summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/3862/CH8
diff options
context:
space:
mode:
Diffstat (limited to '3862/CH8')
-rw-r--r--3862/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce19
-rw-r--r--3862/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce26
-rw-r--r--3862/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce30
-rw-r--r--3862/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce37
-rw-r--r--3862/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce35
-rw-r--r--3862/CH8/EX8.17/Ex8_17.sce13
-rw-r--r--3862/CH8/EX8.18/Ex8_18.sce14
-rw-r--r--3862/CH8/EX8.19/Ex8_19.sce26
-rw-r--r--3862/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce18
-rw-r--r--3862/CH8/EX8.20/Ex8_20.sce25
-rw-r--r--3862/CH8/EX8.21/Ex8_21.sce23
-rw-r--r--3862/CH8/EX8.22/Ex8_22.sce21
-rw-r--r--3862/CH8/EX8.23/Ex8_23.sce28
-rw-r--r--3862/CH8/EX8.24/Ex8_24.sce32
-rw-r--r--3862/CH8/EX8.26/Ex8_26.sce20
-rw-r--r--3862/CH8/EX8.27/Ex8_27.sce21
-rw-r--r--3862/CH8/EX8.28/Ex8_28.sce32
-rw-r--r--3862/CH8/EX8.29/Ex8_29.sce22
-rw-r--r--3862/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce34
-rw-r--r--3862/CH8/EX8.30/Ex8_30.sce10
-rw-r--r--3862/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce36
-rw-r--r--3862/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce22
-rw-r--r--3862/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce23
23 files changed, 567 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/3862/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/3862/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b5268249f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3862/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+clear
+//
+
+//variable declaration
+
+P=(40000) //Load,N
+E=(200000) //Modulus of elasticity for steel,N/mm^2
+L=500 //length of circular rod,mm
+d=(16) //diameter of rod,mm
+
+A=(%pi*((d**2)))/4 //sectional area** mm^2
+p=P/A //stress, N/mm^2
+e=p/E //strain
+delta=(P*L)/(A*E) //Elongation,mm
+
+printf("\n sectional area= %0.2f mm^2",A)
+printf("\n stress= %0.2f N/mm^2",p)
+printf("\n strain= %0.10f ",e)
+printf("\n Elongation= %0.3f mm",delta)
diff --git a/3862/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce b/3862/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f97272901
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3862/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+clear
+//
+
+//variable declaration
+
+P=(200) //loading,KN
+E=200*1000
+d1=40 //Young's modulus,N/mm^2
+A= %pi*(d1**2)/4 //Area of uniform portion**mm^2
+L1=1500 //length of uniform portion,mm
+d2=60 //diameter of tapered section,mm
+L2=500 //length of tapered section,mm
+//Extensions of uniform portion and tapering portion are worked out separately and then added to get extension of the given bar.
+
+//Extension of uniform portion
+
+delta1=(P*1000*L1)/(A*E)
+
+printf("\n delta1= %0.3f mm",delta1)
+
+delta2=(P*1000*4*L2)/(E*%pi*d1*d2)
+
+printf("\n delta2= %0.3f mm",delta2)
+
+T=delta1 + delta2
+printf("\n Total extension %0.3f mm",T)
diff --git a/3862/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce b/3862/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..64318da59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3862/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+clear
+//
+
+//variable declaration
+
+P=(60) //load,KN
+d=(25) //diameter,mm
+A=%pi*(d**2)/4 //Area**mm^2
+L=(200) //gauge length,mm
+
+delta=0.12 //extension,mm
+deltad=0.0045 //contraction in diameter,mm
+Linearstrain=delta/L
+Lateralstrain=deltad/d
+
+Pr=Lateralstrain/Linearstrain
+
+printf("\n Poissons ratio= %0.1f ",Pr)
+
+E=(P*1000*L)/(A*delta)
+
+printf("\n E= %0.2f N/mm^2",E)
+
+G=E/(2*(1+Pr)) //Rigidity modulus
+
+printf("\n G= %0.1f N/mm^2",G)
+
+K=E/(3*(1-(2*Pr))) //bulk modulus
+
+printf("\n K= %0.2f N/mm^2",K)
diff --git a/3862/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce b/3862/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2cd35001f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3862/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+clear
+//
+
+//variable declaration
+
+E=(2*100000) //Young's modulus,N/mm^2
+Pr=(0.3) //poisson's ratio
+
+G=E/(2*(1+Pr)) //Rigidity modulus
+
+K=E/(3*(1-2*(Pr))) //Bulk modulus
+
+printf("\n G= %0.1f N/mm^2",G)
+
+printf("\n K= %0.2f N/mm^2 ", K)
+
+P=60 //Load,kN
+A=%pi*(25**2)/4 //Area**mm^2
+
+Stress=P*1000/A //N/mm^2
+//Linear strain,ex
+
+ex=Stress/E
+
+//Lateralstrain,ey,ez
+
+ey=-1*Pr*ex
+ez=-1*Pr*ex
+
+//volumetric strain,ev=ex+ey+ez
+
+ev=ex+ey+ez
+
+v=%pi*(25**2)*500/4
+Changeinvolume=ev*v
+
+printf("\n change in volume %0.2f mm^3",Changeinvolume)
diff --git a/3862/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce b/3862/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f49987ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3862/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+clear
+//variable declaration
+// Let the x, y, z be the mutually perpendicular directions
+
+pr=(0.3)
+PX=(15) //Loading in x-direction,KN
+PY=(80) //Loading in Y-direction(compressive),KN
+PZ=(180) //Loading in Z-direction,KN
+
+//Area in X-,Y-,Z-Direction is AX,AY,AZ respectively,mm^2
+
+AX=(10*30)
+AY=(10*400)
+AZ=(30*400)
+
+//stress devoloped in X-,Y-,Z- direction as px,py,pz respectively,N/mm^2
+
+px=PX*1000/AX
+py=PY*1000/AY
+pz=PZ*1000/AZ
+
+//Noting that a stress produces a strain of p/E in its own direction, the nature being same as that of stress and µ p E in lateral direction of opposite nature, and taking tensile stress as +ve, we can write expression for strains ex, ey, ez.
+E=2*100000 //young's modulus,N/mm^2
+
+ex=(px/E)+(pr*py/E)-(pr*pz/E)
+ey=(-pr*px/E)-(py/E)-(pr*pz/E)
+ez=(-pr*px/E)+(pr*py/E)+(pz/E)
+
+ev=ex+ey+ez //Volumetric strain
+
+volume=10*30*400
+
+Changeinvolume=ev*volume
+
+printf("\n Change in volume= %0.2f mm^3",Changeinvolume)
diff --git a/3862/CH8/EX8.17/Ex8_17.sce b/3862/CH8/EX8.17/Ex8_17.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a444c31bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3862/CH8/EX8.17/Ex8_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clear
+//variable declaration
+
+E=(2.1*100000) //Young’s modulus of the material,N/mm^2
+G=(0.78*100000) //modulus of rigidity,N/mm^2
+
+pr=(E/(2*G))-1
+
+printf("\n poissons Ratio= %0.3f ",pr)
+
+K=E/(3*(1-2*pr))
+
+printf("\n Bulk modulus= %0.3f N/mm^2",K)
diff --git a/3862/CH8/EX8.18/Ex8_18.sce b/3862/CH8/EX8.18/Ex8_18.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2be3a616a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3862/CH8/EX8.18/Ex8_18.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clear
+//variable declaration
+
+G=(0.4*100000) //modulus of rigidity of material,N/mm^2
+K=(0.8*100000) //bulk modulus,N/mm^2
+
+E=(9*G*K)/(3*K+G)
+
+
+printf("\n Youngs modulus= %0.3f N",E)
+
+pr=(E/(2*G))-1
+
+printf("\n Poissons Ratio %0.4f ",pr)
diff --git a/3862/CH8/EX8.19/Ex8_19.sce b/3862/CH8/EX8.19/Ex8_19.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..506660ea3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3862/CH8/EX8.19/Ex8_19.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+clear
+//variable declaration
+
+L=(600) //compound bar of length,mm
+P=(60) //compound bar when axial tensile force ,KN
+
+Aa=(40*20) //area of aluminium strip,mm^2
+As=(60*15) //area of steel strip,mm^2
+
+Ea=1*100000 // elastic modulus of aluminium,N/mm^2
+Es=2*100000 // elastic modulus of steel,N/mm^2
+
+//load shared by aluminium strip be Pa and that shared by steel be Ps. Then from equilibrium condition Pa+Ps=P
+//From compatibility condition, deltaAL=deltaS
+Pa=(P*1000)/(1+((As*Es)/(Aa*Ea)))
+Ps=Pa*((As*Es)/(Aa*Ea))
+
+Sias=Pa/Aa
+printf("\n Stress in aluminium strip= %0.2f N/mm^2",Sias)
+Siss=Ps/As
+printf("\n Stress in steel strip= %0.2f N/mm^2",Siss)
+
+L=600
+//Extension of the compound bar
+deltal=(Pa*L)/(Aa*Ea)
+printf("\n Extension of the compound bar= %0.3f mm",deltal)
diff --git a/3862/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/3862/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f8d1fb8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3862/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+clear
+//variable declaration
+
+P=(120) // force applied during measurement,N
+E=(200000) //Modulus of elasticity for steel,N/mm^2
+L=(30) //length of Surveyor’s steel tape,mm
+
+
+A=15*0.75 //area, mm^2
+delta=((P*L*1000)/(A*E)) //Elongation,mm
+
+printf("\n area= %0.2f mm^2",A)
+printf("\n Elongation= %0.3f mm",delta)
+
+printf("\n Hence, if measured length is %0.3f m.", L)
+printf("\n Actual length is %0.6f m",(L+(delta/1000)))
+
+printf("\n Actual length of line AB= %0.3f m.",(150*(L+(delta/1000))/30))
diff --git a/3862/CH8/EX8.20/Ex8_20.sce b/3862/CH8/EX8.20/Ex8_20.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8800b01b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3862/CH8/EX8.20/Ex8_20.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+clear
+//
+
+//variable declaration
+
+Es=(2*100000) //Young's modulus of steel rod ,N/mm^2
+Ec=(1.2*100000) //Young's modulus of copper tube,N/mm^2
+
+di=(25) //internal diameter,mm
+de=(40) //external diameter,mm
+
+As=%pi*(di**2)/4 //Area of steel rod**mm^2
+Ac=%pi*((de**2)-(di**2))/4 //Area of copper tube**mm^2
+P=120 //load, KN
+//From equation of equilibrium, Ps+Pc=P,where Ps is the load shared by steel rod and Pc is the load shared by the copper tube.
+//From compatibility condition,deltaS=deltaC
+
+Pc=(P*1000)/(1+((As*Es)/(Ac*Ec)))
+Ps=Pc*((As*Es)/(Ac*Ec))
+
+SIC=Pc/Ac //stress in copper, N/mm^2
+SIS=Ps/As //stress in steel,N/mm^2
+
+printf("\n stress in Copper= %0.2f N/mm^2",SIC)
+printf("\n stress in Steel= %0.2f N/mm^2",SIS)
diff --git a/3862/CH8/EX8.21/Ex8_21.sce b/3862/CH8/EX8.21/Ex8_21.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5c7a1f805
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3862/CH8/EX8.21/Ex8_21.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+clear
+//
+
+//variable declaration
+//Es/Ec=18(given)
+Er=(18) //young modulus ratio Er=Es/Ec
+d=(16) //steel bar diameter,mm
+//8 steel bars
+As=8*%pi*(d**2)/4 //Area of steel bar**mm^2
+Ac=(300*500)-As //Area of concrete,mm^2
+
+P=800 //Compressive force, KN
+//From equation of equilibrium, Ps+Pc=P,where Ps is the load shared by steel bar and Pc is the load shared by the Concrete
+//From compatibility condition,deltaS=deltaC
+
+Pc=(P*1000)/(1+((As*Er)/(Ac)))
+Ps=Pc*((As*Er)/(Ac))
+
+SIC=Pc/Ac //stress in Concrete, N/mm^2
+SIS=Ps/As //stress in steel,N/mm^2
+
+printf("\n stress in Concrete= %0.2f N/mm^2",SIC)
+printf("\n stress in Steel= %0.2f N/mm^2",SIS)
diff --git a/3862/CH8/EX8.22/Ex8_22.sce b/3862/CH8/EX8.22/Ex8_22.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9c4014752
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3862/CH8/EX8.22/Ex8_22.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+clear
+//variable declaration
+
+Es=(2*100000) //Young's modulus of steel ,N/mm^2
+Ea=(1*100000) //Young's modulus of aluminium,N/mm^2
+Ls=240 //length of steel,mm
+La=160 //length of aluminium,mm
+Aa=1200 //Area of aluminium,mm^2
+As=1000 //Area of steel,mm^2
+P=250 //load, KN
+//From equation of equilibrium, Ps+2Pa=P,et force shared by each aluminium pillar be Pa and that shared by steel pillar be Ps.
+//From compatibility condition,deltaS=deltaC
+
+Pa=(P*1000)/(2+((As*Es*La)/(Aa*Ea*Ls)))
+Ps=Pa*((As*Es*La)/(Aa*Ea*Ls))
+
+SIA=Pa/Aa //stress in aluminium, N/mm^2
+SIS=Ps/As //stress in steel,N/mm^2
+
+printf("\n stress in Aluminium= %0.2f N/mm^2",SIA)
+printf("\n stress in Steel= %0.2f N/mm^2",SIS)
diff --git a/3862/CH8/EX8.23/Ex8_23.sce b/3862/CH8/EX8.23/Ex8_23.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2911ca612
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3862/CH8/EX8.23/Ex8_23.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+clear
+//
+
+//variable declaration
+
+// Let the force shared by bolt be Ps and that by tube be Pc. Since there is no external force, static equilibrium condition gives Ps + Pc = 0 or Ps = – Pc i.e., the two forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in nature. Obviously bolt is in tension and tube is in compression.
+//Let the magnitude of force be P. Due to quarter turn of the nut
+
+//[Note. Pitch means advancement of nut in one full turn]
+
+Ls=(600) //length of whole assembly,mm
+Lc=(600) //length of whole assembly,mm
+delta=(0.5)
+ds=(20) //diameter,mm
+di=(28) //internal diameter,mm
+de=(40) //external diameter,mm
+Es=(2*100000) //Young's modulus, N/mm^2
+Ec=(1.2*100000)
+As=%pi*(ds**2)/4 //area of steel bolt**mm^2
+Ac=%pi*((de**2)-(di**2))/4 //area of copper tube**mm^2
+
+P= (delta*(1/Ls))/((1/(As*Es))+(1/(Ac*Ec))) //Load,N
+
+ps=P/As //stress,N/mm^2
+pc=P/Ac //copper,N/mm^2
+
+printf("\n ps= %0.2f N/mm^2",ps)
+printf("\n pc= %0.2f N/mm^2",pc)
diff --git a/3862/CH8/EX8.24/Ex8_24.sce b/3862/CH8/EX8.24/Ex8_24.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..16fa6bc55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3862/CH8/EX8.24/Ex8_24.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+clear
+//variable declaration
+E=(2*100000) //Young's modulus,N/mm^2
+alpha=(0.000012) //expansion coeffecient,/°c
+L=(12) //length,m
+t=(40-18) //temperature difference,°c
+
+delta=alpha*t*L*1000 //free expansion of the rails,mm
+// Provide a minimum gap of 3.168 mm between the rails, so that temperature stresses do not develop
+
+// a) If no expansion joint is provided, free expansion prevented is equal to 3.168 mm
+
+//delta=(P*L)/(A*E) & p=P/A where p is stress, P,A is load,area
+
+p1=(delta*E)/(L*1000) //stress developed , N/mm^2
+
+printf("\n (a) p= %0.1f N/mm^2",p1)
+
+//(b) If a gap of 1.5 mm is provided, free expansion prevented delta2 = 3.168 – 1.5 = 1.668 mm.
+
+delta2=1.668 //mm
+//delta2=(P*L)/(A*E) & p=P/A where p is stress, P,A is load,area
+
+p2=(delta2*E)/(L*1000) //stress developed , N/mm^2
+
+printf("\n (b) p= %0.1f N/mm^2",p2)
+
+// If the stress developed is 20 N/mm2, then p = P/ A
+p3=20 //stress developed,N/mm^2
+delta3=delta-(p3*L*1000/E)
+
+printf("\n (iii) delta= %0.3f mm",delta3)
diff --git a/3862/CH8/EX8.26/Ex8_26.sce b/3862/CH8/EX8.26/Ex8_26.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..56ebcca94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3862/CH8/EX8.26/Ex8_26.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+clear
+//variable declaration
+
+Ea=70*1000 //Young's modulus of aluminium,N/mm^2
+Es=200*1000 //Young's modulus of steel,N/mm^2
+
+alphaa=(0.000011) //expansion coefficient,/°C
+alphas=(0.000012) //expansion coefficient,/°C
+
+Aa=600 //Area of aluminium portion,mm^2
+As=400 //Area of steel, mm^2
+La=(1.5) //length of aluminium portion,m
+Ls=(3.0) //length of steel portion,m
+t=18 //temperature,°C
+
+delta=(alphaa*t*La*1000)+(alphas*t*Ls*1000) //mm
+
+P=(delta)/(((La*1000)/(Aa*Ea))+((Ls*1000)/(As*Es)))
+
+printf("\n P= %0.1f N",P)
diff --git a/3862/CH8/EX8.27/Ex8_27.sce b/3862/CH8/EX8.27/Ex8_27.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a119b6d77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3862/CH8/EX8.27/Ex8_27.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+clear
+//
+
+//variable declaration
+
+d1=(25) // variation linearly in diameter from 25 mm to 50 mm
+d2=(50)
+L=(500) //length,mm
+alpha=(0.000012) //expansion coeffecient,/°C
+t=25 //rise in temperture,°C
+E=2*100000 //Young's modulus,N/mm^2
+
+delta=alpha*t*L
+
+//If P is the force developed by supports, then it can cause a contraction of 4*P*L/(%pi*d1*d2*E)
+
+P=(delta*%pi*d1*d2*E)/(4*L)
+Am=%pi*(d1**2)/4
+Ms=P/Am
+
+printf("\n Corresponding maximum stress = %0.1f N/mm^2",Ms)
diff --git a/3862/CH8/EX8.28/Ex8_28.sce b/3862/CH8/EX8.28/Ex8_28.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c9511fb9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3862/CH8/EX8.28/Ex8_28.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+clear
+//
+
+//variable declaration
+
+Db=(20) //diameter of brass rod,mm
+Dse=(40) //external diameter of steel tube,mm
+Dsi=(20) //internal diameter of steel tube,mm
+Es=(2*100000 ) //Young's modulus steel, N/mm^2
+Eb=(1*100000 ) //Young's modulus brass, N/mm^2
+alphas=(0.0000116) //coeffcient of expansion of steel,/°C
+alphab=(0.0000187) //coeffcient of expansion of brass,/°C
+t=60 //raise in temperature, °C
+As=%pi*((Dse**2)-(Dsi**2))/4 //Area of steel tube** mm^2
+Ab=%pi*((Db**2))/4 //Area of brass rod**mm^2
+L=1200 //length,mm
+//Since free expansion of brass is more than free expansion of steel , compressive force Pb develops in brass and tensile force Ps develops in steel to keep the final position at CC
+
+//Horizontal equilibrium condition gives Pb = Ps, say P.
+
+P=((alphab-alphas)*t*L)/((L/(As*Es))+(L/(Ab*Eb)))
+
+ps=P/As
+pb=P/Ab
+
+printf("\n stress in steel= %0.2f N/mm^2",ps)
+printf("\n Stress in brass= %0.2f N/mm^2",pb)
+
+//the pin resist the force P at the two cross- sections at junction of two bars.
+
+Shearstress=P/(2*Ab)
+printf("\n Shear stress in pin %0.2f N/mm^2",Shearstress)
diff --git a/3862/CH8/EX8.29/Ex8_29.sce b/3862/CH8/EX8.29/Ex8_29.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e832dde3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3862/CH8/EX8.29/Ex8_29.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+clear
+//variable declaration
+
+L=(1000) //length of the bar at normal temperature,mm
+As=(50*10) //Area of steel,mm^2
+Ac=(40*5) //Area of copper,mm^2
+//Ac = Free expansion of copper is greater than free expansion of steel . To bring them to the same position, tensile force Ps acts on steel plate and compressive force Pc acts on each copper plate.
+alphas=(0.000012) //Expansion of coeffcient of steel,/°C
+alphac=(0.000017 ) //Expansion of coeffcient of copper,/°C
+t=80 //raise by temperature, °C
+Es=2*100000 //Young's modulus of steel,N/mm^2
+Ec=1*100000 //Young's modulus of copper,N/mm^2
+Pc=((alphac-alphas)*t*L)/((2*L/(As*Es)) +(L/(Ac*Ec)))
+Ps=2*Pc
+
+pc=Pc/Ac //Stress in copper,N/mm^2
+ps=Ps/As //Stress in steel, N/mm^2
+
+Changeinlength=alphas*t*L+(Ps*L/(As*Es))
+
+
+printf("\n Change in length= %0.2f mm",Changeinlength)
diff --git a/3862/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/3862/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a33b10123
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3862/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+clear
+//
+
+//variable declaration
+
+Y=(250) //Yield stress, N/mm^2
+FOS=(1.75) //Factor of safety
+P=(160) //Load,KN
+
+p=Y/FOS
+
+printf("\n Therefore, permissible stress")
+
+printf("\n p= %0.3f N/mm^2 ",p)
+printf("\n Load P= %0.3f N",P*1000)
+
+//p=P/A
+
+A=P*1000/p //area,mm^2
+
+printf("\n A= %0.0f mm^2",A)
+
+//For hollow section of outer diameter ‘D’ and inner diameter ‘d’ A=%pi*(D^2-d^2)/4
+D=(101.6) //outer diameter,mm
+
+d=sqrt((D**2)-(4*A/%pi))
+
+printf("\n d= %0.2f mm",d)
+
+t=(D-d)/2
+printf("\n t= %0.2f mm",t)
+
+printf("\n Hence, use of light section is recommended.")
+
diff --git a/3862/CH8/EX8.30/Ex8_30.sce b/3862/CH8/EX8.30/Ex8_30.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..23541ca6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3862/CH8/EX8.30/Ex8_30.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clear
+//variable declaration
+
+p=(2) //internal pressure, N/mm^2
+t=12 //thickness of thin cylinder,mm
+D=(1000) //internal diameter,mm
+
+f=(p*D)/(2*t) //Hoop stress,N/mm^2
+
+printf("\n Hoop stress f= %0.2f N/mm^2",f)
diff --git a/3862/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/3862/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b85cefc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3862/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+clear
+//
+
+//variable declaration
+
+d=(20) //Diameter ,mm
+Loadatelasticlimit=(102) //Load at elastic limit,KN
+P=80 //Load for extension of o.25mm , KN
+delta=(0.25) //extension in specimen of steel,mm
+L=200 //gauge length of specimen of steel,mm
+Finalextension=(56) //total extension at fracture,mm
+
+
+A=(%pi*(d**2))/4 //Area**mm^2
+printf("\n Area= %0.2f mm^2",A)
+
+Stressatelasticlimit=Loadatelasticlimit*1000/A //Stress at elastic limit,N/mm^2
+printf("\n Stress at elastic limit= %0.2f N/mm^2",Stressatelasticlimit)
+
+E=(P*1000/A)/(delta/L) //Young’s modulus ,N/mm^2
+printf("\n Youngs modulus E= %0.2f N/mm^22",E)
+
+Percentageelongation=Finalextension*100/L //percentage elongation,%
+printf("\n Percentage elongation= %0.3f percentage",Percentageelongation )
+
+Initialarea=(%pi*(d**2))/4
+
+Finalarea=(%pi*(15**2))/4 // total extension at fracture is 56 mm and diameter at neck is 15 mm.
+Percentagereductionina=(Initialarea-Finalarea)*100/Initialarea
+
+printf("\n Percentage reduction in area= %0.3f percentage",Percentagereductionina )
+
+UltimateLoad=130 //Maximum Load=130,kN
+UltimateTensileStress=UltimateLoad*1000/A
+
+printf("\n Ultimate Tensile Stress= %0.2f N/mm^2",UltimateTensileStress)
diff --git a/3862/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/3862/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd677a9cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3862/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+clear
+//
+
+//variable declaration
+
+P=(40) //Load,KN
+L1=150 //length of 1st portion,mm
+A1=%pi*(25**2)/4 //Area of 1st portion**mm^2
+L2=250 //length of 2nd portion,mm
+A2=%pi*(20**2)/4 //Area of 2nd portion**mm^2
+L3=150 //length of 3rd portion,mm
+A3=%pi*(25**2)/4 //Area of 3rd portion**mm^2
+
+//E,Young's modulus ,N/mm^2
+
+//Total extension= Extension of portion 1+Extension of portion 2+Extension of portion 3
+
+//Extension=(P*1000*L)/(A*E)
+
+E=((P*1000*L1/A1)+(P*1000*L2/A2)+(P*1000*L3/A3))/0.28
+
+printf("\n E= %0.2f N/mm^2",E)
diff --git a/3862/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/3862/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..12c961f0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3862/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+clear
+//
+
+//variable declaration
+
+P=(30) //Load,KN
+L1=600 //length of 1st portion,mm
+A1=40*20 //Area of 1st portion,mm^2
+
+E1=200000 // material 1 Young’s modulus,N/mm^2
+
+E2=100000 // material 2 Young’s modulus,N/mm^2
+
+
+L2=800 //length of 2nd portion,mm
+A2=30*20 //Area of 2nd portion,mm^2
+
+Extensionofportion1=(P*1000*L1)/(A1*E1) //mm
+Extensionofportion2=(P*1000*L2)/(A2*E2) //mm
+
+Totalextensionofthebar= Extensionofportion1 + Extensionofportion2
+
+printf("\n Total extension of the bar= %0.4f mm",Totalextensionofthebar)
generated by cgit (git 2.34.1) at 2024-12-19 15:12:40 +0000