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+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 6: Steam generators"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.1: Pressure_head.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"clear\n",
+"//Input data\n",
+"H=18;//The length of furnace wall riser in m\n",
+"O=76.2;//The outer diameter of the furnace wall riser in mm\n",
+"T=6.1;//The thickness of the furnace wall riser in mm\n",
+"P=80;//Pressure at which saturated water is recieved in bar\n",
+"V=1.5;//The velocity of the saturated water in m/s\n",
+"CR=12.5;//Assuming circulation ratio\n",
+"S=1.2;//Assuming slip ratio\n",
+"g=9.81;//Gravitational force constant in m/s^2\n",
+"pi=3.142;//Mathematical constant\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"xt=1/CR;//The quality of steam at the top of the riser\n",
+"vf=0.001384;//Specific volume of saturated liquid at 80 bar in m^3/kg\n",
+"vfg=0.02214;//Specific volume of Evaporation gas at 80 bar in m^3/kg\n",
+"vg=0.02352;//Specific volume of saturated gas at 80 bar in m^3/kg\n",
+"pf=1/vf;//Density of the saturated liquid at 80 bar in kg/m^3\n",
+"vt=vf+(xt*vfg);//Specific volume of the steam at the top of the riser in m^3/kg\n",
+"pt=1/vt;//Density of steam at the top of the riser in kg/m^3\n",
+"pm=(pt+pf)/2;//Mean density in kg/m^3\n",
+"Ph=[H*g*(pf-pm)]/1000;//The pressure head developed in kPa\n",
+"C=(vf/vg)*S;//The part of calculation for the void fraction\n",
+"VF=1/[1+((1-xt)*C)/xt];//The void fraction at riser exit\n",
+"hfg=1441.3;//Enthalpy of the evaporation in kJ/kg\n",
+"di=O-12.2;//Inner diameter of the furnace wall riser in mm\n",
+"A=(pi*di^2)/4;//Inner area in m^2\n",
+"w=pf*A*V;//Mass flow rate of saturated water entering the riser in kg/s\n",
+"ws=xt*w;//The rate of steam formation in the riser tube in kg/s\n",
+"h=[(ws*hfg)/(O*H)]/1000;//Heat transfer rate per unit projected area in kW/m^2\n",
+"\n",
+"//output\n",
+"printf('(a) The pressure head developed = %3.1f kPa \n (b)The void fraction at riser exit = %3.4f \n (c) The heat transfer rate per unit projected area = %3.1f kW/m^2 ',Ph,VF,h)\n",
+" "
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.2: Amount_of_water_required.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"clear\n",
+"//Input data\n",
+"t=60;//The temperature of water while supplying it to desuperheater in degree centigrade\n",
+"ws=200;//The amount of steam carrying in a steam line in t/h\n",
+"p=35;//The pressure of steam in bar\n",
+"ts=400;//The temperature to be maintained by the steam in degree centigrade\n",
+"to=450;//The outlet temperature of the steam from boiler in degree centigrade\n",
+"h1=3337.2;//The enthalpy of steam at 450 degree C in kJ/kg\n",
+"h2=252;//The enthalpy of water at 60 degree C in kJ/kg\n",
+"h3=3222.3;//The enthalpy of steam at 400 degree C in kJ/kg\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"w=(ws*(h1-h3))/(h3-h2);//Mass flow rate of water in t/h\n",
+"w1=w*(1000/3600);//Mass flow rate of water in kg/s\n",
+"\n",
+"//Output\n",
+"printf('The amount of water that must be sprayed is %3.3f t/h  or  %3.3f kg/s ',w,w1)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.3: Pressure_head.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"clear\n",
+"//Input data\n",
+"H=15;//The high of downcomer riser circuit in m\n",
+"P=160;//The pressure at which downcomer riser circuit operates in bar\n",
+"xe=0.5;//The exit quality of the steam \n",
+"S=1.2;//Slip factor\n",
+"vf=0.001711;//Specific volume of saturated liquid in m^3/kg\n",
+"vg=0.009306;//Specific volume of saturated gas in m^3/kg\n",
+"g=9.806;//Gravitational force constant in m/s^2\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"C=S*(vf/vg);//The part of calculation for the void fraction \n",
+"VF=1/[1+((1-xe)*C)/xe];//The void fraction at riser exit\n",
+"pf=1/vf;//Density of the saturated liquid in kg/m^3\n",
+"pg=1/vg;//Density of the saturated gas in kg/m^3\n",
+"pm=pf-[[(pf-pg)/(1-C)]*[1-{(1/((VF)*(1-C)))-1}*log(1/(1-(VF*(1-C))))]];//The average mixture density in the riser in kg/m^3\n",
+"P1=g*(pf-pm)*H;//Pressure head developed due to natural circulation in N/m^2\n",
+"P2=P1/1000;//ressure head developed due to natural circulation in kPa\n",
+"\n",
+"//Output \n",
+"printf('The pressure head developed due to natural circulation is %3.0f N/m^2  or  %3.3f kPa',P1,P2)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.4: Steam_generation_rate.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"clear\n",
+"//Input data\n",
+"W=120;//The amount of electricity produced in the power plant in MW\n",
+"po=100;//The pressure of the steam at the outlet of boiler in bar\n",
+"to=500;//The temperature of steam at the outlet of boiler in degree centigrade\n",
+"p=0.1;//The condenser pressure in bar\n",
+"nb=0.9;//The efficiency of the boiler\n",
+"CV=25.7;//The calorific value of the coal in MJ/kg\n",
+"ti=160;//The feed water temperature at boiler inlet in degree centigrade\n",
+"H=40;//The high of the risers in the furnace wall in m\n",
+"xt=0.08;//The quality of the steam at the top of the riser\n",
+"v=2;//The exit velocity of the riser and entering the drum in m/s\n",
+"Do=60;//The outer diameter of the risers in mm\n",
+"T=3;//The thickness of the wall in mm\n",
+"pi=3.142;//Mathematical constant\n",
+"g=9.806;//Gravitational force constant in m/s^2\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"h1=3374.8;//Enthalpy at point 1 in kJ/kg\n",
+"s1=6.6011;//Entropy at point 1 in kJ/kgK\n",
+"sf=0.6479;//Entropy of the saturated liquid at point 1 in kJ/kgK\n",
+"sg=7.5055;//Entropy of the Saturated vapour at point 1 in kJ/kgK\n",
+"x2=(s1-sf)/sg;//The quality of the steam\n",
+"h2=191.46+(x2*2393.29);//Enthalpy at point 2 in kJ/kg\n",
+"h3=191.46;//Enthalpy at point 3 in kJ/kg\n",
+"h5=675.5;//Enthalpy at point 5 in kJ/kg\n",
+"ws=(W*1000)/(h1-h2);//Mass flow rate of steam in kg/s\n",
+"wf=(ws*(h1-h5))/(nb*CV*1000);//Mass flow rate of fuel in kg/s\n",
+"E=ws/wf;//Evaporation factor \n",
+"vf=0.0014523;//The specific volume of saturated liquid in m^3/kg\n",
+"vg=0.0165884;//The specific volume of saturated vapour in m^3/kg\n",
+"vt=vf+(xt*vg);//Specific volume at the top in m^3/kg\n",
+"pt=1/vt;//Density of the steam at the top in kg/m^3\n",
+"pf=1/vf;//The density of the steam in kg/m^3\n",
+"pm=(pf+pt)/2;//The average mixture density in kg/m^3\n",
+"H1=[g*H*(pf-pm)]/10^5;//Pressure head available for natural circulation in bar\n",
+"CR=1/xt;//Circulation ratio\n",
+"di=(Do-(2*T))/1000;//The inner diameter of the riser in m\n",
+"A=(pi*di^2)/4;//Area for the inner diameter in m^2\n",
+"w=(A*pt*v*xt);//The rate of steam formation in the riser in kg/s\n",
+"Nr=ceil(ws)/w;//The number of risers\n",
+"hfg=1319.8;//Enthalpy of the evaporation in kJ/kg\n",
+"Ha=(w*hfg)/((Do/1000)*H);//Heat absorption rate per unit projected area of the riser in kW/m^2\n",
+"\n",
+"//Output \n",
+"printf('(a)The steam generation rate = %3.3f kg/s \n (b) The fuel burning rate = %3.3f kg/s \n (c) The evaporation factor = %3.2f \n (d) The pressure head available for natural circulation = %3.4f bar \n (e) The circulation ratio = %3.1f \n (f)The number of risers required = %3.0f \n (g) The heat absorbtion rate per unit projected area of the riser = %3.2f kW/m^2',ws,wf,E,H1,CR,Nr,Ha)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.5: Blowdow.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"clear\n",
+"//Input data\n",
+"ws=64;//The steam flow rate in kg/s\n",
+"p=60;//The pressure at which steam leaves the boiler in bar\n",
+"m=0.02;//Moisture contant in the steam \n",
+"wf=62;//The feedwater flow rate in kg/s\n",
+"Pf=3;//concentration of feedwater in ppm\n",
+"wm=2;//The flow rate of makeup water \n",
+"Pm=50;//concentration of makeup water in ppm\n",
+"Ps=5;//Leaving the drum water in ppm\n",
+"Pw=1000;//The concentration in the drum water in ppm\n",
+"mf=7;//The fuel burning rate in kg/m\n",
+"CV=23;//The heating value in MJ/kg\n",
+"ta=30;//The room temperature in degree centigrade\n",
+"hf=1213.35;//Enthalpy of saturated liquid at 60 bar in kJ/kg\n",
+"ha=125.79;//Enthalpy at ambient temperature in kJ/kg\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"BD=[(wf*Pf)+(wm*Pm)-(m*ws*Ps)]/1000;//The rate of blowdown in kg/s\n",
+"E=[(BD*(hf-ha))/(mf*CV*1000)]*100;//The energy loss in blowdown in percentage\n",
+"S=m*ws*Ps*10^-6*3600*24;//Scale deposition in superheater tubes\n",
+"\n",
+"//Output\n",
+"printf('(a)The blowdown required = %3.4f kg/s \n (b) Heat loss in blowdown as a percentage of total heat released in the furnace = %3.2f percentage \n (c) The deposition of scale in superheater tube = %3.3f kg/day ',BD,E,S)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.6: Number_of_coils_needed.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"clear\n",
+"//Input data\n",
+"ws=600;//Mass flow rate of feedwater in kg/s\n",
+"p=140;//The inlet pressure of the feedwater in bar\n",
+"t=170;//The inlet temperature of the feedwater in degree centigrade\n",
+"wg=1250;//The mass flow rate of flue gases in kg/s\n",
+"tg2=450;//The temperature at which flue gases leave the economisers coils in degree centigrade\n",
+"Vf=12;//The velocity of the flue gas in m/s\n",
+"Vw=1.2;//The velocity of the water leaving the coil in m/s\n",
+"Do=0.07;//The outer diameter of the tube in m\n",
+"Di=0.06;//The inner diameter of the tube in m\n",
+"U=70;//The overall heat transfer coefficient in W/m^2K\n",
+"Cp=1.12;//The specific heat capacity of the flue gases in kJ/kgK\n",
+"V=0.08;//The vertical pitch of the coil in m\n",
+"B=4.8;//The width of the duct in m\n",
+"C=0.005;//The clearence on the both sides of the duct in m\n",
+"pi=3.142;//Mathematical constant\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"hf=1571.1;//The enthalpy of the saturated liquid at 140 bar in kJ/Kg\n",
+"ts=336.75;//The saturated temperature at 140 bar in degree centigrade\n",
+"vf=0.001611;//The specific volume of the saturated liquid at 140 bar in m^3/kg\n",
+"hf1=719.21;//The enthalpy of the saturated liquid at 170 degree C in kJ/kg\n",
+"vf1=0.001114;//The specific volume of the saturated liquid at 170 degree C in m^3/kg\n",
+"tg1=[(ws*(hf-hf1))/(wg*Cp)]+tg2;//The temperature at which flue gases enters the economisers coils in degree centigrade\n",
+"t1m=(478.25-280)/(log(478.25/280));//The mean temperature for inlet and exit temperature in degree centigrade \n",
+"Q=ws*(hf-hf1);//The rate of heat transfer in the economiser in kW\n",
+"Ao=[Q/(U*t1m)]*10^3;//The outer area in m^2\n",
+"n=[(ws*(vf/Vw)*(4/pi)*(1/Di^2))];//The number of coils needed in the economiser\n",
+"l=Ao/(n*pi*Do);//The length of one coil in m\n",
+"nt=l/(B-(2*C));//The number of turns in on ecoil \n",
+"VH=nt*V;//The vertical height of the duct occupied by the economiser coils\n",
+"\n",
+"//Output\n",
+"printf('(a) The number of coils needed in the economiser = %3.0f \n (b) The length of one coil = %3.1f m \n (c) The verticle height of the duct occupied by the economiser coils = %3.2f m ',n,l,VH)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.7: Number_of_tubes_and_the_length.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"clear\n",
+"//Input data\n",
+"tg2=160;//The temperature to which the flue gases are cooled in degree centigrade\n",
+"ta1=35;//The ambient temperature of the air in degree centigrade\n",
+"wa=1167;//The mass flow rate of air in kg/s\n",
+"Vg=13;//The inlet velocity of the flue gases in m/s\n",
+"U=30;//The overall heat transfer coefficient in W/m^2K\n",
+"Cpg=1.10;//The specific heat of the flue gas in kJ/kgK\n",
+"Cpa=1.005;//The specific heat of the air in kJ/kgK\n",
+"R=0.287;//Real gas constant in kJ/kgK\n",
+"wg=1250;//The mass flow rate of gas in kg/s\n",
+"tg1=450;//The temperature at the inlet of flue gas in degree centigrade\n",
+"P=101.325;//Atmospheric temperature in kPa\n",
+"pi=3.1414;//Mathematical constant\n",
+"Di=0.06;//The inner diameter of the tube in m\n",
+"Do=0.065;//The outer diameter of the tube in m\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"vg1=(R*(273+tg1))/P;//Specific volume of the gas in m^3/kg\n",
+"ta2=[(wg*Cpg*(tg1-tg2))/(wa*Cpa)]+ta1;//The temperature of the heated air in degree centigrade\n",
+"t1m=(75-125)/log(75/125);//The mean temperature of the inlet and exit temperature in degree centigrade\n",
+"Q=wg*Cpg*(tg1-tg2);//The rate of heat transfer in the economiser in kW\n",
+"Ao=[Q/(U*t1m)]*10^3;//The outer area in m^2\n",
+"n=[(wg*(vg1/Vg)*(4/pi)*(1/Di^2))];//The number of coils needed in the economiser\n",
+"l=Ao/(n*pi*Do);//The length of one coil in m\n",
+"\n",
+"//Output\n",
+"printf('(a)The length of the tubes = %3.2f m\n (b) The number of tubes = %3.0f  ',l,n)\n",
+""
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 6.8: Number_of_coils_needed.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"clear\n",
+"//Input data\n",
+"di=0.05;//The inner diameter of the superheater coil in m\n",
+"T=0.005;//The thickness of the coil in m\n",
+"p=60;//The pressure of the steam at the exit in bar\n",
+"t=500;//The temperature of the steam at the exit in degree centigrade\n",
+"V2=10;//The velocity of the steam at the exit in m/s\n",
+"ws=80;//The mass flow rate of steam in kg/s\n",
+"H=140;//The heat flux in the super heated coils in kW/m^2\n",
+"pi=3.142;//Mathematical constant\n",
+"Do=0.06;//The outer diameter of the tube in m\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"h1=2784.3;//The enthalpy of the saturated gas at 60 bar in kJ/kg\n",
+"h2=3422.2;//The enthalpy of the saturated gas at 500 degreeC in kJ/kg\n",
+"v2=0.05665;//The specific volume of gas at 500 degreeC in m^3/kg\n",
+"Q=ws*(h2-h1);//Heat absorption rate in superheater coil in kW\n",
+"Ao=Q/H;//Surface area required in m^2\n",
+"n=[(ws*(v2/V2)*(4/pi)*(1/di^2))];//The number of coils needed in the economiser\n",
+"l=Ao/(n*pi*Do);//The length of one coil in m\n",
+"\n",
+"//Output\n",
+"printf('(a)The length of the one coil = %3.2f m\n (b) The number of coils = %3.0f  ',l,n)"
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}