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+//Refer to the figure 1.12
+//Initialization of variables for fig. a
+     Nb=4//The number of binary links
+     Nt=4//The number of ternary links
+     No=0//The number of other (quartenary etc.) links
+     N = (Nb+Nt+No) //The number of total links
+     L = 4//The number of loops
+//calculation
+     P1= (N+L-1)//The enumber of joints or pairs
+     F = 3*(N-1)-(2*P1)//The number of degrees of freedom
+//Result
+clc
+printf(' (a)The total number of links is %f \n',N)
+printf('The number of joints is %f \n',P1)
+printf('The number of degrees of freedom is %f \n The linkage has negative degree of freedom and thus is a superstructure.\n',F)
+//Initialization of variables for fig. b
+     Nb=4//The number of binary links
+     Nt=4//The number of ternary links
+     No=0//The number of other (quartenary etc.) links
+     N = (Nb+Nt+No) //The number of total links
+     L = 3//The number of loops
+//calculation
+     P1= (N+L-1)//The enumber of joints or pairs
+     F = 3*(N-1)-(2*P1)//The number of degrees of freedom
+//Result
+printf(' (b)The total number of links is %f \n',N)
+printf('The number of joints is %f \n',P1)
+printf('The number of degrees of freedom is %f \n The linkage has a constrained motion when one of the seven moving links is driven by an external source\n',F)
+//Initialization of variables for fig. c
+     Nb=7//The number of binary links
+     Nt=2//The number of ternary links
+     No=2//The number of other (quartenary etc.) links
+     N = (Nb+Nt+No) //The number of total links
+     L = 5//The number of loops
+//calculation
+     P1= (N+L-1)//The enumber of joints or pairs
+     F = 3*(N-1)-(2*P1)//The number of degrees of freedom
+//Result
+printf(' (c)The total number of links is %f \n',N)
+printf('The number of joints is %f \n',P1)
+printf('The number of degrees of freedom is %f \n Therefore, the linkage is a structure\n',F)