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+{
+"cells": [
+ {
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+	   "metadata": {},
+	   "source": [
+       "# Chapter 4: Fuels and combustion"
+	   ]
+	},
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.10: Motor_capacity.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"clear\n",
+"//Input data\n",
+"tg=180;//The gas temperature in degree centigrade\n",
+"p=250;//The draught produced by the ID fan in mm\n",
+"nf=0.52;//The efficiency of the fan\n",
+"Va=0.858;//Volume flow rate of air in m^3/kg\n",
+"g=9.812;//gravitational force constant in m/s^2\n",
+"Wf=10;//Coal rate in t/h\n",
+"Wa=12.9;//Actual air required per kg fuel in kg air/kg fuel\n",
+"ta=30;//Room temperature in degree centigrade\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"Wfg=[(Wf+(Wa*10))*1000]/3600;//Fuel gas required in kg/s\n",
+"Vfg=[Va*(tg+273)]/(ta+273);//Volume flow rate of fuel gas in m^3/kg\n",
+"ID=((Wfg*Vfg*p*g)/(nf))/1000;//ID fan motor capacity in kW\n",
+"\n",
+"//Output\n",
+"printf('The motor capacity of the ID fan is %3.2f kW ',ID)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.11: Volumetric_compositio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"clear\n",
+"//Input data\n",
+"CO2=13.2;//The volume of carbondioxide present in the partial analysis of dry flue gas in %\n",
+"O2=3.2;//The volume of oxygen present in the partial analysis of dry flue gas in %\n",
+"C=88;//The mass of carbon present in the coal according to coal analysis on mass basis in %\n",
+"H=4.4;//The mass of hydrogen present in the coal according to coal analysis on mass basis in %\n",
+"A=7.6;//The mass of ash present in the coal according to coal analysis on mass basis in %\n",
+"M=0;//Moisture present in the fuel was nil\n",
+"Mc=12;//Molecular weight of the carbon \n",
+"Mh=2;//Molecular weight of the hydrogen\n",
+"Mo=32;//Molecular weight of the oxygen\n",
+"Mho=18;//Molecular weight of water\n",
+"p=101.325;//Atmospheric pressure in kPa\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"c=C/Mc;//Equating coefficients of the carbon from the equation \n",
+"g=H/Mh;//Equating coefficients of the hydrogen from the equation \n",
+"x=(CO2/100)/(O2/100);//From dry fuel gas analysis (dfg) \n",
+"d=[[(CO2/100)*(47.5)]-7.333]/[[(CO2/100)*(3.032)]-1];//Coefficient of the carbonmonoxide in the equations product side\n",
+"b=c-d;//Coefficient of the carbondioxide in the equation product side\n",
+"a=10.21-(0.742*d);//Coefficient of the oxygen in the reactant side of the equation \n",
+"e=b/x;//Coefficient of the oxygen in the product side of the equation \n",
+"f=3.76*a;//Equating coefficients of the nitrogen from the equation \n",
+"ma=(a*Mo)/0.232;//Mass of air supplied for 100 kg coal in kg\n",
+"ma1=ma/100;//Mass of air supplied per kg coal in kg\n",
+"T=b+d+e+f;//Total number of moles of dry flue gas (dfg)\n",
+"CO21=(b/T)*100;//Carbondioxide by volume in percentage\n",
+"O21=(e/T)*100;//Oxygen by volume in percentage\n",
+"CO1=(d/T)*100;//Carbonmonoxide by volume in percentage\n",
+"N21=(f/T)*100;//Nitrogen by volume in percentage\n",
+"Mwv=(g*Mho)/100;//Mass of watervapour formed per kg coal in kg\n",
+"Mf=(g)/(b+d+e+f+g);//Mole fraction of water vapour in flue gas\n",
+"P=Mf*p;//Partial pressure of water vapour in kPa\n",
+"D=32.9;//Dew point temperature from steam tables in degree centigrade\n",
+"\n",
+"//Output\n",
+"printf('(a)The complete volumetric composition of the dry flue gas is \n Carbondioxide by volume = %3.2f percentage \n Oxygen by volume = %3.2f percentage \n Carbonmonoxide by volume = %3.2f percentage \n Nitrogen by volume = %3.2f percentage \n (b) The actual amount of air supplied per kg coal = %3.2f kg \n (c) Mass of water vapour formed per kg coal = %3.2f kg \n (d) The dew point temperature of the flue gas = %3.2f degree centigrade ',CO21,O21,CO1,N21,ma1,Mwv,D)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.12: Height_of_gas_plume.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"clear\n",
+"//Input data\n",
+"H=200;//Height of the stack in m\n",
+"D=4;//Diameter of the stack in m\n",
+"m=1000;//Mass flow rate of gas in kg/s\n",
+"Ts=100;//Stack exit gas temperature in degree centigrade\n",
+"Ta=5;//Ambient air temperature in degree centigrade\n",
+"Vw=50;//Wind velocity in Km/h\n",
+"Cp=1.005;//Specific heat of the gas in kJ/kgK\n",
+"pi=3.142;//Mathematical constant the value of pi\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"Vw1=(50*1000)/(60*60);//Wind velocity in m/s\n",
+"Qe=m*Cp*(Ts-Ta);//Heat emission from plume in kW\n",
+"Qe1=Qe/1000;//Heat emission from the plume in MW\n",
+"p=(101.325)/(0.287*373);//Density of the gas in kg/m^3\n",
+"A=(pi*D^2)/4;//Area of the stack in m^2\n",
+"Vs=m/(p*A);//Stack gas exict velocity in m/s\n",
+"H1=[(2.62*(Qe1^(1/2))*1000)/Vw1]-[(0.029*Vs*D)/Vw1];//The height of the gas plume in m\n",
+"\n",
+"//Output\n",
+"printf('The height of the gas plume is H = %3.1f m ',H1)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.13: Thermal_efficiency.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"clear\n",
+"//Input data\n",
+"CV=20;//Calorific value of the fuel in MJ/kg\n",
+"C=65;//The amount of carbon present in the fuel according to gravimetric analysis in %\n",
+"H=25;//The amount of hydrogen present in the fuel according to gravimetric analysis in %\n",
+"O=10;//The amount of oxygen present in the fuel according to gravimetric analysis in %\n",
+"p1=1;//Pressure at the inlet of the compressor in bar\n",
+"t1=27;//Temperature at the inlet of the compressor in degree centigrade\n",
+"p2=4;//The pressure which compressor compresses it isentropically in bar\n",
+"Re=78;//The regenerator effectiveness in %\n",
+"CO2=6;//The amount of carbondioxide according to the analysis of dry exhaust gas in %\n",
+"CO=1.5;//The amount of carbonmonoxide according to the analysis of dry exhaust gas in %\n",
+"Cp=1.005;//Specific heat capacity of the air in kJ/kgK\n",
+"i=1.44;//Isentropic index for the air\n",
+"Cp1=1.15;//Specific heat capacity of the air in kJ/kgK\n",
+"i1=1.33;//Isentropic index for the combustion products\n",
+"Mc=12;//Molecular weight of the carbon \n",
+"Mh=2;//Molecular weight of the hydrogen\n",
+"Mo=32;//Molecular weight of the oxygen\n",
+"Mho=18;//Molecular weight of water\n",
+"T0=288;//Datum temperature in K (Assumed)\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"h=(C/100)/(Mc);//Equating coefficients of the carbon from the equation \n",
+"e=(H/100)/Mh;//Equating coefficients of the hydrogen from the equation \n",
+"y=(CO/100)/(CO2/100);//From dry exhaust gas analysis for solving\n",
+"a=h/(1+y);//The coefficient of the carbondioxide in the product side of the equation \n",
+"b=h-a;//The coefficient of the carbonmonoxide in the product side of the equation \n",
+"z=b/(CO/100);//The sum of coefficients of the product side of the equation \n",
+"x=z-(b/2)+(e/2);//Mol of air supplied in kmol\n",
+"wa=x*28.96;//Air supplied in kg/kg fuel\n",
+"wf=1;//Assuming 1 kg of fuel supplied\n",
+"T2=(t1+273)*(p2/p1)^((i-1)/i);//Temperature at the outlet of the compressor in K\n",
+"T3=[[(wa*Cp*(T2-T0))+(wf*CV*1000)]/[(wa+wf)*(Cp1)]]+T0;//Maximum temperature of the cycle in K\n",
+"T4=T3/[(4)^((i1-1)/i1)];//Temperature at point of the cycle in K\n",
+"T5=[(Re/100)*(T4-T2)]+T2;//Temperature at point of the cycle in K\n",
+"Wc=wa*Cp*(T2-(t1+273));//Work done by the compressor in kW\n",
+"Wt=23.54*Cp1*(T3-T4);//Work done by the turbine in kW\n",
+"Q1=23.54*Cp1*(T3-T5);//Total work done by the system in kW\n",
+"nc=(Wt-Wc)/Q1;//Efficiency of the cycle \n",
+"nc1=nc*100;//Efficiency of the cycle in %\n",
+"spc=3600/(Wt-Wc);//Specific fuel consumption in kg/kWh\n",
+"\n",
+"//Output \n",
+"printf('(a) The maximum temperature of the cycle T3 = %3.0f K \n (b)Thermal efficiency of the plant = %3.3f or %3.2f percentage\n (c) Specific fuel consumption = %3.3f kg/kWh ',T3,nc,nc1,spc)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.1: Mass_flow_rate.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"clear\n",
+"//Input data\n",
+"C=84;//The mass of carbon present in the fuel in %\n",
+"H=10;//The mass of hydrogen present in the fuel in %\n",
+"S=3.2;//The mass of sulphur present in the fuel in %\n",
+"O=1.6;//The mass of oxygen present in the fuel in %\n",
+"I=1.2;//The mass of incombustible in the fuel in %\n",
+"X=15.72;//The flue gas of combined CO2 and SO2 by volume in %\n",
+"Og=1;//The flue gas of O2 by volume in %\n",
+"Y=100;//Let us consider the fuel oil in kg\n",
+"C1=12;//Molecular weight of Carbon \n",
+"H1=2;//Molecular weight of hydrogen\n",
+"S1=32;//Molecular weight of sulphur\n",
+"O1=32;//Molecular weight of oxygen\n",
+"Co2=44;//Molecular weight of carbondioxide\n",
+"So2=64;//Molecular weight of sulphurdioxide\n",
+"N1=28;//Molecular weight of nitrogen \n",
+"H2O=18;//Molecular weight of water\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"b=C/C1;//Equating coefficients of the carbon from equation\n",
+"g=H/H1;//Equating coefficients of the hydrogen from equation\n",
+"d=S/S1;//Equating coefficients of the sulphur from the equation\n",
+"e=(b+d)/(X/Og);//By volumetric analysis\n",
+"x=b+d+e+(g/2)-(O/O1);//Moles of oxygen are supplied for combustion\n",
+"f=3.76*x;//Equating coefficients of the nitrogen from equation\n",
+"Mo=x*O1;//Mass of oxygen supplied in kg\n",
+"Ma=Mo/0.232;//Mass of air supplied for 100 kg of fuel in kg\n",
+"Wa=Ma/100;//Mass of air supplied for 1 kg fuel in kg\n",
+"Wrh={(11.5*C)+(34.5*[(H)-(O/8)])+(4.3*S)}/100;//Theoretical air required per kg of fuel in kg\n",
+"E=[(Wa-Wrh)/Wrh]*100;//Percentage of excess air in %\n",
+"D=(b*Co2)+(d*So2)+(e*O1)+(f*N1);//Mass of dry flue gas formed for 100 kg fuel in kg\n",
+"dfg=D/100;//Mass of dry flue gas formed per kg of fuel in kg\n",
+"Mw=(g*H2O)/100;//Mass of water vapour formed per kg of fuel\n",
+"\n",
+"//Output\n",
+"printf('(a) Mass of air supplied WA = %3.2f kg \n (b)Percentage excess air supplied = %3.2f percentage \n (c)mass of dry flue gas formed = %3.2f kg \n (d) Mass of water vapour formed = %3.2f kg',Wa,E,dfg,Mw)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.2: Percentage_of_excess_air.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc \n",
+"clear\n",
+"//Input data\n",
+"CO2=11.5;//Percentage of carbondioxide present in combustion in %\n",
+"O2=2.7;//Percentage of oxygen present in the combustion in %\n",
+"CO=0.7;//Percentage of carbonmonoxide present in the combuston in %\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations \n",
+"a=85.1/3.76;//Equating moles for nitrogen from the equation \n",
+"x=(CO2+CO)/3;//Equating moles for carbon from the equation \n",
+"b=[a-CO2-(CO/2)-O2]*2;//Equating moles for oxygen from the equation \n",
+"y=a/x;//Moles of oxygen supplied for one mole of propane gas\n",
+"z=5;//Theoretically 5 moles of oxygen are required for reacting\n",
+"E=[(y-z)/z]*100;//The excess of air supplied in %\n",
+"\n",
+"//Output\n",
+"printf('The percentage excess air used is = %3.1f percentage',E)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.3: Air_fuel_ratio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"clear\n",
+"//Input data\n",
+"CO2=12.1;//The amount of carbondioxide released from the combustion in %\n",
+"O2=3.8;//The amount of oxygen released from the combustion in %\n",
+"CO=0.9;//The amount of carbonmonoxide released from the combustion in %\n",
+"MO=32;//Molecular weight of Oxygen\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"a=83.2/3.76;//Equating moles for nitrogen from the equation \n",
+"b=(2*a)-(2*CO2)-(2*O2)-CO;//Equating moles for oxygen from the equation\n",
+"x=CO2+CO;//Equating moles for carbon from the equation\n",
+"y=2*b;//Equating moles for hydrogen from the equation\n",
+"z=18.75;//Moles of Oxygen from the stoichiometric equation \n",
+"z1=a;//Moles of Oxygen from the combustion equation \n",
+"E=[(z1-z)/z]*100;//Percentage of excess air in%\n",
+"A=(a*MO)/0.232;//Actual air supplied per mole of C13H23\n",
+"Mc=179;//Molecular weight of C13H23\n",
+"Af=A/Mc;//Air fuel ratio during the test\n",
+"\n",
+"//Output\n",
+"printf('(a) The air fuel ratio during the test = %3.2f \n (b) The excess or deficiency of air used = %3.0f Percentage of excess air used',Af,E)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.4: Power_output_and_efficiency.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"clear\n",
+"//Input data\n",
+"C=61;//The mass of carbon present in the coal according to coal analysis on mass basis in %\n",
+"H=4;//The mass of hydrogen present in the coal according to coal analysis on mass basis in %\n",
+"O=3;//The mass of oxygen present in the coal according to coal analysis on mass basis in %\n",
+"N=2;//The mass of nitrogen present in the coal according to coal analysis on mass basis in %\n",
+"S=1;//The mass of sulphur present in the coal according to coal analysis on mass basis in %\n",
+"M=4;//The mass of moisture present in the coal according to coal analysis on mass basis in %\n",
+"A=25;//The mass of ash present in the coal according to coal analysis on mass basis in %\n",
+"HHV=24.3;//The high heating value of the coal i.e energy released by complete combustion of 1 kg fuel in MJ/kg\n",
+"CO2=12;//The amount of carbondioxide by volume according to dry flue gas analysis in %\n",
+"CO=1.5;//The amount of carbonmonoxide by volume according to dry flue gas analysis in %\n",
+"O2=7;//The amount of oxygen by volume according to dry flue gas analysis in %\n",
+"N2=79.5;//The amount of nitrogen by volume according to dry flue gas analysis in %\n",
+"Te=170;//Exhaust gas temperature in degree centigrade\n",
+"L=0.03;//Energy loss other than dry exhaust loss and incomplete combustion is 3% of HHV\n",
+"R=150;//Steam generation rate in t/h\n",
+"Po=100;//Steam condition at boiler outlet in bar\n",
+"To=500;//Steam condition at boiler outlet in degree centigrade\n",
+"Ti=160;//Feed water inlet temperature in degree centigrade\n",
+"HCO2=33083;//Heat of reaction in kJ/kg carbon\n",
+"HCO=9500;//Heat of reaction in kJ/kg carbon\n",
+"cp=1.05;//Heat capacity of dry flue gas (dfg) in kJ/kgK\n",
+"Ta=30;//The ambient temperature of air in degree centigrade\n",
+"Mc=44;//Molecular weight of Carbondioxide\n",
+"Mco=28;//Molecular weight of carbonmonoxide\n",
+"Mo=32;//Molecular weight of oxygen\n",
+"Mn=28;//Molecular weight of nitrogen\n",
+"Mx=12;//Molecular weight of carbon\n",
+"h1=3373.7;//Enthalpy at 100 bar and 500 degree centigrade in kJ/kg\n",
+"hf=675.55;//Enthalpy at 160 degree centigrade in kJ/kg\n",
+"hg=2724.7;//Enthalpy at 100 bar in kJ/kg\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"Mdfg=([(C/100)*[(Mc*(CO2/100))+(Mco*(CO/100))+(Mo*(N2/100))]]/[Mx*[(CO2/100)+(CO/100)]]);//Mass of dry flue gas produced per kg of fuel in kg\n",
+"Ed=Mdfg*cp*(Te-Ta);//Energy loss due to dry exhaust gas in kJ/kg fuel\n",
+"//Since Mdfg is 11.73kg through sciab calculation, there is a variation in Ed value and Ei value\n",
+"Ei=[(Mdfg)*(HCO2-HCO)*(Mx/Mco)]*[(Mco*(CO/100))/[(Mc*(CO2/100))+(Mco*(CO/100))+(Mo*(O2/100))+(Mco*(N2/100))]];//Energy loss due to incomplete combustion in kJ/kg fuel\n",
+"El=L*HHV;//Energy loss other than dry exhaust loss and incomplete combustion loss in MJ/kg fuel\n",
+"TEl=(Ed/1000)+(Ei/1000)+El;//Total energy loss in MJ/kg fuel\n",
+"Be=[(HHV-TEl)/(HHV)]*100;//Boiler efficiency in %\n",
+"Wf=([(R*1000)*(h1-hf)]/((Be/100)*HHV*1000))/3600;//The fuel burning rate in kg/s\n",
+"Wth=(11.5*(C/100))+(34.5*[(H/100)-(O/800)])+(4.3*(S/100));//Thearetical air required per kg of fuel in kg\n",
+"WA=[[(3.04*(N2/100)*(C/100))]/[(CO2/100)+(CO/100)]]-[(N/100)*(1/0.768)];//Actual air supplied per kg of fuel in kg\n",
+"per=[(WA-Wth)/Wth]*100;//Percentage excess air used in %\n",
+"pea=[(h1-hg)/(h1-hf)]*100;//Percentage of energy absorbed in the superheater\n",
+"\n",
+"//Output\n",
+"printf('(a)The amount of dry flue gas produced per kg fuel = %3.2f kg \n (b)The dry exhaust loss = %3.1f kJ/kg fuel and incomplete combustion loss per kg fuel = %3.2f kJ/kg fuel \n (c)The boiler efficiency = %3.2f percentage \n (d) THe fuel burning rate = %3.3f kg/s \n (e)The percentage of excess air used = %3.2f percentage \n (f) The percentage of energy absorbed in the superheater = %3.2f percentage',Mdfg,Ed,Ei,Be,Wf,per,pea)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.5: Total_volume_of_combustio.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"clear\n",
+"//Input data\n",
+"C=83.7;//The amount of carbon present in the fuel oil according to ultimate analysis of a fuel oil in %\n",
+"H=12.7;//The amount of hydrogen present in the fuel oil according to ultimate analysis of a fuel oil in %\n",
+"O=1.2;//The amount of oxygen present in the fuel oil according to ultimate analysis of a fuel oil in %\n",
+"N=1.7;//The amount of nitrogen present in the fuel oil according to ultimate analysis of a fuel oil in %\n",
+"S=0.7;//The amount of sulphur present in the fuel oil according to ultimate analysis of a fuel oil in %\n",
+"td=27;//The dry bulb temperature of combustion air in degree centigrade\n",
+"tw=21;//The wet bulb temperature of combustion air in degree centigrade\n",
+"E=0.3;//Excess air and assuming complete combustion in %\n",
+"t=200;//Temperature to find total volume of combustion products in degree centigrade\n",
+"p=1.013;//Pressure to find total volume of combustion procucts in bar\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"Wth=(11.5*(C/100))+[34.5*((H/100)-(O/100)*(1/8))]+(4.3*(S/100));//Theoretical air required per kg of fuel in kg\n",
+"WA=(1+E)*Wth;//Actual air required per kg of fuel in kg/kg fuel\n",
+"sh=0.0132;//Specific humidity at DBT and WBT in kg moisture/kg dry air\n",
+"W=WA*sh;//Water vapour entering with air per kg fuel in kg vap/kg fuel\n",
+"Tw=(9*(H/100))+WA;//Total water vapour formed per kg fuel in kg\n",
+"CO2=(44/12)*(C/100);//mass of carbondioxide gas per kg of fuel\n",
+"O2=0.232*E*Wth;//Mass of oxygen gas per kg of fuel\n",
+"N2=0.768*(1+E)*Wth+(N/100);//Mass of nitrogen gas per kg of fuel\n",
+"SO2=(64/32)*(S/100);//Mass of nitrogen gas per kg of fuel\n",
+"H2O=1.383;//Mass of water per kg of fuel\n",
+"M=(CO2/44)+(O2/32)+(N2/28)+(SO2/64)+(H2O/18);//Moles of combustion gases formed per kg fuel\n",
+"VG=M*22.4*[(273+t)/273]*(1.013/1.013);//Volume of flue gases at 200 degree centigrade and 1.013 bar per kg fuel\n",
+"CO21=((CO2/44)/[(CO2/44)+(O2/32)+(N2/28)])*100;//Composition of dry flue gas CO2 by volume\n",
+"O21=((O2/32)/[(CO2/44)+(O2/32)+(N2/28)])*100;//Composition of dry flue gas O2 by volume\n",
+"N21=((N2/28)/[(CO2/44)+(O2/32)+(N2/28)])*100;//Composition of dry flue gas N2 by volume\n",
+"\n",
+"//Output\n",
+"printf('(a)The total volume of combustion products at 200 degee centigrade and 1.013 bar = %3.2f m^3 \n (b)The dry flue gas analysis based on carbondioxide,oxygen and nitrogen is \n Carbondioxide = %3.2f percent \n Oxygen = %3.2f percent \n Nitrogen = %3.2f percent',VG,CO21,O21,N21)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.6: Flue_gas_analysis.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"clear\n",
+"//Input data\n",
+"C2H6=22.6;//The amount of gas present in the fuel gas according to volumetric analysis of fuel gas by volume in %\n",
+"CH4=73.6;//The amount of gas present in the fuel gas according to volumetric analysis of fuel gas by volume in %\n",
+"CO2=2.4;//The amount of gas present in the fuel gas according to volumetric analysis of fuel gas by volume in %\n",
+"N2=1.4;//The amount of gas present in the fuel gas according to volumetric analysis of fuel gas by volume in %\n",
+"E=0.25;//Assuming combustion air to be dry and in excess\n",
+"t=260;//The temperature for the total gas volume for complete combustion in degree centigrade\n",
+"p=1.013;//The pressure for the total gas volume for complete combustion in bar\n",
+"Mch=30;//Molecular weight of C2H6\n",
+"Mc=16;//Molecular weight of CH4\n",
+"Mco=44;//Molecular weight of CO2\n",
+"Mn=28;//Molecular weight of N2\n",
+"Mo=32;//Molecular weight of O2\n",
+"Mh=18;//Molecular weight of H2O\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"x=100;//Assuming 100 moles of fuel gas \n",
+"Mf=[(C2H6/100)*Mch]+[(CH4/100)*Mc]+[(N2/100)*Mn]+[(CO2/100)*Mco];//Molecular weight of fuel gas\n",
+"Ma=[(226.3*(Mo+(3.76*Mn))*(1+E))]/28.96;//Moles of air supplied\n",
+"Mc=1440;//Moles of combustion gas from the equation \n",
+"Mr=x+Ma+Mc;//Total reaction molecules\n",
+"Mwc=[(121.2*Mco)+(215*Mh)+(56.6*Mo)+(1065.4*Mn)]/Mc;//Molecular weight of combustion gas in kg/kgmol\n",
+"Mt=Mc/(x*20);//Total number of moles of combustion gas per kg fuel gas\n",
+"VG=Mt*22.4*[(273+t)/273];//Volume of combustion products per kg fuel gas\n",
+"CO21=(121.2/(121.2+56.6+1065.4))*100;//Gas analysis of CO2 by volume\n",
+"O21=(56.6/1243.2)*100;//Gas analysis of O2 by volume\n",
+"N2=(1065.4/1243.2)*100;//Gas analysis of N2 by volume\n",
+"\n",
+"//Output\n",
+"printf('(a)The molecular weight of the combustion products M = %3.2f kg/kg mol \n (b) The total gas volume for complete combustion at 260 degree centigrade and 1.013 bar is %3.2f m^3/kg fuel \n (c)The dry flue gas analysis on \n carbondioxide = %3.1f percent \n oxygen = %3.1f percent \n nitrogen = %3.1f percent ',Mwc,VG,CO21,O21,N2)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.7: Air_leakage.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"clear\n",
+"//Input data\n",
+"CO21=9.7;//Carbondioxide gas analysis before the air preheater \n",
+"CO22=9.2;//Carbondioxide gas analysis after the air preheater\n",
+"O21=4.0;//Oxygen gas analysis before the air preheater\n",
+"O22=4.9;//Oxygen gas analysis after the air preheater\n",
+"N21=86.3;//Nitrogen gas analysis before the air preheater\n",
+"N22=85.9;//Nitrogen gas analysis after the air preheater\n",
+"C=72;//The coal used shows the carbon percentage by mass in %\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"W1=[(3.04)*(N21/100)*(C/100)]/[(CO21/100)];//Before air preheater in kg air/kg fuel\n",
+"W2=[(3.04)*(N22/100)*(C/100)]/[(CO22/100)];//After air preheater in kg air/kg fuel\n",
+"A=W2-W1;//Air leakage in kg air/kg fuel\n",
+"\n",
+"//Output\n",
+"printf('The air leakage into the air preheater per kg of coal fired is %3.0f kg air/kg fuel',A)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.8: Height_of_stack_and_diameter_of_base.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"clear\n",
+"//Input data\n",
+"n=6;//Total lancashire boilers in a textile factory\n",
+"Ws=6;//Each boiler supplying steam in t/h\n",
+"p=16;//Pressure at which steam is supplied in bar\n",
+"t=250;//Temperature at which steam is supplied in degree centigrade\n",
+"CV=43960;//Calorific value of the fuel oil in kJ/kg\n",
+"no=75;//Overall efficiency of the boiler in %\n",
+"a=16;//The amount of air required for efficient burning of the fuel inkg\n",
+"H=20;//Drought of water gauge required at the base of chimney in mm\n",
+"tf=320;//The flue gases leave the boiler in degree centigrade\n",
+"ts=300;//The average temperature of the gases in the stack in degree centigrade\n",
+"ta=30;//The atmospheric temperature in degree centigrade\n",
+"R=0.287;//Real Gas constant in kJ/kgK\n",
+"h1=2919.2;//enthalpy at the entrance of the boiler in kJ/kgK\n",
+"hf=125.8;//Enthalpy at the feed in kJ/kgK\n",
+"pi=3.1412;//Mathematical constant\n",
+"g=9.81;//gravitational fore constant in m/s^2\n",
+"P=1.013;//Atmospheric pressure in bar\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"H1=[(H*R*(273+ta)*(273+ts))]/[P*100*[(273+ts)-(273+ta)]];//The draught produced in m\n",
+"Wf=[[(Ws*1000)*6*(h1-hf)]/((no/100)*CV)]/3600;//Air fuel ratio in kg/s\n",
+"Wa=a*Wf;//Actual air fuel ratio in kg/s\n",
+"Wfg=17*Wf;//Air fuel ratio in kg/s\n",
+"D=[[(Wfg*R*(273+ts)*(4/pi))]/[(101.3)*(2*g*H1)^(1/2)]]^(1/2);//Diameter at its base in m\n",
+"\n",
+"//Output\n",
+"printf('(a)The height of the stack H = %3.2f m \n (b)The diameter at its base D = %3.2f m ',H1,D)"
+   ]
+   }
+,
+{
+		   "cell_type": "markdown",
+		   "metadata": {},
+		   "source": [
+			"## Example 4.9: Motor_capacity.sce"
+		   ]
+		  },
+  {
+"cell_type": "code",
+	   "execution_count": null,
+	   "metadata": {
+	    "collapsed": true
+	   },
+	   "outputs": [],
+"source": [
+"clc\n",
+"clear\n",
+"//Input data\n",
+"Wf=10;//Coal rate in t/h\n",
+"C=78;//The mass of carbon present in the coal according to coal analysis on mass basis in %\n",
+"H=3;//The mass of hydrogen present in the coal according to coal analysis on mass basis in %\n",
+"O=3;//The mass of oxygen present in the coal according to coal analysis on mass basis in %\n",
+"S=1;//The mass of sulphur present in the coal according to coal analysis on mass basis in %\n",
+"M=7;//The mass of moisture present in the coal according to coal analysis on mass basis in %\n",
+"A=8;//The mass of ash present in the coal according to coal analysis on mass basis in %\n",
+"E=0.3;//Excess air in percentage\n",
+"p=180;//Plenum chamber pressure in mm water gauge\n",
+"nm=0.6;//Mechanical efficiency of the fan\n",
+"ta=30;//Room temperature in degree centigrade\n",
+"R=0.287;//Real gas constant\n",
+"P=101.325;//Atmospheric pressure in kPa\n",
+"g=9.812;//gravitational force constant m/s^2\n",
+"\n",
+"//Calculations\n",
+"Wth=(11.5*(C/100))+(34.5*[(H/100)-(O/(8*100))])+(4.3*(S/100));//Theoretical air required per kg fuel in kg air/kg fuel\n",
+"WA=Wth*(1+0.3);//Actual air required per kg fuel in kg air/kg fuel\n",
+"Va=(R*(273+ta))/P;//Volume flow rate of air in m^3/kg\n",
+"FD=((WA*Wf*1000*Va*p*g)/(3600*nm))/1000;//FD fan motor capacity in kW\n",
+"\n",
+"//Output\n",
+"printf('The required motor capacity needed for the FD fan is %3.2f kW ',FD)"
+   ]
+   }
+],
+"metadata": {
+		  "kernelspec": {
+		   "display_name": "Scilab",
+		   "language": "scilab",
+		   "name": "scilab"
+		  },
+		  "language_info": {
+		   "file_extension": ".sce",
+		   "help_links": [
+			{
+			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
+			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
+			}
+		   ],
+		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
+		   "name": "scilab",
+		   "version": "0.7.1"
+		  }
+		 },
+		 "nbformat": 4,
+		 "nbformat_minor": 0
+}