+// For same material
+printf("\nThe distance between two achromatic lenses of different material = %5.2f cm", d);
+omega1 = 1, omega2 = 1;
+d = (omega1*f2+omega2*f1)/(omega1 + omega2); // The distance between two achromatic lenses of same material, cm
+printf("\nThe distance between two achromatic lenses of same material = %2.0f cm", d);
+
+// Result
+// The distance between two achromatic lenses of different material = 23.33 cm
+// The distance between two achromatic lenses of same material = 25 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH3/EX3.16/Ch03Ex16.sce b/1871/CH3/EX3.16/Ch03Ex16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cdf254579 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH3/EX3.16/Ch03Ex16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab code Ex3.16 : Pg:121 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+R = 20; // Radius of curvature of the spherical surface, cm
+mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of the material
+h = 5; // First height of the incident ray from the principal axis, cm
+delta_f_h = h^2/(2*mu*(mu - 1)*R); // Spherical aberration of the spherical surface, cm
+printf("\nFor h = %d, the Spherical aberration of the spherical surface = %4.2f cm", h, delta_f_h);
+h = 7; // Second height of the incident ray from the principal axis, cm
+delta_f_h = h^2/(2*mu*(mu - 1)*R); // Spherical aberration of the spherical surface, cm
+printf("\nFor h = %d, the Spherical aberration of the spherical surface = %4.2f cm", h, delta_f_h);
+
+// Result
+// For h = 5, the Spherical aberration of the spherical surface = 0.83 cm
+// For h = 7, the Spherical aberration of the spherical surface = 1.63 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH3/EX3.17/Ch03Ex17.sce b/1871/CH3/EX3.17/Ch03Ex17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e6a2662aa --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH3/EX3.17/Ch03Ex17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab code Ex3.17 : Pg:125(2008)
+clc;clear;
+F = 10; // Equivalent focal length of the combination of lenses, cm
+d = 2; // Distance between the lenses of doublet, cm
+// The condition of minimum spherical aberration gives
+// f1 = f2 = d or f2 = f1 - d
+f1 = 2*F; // Focal length of the first lens, cm
+f2 = f1 - d; // Focal length of the second lens, cm
+printf("\nThe focal length of component lenses of a convergent doublet, f1 = %2d cm and f2 = %2d cm", f1, f2);
+
+// Result
+// The focal length of component lenses of a convergent doublet, f1 = 20 cm and f2 = 18 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH3/EX3.18/Ch03Ex18.sce b/1871/CH3/EX3.18/Ch03Ex18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8e2a60e6f --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH3/EX3.18/Ch03Ex18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab code Ex3.18 : Pg:125(2008)
+clc;clear;
+F = 5.0; // Equivalent focal length of the combination of lenses, cm
+// As F = 3*d/4, solving for d
+d = 4/3*F; // // Distance between the lenses of doublet, cm
+// The condition of minimum spherical aberration gives
+// 2*d = f1 + f2 and f1 - f2 = d, solving for f1 and f2
+f1 = 3*d/2; // Focal length of the first lens, cm
+f2 = d/2; // Focal length of the second lens, cm
+printf("\nTo have no chromatic aberration and minimum spherical abberation, the doublet lens should be designed with the following parameters:\n");
+printf(" d = %4.2f cm; f1 = %2d cm and f2 = %4.2f cm", d, f1, f2);
+
+// Result
+// To have no chromatic aberration and minimum spherical abberation, the doublet lens should be designed with the following parameters:
+// d = 6.67 cm; f1 = 10 cm and f2 = 3.33 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH3/EX3.2/Ch03Ex2.sce b/1871/CH3/EX3.2/Ch03Ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..15c5d1847 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH3/EX3.2/Ch03Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Scilab code Ex3.2: Pg:90 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+f1 = 10; // Focal length of converging lens, cm
+f2 = -10; // Focal length of diverging lens, cm
+d = 5; // Distance of separation between two lenses, cm
+F = f1*f2/(f1 + f2 - d); // Focal length of the combination of lenses, cm
+P = 100/F; // Power of the combination of lenses, diopter
+// Positions of Principal Points
+alpha = F*d/f2; // Distance of the first principal point from the first lens, cm
+bita = -F*d/f1; // Distance of the second principal point from the second lens, cm
+printf("\nThe focal length of the combination of lenses = %2.0f cm", F);
+printf("\nThe power of the combination of lenses = %1.0f diopter", P);
+printf("\nThe positions of Principal points = %2.0f cm and %2.0f cm", alpha, bita);
+
+// Result
+// The focal length of the combination of lenses = 20 cm
+// The power of the combination of lenses = 5 diopter
+// The positions of Principal points = -10 cm and -10 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH3/EX3.3/Ch03Ex3.sce b/1871/CH3/EX3.3/Ch03Ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..95e8805a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH3/EX3.3/Ch03Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Scilab code Ex3.3 : Pg:91 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+f1 = 30; // Focal length of convex lens, cm
+f2 = -50; // Focal length of concave lens, cm
+d = 20; // Distance of separation between two lenses, cm
+F = f1*f2/(f1 + f2 - d); // Focal length of the combination of lenses, cm
+// Positions of Principal Points
+alpha = F*d/f2; // Distance of the first principal point from the first lens, cm
+bita = -F*d/f1; // Distance of the second principal point from the second lens, cm
+// Positions of Focal Points
+L1F1 = -F*(1-d/f2); // Distance of the first focal point from the first lens, cm
+L2F2 = F*(1-d/f1); // Distance of the second focal point from the second lens, cm
+// Positions of Final image
+u = -25; // Object distance from principal point, cm
+// As from thin lens formula, 1/v - 1/u = 1/F, solving for v
+v = (u*F)/(u+F); // Image distance from principal point, cm
+m = v/u; // Linear magnification
+printf("\nThe positions of Principal points = %2.0f cm and %4.2f cm", alpha, bita);
+printf("\nThe positions of Focal points = %4.1f cm and %4.1f cm", L1F1, L2F2);
+printf("\nThe image distance from principal point = %2.0f cm", v);
+printf("\nThe linear magnification = %1.0f cm", m);
+
+
+// Result
+// The positions of Principal points = -15 cm and -25.00 cm
+// The positions of Focal points = -52.5 cm and 12.5 cm
+// The image distance from principal point = -75 cm
+// The linear magnification = 3 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH3/EX3.4/Ch03Ex4.sce b/1871/CH3/EX3.4/Ch03Ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..01e4642a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH3/EX3.4/Ch03Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Scilab code Ex3.4 : Pg:97 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+f = 4; // Focal length of eye lens of Huygen eye-piece, cm
+f1 = 3*f; // Focal length of first lens, cm
+f2 = f; // Focal length of second lens, cm
+d = 2*f; // Distance of separation between two lenses, cm
+F = f1*f2/(f1 + f2 - d); // Focal length of the combination of lenses, cm
+// Positions of Principal Points
+alpha = F*d/f2; // Distance of the first principal point from the first lens, cm
+bita = -F*d/f1; // Distance of the second principal point from the second lens, cm
+// Positions of Focal Points
+L1F1 = -F*(1-d/f2); // Distance of the first focal point from the first lens, cm
+L2F2 = F*(1-d/f1); // Distance of the second focal point from the second lens, cm
+// Positions of Final image
+u = -18; // Object distance from principal point, cm
+// As from thin lens formula, 1/v - 1/u = 1/F, solving for v
+v = (u*F)/(u+F); // Image distance from principal point, cm
+L2I = v + bita; // The position of image to the right of eye lens, cm
+printf("\nThe positions of Principal points = %2.0f cm and %1.0f cm", alpha, bita);
+printf("\nThe positions of Focal points = %1.0f cm and %1.0f cm", L1F1, L2F2);
+printf("\nThe The position of image to the right of eye lens = %1.0f cm", L2I);
+
+
+// Result
+// The positions of Principal points = 12 cm and -4 cm
+// The positions of Focal points = 6 cm and 2 cm
+// The The position of image to the right of eye lens = 5 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH3/EX3.5/Ch03Ex5.sce b/1871/CH3/EX3.5/Ch03Ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..acfba2691 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH3/EX3.5/Ch03Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Ex3.5 : Pg:98 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+d = 10; // Distance of separation of two lenses, cm
+// As 2*f1 = d, solving for f1
+f1 = d/2; // Focal length of the first plano-convex lens, cm
+f2 = 3*f1; // Focal length of the second plano-convex lens, cm
+F = f1*f2/(f1 + f2 - d); // Focal length of the eye-piece, cm
+printf("\nThe focal lengths of the plano-convex lenses are %1.0f cm and %2.0f cm", f1, f2);
+printf("\nThe focal length of the eye-piece = %3.1f cm", F);
+
+// Result
+// The focal lengths of the plano-convex lenses are 5 cm and 15 cm
+// The focal length of the eye-piece = 7.5 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH3/EX3.6/Ch03Ex6.sce b/1871/CH3/EX3.6/Ch03Ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4a0a725de --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH3/EX3.6/Ch03Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Scilab code Ex3.6 : Pg:101 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+F = 12; // Focal length of the eye-piece, cm
+// For Huygen's eye-piece
+// As F = f1*f2/(f1 + f2 - d) and f1 = 3*f; f2 = f; d = 2*f, solving for f
+f = poly(0, 'f');
+f = roots(3*f*f-F*(3*f+f-2*f)); // Focal length of the eye-lens, cm
+d = 2*f(1); // Distance of separation of two lenses, cm
+f1 = 3*f(1); // Focal length of the first plano-convex lens, cm
+f2 = f(1); // Focal length of the second plano-convex lens, cm
+printf("\nFor Huygen eye-piece:");
+printf("\nThe focal lengths of the plano-convex lenses are %1.0f cm and %2.0f cm", f1, f2);
+printf("\nThe distance between the lenses = %2.0f cm", d);
+// For Ramsden eye-piece
+// As F = f1*f2/(f1 + f2 - d) and f1 = f; f2 = f; d = 2/3*f, solving for f
+f = poly(0, 'f');
+f = roots(f*f-12*(f+f-2/3*f)); // Focal length of the eye-lens, cm
+d = 2/3*f(1); // Distance of separation of two lenses, cm
+f1 = f(1); // Focal length of the first plano-convex lens, cm
+f2 = f(1); // Focal length of the second plano-convex lens, cm
+printf("\n\nFor Ramsden eye-piece:");
+printf("\nThe focal lengths of the plano-convex lenses are %1.0f cm and %2.0f cm", f1, f2);
+printf("\nThe distance between the lenses = %5.2f cm", d);
+
+// Result
+// For Huygen eye-piece:
+// The focal lengths of the plano-convex lenses are 24 cm and 8 cm
+// The distance between the lenses = 16 cm
+
+// For Ramsden eye-piece:
+// The focal lengths of the plano-convex lenses are 16 cm and 16 cm
+// The distance between the lenses = 10.67 cm
+// The distance between the lenses for Ramsden eye-piece is wrong in the textbook
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH3/EX3.7/Ch03Ex7.sce b/1871/CH3/EX3.7/Ch03Ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1afcd6f15 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH3/EX3.7/Ch03Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Scilab code Ex3.7 : Pg:102 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+F = 9.0; // Focal length of the eye-piece, cm
+// As F = f1*f2/(f1 + f2 - d) and f1 = f; f2 = f; d = 2/3*f, solving for f
+f = poly(0, 'f');
+f = roots(f*f-F*(f+f-2/3*f)); // Focal length of the eye-lens, cm
+d = 2/3*f(1); // Distance of separation of two lenses, cm
+f1 = f(1); // Focal length of the first plano-convex lens, cm
+f2 = f(1); // Focal length of the second plano-convex lens, cm
+alpha = F*d/f2; // Distance of first principal point from the field lens L1, cm
+bita = -F*d/f1; // Distance of second principal point from the field lens L2, cm
+L1F1 = -F*(1-d/f2); // Distance of first focal point from the lens L1, cm
+L2F2 = F*(1-d/f1); // Distance of second focal point from the lens L2, cm
+printf("\nThe focal lengths of the plano-convex lenses are %1.0f cm and %2.0f cm", f1, f2);
+printf("\nThe distance between the lenses = %1.0f cm", d);
+printf("\nThe distance of first principal point from the field lens L1 = %1.0f cm", alpha);
+printf("\nThe distance of second principal point from the field lens L2 = %1.0f cm", bita);
+printf("\nThe distance of first focal point from the field lens L1 = %1.0f cm", L1F1);
+printf("\nThe distance of second focal point from the field lens L2 = %1.0f cm", L2F2);
+
+// Result
+// The focal lengths of the plano-convex lenses are 12 cm and 12 cm
+// The distance between the lenses = 8 cm
+// The distance of first principal point from the field lens L1 = 6 cm
+// The distance of second principal point from the field lens L2 = -6 cm
+// The distance of first focal point from the field lens L1 = -3 cm
+// The distance of second focal point from the field lens L2 = 3 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH3/EX3.8/Ch03Ex8.sce b/1871/CH3/EX3.8/Ch03Ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3dc620bab --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH3/EX3.8/Ch03Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab code Ex3.8 : Pg:108 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+mu_v = 1.5230; // Refractive index of violet color
+mu_r = 1.5145; // Refractive index of red color
+R1 = 40; // Radius of curvature of first curvature of lens, cm
+R2 = -10; // Radius of curvature of second curvature of lens, cm
+// As 1/f_r = (mu_r - 1)*(1/R1 - 1/R2), solving for f_r
+f_r = 1/((mu_r-1)*(1/R1 - 1/R2)); // Focal length for red color, cm
+f_v = 1/((mu_v-1)*(1/R1 - 1/R2)); // Focal length for violet color, cm
+CA = f_r - f_v; // The longitudinal chromatic abberation, cm
+printf("\nThe longitudinal chromatic abberation for the object at infinity = %5.3f cm", CA);
+
+// Result
+// The longitudinal chromatic abberation for the object at infinity = 0.253 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH3/EX3.9/Ch03Ex9.sce b/1871/CH3/EX3.9/Ch03Ex9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0ce63654f --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH3/EX3.9/Ch03Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Ex3.9 : Pg:109 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+mu_F = 1.5249; // Refractive index of violet color
+mu_C = 1.5164; // Refractive index of red color
+mu_D = (mu_F + mu_C)/2; // Mean refractive index
+omega = (mu_F - mu_C)/(mu_D - 1); // Dispersive power of the lens
+f = 40; // Focal length of the crown glass lens, cm
+CA = omega*f; // The longitudinal chromatic abberation, cm
+printf("\nThe longitudinal chromatic abberation = %6.4f cm", CA);
+
+// Result
+// The longitudinal chromatic abberation = 0.6530 cm
+// The answer is given wrong in the textbook
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.1/Ch04Ex1.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.1/Ch04Ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..387b55fe6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.1/Ch04Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.1 : Pg:139 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+I_max = 36; // Maxiumum intensity of interfering waves
+I_min = 1; // Minimum intensity of interfering waves
+// As (a + b)/(a - b) = sqrt(I_max/I_min), solving for a/b
+a1 = sqrt(I_max)+1; // Amplitude of first wave, unit
+a2 = sqrt(I_max)-1; // Amplitude of second wave, unit
+I1 = a1^2; // Intensity of the first wave, unit
+I2 = a2^2; // Intensity of the second wave, unit
+printf("\nThe ratio between the amplitudes of the two interfering waves, a1:a2 = %d:%d", a1, a2);
+printf("\nThe ratio between the intensities of the two interfering waves, I1:I2 = %d:%d", I1, I2);
+
+// Result
+// The ratio between the amplitudes of the two interfering waves, a1:a2 = 7:5
+// The ratio between the intensities of the two interfering waves, I1:I2 = 49:25
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.10/Ch04Ex10.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.10/Ch04Ex10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..671b6f686 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.10/Ch04Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.10: Pg:147 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+delta_D = 5e-002; // Distance through which the screen is moved, m
+delta_omega = 3e-005; // Change in fringe width as a result of motion of screen, m
+d = 1e-003/2; // Half of the separation distance between the slits, m
+// As delta_omega = lambda*delta_D/(2*d), solving for lambda
+lambda = delta_omega*(2*d)/delta_D; // Wavelength of light used, m
+printf("\nThe wavelength of light used = %4d angstrom", lambda/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of light used = 6000 angstrom
diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.11/Ch04Ex11.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.11/Ch04Ex11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a34d39d99 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.11/Ch04Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.11: Pg:148 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+x0 = 12.34; // Position of zero order fringe, mm
+Lambda = 6000; // Wavelength of light, angstrom
+Lambda_prime = 5000; // New wavelength of light, angstrom
+omega = 0.239; // Fringe width, mm
+omega_prime = Lambda_prime/Lambda*omega; // New fringe width, mm
+d_20 = 20*omega_prime; // Separation of 20th fringe, mm
+x_20 = [d_20, -d_20]; // Position of 20th order fringe, mm
+x = x0 + x_20; // Positions of 20th order fringe relative to zero order fringe, mm
+printf("\nThe positions of 20th order fringe relative to zero order fringe are %5.2f mm or %4.2f mm", x(1), x(2));
+
+// Result
+// The positions of 20th order fringe relative to zero order fringe are 16.32 mm or 8.36 mm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.12/Ch04Ex12.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.12/Ch04Ex12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..98d486a4a --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.12/Ch04Ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.12: Pg:149 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda = 6500e-007; // Wavelength of light, mm
+Lambda_prime = 5200e-007; // New wavelength of light, mm
+n = 3; // Order of bright fringe
+D = 1200; // Distance between the source and the slits, mm
+d = 2/2; // Separation between teh slits, mm
+x3 = n*Lambda*D/(2*d); // The distance of the third bright fringe from the central maximum, mm
+n = 5; // Minimum value of n
+m = Lambda_prime/Lambda*n; // Minimum value of m
+x4 = m*Lambda*D/(2*d); // The least distance from the central maximum at which bright fringes duw to both the wavelengths coincide, mm
+printf("\nThe distance of the third bright fringe from the central maximum = %4.2f mm", x3);
+printf("\nThe least distance from the central maximum at which bright fringes duw to both the wavelengths coincide = %5.3f cm", x4/10);
+
+// Result
+// The distance of the third bright fringe from the central maximum = 1.17 mm
+// The least distance from the central maximum at which bright fringes duw to both the wavelengths coincide = 0.156 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.13/Ch04Ex13.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.13/Ch04Ex13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..dbca8ac2a --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.13/Ch04Ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.13 : Pg:155 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+D = 80; // Distance between the biprism and narrow slit, cm
+Lambda = 5890e-08; // Wavelength of light, cm
+d = 0.05/2; // Half of the distance between the sources, cm
+omega = D*Lambda/(2*d); // Fringe width, cm
+printf("\nThe width of the fringes observed with the biprism = %5.3e cm", omega);
+
+// Result
+// The width of the fringes observed with the biprism = 9.424e-002 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.14/Ch04Ex14.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.14/Ch04Ex14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9533006f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.14/Ch04Ex14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.14 : Pg:155 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+D = 110; // Distance between the biprism and narrow slit, cm
+Lambda = 5500e-08; // Wavelength of light, cm
+mu = 1.5; // refractive index of glass biprism
+a = 10; // Distance of slit from biprism, cm
+alpha = 2*%pi/180; // Angle between the inclined faces and base of prism, degree
+d = a*(mu-1)*alpha; // Separation between two virtual sources, cm
+omega = D*Lambda/(2*d); // Fringe width at a distance of one meter from biprism, cm
+printf("\nThe width of the fringes in the eye-piece from the biprism = %6.4f cm", omega);
+
+// Result
+// The width of the fringes in the eye-piece from the biprism = 0.0173 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.15/Ch04Ex15.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.15/Ch04Ex15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0a8528e92 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.15/Ch04Ex15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.15 : Pg:156 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+d1 = 0.45; // Position of the first lens placed between the biprism and the eye-piece, cm
+d2 = 0.29; // Position of the second lens placed between the biprism and the eye-piece, cm
+omega = 0.0326; // Fringe width, cm
+D = 200; // Distance between the biprism and narrow slit, cm
+d = sqrt(d1*d2)/2; // Separation between two virtual sources, cm
+Lambda = 2*d*omega/D; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+printf("\nThe wavelength of light used = %4.2e cm", Lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of light used = 5.89e-005 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.16/Ch04Ex16.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.16/Ch04Ex16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4b72c1cfb --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.16/Ch04Ex16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.16 : Pg:156 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+omega = 0.0196; // Fringe width, cm
+D = 100; // Distance between the biprism and narrow slit, cm
+I = 0.70; // Separation of the two coherent sources, cm
+u = 30; // Distance of the lens from the slit, cm
+v = D - u; // Distance of image from the lens, cm
+// As magnification, M = I/O = v/u and O = 2*d, solving for d
+d = I*u/(2*v); // Half the distance between two coherent sources, cm
+Lambda = 2*d*omega/D; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+printf("\nThe wavelength of light used = %4.2e cm", Lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of light used = 5.88e-005 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.17/Ch04Ex17.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.17/Ch04Ex17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..56cdec3b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.17/Ch04Ex17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.17 : Pg:156 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+omega = 1.888/20; // Fringe width, cm
+D = 120; // Distance between the biprism and narrow slit, cm
+d = 0.075/2; // Half the distance between two coherent sources, cm
+Lambda = 2*d*omega/D; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+printf("\nThe wavelength of the light of the source = %4d angstrom", Lambda/1e-008);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of the light of the source = 5900 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.18/Ch04Ex18.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.18/Ch04Ex18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..13eb6244d --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.18/Ch04Ex18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.18 : Pg:157 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+D = 1; // For simplicity assume the distance between the biprism and narrow slit to be unity, unit
+d = 1; // Assume half the distance between two coherent sourcesto be unity, unit
+lambda = 5893; // Mean wavelength of sodium light, angstrom
+lambda1 = 5461 // Wavelength of green color, angstrom
+lambda2 = 4358; // Wavelength of violet color, angstrom
+omega = lambda*D/(2*d); // Fringe width with yellow color, unit
+omega1 = lambda1*D/(2*d); // Fringe width with green color, unit
+omega2 = lambda2*D/(2*d); // Fringe width with violet color, unit
+n = 62; // Number of fringes obtained with light from sodium lamp
+// As n1*omega1 = n*omega, solving for n1
+n1 = n*omega/omega1; // Number of fringes obtained with green color
+// As n2*omega2 = n*omega, solving for n2
+n2 = n*omega/omega2; // Number of fringes obtained with violet color
+printf("\nThe number of fringes with green filter = %2d", ceil(n1));
+printf("\nThe number of fringes with violet filter = %2d", ceil(n2));
+
+// Result
+// The number of fringes with green filter = 67
+// The number of fringes with violet filter = 84
+// The second answer is given wrong in the textbook
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.19/Ch04Ex19.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.19/Ch04Ex19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4f83855f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.19/Ch04Ex19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.19 : Pg:158 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+x1 = 100; // Position of eye-piece, cm
+x2 = 67; // Position of first lens, cm
+x3 = 34; // Position of second lens, cm
+v1 = x1 - x2; // Distance between eye-piece and the second position of the lens, cm
+u = v1;
+x = x3 - u; // The reading of the slit on the bench, cm
+D = x1 - x; // The distance between the focal plane of the eye-piece and the plane of the interfering sources, cm
+d1 = 0.12; // Position of the first lens placed between the biprism and the eye-piece, cm
+d2 = 0.03; // Position of the second lens placed between the biprism and the eye-piece, cm
+omega = 0.972/10; // Fringe width, cm
+d = sqrt(d1*d2)/2; // Separation between two virtual sources, cm
+Lambda = 2*d*omega/D; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+printf("\nThe distance between the focal plane of the eye-piece and the plane of the interfering sources = %2d cm", D);
+printf("\nThe wavelength of light used = %5.3e cm", Lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The distance between the focal plane of the eye-piece and the plane of the interfering sources = 99 cm
+// The wavelength of light used = 5.891e-005 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.2/Ch04Ex2.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.2/Ch04Ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4d3555d75 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.2/Ch04Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.2 : Pg:139 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+I1 = 100; // Maxiumum intensity of interfering waves
+I2 = 1; // Minimum intensity of interfering waves
+a1_ratio_a2 = sqrt(I1/I2); // Ratio of two amplitudes
+a2 = 1; // Assume the amplitude of second wave to be unity
+a1 = a2*a1_ratio_a2; // The amplitude of second wave
+I_max = (a1+a2)^2; // Maximum intensity of interfering waves
+I_min = (a1-a2)^2; // Minimum intensity of interfering waves
+printf("\nThe ratio of maximum intensity to minimum intensity of the two interfering waves, I_max:I_min = %d:%d", I_max, I_min);
+
+// Result
+// The ratio of maximum intensity to minimum intensity of the two interfering waves, I_max:I_min = 121:81
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.20/Ch04Ex20.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.20/Ch04Ex20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d5ec478de --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.20/Ch04Ex20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.20 : Pg:159 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+D = 10; // The distance between the slits and the screen, cm
+d = 0.2/2; // Half the separation between two slits, cm
+lambda = 6000e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+t = 0.05; // Thickness of transparent plate, cm
+x0 = 0.5; // The shift of interference pattern, cm
+// As x0 = D/(2*d)*(mu - 1)*t, solving for mu
+mu = 2*d*x0/(D*t)+1; // The refractive index of transparent plate
+printf("\nThe refractive index of transparent plate = %3.1f", mu);
+
+// Result
+// The refractive index of transparent plate = 1.2
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.21/Ch04Ex21.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.21/Ch04Ex21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..963d017db --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.21/Ch04Ex21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.21 : Pg:159 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+D = 50; // The distance between the slits and the screen, cm
+d = 0.1/2; // Half the separation between two slits, cm
+mu = 1.58; // The refractive index of mica sheet
+x0 = 0.2; // The shift of interference pattern, cm
+// As x0 = D/(2*d)*(mu - 1)*t, solving for t
+t = 2*d*x0/(D*(mu-1)); // Thickness of mica sheet, cm
+printf("\nThe thickness of mica sheet = %3.1e cm", t);
+
+// Result
+// The thickness of mica sheet = 6.9e-004 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.22/Ch04Ex22.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.22/Ch04Ex22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..05878cf9c --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.22/Ch04Ex22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.22 : Pg:159 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+lambda = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+n = 12; // Number of bright fringe to which the central fringe shifts
+mu = 1.60; // The refractive index of transparent material
+t = n*lambda/(mu-1); // Thickness of transparent material, cm
+printf("\nThe thickness of the transparent material = %5.3e cm", t);
+
+// Result
+// The thickness of the transparent material = 1.178e-003 cm
+// The answer is given wrong in the textbook
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.23/Ch04Ex23.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.23/Ch04Ex23.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1c2f4477e --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.23/Ch04Ex23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.23 : Pg:159 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+a = 1; // Assume amplitude of the wave from coherent sources to be unity
+D = 1; // The distance between the slits and the screen, m
+d = 5e-004/2; // Half the separation between two slits, m
+mu = 1.5; // The refractive index of glass plate
+t = 1.5e-006; // Thickness of glass plate, m
+lambda = 5000e-010; // Wavelength of light used, m
+x0 = D/(2*d)*(mu - 1)*t; // The lateral shift of central fringe, m
+delta = (mu - 1)*t; // Path difference created due to the introduction of the thin glass plate, m
+kro_delta = 2*%pi/lambda*delta; // Phase difference, rad
+a1 = a, a2 = a; // Amplitude of waves from coherent sources
+I = a1^2 + a2^2 + 2*a1*a2*cos(kro_delta); // Intensity of central fringe
+printf("\nThe lateral shift of central fringe = %4.2f cm", x0*100);
+printf("\nThe intensity of central fringe = %d", I);
+
+// Result
+// The lateral shift of central fringe = 0.15 cm
+// The intensity of central fringe = 0
+// The first answer is given wrong in the textbook
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.24/Ch04Ex24.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.24/Ch04Ex24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2b5977529 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.24/Ch04Ex24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.24 : Pg:160 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+lambda = 5.9e-005; // Wavelength of light, cm
+lambda_prime = 7.5e-005; // Chamged wavelength of light, cm
+t = 0.002; // Thickness of mica sheet, cm
+mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of mica
+x0 = 0.237; // Position of zeroth order fringe, cm
+x10 = 0.355; // Position of tenthth order fringe, cm
+omega = (x10-x0)/10; // Fringe width with original pattern, cm
+// As omega = lambda*D/(2*d), so
+omega_prime = omega*lambda_prime/lambda; // New fringe width with changed wavelength, cm
+x10_prime = x0+10*omega_prime; // Position of tenth order fringe due to changed wavelength, cm
+x_0 = omega/lambda*(mu - 1)*t; // Shift in the zeroth fringe, cm
+dx0 = [x_0 -x_0];
+x0_prime = x0+dx0; // Position of the zeroth order fringe due to changed path length, cm
+printf("\nThe position of tenth order fringe due to changed wavelength = %4.2f mm", x10_prime*10);
+printf("\nThe position of the zeroth order fringe due to changed path length = %4.2f mm or %4.2f mm", x0_prime(1)*10, x0_prime(2)*10);
+
+// Result
+// The position of tenth order fringe due to changed wavelength = 3.87 mm
+// The position of the zeroth order fringe due to changed path length = 4.37 mm or 0.37 mm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.25/Ch04Ex25.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.25/Ch04Ex25.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1f107cf89 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.25/Ch04Ex25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.25 : Pg:167 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+lambda = 5880e-008; // Wavelength of light, cm
+mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of mica
+r = 60; // Angle of reflection in the plate, degree
+n = 1; // Order of fringes for the smallest thickness
+t = n*lambda/(2*mu*cosd(r)); // The smallest thickness of the glass plate, cm
+printf("\nThe smallest thickness of the glass plate = %4.0f angstrom", t/1e-008);
+
+// Result
+// The smallest thickness of the glass plate = 3920 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.26/Ch04Ex26.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.26/Ch04Ex26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..81a5297a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.26/Ch04Ex26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.26 : Pg:167 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+lambda = 4000e-008; // Wavelength of light, cm
+mu = 1.4; // Refractive index of the film
+r = 0; // Angle of reflection in the plate, degree
+n = 1; // Order of firnges for the smallest thickness
+t = n*lambda/(4*mu*cosd(r)); // The thickness of the thinnest film, cm
+printf("\nThe thickness of the thinnest film for reflection from violet component = %4.1f angstrom", t/1e-008);
+
+// Result
+// The thickness of the thinnest film for reflection from violet component = 714.3 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.27/Ch04Ex27.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.27/Ch04Ex27.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b7125f39a --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.27/Ch04Ex27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.27 : Pg:167 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+lambda = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of light, cm
+mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of oil
+i = 30; // Angle of incidence, degree
+n = 8; // Order of dark band
+sin_r = sind(i)/mu; // Sine of angle of reflection from Snell's Law, degree
+cos_r = sqrt(1-sin_r^2); // Cosine of angle of reflection from the trigonometric identity, degree
+t = n*lambda/(2*mu*cos_r); // The thickness of the oil film, cm
+printf("\nThe thickness of the oil film = %5.3e cm", t);
+
+// Result
+// The thickness of the oil film = 1.666e-004 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.28/Ch04Ex28.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.28/Ch04Ex28.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f8209c814 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.28/Ch04Ex28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.28 : Pg:168 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+lambda1 = 6.1e-005; // Wavelength corresponding to the first dark band, cm
+lambda2 = 6.0e-005; // Wavelength corresponding to the second dark band, cm
+n = lambda2/(lambda1 - lambda2); // Order of dark band
+mu = 4/3; // Refractive index of the film
+sin_i = 4/5; // Sine of ngle of incidence
+sin_r = sin_i/mu; // Sine of angle of reflection from Snell's Law, degree
+cos_r = sqrt(1-sin_r^2); // Cosine of angle of reflection from the trigonometric identity, degree
+t = n*lambda1/(2*mu*cos_r); // The thickness of the oil film, cm
+printf("\nThe thickness of the soap film = %6.4f cm", t);
+
+// Result
+// The thickness of the soap film = 0.0017 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.29/Ch04Ex29.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.29/Ch04Ex29.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ecafde2b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.29/Ch04Ex29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.29 : Pg:168 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+lambda1 = 4e-005; // First wavelength, cm
+lambda2 = 7e-005; // Second wavelength, cm
+t = 0.001; // The thickness of the air film, cm
+mu = 1; // Refractive index of the air film
+i = 30; // Angle of incidence, degree
+// As mu = sin_i/sin_r = 1, so that sin_i = sin_r
+sin_r = sind(30); // Sine of angle of reflection from Snell's Law, degree
+cos_r = sqrt(1-sin_r^2); // Cosine of angle of reflection from the trigonometric identity, degree
+n1 = 2*mu*t*cos_r/lambda1; // Number of dark bands seen at first wavelength
+n2 = 2*mu*t*cos_r/lambda2; // Number of dark bands seen at second wavelength
+n = n1 - n2; // Number of dark bands observed within the given spectral range
+printf("\nThe number of dark bands observed within the given spectral range = %2d", ceil(n));
+
+// Result
+// The number of dark bands observed within the given spectral range = 19
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.30/Ch04Ex30.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.30/Ch04Ex30.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2c1c89a3b --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.30/Ch04Ex30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.30 : Pg:180 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda = 6000e-08; // Wavelength of light, cm
+d = 0.005; // Diameter of wire, mm
+x = 15; // Distance between the glass plates, cm
+theta = d/x; // Angle of the wedge, degree
+omega = Lambda/(2*theta); // Fringe width in air wedge for normal incidence, cm
+printf("\nThe fringe width in air-wedge for normal incidence = %4.2f cm", omega);
+
+// Result
+// The fringe width in air-wedge for normal incidence = 0.09 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.31/Ch04Ex31.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.31/Ch04Ex31.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cfd184651 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.31/Ch04Ex31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.31: : Pg:181 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda = 6000e-08; // Wavelength of light, cm
+mu = 1.35; // Refractive index of thin wedge shaped film
+omega = 0.20; // Fringe width, cm
+// As omega = Lambda/(2*mu*theta), solving for theta
+theta = Lambda/(2*mu*omega)*180/%pi; // Angle of the wedge, degree
+printf("\nThe angle of the wedge = %6.4f degree", theta);
+
+// Result
+// The angle of the wedge = 0.0064 degree
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.32/Ch04Ex32.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.32/Ch04Ex32.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fb5f4e24c --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.32/Ch04Ex32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.32: : Pg:181 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda = 5890e-08; // Wavelength of light, cm
+n = 20; // Number of fringes
+// Since omega = Lambda*x/2*t and x = n*omega, solving for t
+t = n*Lambda/2; // Thickness of the wire, cm
+printf("\nThe thickness of the wire = %4.2e cm", t);
+
+// Result
+// The thickness of the wire = 5.89e-004 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.33/Ch04Ex33.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.33/Ch04Ex33.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7817e4c68 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.33/Ch04Ex33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.33: : Pg:182 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda = 5.46e-05; // Wavelength of light, cm
+n = 12; // Number of fringes
+d = 0.40; // Spacing between 12 fringes, cm
+omega = d/n; // Fringe width, cm
+// Since fringe width in air wedge for normal incidence is given by omega = Lambda/2*theta. On solving for theta, we have
+// As omega = Lambda/(2*theta), solving for theta
+theta = Lambda/(2*omega); // Angle of the wedge, radian
+l = 3; // Length of the plate, cm
+t = theta*l; // Thickness of the foil, cm
+mu = 1.33; // Refractive index of water
+omega_prime = Lambda/(2*mu*theta); // Fringe width if water is introduced in the wedge space in Newton's ring experiment, cm
+printf("\nThe angle of the wedge = %3.1e radian", theta);
+printf("\nThe thickness of the foil = %4.2e cm", t);
+printf("\nThe fringe width if water is introduced in the wedge space = %5.3f cm", omega_prime);
+
+// Result
+// The angle of the wedge = 8.2e-004 radian
+// The thickness of the foil = 2.46e-003 cm
+// The fringe width if water is introduced in the wedge space = 0.025 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.34/Ch04Ex34.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.34/Ch04Ex34.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..23877e601 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.34/Ch04Ex34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.34: : Pg:188 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda = 5896e-08; // Wavelength of light, cm
+d = 0.3; // Path difference between the M1 and M2 mirrors, cm
+r = 0; // For central bright fringe
+// Since 2*d*cos(r) = n*Lambda and for r = 0 which gives 2*d = n*Lambda
+// 2*d*cos_theta = (n-6)*Lambda, solving for theta
+theta = acosd(1-6*Lambda/(2*d)); // Angular radius of the seventh bright fringe, degree
+D = 2*theta; // Angular diameter of the seventh bright fringe, degree
+printf("\nThe angular diameter of 7th bright fringe = %1.0f degree", D);
+
+// Result
+// The angular diameter of 7th bright fringe = 4 degree
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.35/Ch04Ex35.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.35/Ch04Ex35.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e433ea0f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.35/Ch04Ex35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.35: : Pg:188 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+N = 500; // Number of fringes
+x = 0.01474; // Distance traversed by the mirror when N fringes cross the field of view, cm
+//Since x = N*Lambda/2, solving for Lambda
+Lambda = 2*x/(N*1e-08); // wavelngth of light, angstrom
+printf("\nThe wavelength of light = %4.0f angstrom", Lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of light = 5896 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.36/Ch04Ex36.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.36/Ch04Ex36.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e195987d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.36/Ch04Ex36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.36: : Pg:188 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+x = 0.0289; // Distance traversed by the mirror between two successive disappearances, cm
+Lambda = 5890e-08; // Wavelength of light, cm
+delta_Lambda = Lambda^2/(2*x); // Difference in the wavelengths of the D1 and D2 lines of the sodium lamp, cm
+printf("\nThe difference in the wavelengths of the D1 and D2 lines of the sodium lamp = %1.0e cm", delta_Lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The difference in the wavelengths of the D1 and D2 lines of the sodium lamp = 6e-008 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.4/Ch04Ex4.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.4/Ch04Ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..506a1b521 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.4/Ch04Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.4 : Pg:140 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+I1 = 1.44; // Intensity of first wave
+I2 = 4.00; // Intensity of second wave
+I = 0.90; // Intensity of resultant wave
+// As I_delta = I1 + I2 + 2*sqrt(I1*I2)*cos(delta), solving for delta
+delta = acosd((I-I1-I2)/(2*sqrt(I1*I2)));
+printf("\nThe lowest phase difference between the waves at interfering point = %3d degree", delta);
+
+// Result
+// The lowest phase difference between the waves at interfering point = 161 degree
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.6/Ch04Ex6.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.6/Ch04Ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d1b5c8f66 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.6/Ch04Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.6: : Pg:146 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+D = 60; // Distance between the source and the screen, cm
+Lambda = 5.9e-05; // Wavelength of light, cm
+d = 0.3/2; // Separation between the slits, cm
+omega = D*Lambda/(2*d); // Fringe width, cm
+printf("\nThe value of fringe width = %6.4f cm", omega);
+
+// Result
+// The value of fringe width = 0.0118 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.7/Ch04Ex7.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.7/Ch04Ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..536232870 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.7/Ch04Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.7 : Pg:146 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+D = 80; // Distance between the source and the screen, cm
+d = 0.018/2; // Separation between two coherent sources, cm
+n = 4; // Number of the fringe
+x_n = 1.08; // Distance of nth bright fringe from the center of central fringe, cm
+// As x_n = n*Lambda*D/(2*d), solving for Lambda
+Lambda = x_n*2*d/(n*D); // wavelength of light, Angstorm
+printf("\nThe wavelength of light used = %4.0f angstrom", Lambda/1e-008);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of light used = 6075 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.8/Ch04Ex8.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.8/Ch04Ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a3cc1039a --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.8/Ch04Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.8 : Pg:146 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+D = 200; // Distance between the source and the screen, cm
+Lambda = 5100e-08; // Wavelength of light, cm
+x = 2; // Separation of fringes, cm
+n = 10; // number of fringes
+omega = x/n; // Fringe width, cm
+d = D*Lambda/(2*omega); // Double slit separation, mm
+printf("\nThe double slit separation = %4.2f mm", 2*d*10);
+
+// Result
+// The double slit separation = 0.51 mm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH4/EX4.9/Ch04Ex9.sce b/1871/CH4/EX4.9/Ch04Ex9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d29facdc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH4/EX4.9/Ch04Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab code Ex4.9: Pg:147 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+D = 1000; // Distance between the source and the screen, mm
+omega = 1; // For simplicity assume fringe width to be unity, mm
+x9 = 9*omega; // Position of 9th bright fringe, mm
+x2_prime = 3/2*omega; // Position of 9th bright fringe, mm
+d = 0.5/2; // Separation between the slits, mm
+l = 8.835; // Distance between 9th bright fringe and second dark fringe
+// As x9 - x2_prime = 9*omega-3/2*omega = l, solving for omega
+omega = l/(x9 - x2_prime); // Fringe width, mm
+lambda = omega*2*d/D; // Wavelength of light used, mm
+printf("\nThe wavelength of light used = %4d angstrom", lambda/1e-007);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of light used = 5890 angstrom
diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.1/Ch05Ex1.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.1/Ch05Ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b4156093d --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.1/Ch05Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.1: Pg:200 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+a = 300; // Distance between narrow slit and straight edge, cm
+b = 600; // Distance between straight edge and screen, cm
+Lambda = 4900e-08; // Wavelength of light, cm
+// For n = 1
+n = 1;
+x_1 = sqrt(b*(a + b)*Lambda/a)*sqrt(2*n); // Distance of Ist minimum outside the geometrical shadow
+// For n = 4
+n = 4;
+x_4 = sqrt(b*(a + b)*Lambda/a)*sqrt(2*n); // Distance of fourth minimum outside the geometrical shadow
+x = x_4 - x_1; // Distance between first and fourth band, cm
+printf("\nThe distance between the first and fourth band = %4.2f cm", x);
+
+// Result
+// The distance between the first and fourth band = 0.42 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.10/Ch05Ex10.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.10/Ch05Ex10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..70b4040ca --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.10/Ch05Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.10: Pg:219 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda = 5.9e-05; // Wavelength of spectral line, Angstorm
+n = 2; // Second order principal maxima
+f = 25; // focal length of the convex lens, cm
+aplusb = 2.54/15000; // Grating element where a is the width of slit and b is the width of opaque region in a grating, cm
+sin_theta = n*Lambda/aplusb;
+// Since (a +b)*sin_theta = n*Lambda, solving for cos_theta
+cos_theta = sqrt(1-sin_theta^2);
+tl_ratio = n/(aplusb*cos_theta); // Angular dispersion produced by grating, radians per Angstorm
+xl_ratio = f*(tl_ratio); // Linear dispersion in the spectrograph, radian per Angstorm
+d_Lambda = 6; // Separation between two wavelengths, Angstorm
+d_x = xl_ratio*1e-008*d_Lambda; // Separation between spectral lines, cm
+printf("\nThe angular dispersion produced by the grating = %3.1e rad/angstrom", tl_ratio*1e-008);
+printf("\nThe linear dispersion in the spectrograph = %1.0e cm/Angstorm", xl_ratio*1e-008);
+printf("\nThe separation between spectral lines = %3.1e cm", d_x);
+
+// Result
+// The angular dispersion produced by the grating = 1.6e-004 rad/angstrom
+// The linear dispersion in the spectrograph = 4e-003 cm/Angstorm
+// The separation between spectral lines = 2.5e-002 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.11/Ch05Ex11.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.11/Ch05Ex11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7e0c86205 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.11/Ch05Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.11: Pg:219 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda_1 = 5000e-08; // First wavelength of spectral line, cm
+Lambda_2 = 5200e-08; // Second wavelength of spectral line, cm
+aplusb = 1/10000; // Grating element where a is the width of slit and b is the width of opaque region in a grating, cm
+f = 150; // Focal length of the lens, cm
+n = 1; // Order of diffractions
+// Since (a +b)*sin_theta = n*Lambda
+theta_1 = asind(n*Lambda_1/aplusb); // Angle of diffraction for the first order with first wavelength, degree
+theta_2 = asind(n*Lambda_2/aplusb); // Angle of diffraction for the first order with second wavelength, degree
+x_1 = tand(theta_1)*f; // Position of first spectral line in the first order spectrum, cm
+x_2 = tand(theta_2)*f; // Position of second spectral line in the first order spectrum, cm
+d_x = x_2 - x_1; // Separation between two spectral lines in the first order spectrum, cm
+printf("\nThe separation between two spectral lines in the first order spectrum = %4.2f cm", d_x);
+
+// Result
+// The separation between two spectral lines in the first order spectrum = 4.71 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.12/Ch05Ex12.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.12/Ch05Ex12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fcad61b9f --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.12/Ch05Ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.12: Pg:224 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+n = 2; // Second order diffraction
+N = 40000; // Number of lines per inch on the diffraction grating
+lambda_ratio = n*N; // Resolving power of grating in second order where d_Lambda is the smallest wavelength difference between neighbouring lines
+printf("\nThe resolving power of a grating in the second order = %d ", lambda_ratio);
+
+// Result
+// The resolving power of a grating in the second order = 80000
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.13/Ch05Ex13.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.13/Ch05Ex13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..04e3c2bc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.13/Ch05Ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.13: Pg:224 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+n_1 = 1; // First order diffraction
+n_2 = 2; // Second order diffraction
+Lambda_1 = 5890; // First wavelength of sodium light, Angstorm
+Lambda_2 = 5896; // Second wavelength of sodium light, Angstorm
+Lambda = (Lambda_1 + Lambda_2)/2; // Mean wavelength, angstorm
+d_Lambda = Lambda_2 - Lambda_1; // Difference in wavelength, Angstorm
+N1 = Lambda_1/(n_1*d_Lambda); // Number of lines in a plane diffraction grating required to just resolve the sodium doublet in the first order
+N2 = Lambda_2/(n_2*d_Lambda); // Number of lines in a plane diffraction grating required to just resolve the sodium doublet in the second order
+printf("\nThe minimum number of lines in the plane diffraction grating in the first and second order spectra respectively are %d and %d", ceil(N1), N2);
+
+// Result
+// The minimum number of lines in the plane diffraction grating in the first and second order spectra respectively are 982 and 491
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.14/Ch05Ex14.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.14/Ch05Ex14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6ff8f008b --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.14/Ch05Ex14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.14: Pg:225 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+n = 1; // First order diffraction
+N = 1000; // Number of lines on the grating
+Lambda = 6e-05; // Wavelength of light, cm
+// Let Lambda and d_Lambda be the two wavelengths in the first order spectrum. Since the resolving power of a grating is given by Lambda/d_Lambda = n*N. On solving for d_lambda, we have
+d_Lambda = Lambda/(n*N); // Difference between two wavelength in the first order spectrum, Angstorm
+printf("\nThe wavelength difference in the first order spectrum = %d angstrom", d_Lambda/1e-008);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength difference in the first order spectrum = 6 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.15/Ch05Ex15.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.15/Ch05Ex15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a8ed3d77c --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.15/Ch05Ex15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.15: Pg:225 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda = 5080e-08; // Wavelength of light on the grating, cm
+theta = 90; // Angle of incidence of light on grating, degree
+d = 2.54; // Total ruled width of grating, cm
+frac_lambda_max = d/Lambda;
+printf("\nThe maximum resolving power = %1.0e ", frac_lambda_max);
+
+// Result
+// The maximum resolving power = 5e+004
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.16/Ch05Ex16.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.16/Ch05Ex16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ab790497b --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.16/Ch05Ex16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.16: Pg:225 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda_1 = 5140.34; // First wavelength of light on the grating in the first order, angstrom
+Lambda_2 = 5140.85; // Second wavelength of light on the grating in the first order, angstrom
+Lambda_3 = 8037.20; // First wavelength of light on the grating in the second order, angstrom
+Lambda_4 = 8037.50; // Second wavelength of light on the grating in the second order, angstrom
+Lambda = (Lambda_1 + Lambda_2)/2; //Mean wavelength for the first order diffraction, angstrom
+d_Lambda = Lambda_2 - Lambda_1; // Smallest wavelength difference at the mean wavelength Lambda for the first order diffraction, angstrom
+n = 1; // First order diffraction
+// As RP_1 = Lambda/d_Lambda = n*N, solving for N
+N = 1/n*Lambda/d_Lambda; // Number of lines on the diffraction grating for the first order diffraction
+n = 2; // Second order diffraction
+RP2 = n*N; // Expected resolving power of grating in the second order
+Lambda = (Lambda_3 + Lambda_4)/2; // Mean wavelength for the second order diffraction, angstrom
+d_Lambda = Lambda_4 - Lambda_3; // Smallest wavelength difference at the mean wavelength Lambda for the second order diffraction, angstrom
+RP = Lambda/d_Lambda; // Calculated resolving power of grating in the second order
+if (RP > RP2) then
+ printf("The grating will not be able to resolve the lines %7.2f angstrom and %7.2f angstrom", Lambda_3, Lambda_4);
+else
+ printf("The grating will be able to resolve the lines %7.2f angstrom and %7.2f angstrom", Lambda_3, Lambda_4);
+end
+
+// Result
+// The grating will not be able to resolve the lines 8037.20 angstrom and 8037.50 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.17/Ch05Ex17.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.17/Ch05Ex17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..47fbca7c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.17/Ch05Ex17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.17: Pg:226 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+n = 2; // Second order diffraction
+theta = 10; // Angle of diffraction, degree
+d_Lambda = 5e-009; // Wavelength of second spectral line of light on the grating in the second order, cm
+d_theta = (3/3600)*(%pi/180); // Differential angle of diffraction, rad
+Lambda = sind(theta)*d_Lambda/(cosd(theta)*d_theta); // Wavelength of spectral line, cm
+N = (Lambda/d_Lambda)*1/n; // Number of lines on the grating
+w_min = N*n*Lambda/sind(theta); // Minimum grating width of diffraction grating required to resolve the spectral lines, cm
+printf("\nThe wavelength of first spectral line = %4.0f angstrom", Lambda/1e-008);
+printf("\nThe wavelength of Second spectral line = %6.1f angstrom", (Lambda+d_Lambda)/1e-008);
+printf("\nThe minimum grating width of diffraction grating required to resolve the spectral lines = %3.1f cm", w_min);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of first spectral line = 6062 angstrom
+// The wavelength of Second spectral line = 6062.2 angstrom
+// The minimum grating width of diffraction grating required to resolve the spectral lines = 4.2 cm
+// The answer is given wrong in the textbook
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.18/Ch05Ex18.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.18/Ch05Ex18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2266ab0ab --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.18/Ch05Ex18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.18: Pg:227 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+n = 2; // Order of diffraction
+Lambda = 6000e-08; // Wavelength of light on the grating, cm
+m = 16000; // Number of lines per inch on grating
+L = 5; // Length of the ruled grating, inches
+N = L*m; // Total number of lines on the grating
+// Since the resolving power, Lambda/d_Lambda = n*N, solving for d_Lambda
+d_Lambda = Lambda/(n*N); // The smallest wavelength difference, Angstorm
+printf("\nThe smallest wavelength difference in the second order = %6.4f angstrom",d_Lambda/1e-008);
+
+// Result
+// The smallest wavelength difference in the second order = 0.0375 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.19/Ch05Ex19.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.19/Ch05Ex19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8a41400bb --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.19/Ch05Ex19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.19: Pg:229 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+t = 5; // width of the base of the prism, cm
+Lambda = 5000; // wavelength, angstrom
+D = 200; // Rate of change of refractive index with wavelength, per cm
+RP = t*D; // Resolving power of a prism
+d_Lambda = Lambda/(D*t); // Smallest difference in wavelengths by a spectrometer, angstrom
+printf("\nThe resolution of smallest difference of wavelengths by a spectrometer = %d angstrom", d_Lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The resolution of smallest difference of wavelengths by a spectrometer = 5 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.2/Ch05Ex2.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.2/Ch05Ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5b494482e --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.2/Ch05Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.2: : Pg:207 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+// Define function to convert degrees to degree and minute
+function [deg, minute] = deg2degmin(theta)
+ deg = floor(theta);
+ minute = ceil((theta-deg)*60);
+endfunction
+a = 22e-05; // Width of slit, cm
+Lambda = 5500e-08; // Wavelength of light, cm
+// Since a*sin(theta) = n*Lambda, solving for sin(theta_1)
+n = 1; // First order minimum
+theta_1 = asind(n*Lambda/a); // Angular position of first order minimum, degree
+[d1, m1] = deg2degmin(theta_1); // Transformtion function
+n = 2; // Second order minimum
+theta_2 = asind(n*Lambda/a); // Angular position of second order minimum, degree
+[d2, m2] = deg2degmin(theta_2); // Transformtion function
+printf("\nThe angular position of first order minima = %d degree %d minute", d1, m1);
+printf("\nThe angular position of second order minima = %d degree %d minute", d2, m2);
+
+// Result
+// The angular position of first order minima = 14 degree 29 minute
+// The angular position of second order minima = 30 degree 1 minute
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.20/Ch05Ex20.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.20/Ch05Ex20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b5c4c8c7e --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.20/Ch05Ex20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.20: Pg:229 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda_1= 5896; // Wavelength of D1 Sodium light, Angstorm
+Lambda_2= 5890; // Wavelength of D2 Sodium light, Angstorm
+Lambda = (Lambda_1 + Lambda_2)/2; // Mean wavelength of sodium light, Angstorm
+d_Lambda = Lambda_1 - Lambda_2; // Difference in wavelengths of sodium, Angstorm
+RP = Lambda/d_Lambda; // Resolving power of prism
+D = 982; // Rate of change of refractive index with wavelength, per cm
+// As RP = t*D, solving for t
+t =1/D*RP; // Length of base of a flint glass prism, cm
+printf("\nThe length of base of a flint glass prism = %3.1f cm", t);
+
+// Result
+// The length of base of a flint glass prism = 1.0 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.21/Ch05Ex21.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.21/Ch05Ex21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c54c47482 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.21/Ch05Ex21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.21: Pg:229 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+mu_C = 1.6389; // Refractive index index of material
+mu_F = 1.7168; // Refractive index index of material
+Lambda_C = 6563e-008; // Wavelength of C Sodium light, Angstorm
+Lambda_F = 4861e-008; // Wavelength of F Sodium light, Angstorm
+Lambda = 5e-05; // Wavelength of light, cm
+t = 3; // Length of base of a flint glass prism, cm
+// Since the resolving power of a spectrometer is given by Lambda/d_Lambda. Thus
+D = (mu_F - mu_C)/(Lambda_C - Lambda_F); // Dispersion of material of the prism
+d_Lambda = Lambda/(t*D); // Resolving power of a prism
+printf("\nThe smallest difference of wavelengths resolved by the flint glass prism = %4.2f angstrom", d_Lambda/1e-008);
+
+// Result
+// The smallest difference of wavelengths resolved by the flint glass prism = 0.36 angstrom
+// The answer is given wrong in the textbook
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.22/Ch05Ex22.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.22/Ch05Ex22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9e6cf40e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.22/Ch05Ex22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.22: Pg:230 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda_1 = 6708e-008; // Wavelength, Angstorm
+Lambda_2 = 6438e-008; // wavelength, Angstorm
+n = 2; // Order of diffraction
+mu_1 = 1.5400; // Refractive index index of material
+mu_2 = 1.5412; // Refractive index index of material
+D = (mu_2 - mu_1)/(Lambda_1 - Lambda_2); // Dispersion of the material of the grating, per cm
+aplusb = n/D; // Size of the grating interval, cm
+printf("\nThe size of the grating interval = %3.1e cm", aplusb);
+
+// Result
+// The size of the grating interval = 4.5e-003 cm
+// The answer is given wrong in the textbook
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.23/Ch05Ex23.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.23/Ch05Ex23.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..317403a8e --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.23/Ch05Ex23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.23: Pg:232 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda = 5600e-08; //Mean wavelength of light, cm
+a = 101.6; // Diameter of the objective of a telescope, cm
+theta_1 = 1.22*Lambda/a; // The smallest angular separation of two stars in seconds resolved by a telescope, radian
+theta = theta_1*(180/%pi)*60*60; // Smallest angular separation of two stars in seconds resolved by a telescope, second
+printf("\nThe smallest angular separation of two stars in seconds resolved by a telescope = %4.2f second", theta);
+
+// Result
+// The smallest angular separation of two stars in seconds resolved by a telescope = 0.14 second
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.24/Ch05Ex24.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.24/Ch05Ex24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7bbd47c96 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.24/Ch05Ex24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.24: Pg:232 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda = 5000e-08; //Mean wavelength of light, cm
+theta = 10e-03; // Smallest angular separation resolvable by a telescope objective, degree
+theta = %pi/180*(1/1000); // The smallest angular separation resolvable by a telescope objective, radian
+// As theta = (1.22*Lambda)/a, solving for a
+a = 1.22*Lambda/theta; // Diameter of an objective of the telescope, cm
+printf("\nThe diameter of an objective of the telescope = %3.1f cm", a);
+
+// Result
+// The diameter of an objective of the telescope = 3.5 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.25/Ch05Ex25.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.25/Ch05Ex25.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8d05dec24 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.25/Ch05Ex25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.25: Pg:232 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda = 5800e-08; // Mean wavelength of light, cm
+a = 20; // Diameter of the objective of a telescope, cm
+theta = 1.22*Lambda/a; // The smallest angular separation resolvable by a telescope objective of diameter a, radian
+l = 4e+05; // Distance of moon from the earth, km
+x = theta * l; // Distance between two objects on the moon, km
+theta = 1.22*Lambda/a; // Angular resolution of the eye
+theta_prime = 1.5*%pi/180*1/60; // Angular resolution of the telescope, degree
+MP = theta_prime/theta; // Magnifying power of a telescope
+printf("\nThe distance between two objects on the moon = %3.1f km", x);
+printf("\nThe magnifying power of the telescope = %3d ", MP);
+
+// Result
+// The distance between two objects on the moon = 1.4 km
+// The magnifying power of the telescope = 123
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.26/Ch05Ex26.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.26/Ch05Ex26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c9a631dcf --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.26/Ch05Ex26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.26: Pg:233 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda = 5.5e-05; //Mean wavelength of light, cm
+a = 0.2; // Diameter of the pupil of an eye, cm
+theta = 1.22*Lambda/a; // The smallest angular separation resolvable by a human eye of pupil diameter a, radian
+l = 5000; // Distance of person from the man, cm
+x = theta * l; // Minimum linear resolvable distance between two person, cm
+printf("\nThe minimum linear resolvable distance between two persons = %4.3f cm",x);
+
+// Result
+// The minimum linear resolvable distance between two persons = 1.678 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.27/Ch05Ex27.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.27/Ch05Ex27.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cf5b6f542 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.27/Ch05Ex27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.27: Pg:233 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda = 6000e-08; //Mean wavelength of light, cm
+a = 200; // Diameter of the objective of a telescope, cm
+a_prime = 0.2; // Aperture of the eye lens, cm
+f = 2.54; // Focal length of eye-piece, cm
+theta = 1.22*Lambda/a; // The smallest angular separation resolvable by a telescope objective of diameter a, radian
+theta_prime = 1.22*Lambda/a_prime; // The smallest angle that can be resolved by the eye where a^' is the aperture of the eye, radian
+MP = theta_prime/theta; // Magnifying power of the telescope
+// As MP = F/f, solving for F
+F = MP*f; // The minimum focal length of the objective, cm
+printf("\nThe minimum focal length of the objective if the full resolving power of the telescope is to be utilized = %4d cm", F);
+
+// Result
+// The minimum focal length of the objective if the full resolving power of the telescope is to be utilized = 2540 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.28/Ch05Ex28.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.28/Ch05Ex28.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..808f398b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.28/Ch05Ex28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.28: Pg:236 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda = 5500e-08; // Wavelength of the visible light, cm
+theta = 30; // Semi-angle of the cone of light, degree
+x = 1.22*Lambda/(2*sind(theta)); // Distance between the two nearby objects just resolved by the microscope, cm
+printf("\nThe resolving limit of the microscope = %3.1e cm", x);
+
+// Result
+// The resolving limit of the microscope = 6.7e-005 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.29/Ch05Ex29.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.29/Ch05Ex29.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e2c91c9aa --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.29/Ch05Ex29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.29: Pg:236 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda = 6e-05; // Wavelength of the light, cm
+NA = 0.12; // numerical aperture
+x = Lambda/(2*NA); // Minimum resolvable distance between two nearby objects
+RP = 1/x; // Resolving power of a microscope
+printf("\nThe resolving power of the microscope = %4d ", RP);
+
+// Result
+// The resolving power of the microscope = 4000
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.3/Ch05Ex3.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.3/Ch05Ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8134bd7b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.3/Ch05Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.3: Pg:207 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+a = 0.04; // Width of slit, cm
+Lambda = 5500e-08; // Wavelength of light, cm
+x = 0.5; // Distance from the central maximum at which both fourth and fifth minimum occur, cm
+f = 100; // Focal length of lens, cm
+theta = x/f; // Angle of diffraction, radian
+// As a*sin(theta) = 4*Lambda_1 = 5*Lambda_2, solving for Lambdas
+Lambda_1 = a*sin(theta)/4; // First wavelength, cm
+Lambda_2 = 4*Lambda_1/5; // Second wavelength, cm
+printf("\nThe two wavelengths of incident lights are:\nLambda_1 = %1.0e cm; Lambda_2 = %1.0e cm", Lambda_1, Lambda_2);
+
+// Result
+// The two wavelengths of incident lights are:
+// Lambda_1 = 5e-005 cm; Lambda_2 = 4e-005 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.30/Ch05Ex30.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.30/Ch05Ex30.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..407954716 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.30/Ch05Ex30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.30: Pg:236 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+L_1 = 5e-05; // Limit of resolution of microscope, cm
+l = 25; // Least distance of distiinct vision, cm
+theta_1 = 1.5; // Angular limit of resolution of eye, minute
+theta_2 = theta_1/60*%pi/180; // Angular limit of resolution of eye, radian
+L_2 = l*theta_2; // Linear limit of the resolution of eye, cm
+M = L_2/L_1; // Magnifying power of the microscope
+printf("\nThe magnifying power of the microscope = %3d ", M);
+
+// Result
+// The magnifying power of the microscope = 218
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.4/Ch05Ex4.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.4/Ch05Ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..85d7d970c --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.4/Ch05Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.4: : Pg:216 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+aplusb = 1/1250; // Grating element where a is the width of slit and b is the width of opaque region in a grating, cm
+theta = 30; // Direction of principal maxima, degree
+n = 2; // Second order principal maxima
+Lambda = aplusb*sind(theta)/n; // Wavelength of spectral line, angstrom
+printf("\nThe wavelength of spectral line = %d angstrom", ceil(Lambda/1e-008));
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of spectral line = 20000 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.5/Ch05Ex5.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.5/Ch05Ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e54cec29f --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.5/Ch05Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.5: Pg:217 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda = 5e-05; // Wavelength of spectral line, cm
+n = 2; // Second order principal maxima
+theta = 30; // Direction of principal maxima, degree
+aplusb_inv = sind(theta)/(n*Lambda); // Number of lines in one cm of grating where a is the width of slit and b is the width of opaque region in a grating, cm
+printf("\nThe number of lines on the grating surface = %d ", ceil(aplusb_inv));
+
+// Result
+// The number of lines on the grating surface = 5000
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.6/Ch05Ex6.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.6/Ch05Ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7958ac2ec --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.6/Ch05Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.6: Pg:217 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda = 6e-05; // Wavelength of spectral line, cm
+n = 1; // First order principal maxima
+aplusb = 1/160; // Grating element where a is the width of slit and b is the width of opaque region in a grating, cm
+// since the grating equation is given by (a +b)*sint_theta = n*Lambda. On solving fot theta, we have
+theta = asind(n*Lambda/aplusb); // Direction of principal maxima, minutes
+printf("\nThe direction of principal maxima = %2d minutes", theta*60);
+
+// Result
+// The direction of principal maxima = 33 minutes
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.7/Ch05Ex7.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.7/Ch05Ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7bfa9f4ba --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.7/Ch05Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.7: Pg:217 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+// Define function to convert degrees to degree and minute
+function [deg, minute] = deg2degmin(theta)
+ deg = floor(theta);
+ minute = ceil((theta-deg)*60);
+endfunction
+Lambda = 5e-05; // Wavelength of spectral line, cm
+n = 1; // First order principal maxima
+aplusb = 3/15000; // Grating element where a is the width of slit and b is the width of opaque region in a grating, cm
+// Since (a +b)*sint_theta = n*Lambda, solving fot theta
+theta = asind((n*Lambda/aplusb)); // Angle of diffraction in first order, minutes
+[d, m] = deg2degmin(theta);
+printf("\nThe angle of diffraction in first order = %2d degree %2d minutes", d, m);
+
+// Result
+// The angle of diffraction in first order = 14 degree 29 minutes
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.8/Ch05Ex8.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.8/Ch05Ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..711f2db2b --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.8/Ch05Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.8: Pg:218 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda = 5000; // Wavelength of spectral line, Angstorm
+n = 1; // First order principal maxima
+n = 3; // Third order principal maxima
+aplusb = 18000; // Grating element where a is the width of slit and b is the width of opaque region in a grating, cm
+n = 1; // First order diffraction
+tl_ratio_1 = 1/sqrt((aplusb/n)^2-Lambda^2); // Angular dispersion produced by a grating around a mean wavelength lambda, radian per angstorm
+n = 3; // Second order diffraction
+tl_ratio_3 = 1/sqrt((aplusb/n)^2-Lambda^2); // Angular dispersion produced by a grating around a mean wavelength lambda, radian per angstorm
+printf("\nThe dispersive powers of first and third order spectra of diffraction grating are %4.2e rad/angstrom and %3.1e rad/angstrom", tl_ratio_1, tl_ratio_3);
+
+// Result
+// The dispersive powers of first and third order spectra of diffraction grating are 5.78e-005 rad/angstrom and 3.0e-004 rad/angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH5/EX5.9/Ch05Ex9.sce b/1871/CH5/EX5.9/Ch05Ex9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d4006b928 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH5/EX5.9/Ch05Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Ex5.9: Pg:218 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+Lambda = 5000; // Wavelength of spectral line, Angstorm
+theta = 30; // Direction of principal maxima, degree
+d_theta = 0.01; // Angular separation between two wavelengths, radians
+d_Lambda = Lambda*cotd(theta)*d_theta; // Difference in two wavelengths, angstrom
+printf("\nThe difference in two wavelengths = %4.1f angstrom", d_Lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The difference in two wavelengths = 86.6 angstroms
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH6/EX6.1/Ch06Ex1.sce b/1871/CH6/EX6.1/Ch06Ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b02aab573 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH6/EX6.1/Ch06Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex6.1: Pg:247 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+i_p = 60; // Angle of polarization, degree
+mu = tand(i_p); // Refractive index of the material
+r = 90-i_p; // Angle of refraction, degree
+printf("\nThe refractive index of the material = %5.3f ", mu);
+printf("\nThe angle of refraction = %2d degree", r);
+
+// Result
+// The refractive index of the material = 1.732
+// The angle of refraction = 30 degree
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH6/EX6.10/Ch06Ex10.sce b/1871/CH6/EX6.10/Ch06Ex10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..119608f3b --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH6/EX6.10/Ch06Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Ex6.10: Pg:261 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+mu_O = 1.55336; // Refractive index for an ordinary beam
+mu_E = 1.54425; // Refractive index for an extra-ordinary beam
+lambda = 5.893e-05; // Wavelength of sodium light, cm
+t = lambda/(4*(mu_O-mu_E)); // Thickness of quarter wave plate, cm
+printf("\nThe thickness of the quarter wave plate for quartz = %4.2e cm", t);
+
+// Result
+// The thickness of the quarter wave plate for quartz = 1.62e-003 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH6/EX6.11/Ch06Ex11.sce b/1871/CH6/EX6.11/Ch06Ex11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..10e9ef855 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH6/EX6.11/Ch06Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex6.11: Pg:261 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+mu_O = 1.55336; // Refractive index for an ordinary beam
+mu_E = 1.54425; // Refractive index for an extra-ordinary beam
+lambda_O = 5.893e-05; // Wavelength of ordinary light, cm
+lambda = 4.358e-005; // Given wavelength of light, cm
+PR = 2*%pi/lambda*lambda_O/4; // The phase retardation in quarter wave plate for given wavelength
+printf("\nThe phase retardation in quarter wave plate for given wavelength = %4.2f pi-radian", PR/%pi);
+
+// Result
+// The phase retardation in quarter wave plate for given wavelength = 0.68 pi-radian
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH6/EX6.12/Ch06Ex12.sce b/1871/CH6/EX6.12/Ch06Ex12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..df0772144 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH6/EX6.12/Ch06Ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab code Ex6.12: Pg:262 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+t = 0.003; // Thickness of the crystal slice, cm
+Lambda = 6e-005; // Wavelength of linearly polarized light, cm
+d_mu = Lambda/(4*t); // Difference in the refractive indices of two rays
+printf("\nThe difference in the refractive indices of two rays = %1.0e ", d_mu );
+
+// Result
+// The difference in the refractive indices of two rays = 5e-003
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH6/EX6.13/Ch06Ex13.sce b/1871/CH6/EX6.13/Ch06Ex13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4ddf70ee4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH6/EX6.13/Ch06Ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Ex6.13: Pg:262 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+mu_O = 1.65; // Refractive index for an ordinary beam
+mu_E = 1.48; // Refractive index for an extra-ordinary beam
+lambda = 6000e-08; // Wavelength of light, cm
+t = lambda/(2*(mu_O - mu_E)); // Thickness of doubly refracting crystal, cm
+printf("\nThe thickness of the doubly refracting crystal = %4.2e cm", t);
+
+// Result
+// The thickness of the doubly refracting crystal = 1.76e-004 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH6/EX6.14/Ch06Ex14.sce b/1871/CH6/EX6.14/Ch06Ex14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9063d379d --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH6/EX6.14/Ch06Ex14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab code Ex6.14: Pg:262 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+mu_O = 1.544; // Refractive index for an ordinary beam
+mu_E = 1.553; // Refractive index for an extra-ordinary beam
+lambda = 6000e-08; // Wavelength of light, cm
+t = lambda/(2*(mu_E - mu_O)); // Thickness of doubly refracting crystal, cm
+printf("\nThe thinnest possible quartz = %4.2e cm", t);
+printf("\nThe thicknesses which would give the same result are %4.2e cm, %4.2e cm, %4.2e cm,...", t, 3*t, 5*t);
+
+// Result
+// The thinnest possible quartz = 3.33e-003 cm
+// The thicknesses which would give the same result are 3.33e-003 cm, 1.00e-002 cm, 1.67e-002 cm,...
diff --git a/1871/CH6/EX6.15/Ch06Ex15.sce b/1871/CH6/EX6.15/Ch06Ex15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3dcf7f63c --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH6/EX6.15/Ch06Ex15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Scilab code Ex6.15: Pg:263 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+mu_O = 1.5443; // Refractive index for an ordinary beam
+mu_E = 1.5533; // Refractive index for an extra-ordinary beam
+t = 0.01436; // Thickness of the quartz plate, cm
+lambda = zeros(6); // Initialize lambda
+// As t = (2*n + 1)*lambda/(4*(mu_O - mu_E)) for quarter wave plate, solving for lambda
+printf("\nFor quarter wave in visible region the wavelengths are:\n");
+for n = 1:1:6
+lambda(n) = 4*(mu_E - mu_O)*t/(2*(n-1) + 1)*1e+008; // Wavelength for a quarter wave plate, cm
+if lambda(n) >= 3500 & lambda(n) <= 8000 then
+ printf("%d ansgtrom; ", ceil(lambda(n)));
+end
+end // for loop
+// As t = (2*n + 1)*lambda/(2*(mu_O - mu_E)) for half wave plate, solving for lambda
+printf("\n\nFor half wave in visible region the wavelengths are:\n");
+for n = 1:1:6
+lambda(n) = 2*(mu_E - mu_O)*t/(2*(n-1) + 1)*1e+008; // Wavelength for a half wave plate, cm
+if lambda(n) >= 3500 & lambda(n) <= 8000 then
+ printf("%d ansgtrom; ", ceil(lambda(n)));
+end
+end // for loop
+
+// Result
+// For quarter wave in visible region the wavelengths are:
+// 7386 ansgtrom; 5744 ansgtrom; 4700 ansgtrom;
+
+// For half wave in visible region the wavelengths are:
+// 5170 ansgtrom; 3693 ansgtrom;
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH6/EX6.2/Ch06Ex2.sce b/1871/CH6/EX6.2/Ch06Ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f9b611cb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH6/EX6.2/Ch06Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab code Ex6.2: Pg:247 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+mu = 1.50; // Refractive index of the material
+// Since mu = tan i_p, solving for i_p
+i_p = atand(mu); // Angle of polarization, degree
+r = 90-i_p; // Angle of refraction, degree
+printf("\nThe angle of polarization = %4.1f degree", i_p);
+printf("\nThe angle of refraction = %4.1f degree", r);
+
+// Result
+// The angle of polarization = 56.3 degree
+// The angle of refraction = 33.7 degree
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH6/EX6.3/Ch06Ex3.sce b/1871/CH6/EX6.3/Ch06Ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f181e2709 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH6/EX6.3/Ch06Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Ex6.3: Pg:248 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+mu_glass = 1.54; // Refractive index of the glass
+mu_water = 1.33; // Refractive index of the water
+mu_1 = mu_glass/mu_water; // Refractive index for a water to glass interface
+mu_2 = mu_water/mu_glass; // Refractive index for a glass to water interface
+// Since mu = tan i_p, solving for i_p
+i_p_1 = atand(mu_1); // Angle of polarization for water to glass interface, degree
+i_p_2 = atand(mu_2); // Angle of polarization for glass to water interface, degree
+printf("\nThe polarizing angle for the water to glass interface is larger than that of glass to water inteface by %3.1f degree", i_p_1 - i_p_2);
+
+// Result
+// The polarizing angle for the water to glass interface is larger than that of glass to water inteface by 8.4 degree
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH6/EX6.4/Ch06Ex4.sce b/1871/CH6/EX6.4/Ch06Ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0460dda47 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH6/EX6.4/Ch06Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab code Ex6.4: Pg:248 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+A = 60; // Angle of prism, degree
+i_p = 60; // Polarizing angle, degree
+mu = tand(i_p); // Refractive index of glass
+// Since mu = sind((A + d_m)/2)/sind(A/2), solving for d_m
+d_m = 2*asind(mu*sind(A/2)) - A; // Angle of minimum deviation, degree
+printf("\nThe angle of minimum deviation = %2d degree", ceil(d_m));
+
+// Result
+// The angle of minimum deviation = 60 degree
+// The answer is given wrongly in the textbook
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH6/EX6.5/Ch06Ex5.sce b/1871/CH6/EX6.5/Ch06Ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d4f2449a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH6/EX6.5/Ch06Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Scilab code Ex6.5: Pg:249 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+// Define function to convert degrees to degree and minute
+function [deg, minute] = deg2degmin(theta)
+ deg = floor(theta);
+ minute = ceil((theta-deg)*60);
+endfunction
+I_m = 1; // For simplicity assume maximum intensity to be unity, unit
+I0 = I_m; // Initial intensity, unit
+I = I_m/3; // Final intensity, unit
+// From Malus' Law. I = I0*cosd(theta)^2, solving for theta
+theta = acosd(sqrt(I/I0)); // The angle between two polarizing sheets, degree
+[d1, m1] = deg2degmin(theta); // Call conversion function
+[d2, m2] = deg2degmin(180-theta); // Call conversion function for supplement
+printf("\nThe angle between two polarizing sheets = %2d degree %2d minute = %2d degree %2d minute", d1, m1, d2, m2);
+
+// Result
+// The angle between two polarizing sheets = 54 degree 45 minute = 125 degree 16 minute
+// The answer is given wrongly in the textbook
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH6/EX6.6/Ch06Ex6.sce b/1871/CH6/EX6.6/Ch06Ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..20c5f4439 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH6/EX6.6/Ch06Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Ex6.6: Pg:249 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+I_m = 1; // For simplicity assume maximum intensity to be unity, unit
+I = I_m/3; // Final intensity, unit
+for theta = 30:15:60
+I = I_m*cosd(theta)^2; // Intensity of the emerging light
+printf("\nThe fractional intensity of light transmitted for theta = %2d degree is %3.2f ", theta, I/I_m);
+end
+
+// Result
+// The fractional intensity of light transmitted for theta = 30 degree is 0.75
+// The fractional intensity of light transmitted for theta = 45 degree is 0.50
+// The fractional intensity of light transmitted for theta = 60 degree is 0.25
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH6/EX6.7/Ch06Ex7.sce b/1871/CH6/EX6.7/Ch06Ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3e751452e --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH6/EX6.7/Ch06Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex6.7: Pg:249 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+I_0 = 1; // For simplicity assume maximum intensity to be unity, unit
+theta_A = 60; // Angle between the plane of polarizer and plane of the analyzer for beam A, degree
+theta_B = 30; // Angle between the plane of polarizer and plane of the analyzer for beam B, degree
+I_A = I_0*cosd(theta_A)^2; // Malus' Law for beam A
+I_B = I_0*cosd(theta_B)^2; // Malus' Law for beam A
+printf("\nThe intensity ratio of two emerging beams = %4.2f ", I_A/I_B);
+
+// Result
+// The intensity ratio of two emerging beams = 0.33
diff --git a/1871/CH6/EX6.8/Ch06Ex8.sce b/1871/CH6/EX6.8/Ch06Ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..11963c1e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH6/EX6.8/Ch06Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Scilab code Ex6.8: Pg:250 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+// Define function to convert degrees to degree and minute
+function [deg, minute] = deg2degmin(theta)
+ deg = floor(theta);
+ minute = ceil((theta-deg)*60);
+endfunction
+C = 48; // Critical angle of incidence, degree
+mu = 1/sind(C); // Index of refraction
+// From Brewester's law mu = tan i_p, solving for i_p
+i_p = atand(mu); // Polarizing angle, degree
+// Since i_p + r = %pi/2, solving for r
+r = 90 - i_p; // Angle of refraction, degree
+[d1, m1] = deg2degmin(i_p);
+[d2, m2] = deg2degmin(r);
+printf("\nThe polarizing angle = %2d degree %2d minute", d1, m1);
+printf("\nThe angle of refraction = %2d degree %2d minute", d2, m2);
+
+// Result
+// The polarizing angle = 53 degree 23 minute
+// The angle of refraction = 36 degree 38 minute
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH6/EX6.9/Ch06Ex9.sce b/1871/CH6/EX6.9/Ch06Ex9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..68e42fc6d --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH6/EX6.9/Ch06Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Ex6.9: Pg:261 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+mu_O = 1.55; // Refractive index for an ordinary beam
+mu_E = 1.54; // Refractive index for an extra-ordinary beam
+lambda = 5890e-08; // Wavelength of light, cm
+t = lambda/(4*(mu_O-mu_E)); // Thickness of quarter wave plate, cm
+printf("\nThe thickness of a quarter wave plate for the crystal = %4.2e cm", t);
+
+// Result
+// The thickness of a quarter wave plate for the crystal = 1.47e-003 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH7/EX7.1/Ch07Ex1.sce b/1871/CH7/EX7.1/Ch07Ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4559115b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH7/EX7.1/Ch07Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab code Ex7.1: Pg:275 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+M_He = 4.001265; // Mass of helium nucleus, amu
+M_P = 1.007277; // Mass of proton, amu
+M_N = 1.008666; // Mass of neutron, amu
+amu = 931.4812; // One amu
+M = 2*M_P+2*M_N; // Total initial mass of two protons and two neutrons, amu
+delta_m = M-M_He; // Mass defect, amu
+BE = delta_m * amu; // Binding energy of alpha particle, MeV
+printf("\nThe binding energy of an alpha particle = %7.4f Mev", BE);
+printf("\nThe binding energy per nucleon = %8.6f Mev", BE/4);
+
+// Result
+// The binding energy of an alpha particle = 28.5229 Mev
+// The binding energy per nucleon = 7.130721 Mev
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH7/EX7.10/Ch07Ex10.sce b/1871/CH7/EX7.10/Ch07Ex10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..98bba02bc --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH7/EX7.10/Ch07Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Scilab code Ex7.10: Pg:306 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+m_u = 235.0439; // Mass of uranium, amu
+m_n = 1.0087; // Mass of neutron, amu
+m_Ba = 140.9139; // Mass of Barium, amu
+m_Kr = 91.8937; // Mass of Krypton, amu
+M_1 = m_u + m_n; // Sum of masses before reaction, amu
+M_2 = m_Ba + m_Kr + 3*m_n; // Sum of masses after reaction, amu
+delta_m = M_1 -M_2; // Mass lost in the fission, amu
+// Since the number of atoms in 235 g of Uranium is 6.02e+023
+N = 6.02e+023/235; // Number of atoms in one gm of U-235
+// Since energy equivalent of 1 amu is 931.5MeV
+E_MeV = delta_m*N*931.5; // Energy released in fission of Uranium 235, MeV
+printf("\nTotal energy in fission of uranium reaction in MeV = %4.2e MeV ", E_MeV);
+E_kWh = E_MeV*1.6e-013/3.6e+06; // Energy released in fission of Uranium 235, kWh
+printf("\nTotal energy in fission of uranium reaction in kiloWatt hour = %4.2e kWh", E_kWh);
+
+// Result
+// Total energy in fission of uranium reaction in MeV = 5.22e+023 MeV
+// Total energy in fission of uranium reaction in kiloWatt hour = 2.32e+004 kWh
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH7/EX7.11/Ch07Ex11.sce b/1871/CH7/EX7.11/Ch07Ex11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ba8e1567b --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH7/EX7.11/Ch07Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab code Ex7.11: Pg:307 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+P = 3.2e+07/1.6e-013; // Power developed by the reactor, MeV
+E = 200; // Energy released by the reactor per fission, MeV
+n = P/E; // Number of fissions occuring in the reactor per second, per sec
+N = n*1000*3600; // Number of atoms or nuclei of Uranium 235 consumed in 1000 hours
+// Since the number of atoms in 235 g of Uranium is 6e+023
+M = N/6e+023*235/1000; // Mass of Uranium 235 consumed in 1000 hours, kg
+printf("\nThe number of atoms of Uranium 235 undergoing fission per second = %4.1e ", N);
+printf("\nThe mass of Uranium 235 consumed in 1000 hours = %4.2f kg ", M);
+
+// Result
+// The number of atoms of Uranium 235 undergoing fission per second = 3.6e+024
+// The mass of Uranium 235 consumed in 1000 hours = 1.41 kg
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH7/EX7.12/Ch07Ex12.sce b/1871/CH7/EX7.12/Ch07Ex12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..094eef7b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH7/EX7.12/Ch07Ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex7.12: Pg:307 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+c = 3e+08; // Velocity of light, m/s
+delta_m =0.1/100*1; // Mass lost in one kg of substance, kg
+delta_E = delta_m*c^2; // Energy liberated by the fission of one kg of substance, joule
+// Since 1kWh = 1000 watt*3600 sec = 3.6e+06 joule
+delta_E = delta_m*c^2/3.6e+06; // Energy liberated by the fission of one kg of substance, kWh
+printf("\nThe energy liberated by the fission of one kg of substance = %3.2e kWh", delta_E);
+
+// Result
+// The energy liberated by the fission of one kg of substance = 2.50e+007 kWh
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH7/EX7.13/Ch07Ex13.sce b/1871/CH7/EX7.13/Ch07Ex13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a5ca60b26 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH7/EX7.13/Ch07Ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab code Ex7.13: Pg:308 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+P = 2/1.6e-013; // Power to be produced, MeV/sec
+E_bar = 200; // Energy released per fission, MeV
+n = P/E_bar; // Required number of fissions per second
+// Since the number of atoms in 235gm of Uranium is 6.02e+023
+N = (6.02e+023/235)*500; // Number of atoms in 500 gm of U-235
+E = E_bar*N; // Total energy released in the complete fission of 500gm of uranium 235, MeV
+printf("\nThe total energy released in the complete fission of 500gm of uranium 235 = %4.2e MeV", E);
+
+// Result
+// The total energy released in the complete fission of 500gm of uranium 235 = 2.56e+026 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH7/EX7.14/Ch07Ex14.sce b/1871/CH7/EX7.14/Ch07Ex14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..204998819 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH7/EX7.14/Ch07Ex14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab code Ex7.14: Pg:309 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+amu = 931.5; // Energy equivalent of 1 amu, MeV
+M_He = 4.00260; // Mass of helium, amu
+m_e = 0.00055; // Mass of electron, amu
+M_C = 12.000; // Mass of carbon, amu
+m_He = M_He - 2*m_e; // Mass of helium nucleus, amu
+m_C = M_C - 6*m_e; // Mass of carbon nucleus, amu
+d_m = 3*m_He - m_C; // Mass defect, amu
+E = d_m*amu; // Equivalent energy of mass defect, MeV
+printf("\nThe energy invloved in each fusion reaction inside the star = %4.2f MeV", E);
+
+// Result
+// The energy invloved in each fusion reaction inside the star = 7.27 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH7/EX7.15/Ch07Ex15.sce b/1871/CH7/EX7.15/Ch07Ex15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..95814720d --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH7/EX7.15/Ch07Ex15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab code Ex7.15: Pg:311 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+r = 500; // Counting rate of Geiger-Muller counter, counts/minute
+n = r*1e+08; // Number of electrons collected per minute
+q = n*1.6e-019; // Charge per minute, coulomb per minute
+I = q/60; // Charge per second, coulomb per second
+printf("\nThe average current in the Geiger-Muller counter circuit = %4.2e ampere ", I);
+
+// Result
+// The average current in the Geiger-Muller counter circuit = 1.33e-010 ampere
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH7/EX7.16/Ch07Ex16.sce b/1871/CH7/EX7.16/Ch07Ex16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3273f6f0b --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH7/EX7.16/Ch07Ex16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab code Ex7.16: Pg 315 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+m1 = 12; // Mass of first trace, unit
+m2 = 16; // Mass of second trace, unit
+d = 4.8; // Distance between the traces, cm
+D = [8.4, -8.4]; // Distance of the mark from the trace of mass 16
+x = poly(0, 'x');
+x = roots(m1*x-m2*(x-d)); // The distance of the mark from the trace of mass 16
+M = m2*(x+D)/x; // Mass of the particle whose trace is at a distance of 8.4 cm from the trace of mass 16
+printf("\nThe mass of the particle whose trace is at a distance of 8.4 cm from the trace of mass 16 = %d or %d", M(1), M(2));
+
+// Result
+// The mass of the particle whose trace is at a distance of 8.4 cm from the trace of mass 16 = 23 or 9
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH7/EX7.2/Ch07Ex2.sce b/1871/CH7/EX7.2/Ch07Ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e4340ec72 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH7/EX7.2/Ch07Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab code Ex7.2: Pg:275 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+M_H = 1e-03; // Mass of hydrogen, kg
+M_He = 0.993e-03; // Mass of helium, kg
+delta_m = M_H-M_He; // Mass defect, amu
+c = 3e+08; // Velocity of light, m/s
+E = delta_m*c^2; // Energy released, joules
+EL = (5/100)*E/36e+05; // Electrical energy, kilowatt hour
+printf("\nThe energy released in joule in a thermonuclear reaction = %4.1e joule", E);
+printf("\nThe electrical energy in kilowatt hours in a thermonuclear reaction = %4.2e kilowatt hour", EL);
+
+// Result
+// The energy released in joule in a thermonuclear reaction = 6.3e+011 joule
+// The electrical energy in kilowatt hours in a thermonuclear reaction = 8.75e+003 kilowatt hour
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH7/EX7.3/Ch07Ex3.sce b/1871/CH7/EX7.3/Ch07Ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4fdf074e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH7/EX7.3/Ch07Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab code Ex7.3: Pg:276 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+M_n = 1.6747e-027; // Mass of neutron, kg
+M_p = 1.6725e-027; // Mass of proton, kg
+M_e = 9e-031; // Mass of electron, kg
+c = 3e+08; // Velocity of light, m/s
+delta_m = M_n-(M_p + M_e); // Mass defect, kg
+E = delta_m*c^2/1.6e-013; // Energy released, MeV
+printf("\nThe energy produced when a neutron breaks into a proton and an electron = %4.2f MeV", E);
+
+// Result
+// The energy produced when a neutron breaks into a proton and an electron = 0.73 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH7/EX7.4/Ch07Ex4.sce b/1871/CH7/EX7.4/Ch07Ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c8e138f27 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH7/EX7.4/Ch07Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab code Ex7.4: Pg:288 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+f0 = 8e+06; // Cyclotron frequency, c/s
+c = 3e+010; // Speed of light, cm/s
+m = 1.67e-024; // Mass of proton, gm
+q = 4.8e-010/c; // Charge on a proton, esu
+// Since the cyclotron frequency is given by fo = q*B/2*%pi*m. On solving it for B, we have
+B = 2*%pi*m*f0/q; // Magnetic field, Weber per meter square
+printf("\nThe magnetic field to accelerate protons = %5.3f Wb per Sq. m", B/1e+04);
+
+// Result
+// The magnetic field to accelerate protons = 0.525 Wb per Sq. m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH7/EX7.5/Ch07Ex5.sce b/1871/CH7/EX7.5/Ch07Ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..330e83e12 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH7/EX7.5/Ch07Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab code Ex7.5: Pg:288 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+m = 3.34e-027; // Mass of deutron, gm
+q = 1.6e-019; // Charge, coulomb
+r = 0.2; // Radius of the path of deutron, meter
+B = 1.5; // Magnetic field, weber per meter square
+v = q*B*r/m; // velocity of the deutron, m/s
+E = 1/2*m*v^2/1.6e-013; // Energy of the deutron, MeV
+printf("\nThe velocity of deutron = %5.3e m/s ", v);
+printf("\nThe energy of deutron = %5.3f MeV ", E);
+
+// Result
+// The velocity of deutron = 1.437e+007 m/s
+// The energy of deutron = 2.156 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH7/EX7.6/Ch07Ex6.sce b/1871/CH7/EX7.6/Ch07Ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e6c794cee --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH7/EX7.6/Ch07Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab code Ex7.6: Pg:293 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+dE = 15/1e+006; // Increase in energy per revolution, MeV
+n = 1e+006; // Number of revolutions
+E = dE*n; // Final energy of an electron after 10e+06 revolutions, MeV
+printf("\nThe energy of an electron undergoing revolutions = %2.0f MeV ", E);
+
+// Result
+// The energy of an electron undergoing revolutions = 15 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH7/EX7.7/Ch07Ex7.sce b/1871/CH7/EX7.7/Ch07Ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9f78ebc68 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH7/EX7.7/Ch07Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab code Ex7.7: Pg:294 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+c = 3e+08; // Velocity of light, m/s
+e = 1.6e-019; // Charge of an electron, coulomb
+B = 0.5; // Maximum magnetic field at the electron orbit, Weber per meter square
+R = 0.75; // Radius of the orbit, meter
+omega = 50; // frequency of alternating current through electromagnetic coils, Hz
+N = c/(4*2*%pi*omega*R); // Number of revolutions
+E = B*e*R*c/(e*1e+006); // Final energy of the electrons, MeV
+E_av = E*1e+06/N; // Average energy per revolution, eV
+printf("\nThe final energy of electron = %5.1f MeV ", E);
+printf("\nThe average energy of electron = %3.0f eV ", E_av);
+
+// Result
+// The final energy of electron = 112.5 MeV
+// The average energy of electron = 353 eV
+// The answer is wrong in the textbook
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH7/EX7.8/Ch07Ex8.sce b/1871/CH7/EX7.8/Ch07Ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bc370f75b --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH7/EX7.8/Ch07Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Scilab code Ex7.8: Pg:295 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+c = 3e+08; // Velocity of light, m/s
+e = 1.6e-019; // Charge of an electron, coulomb
+B = 0.5; // Maximum magnetic field at the electron orbit, Weber per meter square
+D = 1.5; // Diameter of the orbit, meter
+R = D/2; // Radius of the orbit, meter
+omega = 50; // frequency of alternating current through electromagnetic coils, Hz
+N = c/(4*2*%pi*omega*R); // Number of revolutions
+E = B*e*R*c/1.6e-013; // Final energy of the electrons, MeV
+E_av = (E*1e+06)/N; // Average energy per revolution, eV
+printf("\nThe energy per revolution of the electron = %4.1f eV ", E);
+printf("\nThe average energy of electron = %3.0f eV ", E_av);
+
+// Result
+// The energy per revolution of the electron = 112.5 eV
+// The average energy of electron = 353 eV
+// The answer is given wrong in the textbook
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH7/EX7.9/Ch07Ex9.sce b/1871/CH7/EX7.9/Ch07Ex9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4f19a0dc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH7/EX7.9/Ch07Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Scilab code Ex7.9: Pg:298 (2008)
+clc;clear;
+sigma = 2e+04*1e-028; // Nuclear reaction cross-section, Sq.m
+x = 1e-04; // Thickness of the sheet, meter
+m = 112; // Mean atomic mass of cadmium, amu
+rho = 8.64e+03; // Density of cadmium sheet, kg per cubic meter
+amu = 1.66e-027; // Mass equivalent of 1 amu, kg
+// Since cadmium 113 contains 12 percent of natural cadmium. Thus
+n = 12/100*rho/(m*amu); // Number of nuclei per unit volume, atoms per cubic meter
+n_sigma = n*sigma; // Microscopic cross-section, per length
+// As N = N0*exp(-n*sigma*x), so that (N - N0)/N0 = 1-exp(-n_sigma*x)
+frac_N = 1-exp(-n_sigma*x);
+N0 = 1; // For simlicity assume number of incident neutrons be unity
+N = 1/100*N0; // Given number of neutrons which pass through cadmium sheet
+x = -log(N/N0)/n_sigma*1e+003; // Thickness of the cadmium sheet when one percent of the incident neutrons pass through the cadmium sheet, mm
+printf("\nThe fraction of the incident thermal neutrons absorbed by the cadmium sheet = %4.2f ", frac_N);
+printf("\nThe thickness of the cadmium sheet when one percent of the incident neutrons pass through the cadmium sheet = %4.2f mm", x);
+
+// Result
+// The fraction of the incident thermal neutrons absorbed by the cadmium sheet = 0.67
+// The thickness of the cadmium sheet when one percent of the incident neutrons pass through the cadmium sheet = 0.41 mm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1871/CH8/EX8.1/Ch08Ex1.sce b/1871/CH8/EX8.1/Ch08Ex1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6313e7f4c --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH8/EX8.1/Ch08Ex1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Scilab code Ex8.1 : Pg:327(2008)
+clc;clear;
+function [dec]= binary_decimal(n) // Function to convert binary to decimal
+ dec = 0;
+ i = 0;
+ while (n <> 0)
+ rem = n-fix(n./10).*10;
+ n = int(n/10);
+ dec = dec + rem*2.^i;
+ i = i + 1;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+num = 11001; // Initialize the binary number
+printf("%d in binary = %d in decimal", num, binary_decimal(num));
+
+// Result
+// 11001 in binary = 25 in decimal
diff --git a/1871/CH8/EX8.10/Ch08Ex10.sce b/1871/CH8/EX8.10/Ch08Ex10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d2b16d10e --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH8/EX8.10/Ch08Ex10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +// Scilab code Ex8.10 : Pg:335(2008)
+clc;clear;
+function [bini]= decimal_binary(ni) // Function to convert decimal to binary
+ bini = 0;
+ i = 1;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./2).*2;
+ ni = int(ni/2);
+ bini = bini + rem*i;
+ i = i * 10;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+function [deci]= binary_decimal(ni) // Function to convert binary to decimal
+ deci = 0;
+ i = 0;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./10).*10;
+ ni = int(ni/10);
+ deci = deci + rem*2.^i;
+ i = i + 1;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+// Function to convert a vector with binary elements to a binary number
+function vtob = vector_to_bin(vector)
+ cnt = 1; vtob = 0;
+for i = 1:1:length(vector)
+ vtob = vtob + vector(i)*cnt;
+ cnt = cnt*10;
+end
+endfunction
+
+function bin_cmp = ones_cmp(bin) // Function to perform ones complement
+ binc = zeros(5);
+ i = 1;
+ while(i <= 5)
+ rem = bin-fix(bin./10).*10;
+ if rem == 1 then
+ rem = 0;
+ else
+ rem = 1;
+ end
+ bin = int(bin/10);
+ binc(i)=rem;
+ i = i+1;
+ end
+bin_cmp = vector_to_bin(binc);
+endfunction
+
+function plus_one_res = twos_cmp(r) // Function to perform twos complement
+ onec = zeros(5);
+ i = 1;
+ while(i <= 5)
+ rem = r-fix(r./10).*10;
+ r = int(r/10);
+ onec(i)=rem;
+ i = i+1;
+ end
+plus_one_res = vector_to_bin(onec);
+ plus_one_res = binary_decimal(plus_one_res)+1;
+endfunction
+
+function fr = check_result(res) // Function to check the occurence of end-around carry
+ max_result = 11111;
+ if binary_decimal(res) > binary_decimal(max_result) then
+ fr = decimal_binary(twos_cmp(res));
+ else
+ fr = ones_cmp(res);
+ end
+endfunction
+
+sub = 11011; // Initialize the first binary number
+men = 01101; // Initialize the second binary number
+result = decimal_binary(binary_decimal(sub)+binary_decimal(ones_cmp(men)));
+final_result = check_result(result);
+printf("%5d - 0%4d = 0%4d", sub, men, final_result);
+
+// Result
+// 11011 - 01101 = 01110
diff --git a/1871/CH8/EX8.11/Ch08Ex11.sce b/1871/CH8/EX8.11/Ch08Ex11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..941bdaddf --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH8/EX8.11/Ch08Ex11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +// Scilab code Ex8.11 : Pg:336(2008)
+clc;clear;
+function [bini]= decimal_binary(ni) // Function to convert decimal to binary
+ bini = 0;
+ i = 1;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./2).*2;
+ ni = int(ni/2);
+ bini = bini + rem*i;
+ i = i * 10;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+function [deci]= binary_decimal(ni) // Function to convert binary to decimal
+ deci = 0;
+ i = 0;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./10).*10;
+ ni = int(ni/10);
+ deci = deci + rem*2.^i;
+ i = i + 1;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+// Function to convert a vector with binary elements to a binary number
+function vtob = vector_to_bin(vector)
+ cnt = 1; vtob = 0;
+for i = 1:1:length(vector)
+ vtob = vtob + vector(i)*cnt;
+ cnt = cnt*10;
+end
+endfunction
+
+function bin_cmp = ones_cmp(bin) // Function to perform ones complement
+ binc = zeros(5);
+ i = 1;
+ while(i <= 5)
+ rem = bin-fix(bin./10).*10;
+ if rem == 1 then
+ rem = 0;
+ else
+ rem = 1;
+ end
+ bin = int(bin/10);
+ binc(i)=rem;
+ i = i+1;
+ end
+bin_cmp = vector_to_bin(binc);
+endfunction
+
+function plus_one_res = twos_cmp(r) // Function to perform twos complement
+ onec = zeros(5);
+ i = 1;
+ while(i <= 5)
+ rem = r-fix(r./10).*10;
+ r = int(r/10);
+ onec(i)=rem;
+ i = i+1;
+ end
+plus_one_res = vector_to_bin(binc);
+ plus_one_res = binary_decimal(plus_one_res)+1;
+endfunction
+
+function fr = check_result(res) // Function to check the occurence of end-around carry
+ max_result = 11111;
+ if binary_decimal(res) > binary_decimal(max_result) then
+ fr = decimal_binary(twos_cmp(res));
+ else
+ fr = ones_cmp(res);
+ end
+endfunction
+
+sub = 01101; // Initialize the first binary number
+men = 11011; // Initialize the second binary number
+result = decimal_binary(binary_decimal(sub)+binary_decimal(ones_cmp(men)));
+final_result = check_result(result);
+printf("0%4d - %5d = -0%4d", sub, men, final_result);
+
+// Result
+// 01101 - 11011 = -01110
diff --git a/1871/CH8/EX8.12/Ch08Ex12.sce b/1871/CH8/EX8.12/Ch08Ex12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4188f6b68 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH8/EX8.12/Ch08Ex12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +// Scilab code Ex8.12 : Pg:336(2008)
+clc;clear;
+function [bini]= decimal_binary(ni) // Function to convert decimal to binary
+ bini = 0;
+ i = 1;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./2).*2;
+ ni = int(ni/2);
+ bini = bini + rem*i;
+ i = i * 10;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+function [deci]= binary_decimal(ni) // Function to convert binary to decimal
+ deci = 0;
+ i = 0;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./10).*10;
+ ni = int(ni/10);
+ deci = deci + rem*2.^i;
+ i = i + 1;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+// Function to convert a vector with binary elements to a binary number
+function vtob = vector_to_bin(vector)
+ cnt = 1; vtob = 0;
+for i = 1:1:length(vector)
+ vtob = vtob + vector(i)*cnt;
+ cnt = cnt*10;
+end
+endfunction
+
+function bcmp_plus_one = twos_cmp(bin) // Function to perform twos complement
+ binc = zeros(4);
+ i = 1;
+ while(i <= 4)
+ rem = bin-fix(bin./10).*10;
+ if rem == 1 then
+ rem = 0;
+ else
+ rem = 1;
+ end
+ bin = int(bin/10);
+ binc(i)=rem;
+ i = i+1;
+ end
+bcmp_plus_one = vector_to_bin(binc);
+ bcmp_plus_one = binary_decimal(bcmp_plus_one)+1;
+endfunction
+
+function fr = refine_result(res) // Function to refine the resut
+ binc = zeros(4);
+ i = 1;
+ while(i <= 4)
+ rem = res-fix(res./10).*10;
+ res = int(res/10);
+ binc(i)=rem;
+ i = i+1;
+ end
+fr = vector_to_bin(binc);
+endfunction
+
+sub = 1101; // Initialize the first binary number
+men = 1010; // Initialize the second binary number
+result = decimal_binary(binary_decimal(sub)+binary_decimal(twos_cmp(men)));
+final_result = refine_result(result);
+printf("%4d - %4d = 00%2d", sub, men, final_result);
+
+// Result
+// 1101 - 1010 = 0011
diff --git a/1871/CH8/EX8.13/Ch08Ex13.sce b/1871/CH8/EX8.13/Ch08Ex13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2d23bf4ac --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH8/EX8.13/Ch08Ex13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +// Scilab code Ex8.13 : Pg:336(2008)
+clc;clear;
+function [bini]= decimal_binary(ni) // Function to convert decimal to binary
+ bini = 0;
+ i = 1;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./2).*2;
+ ni = int(ni/2);
+ bini = bini + rem*i;
+ i = i * 10;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+function [deci]= binary_decimal(ni) // Function to convert binary to decimal
+ deci = 0;
+ i = 0;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./10).*10;
+ ni = int(ni/10);
+ deci = deci + rem*2.^i;
+ i = i + 1;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+// Function to convert a vector with binary elements to a binary number
+function vtob = vector_to_bin(vector)
+ cnt = 1; vtob = 0;
+for i = 1:1:length(vector)
+ vtob = vtob + vector(i)*cnt;
+ cnt = cnt*10;
+end
+endfunction
+
+function bin_cmp = ones_cmp(bin) // Function to perform ones complement
+ binc = zeros(4);
+ i = 1;
+ while(i <= 4)
+ rem = bin-fix(bin./10).*10;
+ if rem == 1 then
+ rem = 0;
+ else
+ rem = 1;
+ end
+ bin = int(bin/10);
+ binc(i)=rem;
+ i = i+1;
+ end
+bin_cmp = vector_to_bin(binc);
+endfunction
+
+function bcmp_plus_one = twos_cmp(bin) // Function to perform twos complement
+ binc = zeros(4);
+ i = 1;
+ while(i <= 4)
+ rem = bin-fix(bin./10).*10;
+ if rem == 1 then
+ rem = 0;
+ else
+ rem = 1;
+ end
+ bin = int(bin/10);
+ binc(i)=rem;
+ i = i+1;
+ end
+bcmp_plus_one = vector_to_bin(binc);
+ bcmp_plus_one = binary_decimal(bcmp_plus_one)+1;
+endfunction
+
+function fr = check_result(res) // Function to check the occurence of end-around carry
+ max_result = 11111;
+ if binary_decimal(res) < binary_decimal(max_result) then
+ fr = ones_cmp(res-1);
+ else
+ fr = res;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+sub = 1010; // Initialize the first binary number
+men = 1101; // Initialize the second binary number
+result = decimal_binary(binary_decimal(sub)+binary_decimal(twos_cmp(men)));
+final_result = check_result(result);
+printf("%4d - %4d = -00%2d", sub, men, final_result);
+
+// Result
+// 1010 - 1101 = -0011
diff --git a/1871/CH8/EX8.14/Ch08Ex14.sce b/1871/CH8/EX8.14/Ch08Ex14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..32c59b7a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH8/EX8.14/Ch08Ex14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Scilab code Ex8.14 : Pg:337(2008)
+clc;clear;
+function [bini]= decimal_binary(ni) // Function to convert decimal to binary
+ bini = 0;
+ i = 1;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./2).*2;
+ ni = int(ni/2);
+ bini = bini + rem*i;
+ i = i * 10;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+function [deci]= binary_decimal(ni) // Function to convert binary to decimal
+ deci = 0;
+ i = 0;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./10).*10;
+ ni = int(ni/10);
+ deci = deci + rem*2.^i;
+ i = i + 1;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+function binp = bin_product(op1, op2)
+ binp = decimal_binary(binary_decimal(op1)*binary_decimal(op2));
+endfunction
+
+mul1 = 111; // Initialize the first binary multiplicand
+mul2 = 101; // Initialize the second binary multiplicand
+product = bin_product(mul1, mul2);
+
+printf("%3d X %3d = %6d", mul1, mul2, product);
+
+// Result
+// 111 X 101 = 100011
diff --git a/1871/CH8/EX8.15/Ch08Ex15.sce b/1871/CH8/EX8.15/Ch08Ex15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2ee0308d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH8/EX8.15/Ch08Ex15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Scilab code Ex8.15 : Pg:337(2008)
+clc;clear;
+function [bini]= decimal_binary(ni) // Function to convert decimal to binary
+ bini = 0;
+ i = 1;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./2).*2;
+ ni = int(ni/2);
+ bini = bini + rem*i;
+ i = i * 10;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+function [deci]= binary_decimal(ni) // Function to convert binary to decimal
+ deci = 0;
+ i = 0;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./10).*10;
+ ni = int(ni/10);
+ deci = deci + rem*2.^i;
+ i = i + 1;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+function binp = bin_product(op1, op2)
+ binp = decimal_binary(binary_decimal(op1)*binary_decimal(op2));
+endfunction
+
+mul1 = 1101; // Initialize the first binary multiplicand
+mul2 = 1100; // Initialize the second binary multiplicand
+product = bin_product(mul1, mul2);
+
+printf("%4d X %4d = %8d", mul1, mul2, product);
+
+// Result
+// 1101 X 1100 = 10011100
diff --git a/1871/CH8/EX8.16/Ch08Ex16.sce b/1871/CH8/EX8.16/Ch08Ex16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d7116e599 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH8/EX8.16/Ch08Ex16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Scilab code Ex8.16 : Pg:337(2008)
+clc;clear;
+function [bini]= decimal_binary(ni) // Function to convert decimal to binary
+ bini = 0;
+ i = 1;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./2).*2;
+ ni = int(ni/2);
+ bini = bini + rem*i;
+ i = i * 10;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+function [deci]= binary_decimal(ni) // Function to convert binary to decimal
+ deci = 0;
+ i = 0;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./10).*10;
+ ni = int(ni/10);
+ deci = deci + rem*2.^i;
+ i = i + 1;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+function binp = bin_product(op1, op2)
+ binp = decimal_binary(binary_decimal(op1)*binary_decimal(op2));
+endfunction
+
+mul1 = 1111 ; // Initialize the first binary multiplicand
+mul2 = 0111; // Initialize the second binary multiplicand
+product = bin_product(mul1, mul2);
+
+printf("%4d X 0%3d = %7d", mul1, mul2, product);
+
+// Result
+// 1111 X 0111 = 1101001
diff --git a/1871/CH8/EX8.17/Ch08Ex17.sce b/1871/CH8/EX8.17/Ch08Ex17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9a845bc7b --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH8/EX8.17/Ch08Ex17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Scilab code Ex8.17 : Pg:338(2008)
+clc;clear;
+function [bini]= decimal_binary(ni) // Function to convert decimal to binary
+ bini = 0;
+ i = 1;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./2).*2;
+ ni = int(ni/2);
+ bini = bini + rem*i;
+ i = i * 10;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+function [deci]= binary_decimal(ni) // Function to convert binary to decimal
+ deci = 0;
+ i = 0;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./10).*10;
+ ni = int(ni/10);
+ deci = deci + rem*2.^i;
+ i = i + 1;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+function binp = bin_division(op1, op2)
+ binp = decimal_binary(binary_decimal(op1)/binary_decimal(op2));
+endfunction
+
+dividend = 11001 ; // Initialize the first binary multiplicand
+divisor = 101; // Initialize the second binary multiplicand
+product = bin_division(dividend, divisor);
+
+printf("%5d divided by %3d gives %3d", dividend, divisor, product);
+
+// Result
+// 11001 divided by 101 gives 101
diff --git a/1871/CH8/EX8.18/Ch08Ex18.sce b/1871/CH8/EX8.18/Ch08Ex18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4b44c3f27 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH8/EX8.18/Ch08Ex18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +// Scilab code Ex8.18 : Pg:339(2008)
+clc;clear;
+function [bini]= decimal_binary(ni) // Function to convert decimal to binary
+ bini = 0;
+ i = 1;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./2).*2;
+ ni = int(ni/2);
+ bini = bini + rem*i;
+ i = i * 10;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+function [binf]= decifrac_binfrac(nf) // Function to convert binary fraction to decimal fraction
+ binf = 0; i = 0.1;
+ while (nf <> 0)
+ nf = nf*2;
+ rem = int(nf);
+ nf = nf-rem;
+ binf = binf + rem*i;
+ i = i/10;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+function [deci]= binary_decimal(ni) // Function to convert binary to decimal
+ deci = 0;
+ i = 0;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./10).*10;
+ ni = int(ni/10);
+ deci = deci + rem*2.^i;
+ i = i + 1;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+function binp = bin_division(op1, op2)
+int_Q = int(binary_decimal(op1)/binary_decimal(op2));
+frac_Q = binary_decimal(op1)/binary_decimal(op2) - int_Q;
+ binp = decimal_binary(int_Q)+decifrac_binfrac(frac_Q);
+endfunction
+
+dividend = 11011 ; // Initialize the first binary multiplicand
+divisor = 100; // Initialize the second binary multiplicand
+
+product = bin_division(dividend, divisor);
+
+printf("%5d divided by %3d gives %6.2f", dividend, divisor, product);
+
+// Result
+// 11011 divided by 100 gives 110.11
diff --git a/1871/CH8/EX8.19/Ch08Ex19.sce b/1871/CH8/EX8.19/Ch08Ex19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6d455a1d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH8/EX8.19/Ch08Ex19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +// Scilab code Ex8.19 : Pg:346(2008)
+clc;clear;
+function [bini]= decimal_binary(ni) // Function to convert decimal to binary
+ bini = 0;
+ i = 1;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./2).*2;
+ ni = int(ni/2);
+ bini = bini + rem*i;
+ i = i * 10;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+function octal = decimal_octal(n) // Function to convert decimal to octal
+ i=1; octal = 0;
+ while (n<>0)
+ rem = n-fix(n./8).*8;
+ octal = octal + rem*i;
+ n = int(n/8);
+ i = i*10;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+function hex = decimal_hex(n) // Function to convert decimal to hexadecimal
+ hex = emptystr();
+ while (n <>0)
+ rem = n-fix(n./16).*16;
+ if rem == 10 then
+ hex(i)=hex+'A';
+ elseif rem == 11 then
+ hex=hex+'B';
+ elseif rem == 12 then
+ hex=hex+'C';
+ elseif rem == 13 then
+ hex=hex+'D';
+ elseif rem == 14 then
+ hex=hex+'E';
+ elseif rem == 15 then
+ hex=hex+'F';
+ else
+ hex=hex+string(rem);
+ end
+ n = int(n/16);
+ end
+ hex = strrev(hex); // Reverse string
+endfunction
+
+n = [32, 256, 51]; // Initialize a vector to the given decimals
+printf("\n__________________________________________________");
+printf("\nDecimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal ");
+printf("\n__________________________________________________");
+for i = 1:1:3
+printf("\n%d %10d %5d %4s", n(i), decimal_binary(n(i)), decimal_octal(n(i)), decimal_hex(n(i)));
+end
+printf("\n__________________________________________________");
+
+// Result
+// __________________________________________________
+// Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal
+// __________________________________________________
+// 32 100000 40 20
+// 256 100000000 400 100
+// 51 110011 63 33
+// __________________________________________________
diff --git a/1871/CH8/EX8.2/Ch08Ex2.sce b/1871/CH8/EX8.2/Ch08Ex2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7fe068b7b --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH8/EX8.2/Ch08Ex2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Scilab code Ex8.2 : Pg:328(2008)
+clc;clear;
+function [dec]= binfrac_decifrac(n) // Function to convert binary fraction to decimal fraction
+ dec = 0;
+ i = -1;
+ while (i >= -3)
+ n = n*10;
+ rem = round(n);
+ n = n-rem;
+ dec = dec + rem*2.^i;
+ i = i - 1;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+n = 0.101; // Initialize the binary number
+printf("Binary fraction %5.3f = Decimal frac = %5.3f", n, binfrac_decifrac(n));
+
+// Result
+// Binary fraction 0.101 = Decimal frac = 0.625
diff --git a/1871/CH8/EX8.20/Ch08Ex20.sce b/1871/CH8/EX8.20/Ch08Ex20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3b359f4e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH8/EX8.20/Ch08Ex20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab code Ex8.20 : Pg:346(2008)
+clc;clear;
+n1 = '11010', n2 = 'AB60', n3 = "777";
+printf("\nThe %s of binary = %d of decimal", n1, bin2dec(n1)); // Convert from binary to decimal
+printf("\nThe %s of hex = %d of decimal", n2, hex2dec(n2)); // Convert from hex to decimal
+printf("\nThe %s of octal = %d of decimal", n3, oct2dec(n3)); // Convert from octal to decimal
+
+// Result
+// The 11010 of binary = 26 of decimal
+// The AB60 of hex = 43872 of decimal
+// The 777 of octal = 511 of decimal
diff --git a/1871/CH8/EX8.21/Ch08Ex21.sce b/1871/CH8/EX8.21/Ch08Ex21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..28b4d9872 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH8/EX8.21/Ch08Ex21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Scilab code Ex8.21 : Pg:347(2008)
+clc;clear;
+bin = ['10001100', '00101110', '01011111', '01111011', '00111010', '10010101', '10110110', '01011011'];
+printf("\n___________________________________");
+printf("\nBinary Octal Hexadecimal");
+printf("\n___________________________________");
+for i=1:1:8
+printf("\n%8s %4s %4s", bin(i), dec2oct(bin2dec(bin(i))), dec2hex(bin2dec(bin(i))));
+end
+printf("\n___________________________________");
+
+
+// Result
+// ___________________________________
+// Binary Octal Hexadecimal
+// ___________________________________
+// 10001100 214 8C
+// 00101110 56 2E
+// 01011111 137 5F
+// 01111011 173 7B
+// 00111010 72 3A
+// 10010101 225 95
+// 10110110 266 B6
+// 01011011 133 5B
+// ___________________________________
diff --git a/1871/CH8/EX8.3/Ch08Ex3.sce b/1871/CH8/EX8.3/Ch08Ex3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8862781e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH8/EX8.3/Ch08Ex3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Scilab code Ex8.3 : Pg:328(2008)
+clc;clear;
+function [deci]= binary_decimal(ni) // Function to convert binary to decimal
+ deci = 0;
+ i = 0;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./10).*10;
+ ni = int(ni/10);
+ deci = deci + rem*2.^i;
+ i = i + 1;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+function [decf]= binfrac_decifrac(nf) // Function to convert binary fraction to decimal fraction
+ decf = 0;
+ i = -1;
+ while (i >= -3)
+ nf = nf*10;
+ rem = round(nf);
+ nf = nf-rem;
+ decf = decf + rem*2.^i;
+ i = i - 1;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+n = 101.101; // Initialize the binary number
+n_int = int(n); // Extract the integral part
+n_frac = n-n_int; // Extract the fractional part
+printf("Decimal equivalent of %7.3f = %5.3f", n, binary_decimal(n_int)+binfrac_decifrac(n_frac));
+
+// Result
+// Decimal equivalent of 101.101 = 5.625
diff --git a/1871/CH8/EX8.4/Ch08Ex4.sce b/1871/CH8/EX8.4/Ch08Ex4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cabb514e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH8/EX8.4/Ch08Ex4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Scilab code Ex8.4 : Pg:330(2008)
+clc;clear;
+function [bini]= decimal_binary(ni) // Function to convert decimal to binary
+ bini = 0;
+ i = 1;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./2).*2;
+ ni = int(ni/2);
+ bini = bini + rem*i;
+ i = i * 10;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+function [binf]= decifrac_binfrac(nf) // Function to convert binary fraction to decimal fraction
+ binf = 0; i = 0.1;
+ while (nf <> 0)
+ nf = nf*2;
+ rem = int(nf);
+ nf = nf-rem;
+ binf = binf + rem*i;
+ i = i/10;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+n = 25.625; // Initialize the decimal number
+n_int = int(n); // Extract the integral part
+n_frac = n-n_int; // Extract the fractional part
+printf("Binary equivalent of %6.3f = %9.3f", n, decimal_binary(n_int)+decifrac_binfrac(n_frac));
+
+// Result
+// Binary equivalent of 25.625 = 11001.101
diff --git a/1871/CH8/EX8.5/Ch08Ex5.sce b/1871/CH8/EX8.5/Ch08Ex5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cd25f6a6c --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH8/EX8.5/Ch08Ex5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Scilab code Ex8.5 : Pg:332(2008)
+clc;clear;
+function [bini]= decimal_binary(ni) // Function to convert decimal to binary
+ bini = 0;
+ i = 1;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./2).*2;
+ ni = int(ni/2);
+ bini = bini + rem*i;
+ i = i * 10;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+function [deci]= binary_decimal(ni) // Function to convert binary to decimal
+ deci = 0;
+ i = 0;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./10).*10;
+ ni = int(ni/10);
+ deci = deci + rem*2.^i;
+ i = i + 1;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+num1 = 110011; // Initialize the first binary number
+num2 = 101101; // Initialize the second binary number
+
+printf("%6d + %6d = %7d", num1, num2, decimal_binary(binary_decimal(num1)+binary_decimal(num2)));
+
+// Result
+// 110011 + 101101 = 1100000
diff --git a/1871/CH8/EX8.6/Ch08Ex6.sce b/1871/CH8/EX8.6/Ch08Ex6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fa938041f --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH8/EX8.6/Ch08Ex6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Scilab code Ex8.6 : Pg:333(2008)
+clc;clear;
+function [bini]= decimal_binary(ni) // Function to convert decimal to binary
+ bini = 0;
+ i = 1;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./2).*2;
+ ni = int(ni/2);
+ bini = bini + rem*i;
+ i = i * 10;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+function [deci]= binary_decimal(ni) // Function to convert binary to decimal
+ deci = 0;
+ i = 0;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./10).*10;
+ ni = int(ni/10);
+ deci = deci + rem*2.^i;
+ i = i + 1;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+sub = 1110; // Initialize the first binary number
+men = 0101; // Initialize the second binary number
+
+printf("%4d - 0%3d = %4d", sub, men, decimal_binary(binary_decimal(sub)-binary_decimal(men)));
+
+// Result
+// 1110 - 0101 = 1001
diff --git a/1871/CH8/EX8.7/Ch08Ex7.sce b/1871/CH8/EX8.7/Ch08Ex7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2cce5723c --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH8/EX8.7/Ch08Ex7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Scilab code Ex8.7 : Pg:333(2008)
+clc;clear;
+function [bini]= decimal_binary(ni) // Function to convert decimal to binary
+ bini = 0;
+ i = 1;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./2).*2;
+ ni = int(ni/2);
+ bini = bini + rem*i;
+ i = i * 10;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+function [deci]= binary_decimal(ni) // Function to convert binary to decimal
+ deci = 0;
+ i = 0;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./10).*10;
+ ni = int(ni/10);
+ deci = deci + rem*2.^i;
+ i = i + 1;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+sub = 1000; // Initialize the first binary number
+men = 0001; // Initialize the second binary number
+
+printf("%4d - 000%1d = 0%3d", sub, men, decimal_binary(binary_decimal(sub)-binary_decimal(men)));
+
+// Result
+// 1000 - 0001 = 0111
diff --git a/1871/CH8/EX8.8/Ch08Ex8.sce b/1871/CH8/EX8.8/Ch08Ex8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c5c468aee --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH8/EX8.8/Ch08Ex8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Scilab code Ex8.8 : Pg:334(2008)
+clc;clear;
+function [bini]= decimal_binary(ni) // Function to convert decimal to binary
+ bini = 0;
+ i = 1;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./2).*2;
+ ni = int(ni/2);
+ bini = bini + rem*i;
+ i = i * 10;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+function [deci]= binary_decimal(ni) // Function to convert binary to decimal
+ deci = 0;
+ i = 0;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./10).*10;
+ ni = int(ni/10);
+ deci = deci + rem*2.^i;
+ i = i + 1;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+sub = 1001; // Initialize the first binary number
+men = 0111; // Initialize the second binary number
+
+printf("%4d - 0%1d = 00%2d", sub, men, decimal_binary(binary_decimal(sub)-binary_decimal(men)));
+
+// Result
+// 1001 - 0111 = 0010
diff --git a/1871/CH8/EX8.9/Ch08Ex9.sce b/1871/CH8/EX8.9/Ch08Ex9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c3e894518 --- /dev/null +++ b/1871/CH8/EX8.9/Ch08Ex9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Scilab code Ex8.9 : Pg:334(2008)
+clc;clear;
+function [bini]= decimal_binary(ni) // Function to convert decimal to binary
+ bini = 0;
+ i = 1;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./2).*2;
+ ni = int(ni/2);
+ bini = bini + rem*i;
+ i = i * 10;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+function [deci]= binary_decimal(ni) // Function to convert binary to decimal
+ deci = 0;
+ i = 0;
+ while (ni <> 0)
+ rem = ni-fix(ni./10).*10;
+ ni = int(ni/10);
+ deci = deci + rem*2.^i;
+ i = i + 1;
+ end
+endfunction
+
+sub = 10110; // Initialize the first binary number
+men = 01011; // Initialize the second binary number
+
+printf("%5d - 0%4d = 0%4d", sub, men, decimal_binary(binary_decimal(sub)-binary_decimal(men)));
+
+// Result
+// 10110 - 01011 = 01011
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