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-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.1/ex2_1.sce11
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.10/ex2_10.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.11/ex2_11.sce11
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.12/ex2_12.sce9
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.13/ex2_13.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.14/ex2_14.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.15/ex2_15.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.16/ex2_16.sce4
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.17/ex2_17.sce16
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.18/ex2_18.sce16
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.19/ex2_19.sce12
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.2/ex2_2.sce14
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.20/ex2_20.sce6
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.21/ex2_21.sce13
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.22/ex2_22.sce12
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.23/ex2_23.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.24/ex2_24.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.25/ex2_25.sce16
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.26/ex2_26.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.27/ex2_27.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.28/ex2_28.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.29/ex2_29.sce19
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.3/ex2_3.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.30/ex2_30.sce13
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.31/ex2_31.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.32/ex2_32.sce17
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.33/ex2_33.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.34/ex2_34.sce12
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.35/ex2_35.sce11
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.36/ex2_36.sce13
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.37/ex2_37.sce16
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.38/ex2_38.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.39/ex2_39.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.4/ex2_4.sce13
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.40/ex2_40.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.41/ex2_41.sce15
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.42/ex2_42.sce12
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.43/ex2_43.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.44/ex2_44.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.45/ex2_45.sce11
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.46/ex2_46.sce6
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.47/ex2_47.sce5
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.5/ex2_6.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.6/ex2_6.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.7/ex2_7.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.8/ex2_8.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH2/EX2.9/ex2_9.sce12
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH3/EX3.1/ex3_1.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH3/EX3.2/ex3_2.sce17
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH3/EX3.3/ex3_3.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH3/EX3.4/ex3_4.sce9
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH4/EX4.1/ex4_1.sce20
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH4/EX4.10/ex4_10.sce11
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH4/EX4.11/ex4_11.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH4/EX4.12/ex4_12.sce22
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH4/EX4.13/ex4_13.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH4/EX4.14/ex4_14.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH4/EX4.2/ex4_2.sce14
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH4/EX4.3/ex4_3.sce15
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH4/EX4.4/ex4_4.sce12
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH4/EX4.5/ex4_5.sce15
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH4/EX4.6/ex4_6.sce15
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH4/EX4.7/ex4_7.sce18
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH4/EX4.8/ex4_8.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH4/EX4.9/ex4_9.sce19
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH6/EX6.1/ex6_1.sce20
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH6/EX6.2/ex6_2.sce13
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH7/EX7.1/ex7_1.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH7/EX7.10/ex7_10.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH7/EX7.11/ex7_11.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH7/EX7.12/ex7_12.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH7/EX7.13/ex7_13.sce6
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH7/EX7.14/ex7_14.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH7/EX7.15/ex7_15.sce5
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH7/EX7.16/ex7_16.sce6
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH7/EX7.17/ex7_17.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH7/EX7.18/ex7_18.sce6
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH7/EX7.2/ex7_2.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH7/EX7.3/ex7_3.sce7
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH7/EX7.4/ex7_4.sce12
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH7/EX7.5/ex7_5.sce12
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH7/EX7.6/ex7_6.sce5
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH7/EX7.7/ex7_7.sce8
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH7/EX7.8/ex7_8.sce10
-rwxr-xr-x2863/CH7/EX7.9/ex7_9.sce10
85 files changed, 895 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.1/ex2_1.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.1/ex2_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2a4fc8a0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.1/ex2_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//chapter 2
+//formula is Etheta=60*pi*I(dl/lambda)*(sin(theta)/r) where thetha=90
+printf("\n");
+r=200;
+printf("distance between points is %dm",r);
+lam=10;
+printf("\nthe wavelength is %dm",lam);
+idl=3*10^-4;
+printf("\nthe current element is %eA/m",idl);
+Etheta=60*3.14*3*10^-3/2;
+printf("\nEtheta is value is %eV/m",Etheta);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.10/ex2_10.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.10/ex2_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2fede17f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.10/ex2_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//chapter 2
+//Rrad=36.5ohm
+//Irms=Im/sqrt(2)
+printf("\n");
+Im=1.22;//on applying Kvl
+Pavg=36.5*(1.122/sqrt(2))^2;
+printf("the average power is %gW",Pavg);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.11/ex2_11.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.11/ex2_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3dfdc4ac3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.11/ex2_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//chapter 2
+//Hphi=Im*dl*sin(theta)/(2*lamda*r);
+//for Hertzian Dipole
+printf("\n");
+Hphi=5*10^-6;
+lamda=1;//assume
+dl=0.04;
+Im=(5*10^-6)*2*(2*10^3)/(0.04);
+Irms=Im/(sqrt(2));
+Prad=80*(%pi)^2*(0.04)^2*(Irms)^2;
+printf("the radiated Power is %gW",Prad);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.12/ex2_12.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.12/ex2_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..760bfea9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.12/ex2_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//chapter 2
+//For Half wave Dipole
+//Hphi=Im/(2*pi*r)*cos(pi/2*cos(theta)/sin(theta))
+//Rrad=73 ohm
+Hphi=5*10^-6;
+r=2*10^3;
+Im=(5*10^-6)*(4*(%pi)*10^3);
+Prad=73*(Im/sqrt(2))^2;
+printf("the radiated power is %gW",Prad);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.13/ex2_13.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.13/ex2_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..432b79d2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.13/ex2_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//chapter 2
+//For quarter wave monopole
+//Rrad=36.5 ohm
+Im=20*(%pi)*10^-3;//from previous problem
+Prad=36.5*((20*(%pi)*10^-3)/sqrt(2))^2;
+printf("the radiated power is %gW",Prad);
+
+
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.14/ex2_14.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.14/ex2_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1eab49cfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.14/ex2_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//chapter 2
+//lamda=velocity/frequency
+printf("\n");
+frequency=50*10^6;
+lamda=3*10^8/frequency;
+leng=lamda/2;
+printf("the length of the dipole antenna is %dm",leng);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.15/ex2_15.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.15/ex2_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0a18b4550
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.15/ex2_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//chapter 2
+//Etheta=60*Im*cos(pi/2*cos(theta)/sin(theta))/r
+printf("\n");
+r=500*10^3;
+Etheta=10*10^-6;
+Im=Etheta*r/60;
+printf("the current through the dipole is %gA",Im);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.16/ex2_16.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.16/ex2_16.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f69618bd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.16/ex2_16.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+//chapter 2
+//for half wave dipole
+Pavg=0.5*73*0.0833;//Rrad*Irms^2;Rrad=73 ohm
+printf("the radiated power is %gW",Pavg);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.17/ex2_17.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.17/ex2_17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e6e56cd70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.17/ex2_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//chapter 2
+//efficiency=Prad/Pinput
+//efficiency=0.95,Umax=0.5W/sr,D=Umax/[Prad/4*pi];
+//part (i)
+printf("\n");
+Pinput=0.4;
+n=0.95;
+Umax=0.5;
+Prad=n*Pinput;
+printf("the radiated power is %gW",Prad);
+D=0.5/(0.38/(4*(%pi)));
+printf("\nthe directivity is %g",D);
+//part(ii)
+Prad=0.3;
+D=0.5/(0.3/(4*(%pi)));
+printf("\nthe directivity is%g",D);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.18/ex2_18.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.18/ex2_18.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..02aa846e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.18/ex2_18.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//chapter 2
+//for half wave dipole
+//on applying kvl
+printf("\n");
+Im=0.0768;
+Rrad=73;
+r=10^4;
+Prad=0.5*Rrad*Im^2;//Rrad=73 for half wave dipole
+printf("the radiated power is %gW",Prad);
+Gd=1.6405//on taking antilog of Gd(in db)
+E4=Prad/(4*(%pi)*r^2);
+E3=1.6405*E4;
+E2=E3*240*(%pi);
+printf("\n%g",E2);
+E=sqrt(E2);
+printf("\nthe field value is %gV/m",E);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.19/ex2_19.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.19/ex2_19.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1c232ade4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.19/ex2_19.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//chapter 2
+//frequency=100 MHz
+printf("\n");
+frequency=100*10^6;
+lamda=3*10^8/frequency;
+leng=lamda/2;
+printf("the length of antenna is %gm",leng);
+Rrad=73;
+Im=25;
+Prad=Rrad*0.5*Im^2;
+printf("\nthe power radiated is %gW",Prad);
+
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.2/ex2_2.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.2/ex2_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f5c293b4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.2/ex2_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//chapter 2
+//formula etta=Prad/Prad+Ploss=Rrad/Rrad+Rloss
+printf("\n");
+Rrad=72;
+printf("radiation resistance is %dohm",Rrad);
+Rloss=8;
+ettar=72/(72+8);
+printf("\nthe Loss resistance is %dohm",Rloss);
+Gpmax=30;
+printf("\nthe power gain of antenna is %d",Gpmax);
+Gdmax=Gpmax/ettar;
+Gdmax1=10 *log10(Gdmax);//in db
+printf("\nthe Directivity gain is %g",Gdmax);
+printf("\nthe Directivity gain in db is given by %edb",Gdmax1);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.20/ex2_20.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.20/ex2_20.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8a7cb5177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.20/ex2_20.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//chapter 2
+printf("\n");
+Im=15;
+Prad=6*10^3;
+Rrad=Prad/(Im/sqrt(2))^2;
+printf("the radiation resistance is %gohm",Rrad);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.21/ex2_21.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.21/ex2_21.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b9c263b25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.21/ex2_21.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//chapter 2
+//Gpmax=n*Gdmax
+//N=Rrad/Rrad+Rloss
+printf("\n");
+Rrad=72;
+Rloss=8;
+n=Rrad/(Rrad+Rloss);
+printf("the radiation efficiency is given by %g",n);
+Gpmax=15.8489;//antilog(Gpmax/10);Gpmax=12db
+Gdmax=Gpmax/n;
+Gdmaxdb=10*log10(Gdmax);
+printf("\nthe directive gain is %g",Gdmax);
+printf("\nthe directive gain in db is %g",Gdmaxdb);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.22/ex2_22.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.22/ex2_22.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..35336dad6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.22/ex2_22.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//chapter 2
+printf("\n");
+dl=1/40;
+Im=125;
+Rloss=1;
+Rrad=80*(%pi)^2*(dl)^2;
+printf("the Radiation resistance is %gohm",Rrad);
+Irms=Im/sqrt(2);
+Prad=Rrad*(Irms)^2;
+printf("\nthe Power radiated is %gW",Prad);
+n=Rrad/(Rrad+Rloss);
+printf("\nthe radiation efficiency is %g",n);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.23/ex2_23.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.23/ex2_23.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..730c89e27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.23/ex2_23.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//chapter 2
+//|E|^2=sqrt(60*Gd*Prad)/r;
+printf("\n");
+r=10^4;
+Gd=3.1622//antilog(5db/10)
+Prad=20*10^3;
+E=sqrt(60*Gd*Prad)/r;
+printf("the Electric field value is %gV/m",E);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.24/ex2_24.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.24/ex2_24.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5ef7ed92e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.24/ex2_24.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//chapter 2
+//Gd=antilog(12db/10)
+printf("\n");
+Gd=15.85;
+Prad=5*10^3;
+r=3*10^3;
+E=sqrt(60*Gd*Prad)/r;
+printf("the electric field is %gV/m",E);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.25/ex2_25.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.25/ex2_25.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..cca174521
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.25/ex2_25.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//chapter 2
+//R=l*sqrt(pi*F*Uo*Sigma)/Sigma*2*pi*r
+printf("\n");
+L=2;
+r=1*10^-3;
+f=2*10^6;
+u=4*(%pi)*10^-7;
+sig=5.7*10^6;
+R=sqrt((%pi)*2*10^6*4*(%pi)*10^-7/(5.7*10^6))*L/(2*(%pi)*10^-3);
+printf("the resistance of hertzian dipole is %gohm",R);
+dl=2
+frequency=2*10^6;
+lamda=3*10^8/(frequency);
+Rrad=80*(%pi)^2*(dl/lamda)^2;
+n=Rrad/(Rrad+R);
+printf("\nthe radiation efficiency is %gohm",n);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.26/ex2_26.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.26/ex2_26.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..def44f366
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.26/ex2_26.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//chapter 2
+//half wave dipole
+printf("\n");
+dl=1/15;//assume lamda=1;
+Rloss=1.5;
+Rrad=80*(%pi)^2*(1/15)^2;
+n=Rrad/(Rrad+Rloss);
+printf("the radiation efficiency is %g",n);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.27/ex2_27.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.27/ex2_27.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f289cd05d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.27/ex2_27.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//chapter 2
+//Leff=Voc/E
+printf("\n");
+Leff=8;
+E=0.01;
+Voc=Leff*E;
+printf("the voltage induced is %gV",Voc);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.28/ex2_28.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.28/ex2_28.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6f73abee3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.28/ex2_28.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//chapter 2
+//Antenna Bandwidth=Operating Frequency/Q;
+printf("\n");
+Q=30;
+f=10*10^6;
+f0=f*Q;
+c=3*10^8;
+lamda=c/f0;
+leng=lamda/2;
+printf("the length of the half wave dipole is %gm",leng);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.29/ex2_29.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.29/ex2_29.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7de666ba3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.29/ex2_29.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//chapter 2
+//part a
+printf("\n");
+c=3*10^8;
+f=10^9;
+lamda=c/f;
+printf("the wavelength is %gm",lamda);
+//part b
+dl=3*10^-2;
+Rrad=80*(%pi)^2*(dl/lamda)^2;
+printf("\nthe radiation resistance is %gohm",Rrad);
+//part c
+Gdmax=1.5//Gd=1.5sin^2(theta),where theta=90 for short dipole
+n=0.6;
+Gp=n*Gdmax;
+printf("\nthe antenna gain is given by %g",Gp);
+//part d
+Ae=1.5*(lamda)^2/(4*(%pi));
+printf("\nthe effective aperture is %gm^2",Ae);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.3/ex2_3.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.3/ex2_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..dccc61fa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.3/ex2_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//chapter 2
+//Rrad=80*pi^2*(dl/lambda)^2
+printf("\n");
+dl=0.1;
+printf("the elemental length is given by %g",dl);
+Rrad=80*(%pi)^2*(0.1)^2;
+printf("\nthe radiation resistance is %gohm",Rrad);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.30/ex2_30.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.30/ex2_30.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7c34120b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.30/ex2_30.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//chapter 2
+//P=k(Ta+Tr)B
+printf("\n");
+Ta=15;
+Tr=20;
+b=4*10^6;
+//part a
+k=1.38*10^-23;
+Pb=k*(Ta+Tr);
+printf("the power per unit bandwidth is %gW/hz",Pb);
+//part b
+P=Pb*b;
+printf("\nthe available noise power is %gW",P);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.31/ex2_31.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.31/ex2_31.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7fd3678f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.31/ex2_31.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//chapter 2
+//Q=Fo/delf;
+printf("\n");
+f0=30*10^6;
+f=600*10^3;
+Q=f0/f;
+printf("the tuning factor Q is %d",Q);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.32/ex2_32.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.32/ex2_32.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..370ba8a47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.32/ex2_32.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//chapter 2
+//part a
+printf("\n");
+c=3*10^8;
+frequency=20*10^9;
+lamda=c/frequency;
+printf("the wavelength is %gm",lamda);
+//part b
+//Ae=G*(lamda)^2/4*pi
+r=0.61;
+Aep=(%pi)*r^2;
+printf("\nthe effective physical aperture is %gm^2",Aep);
+Ae=0.55*Aep;
+Ga=(Ae*4*(%pi))/(lamda)^2;
+Gdb=10*log10(Ga);
+printf("\nthe antenna gain is %g",Ga);
+printf("\nthe antenna gain in db is %gdb",Gdb);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.33/ex2_33.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.33/ex2_33.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..98005d652
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.33/ex2_33.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//chapter 2
+printf("\n");
+f=30*10^6;
+c=3*10^8;
+lamda=c/f;
+leng=lamda/2;
+printf("the length of half wave dipole is %dm",leng);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.34/ex2_34.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.34/ex2_34.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b7952974e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.34/ex2_34.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//chapter 2
+printf("\n");
+Rrad=72;
+Rloss=8;
+Gp=16;
+n=Rrad/(Rrad+Rloss);
+printf("the radiation efficiency is %g",n);
+Gp=16;
+Gd=Gp/n;
+Gddb=10*log10(Gd);
+printf("\nthe directive gain is %g",Gd);
+printf("\nthe directive gain in db is %gdb",Gddb);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.35/ex2_35.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.35/ex2_35.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b88273964
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.35/ex2_35.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//chapter 2
+printf("\n");
+Gt=1.5;
+Gr=1.5;
+d=10;
+Pt=15;
+f=10^9;
+c=3*10^8;
+lamda=c/f;
+Pr=Pt*Gt*Gr*(lamda/(4*(%pi)*d))^2;
+printf("the radiated power is %gW",Pr);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.36/ex2_36.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.36/ex2_36.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..365906821
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.36/ex2_36.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//chapter 2
+printf("\n");
+f=2*10^9;
+c=3*10^8;
+lamda=c/f;
+printf("the wavelngth is %gm",lamda);
+//part b
+Pr=10^-12;
+Gt=200;
+Gr=200;
+d=3*10^6;
+Pt=((4*(%pi)*d)/lamda)^2*(Pr/(Gt*Gr));
+printf("\nthe transmitted power is %gW",Pt);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.37/ex2_37.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.37/ex2_37.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bcaf36978
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.37/ex2_37.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//chapter 2
+//part a
+printf("\n");
+c=3*10^8;
+f=100*10^6;
+lamda=c/f;
+printf("the wavelength is %dm",lamda);
+//part b
+Gt=15.8489//antilog(12/10)
+Pt=10^-1;
+Pr=10^-9;
+d=384.4*10^6;//238857*1609.35
+Gr=(((4*(%pi)*d)/lamda)^2*Pr)/(Pt*Gt);
+printf("\nthe gain of receiver is %g",Gr);
+Grdb=10*log10(Gr);
+printf("\nthe gain of receiver in db is %gdb",Grdb);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.38/ex2_38.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.38/ex2_38.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1f82edbcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.38/ex2_38.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//chapter 2
+printf("\n");
+Q=15;
+lamda=1;
+c=3*10^8;
+f0=c/lamda;
+Bw=f0/Q;
+printf("the bandwidth of antenna is %eHz",Bw);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.39/ex2_39.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.39/ex2_39.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7df8b8028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.39/ex2_39.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//chapter 2
+//Aemax=Gdmax*lamda^2/4*pi;
+printf("\n");
+Aemax=0.13;//assume lamda=1 for half wave dipole
+Gdmax=4*(%pi)*Aemax;
+printf("the maximum directive gain is %g",Gdmax);
+Gdmaxdb=10*log10(Gdmax);
+printf("\nthe maximum directive gian in db is %gdb",Gdmaxdb);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.4/ex2_4.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.4/ex2_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8e096cee7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.4/ex2_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//chapter 2
+//Prad=80*(pi)^2*(dl/lambda)*(Irms)^2;
+printf("\n");
+frequency=100*10^6;
+lamda=(3*10^8)/(100*10^6);//lamda=c/f;
+printf("the wavelength is %dm",lamda);
+Prad=100;
+printf("\nthe Radiated power is %dW",Prad);
+dl=0.01;
+printf("\nthe elemental length is %gm",dl);
+Irms2=(3/0.01)^2*100/(80*(%pi)^2);
+Irms=sqrt(Irms2);
+printf("\nthe Irms current is %gA",Irms)
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.40/ex2_40.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.40/ex2_40.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8d2148d99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.40/ex2_40.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//chapter 2
+printf("\n");
+Rloss=1;
+Ra=73;
+Im=14.166*10^-3;//on applying kvl
+Prad=(Im/sqrt(2))^2*(Rloss+Ra);
+printf("the radiated power is %gW",Prad);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.41/ex2_41.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.41/ex2_41.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d6cb30b59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.41/ex2_41.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//chapter 2
+//Etheta=n0Im/2pir*cos(pi/2 cos(theta)/sin(theta))
+printf("\n");
+Pin=100;
+n=0.5;
+r=500;
+Prad=n*Pin;
+printf("the radiated power is %gW",Prad);
+Rrad=73;//for half wave dipole
+Im=sqrt((2*Prad)/Rrad);
+n0=120*(%pi);
+Etheta=(cos((%pi/2)*cos(%pi/3))/sin(%pi/3))*n0*(Im/(2*(%pi)*r));
+printf("\nthe electric field is given by %gV/m",Etheta);
+Pavg=(0.5*(Etheta)^2)/(n0);
+printf("\nthe average power is %gW",Pavg);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.42/ex2_42.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.42/ex2_42.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3c51a2f8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.42/ex2_42.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//chapter 2
+//may june 2008
+printf("\n");
+Pt=15
+Aet=2.5;
+Aer=0.5;
+d=15*10^3;
+f=5*10^9;
+c=3*10^8;
+lamda=c/f;
+Pr=(Pt*Aet*Aer)/((d)^2*(lamda)^2);
+printf("the radiated power is %gW",Pr);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.43/ex2_43.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.43/ex2_43.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a0eb67002
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.43/ex2_43.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//chapter 2
+//may june 2009
+printf("\n");
+n=10;
+d=0.25;
+lamda=1;//assume
+Gdmax=4*((n*d)/lamda);
+printf("\nthe maximum directive gain is %g",Gdmax);
+Gdmaxdb=10*log10(Gdmax);
+printf("\nthe maximum directive gain in db is %gdb",Gdmaxdb);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.44/ex2_44.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.44/ex2_44.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a2240d328
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.44/ex2_44.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//chapter 2
+//nov-dec 2012
+printf("\n");
+Rrad=65;
+Rloss=10;
+n=Rrad/(Rrad+Rloss);
+printf("the radiation efficiency is %g",n);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.45/ex2_45.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.45/ex2_45.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..44ea7f054
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.45/ex2_45.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//chapter 2
+//may june 2013
+//Aem=Gdmax*lamda^2/4*pi;
+printf("\n");
+Gdmax=1.5;//for half wave dipole
+f=10^9;
+c=3*10^8;
+lamda=c/f;
+Aem=(Gdmax*(lamda)^2)/(4*(%pi));
+printf("the effective aperture is %gm^2",Aem);
+
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.46/ex2_46.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.46/ex2_46.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..cddc54eb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.46/ex2_46.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//chapter 2
+printf("\n");
+Pdes=3*10^3;
+Popp=500;
+FBR=Pdes/Popp;
+printf("the front to back ratio is %d",FBR);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.47/ex2_47.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.47/ex2_47.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..708e57099
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.47/ex2_47.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//chapter 2
+printf("\n");
+dl=1/50;
+Rr=80*(%pi)^2*(dl)^2;
+printf("the radiation resistance is %gohm",Rr);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.5/ex2_6.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.5/ex2_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ff61d18ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.5/ex2_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//chapter 2
+//Pavg=0.5*|E|^2/etta0,Prmax=2*10^-6W,Aem=Prmax/Pavg
+printf("\n");
+E=50*10^-3;
+Etta0=120*(%pi);
+printf("the electric field is %eV/m",E);
+Pavg=0.5*(50*10^-3)^2/(120*(%pi));
+printf("\nthe average power is %gW",Pavg);
+Aem=(2*10^-6)/(3.315*10^-6);
+printf("\nthe maximum effective aperture area is %gm^2",Aem);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.6/ex2_6.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.6/ex2_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ff61d18ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.6/ex2_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//chapter 2
+//Pavg=0.5*|E|^2/etta0,Prmax=2*10^-6W,Aem=Prmax/Pavg
+printf("\n");
+E=50*10^-3;
+Etta0=120*(%pi);
+printf("the electric field is %eV/m",E);
+Pavg=0.5*(50*10^-3)^2/(120*(%pi));
+printf("\nthe average power is %gW",Pavg);
+Aem=(2*10^-6)/(3.315*10^-6);
+printf("\nthe maximum effective aperture area is %gm^2",Aem);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.7/ex2_7.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.7/ex2_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..458ca91f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.7/ex2_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//chapter 2
+//GT=GR=Antilog[GT or Gr(in db)/10]=31.622*10^3
+//1 mile=1609.35 m
+printf("\n");
+freq=3*10^9;
+d=48280.5;//30miles*1609.35
+lamda=(3*10^8)/(3*10^9);
+printf("the wavelength is %gm",lamda);
+Pt=(10^-3)*((4*(%pi)*48280.5)/0.1)^2*(1/(31.622*10^3)^2);//Pr=Pt(GR*GT*(lamda/4*pi*d)^2),Pr=1mW
+printf("\nthe transmitter power is %gW",Pt);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.8/ex2_8.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.8/ex2_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9a73b0146
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.8/ex2_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//chapter 2
+//T0=290k,room temperature
+printf("\n");
+F=1.2882;
+printf("given F is given by %g",F);
+Te=(1.2882-1)*290;//Te=(F-1)T0
+printf("\neffective noise temperature is %gK",Te);
diff --git a/2863/CH2/EX2.9/ex2_9.sce b/2863/CH2/EX2.9/ex2_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2a27c7906
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH2/EX2.9/ex2_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//chapter 2
+//Etheta=60Im/r*(cos(pi/2cos(theta))/sin(theta));
+//theta=90
+//Pavg=Rrad*Irms^2;
+//Irms=Im/sqrt(2)
+printf("\n");
+Im=100*10^-3;
+r=100
+Etheta=(60*10^-3);
+H=(60*10^-3)/(120*(%pi));
+Pavg=73*(10^-1/sqrt(2))^2;//Rrad=73ohm for half wave dipole
+printf("the average power is %gW",Pavg);
diff --git a/2863/CH3/EX3.1/ex3_1.sce b/2863/CH3/EX3.1/ex3_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fabd56df9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH3/EX3.1/ex3_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//chapter 3
+//tan(alpha)=s/c;
+//helical antenna Gdmax=15NSC^2/lamda^3
+printf("\n");
+c=1;
+n=20;
+lamda=1;
+s=tan(0.2093)*1;//12*pi/180 radians
+Gdmax=(15*n*s*(c)^2)/(lamda)^3;
+printf("the directive gain is %g",Gdmax);
diff --git a/2863/CH3/EX3.2/ex3_2.sce b/2863/CH3/EX3.2/ex3_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e0b52cfac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH3/EX3.2/ex3_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//chapter 3
+//helical antenna
+//part a
+printf("\n");
+c=3*10^8;
+f=3*10^9;
+lamda=c/f;
+printf("the wavelength is %gm",lamda);
+//part b
+n=20;
+s=0.03;
+c=0.1;
+Gdmax=(15*20*0.3*(0.1)^2)/(0.1)^3;
+printf("\nthe directive gain is %g",Gdmax);
+//part c
+HPBW=sqrt((0.1)^3/(20*0.03))*520;
+printf("\nthe half power beamwidth is %gdegree",HPBW);
diff --git a/2863/CH3/EX3.3/ex3_3.sce b/2863/CH3/EX3.3/ex3_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b68b121c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH3/EX3.3/ex3_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//chapter 3
+//loop antenna
+printf("\n");
+r=10;
+lamda=100;
+A=(%pi)*r^2;
+Rr=31200*(A/lamda^2)^2;
+printf("the radiation resistance is %gohm",Rr);
diff --git a/2863/CH3/EX3.4/ex3_4.sce b/2863/CH3/EX3.4/ex3_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..27b8e2551
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH3/EX3.4/ex3_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//chapter 3
+//loop antenna
+printf("\n");
+l=1;
+b=1;
+A=l*b;
+lamda=100;
+Rrad=31200*(A/lamda^2);
+printf("the radiation resistance is %gohm",Rrad);
diff --git a/2863/CH4/EX4.1/ex4_1.sce b/2863/CH4/EX4.1/ex4_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f0c8e27ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH4/EX4.1/ex4_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//chaptr 4
+//D=2(L/lamda)
+//broadside array
+printf("\n");
+L=1;
+Lamda=1;//assume
+BWFN=2 *180/(%pi);//2/(L/lamda)
+printf("the Beam Width First Null is %gdegree",BWFN);
+HPBW=BWFN/2;
+printf("\nthe half power beam width is %gdegree",HPBW);
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2863/CH4/EX4.10/ex4_10.sce b/2863/CH4/EX4.10/ex4_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..260297b60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH4/EX4.10/ex4_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//chapter 4
+//broadside array
+printf("\n");
+Gdmax=15;
+L=Gdmax/2;
+printf("the length is %gm",L);
+//endfire array
+L1=Gdmax/4;
+printf("\nthe length is %gm",L1);
+BWFN=114.6*sqrt(2/L1);
+printf("\nthe BWFN is %g degree",BWFN);
diff --git a/2863/CH4/EX4.11/ex4_11.sce b/2863/CH4/EX4.11/ex4_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..28816a0df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH4/EX4.11/ex4_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//chapter 4
+//Hansen-Woodyard end fire array
+printf("\n");
+n=10;
+d=0.25;
+L=n*d;
+D=1.789*4*L;
+Ddb=10*log10(D);
+printf("the directivity is %g",D);
+printf("\nthe directivity in db is %gdb",Ddb);
diff --git a/2863/CH4/EX4.12/ex4_12.sce b/2863/CH4/EX4.12/ex4_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..93b5cec6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH4/EX4.12/ex4_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+//chapter 4
+//end fire array
+printf("\n");
+n=16;
+d=0.25;
+L=(n-1)*d;
+m=1;
+//part a
+HPBW=57.3*sqrt((2*m)/L);
+printf("the HPBW is %g degree",HPBW);
+//part b
+D=4*L;
+Ddb=10*log10(D);
+printf("\nthe directivity is %d",D);
+printf("\nthe directivity in db is %gdb",Ddb);
+//part c
+A=4*(%pi)/D;
+printf("\nthe beam solid angle is %gsr",A);
+//part d
+lamda=1;
+Ae=D*lamda^2/(4*(%pi));
+printf("\nthe effective aperture is %gm^2",Ae);
diff --git a/2863/CH4/EX4.13/ex4_13.sce b/2863/CH4/EX4.13/ex4_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..680cc5eee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH4/EX4.13/ex4_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//chapter 4
+//end fire array
+printf("\n");
+n=10;
+d=0.25;
+lamda=1;//assume
+Gdmax=4*n*d;
+Gdmaxdb=10*log10(Gdmax);
+printf("the directive gian is %d",Gdmax);
+printf("\nthe directive gain in db is %ddb",Gdmaxdb);
diff --git a/2863/CH4/EX4.14/ex4_14.sce b/2863/CH4/EX4.14/ex4_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3f3f0ba3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH4/EX4.14/ex4_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//chapter 4
+//may june 2013
+n=50;
+d=0.5;
+lamda=1;//assume
+L=n*d;
+D=2*(L/lamda);
+printf("the directivity is %g",D);
diff --git a/2863/CH4/EX4.2/ex4_2.sce b/2863/CH4/EX4.2/ex4_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b2e584b04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH4/EX4.2/ex4_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//chapter 4
+//end fire array
+//D=4(L/lamda)
+//BWFN=2sqrt(2m/(L/lamda))
+printf("\n");
+lamda=1;
+D=36;
+L=D/4;
+m=1;
+BWFN=114.6*sqrt(2*m/L);
+printf("The Beam Width First Null is %gdegree",BWFN);
+
+
+
diff --git a/2863/CH4/EX4.3/ex4_3.sce b/2863/CH4/EX4.3/ex4_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0a71a8fab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH4/EX4.3/ex4_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//chapter 4
+//2 element array
+//part a
+printf("\n");
+max1=acos(0);
+max2=acos(1);
+max3=acos(-1);
+printf("the positions of maxima are %g,%d,%g radians",max1,max2,max3);
+//part b
+//minima
+min1=acos(0.5);
+min2=acos(0.5);
+printf("\nthe positions of minima are %g,%g radians",min1,min2);
+
+
diff --git a/2863/CH4/EX4.4/ex4_4.sce b/2863/CH4/EX4.4/ex4_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..33a0098fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH4/EX4.4/ex4_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//chapter 4
+//2 element array
+//introduces warning at scanf statement but output is displayed
+printf("\n");
+max1=acos(1);
+printf("the only position of maximum radiation is %d radians",max1);
+min1=acos(-1);
+printf("\nthe position of minimum radiation pattern is %g radians",min1);
+phi=180;//assume phi=180 degree;
+Et=2*cos(((%pi/4)*cos(phi))-(%pi/4));
+disp(Et);
+printf("Hence as the radiation pattern suggest that antenna is unidirectional antenna");
diff --git a/2863/CH4/EX4.5/ex4_5.sce b/2863/CH4/EX4.5/ex4_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0c08740a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH4/EX4.5/ex4_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//chapter 4
+//broadside array
+//part a
+printf("\n");
+n=8;
+m1=1;
+d=0.5;
+lamda=1;
+ph1=acos((m1*lamda)/(n*d));
+m2=2;
+ph2=acos((m2*lamda)/(n*d));
+m3=3;
+ph3=acos((m3*lamda)/(n*d));
+printf("the direction of nulls are");
+printf("\n%g %g %g radians",ph1,ph2,ph3);
diff --git a/2863/CH4/EX4.6/ex4_6.sce b/2863/CH4/EX4.6/ex4_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f6e9a6d73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH4/EX4.6/ex4_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//chapter 4
+//from previous problems values
+//broadside array
+printf("\n");
+m1=1;
+n=8;
+d=0.5;
+lamda=1;
+ph1=acos(lamda*(2*m1+1)/(2*n*d));
+m2=2;
+ph2=acos(lamda*(2*m2+1)/(2*n*d));
+m3=3;
+ph3=acos(lamda*(2*m3+1)/(2*n*d));
+printf("the minor lobes values are");
+printf("\n%g %g %g",ph1,ph2,ph3);
diff --git a/2863/CH4/EX4.7/ex4_7.sce b/2863/CH4/EX4.7/ex4_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b899017ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH4/EX4.7/ex4_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//chapter 4
+//broadside array
+printf("\n");
+n=4;
+lamda=0.1
+d=0.5
+i=0.25
+Rrad=73;
+//part a
+Prad=n*(i^2*Rrad);
+printf("the radiated power is %gW",Prad);
+//part b
+L=n*d;
+printf("\nthe length is %dm",L);
+BWFN=2*lamda/L;
+HPBW=BWFN/2;
+printf("\nthe Beam width first null is %g radians",BWFN);
+printf("\nthe half power beam width is %g radians",HPBW);
diff --git a/2863/CH4/EX4.8/ex4_8.sce b/2863/CH4/EX4.8/ex4_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..00578177d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH4/EX4.8/ex4_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//chapter 2
+//broadside array
+printf("\n");
+Gdmax=5.01108;//antilog[7/10]
+n=10;
+lamda=1;
+d=Gdmax/(20*lamda);
+printf("the minimum distance between array is %gm",d);
diff --git a/2863/CH4/EX4.9/ex4_9.sce b/2863/CH4/EX4.9/ex4_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..831df7aec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH4/EX4.9/ex4_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//chapter 4
+//broadside array
+printf("\n");
+n=8;
+d=0.25;
+lamda=1;
+//part a
+Gdmax=(2*n*d)/lamda;
+Gdmaxdb=10*log10(Gdmax);
+printf("In Case of Broadside array")
+printf("\nthe directive gain is %g",Gdmax);
+printf("\nthe directive gain in db is %gdb",Gdmaxdb);
+//part b
+//end fire array
+Gdmax1=(4*n*d)/lamda;
+Gdmaxdb1=10*log10(Gdmax1);
+printf("\nIn case of End fire array");
+printf("\nthe directive gain is %g",Gdmax1);
+printf("\nthe directive gain in db is %gdb",Gdmaxdb1);
diff --git a/2863/CH6/EX6.1/ex6_1.sce b/2863/CH6/EX6.1/ex6_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e18dc42bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH6/EX6.1/ex6_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//chapter 6
+//horn antenna
+printf("\n");
+Ae=10;
+del=0.2;
+p=Ae^2/(8*del);
+del1=0.375;
+Thetae=2*atan((Ae/(2*p)))*180/(%pi);//flare angle
+Thetah=2*acos(p/(p+del1))*180/(%pi);
+Ah=2*p*tan(((Thetah*(%pi)/180)/2));
+printf(" the length is %gm",p);
+printf("\n the angle ThetaE is %g degree",Thetae);
+printf("\n the angle ThetaH is %g degree",Thetah);
+printf("\n the H plane aperture is %g",Ah);
+HPBWH=67/Ah;
+HPBWE=56/Ae;
+Ddb=10*log10((7.5*Ae*Ah));
+printf("\n the HPBWE is %g degree",HPBWE);
+printf("\n the HPBWH is %g degree",HPBWH);
+printf("\n the Directive gain in db is %gdb",Ddb);
diff --git a/2863/CH6/EX6.2/ex6_2.sce b/2863/CH6/EX6.2/ex6_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fffc3c682
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH6/EX6.2/ex6_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//chapter 6
+//may june 2009
+//parabolic reflector antenna
+printf("\n");
+BWFN=10;
+f=3*10^9;
+c=3*10^8;
+lamda=c/f;
+d=140*lamda/(BWFN);
+printf("the diameter d is %gm",d);
+//For circular parabolidal antenna
+Ae=((%pi)*(d^2))/4;
+printf("\nthe effective aperture is %gm^2",Ae);
diff --git a/2863/CH7/EX7.1/ex7_1.sce b/2863/CH7/EX7.1/ex7_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..77bd0dddc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH7/EX7.1/ex7_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//chapter 7
+printf("\n");
+fcr=11*10^6;
+D=1000;
+h=400;
+fmuf=fcr*sqrt(1+(D/(2*h))^2);
+printf("the maximum stable frequency is %gHz",fmuf);
diff --git a/2863/CH7/EX7.10/ex7_10.sce b/2863/CH7/EX7.10/ex7_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d61cdf64f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH7/EX7.10/ex7_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//chapter 7
+//the power is 10^6 and not 10^-6 as in book
+printf("\n");
+n=0.5;
+N=400*10^6;
+f=sqrt((81*N)/(1-n^2));
+printf("the frequency is %eHz",f);
diff --git a/2863/CH7/EX7.11/ex7_11.sce b/2863/CH7/EX7.11/ex7_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6d0db776a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH7/EX7.11/ex7_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//chapter 7
+printf("\n");
+D=1500;
+h=250;
+fmuf=37.95*10^6;
+fcr=fmuf/sqrt(1+(D/(2*h))^2);
+printf("the critical frequency is %eHz",fcr);
diff --git a/2863/CH7/EX7.12/ex7_12.sce b/2863/CH7/EX7.12/ex7_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7afea4847
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH7/EX7.12/ex7_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//chapter 7
+printf("\n");
+D=2500;
+h=200;
+fcr=5*10^6;
+fmuf=fcr*sqrt(1+(D/(2*h))^2);
+printf("the maximum usable frequency is %gHz",fmuf);
diff --git a/2863/CH7/EX7.13/ex7_13.sce b/2863/CH7/EX7.13/ex7_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c3ce8cb69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH7/EX7.13/ex7_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//chapter 7
+printf("\n");
+T=5*10^-3;
+c=3*10^8;
+h=c*(T/2);
+printf("the virtual height is given by %gm",h);
diff --git a/2863/CH7/EX7.14/ex7_14.sce b/2863/CH7/EX7.14/ex7_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f81fdade2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH7/EX7.14/ex7_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//chapter 7
+printf("\n");
+ht=40;
+hr=25;
+f=90*10^6;
+p=35;
+LOS=4.12*(sqrt(ht)+sqrt(hr));
+printf("the line of sight distance is %gm",LOS);
diff --git a/2863/CH7/EX7.15/ex7_15.sce b/2863/CH7/EX7.15/ex7_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f6597b51d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH7/EX7.15/ex7_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//chapter 7
+printf("\n");
+Nmax=1.26*10^12;
+fcr=sqrt(81*Nmax);
+printf("the critical frequency is %gHz",fcr);
diff --git a/2863/CH7/EX7.16/ex7_16.sce b/2863/CH7/EX7.16/ex7_16.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a248c7610
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH7/EX7.16/ex7_16.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//chapter 7
+//may june 2008
+printf("\n");
+Nmax=1.24*10^12;
+fcr=sqrt(81*Nmax);
+printf("the critical frequency is %gHz",fcr);
diff --git a/2863/CH7/EX7.17/ex7_17.sce b/2863/CH7/EX7.17/ex7_17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7dc4c6d3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH7/EX7.17/ex7_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//chapter 7
+printf("\n");
+fcr=6*10^6;
+D=200*10^3;
+h=200*10^3;
+fmuf=fcr*sqrt(1+(D/(2*h))^2);
+printf("the maximum usable frequency is %gHz",fmuf);
diff --git a/2863/CH7/EX7.18/ex7_18.sce b/2863/CH7/EX7.18/ex7_18.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..240ff84bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH7/EX7.18/ex7_18.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//chapter 7
+printf("\n");
+ht=100;
+hr=50;
+d=1.4142*(sqrt(ht)+sqrt(hr));
+printf("the maximum range is %gmiles",d);
diff --git a/2863/CH7/EX7.2/ex7_2.sce b/2863/CH7/EX7.2/ex7_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c4b61465f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH7/EX7.2/ex7_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//chapter 7
+printf("\n");
+Nmax=10^11;
+phi=(%pi)/9;
+fcr=sqrt(81*Nmax);
+printf("the critical frequency is %gHz",fcr);
+fmuf=fcr*sec(phi);
+printf("\nthe maximum usable frequency is %gHz",fmuf);
diff --git a/2863/CH7/EX7.3/ex7_3.sce b/2863/CH7/EX7.3/ex7_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5b7291024
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH7/EX7.3/ex7_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//chapter 7
+printf("\n");
+D=2000;
+h=200;
+fmuf=30.6*10^6;
+fcr=fmuf/sqrt(1+(D/(2*h))^2);
+printf("the critical frequency is %gHz",fcr);
diff --git a/2863/CH7/EX7.4/ex7_4.sce b/2863/CH7/EX7.4/ex7_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ffa22018b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH7/EX7.4/ex7_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//chapter 7
+printf("\n");
+n=0.9;
+fmuf=10*10^6;
+f=10*10^6;
+h=400*10^3;
+Nmax=(1-n^2)*f^2/81;
+printf("the Nmax value is %g /m^3",Nmax);
+fcr=sqrt(81*Nmax);
+printf("\n the critical frequency is %gHz",fcr);
+Dskip=2*h*sqrt((fmuf/fcr)^2-1);
+printf("\n the skip distance is %gm",Dskip);
diff --git a/2863/CH7/EX7.5/ex7_5.sce b/2863/CH7/EX7.5/ex7_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4faac0fb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH7/EX7.5/ex7_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//chapter 7
+printf("\n");
+ht=150;
+hr=2;
+Is=9;
+d=40*10^3;
+f=1.2*10^6;
+c=3*10^8;
+lamda=c/f;
+printf("the wavelength is %dm",lamda);
+E=120*(%pi)*ht*hr*Is/(lamda*d);
+printf("\nthe electric field is %gV/m",E);
diff --git a/2863/CH7/EX7.6/ex7_6.sce b/2863/CH7/EX7.6/ex7_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ff9628ef1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH7/EX7.6/ex7_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//chapter 7
+printf("\n");
+dmax=45*10^3;
+ht=(dmax/8.24)^2;//dmax=4.12[sqrt(ht)+sqrt(hr)];ht=hr;
+printf("the height of transmission is %gm",ht);
diff --git a/2863/CH7/EX7.7/ex7_7.sce b/2863/CH7/EX7.7/ex7_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e02700811
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH7/EX7.7/ex7_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//chapter 7
+printf("\n");
+fcre=2.5*10^6;
+fcrf=8.5*10^6;
+Nmaxe=(fcre)^2/81;
+Nmaxf=(fcrf)^2/81;
+printf("the Nmax for e layer is %g /m^3",Nmaxe);
+printf("\n the Nmax for f layer is %g /m^3",Nmaxf);
diff --git a/2863/CH7/EX7.8/ex7_8.sce b/2863/CH7/EX7.8/ex7_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..50994000e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH7/EX7.8/ex7_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//chapter7
+printf("\n");
+Nmaxf1=2.5;
+Nmaxf2=3.5;
+Nmaxf3=1.5;//10^6*10^-6=1;
+fcr1=sqrt(81*Nmaxf1);
+fcr2=sqrt(81*Nmaxf2);
+fcr3=sqrt(81*Nmaxf3);
+printf("the critical frequencies are");
+printf("\n %gHz %gHz %gHz",fcr1,fcr2,fcr3);
diff --git a/2863/CH7/EX7.9/ex7_9.sce b/2863/CH7/EX7.9/ex7_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8a5ad4d3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2863/CH7/EX7.9/ex7_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//chapter7
+printf("\n");
+fcr1=4.5*10^6;
+fcr2=1.5*10^6;
+Nmax1=(fcr1/9)^2';
+Nmax2=(fcr2/9)^2;
+printf("the Nmax values are");
+printf("\n %gm^3 %gm^3",Nmax1,Nmax2);
+Nmax=Nmax1-Nmax2;
+printf("\n the change in electron density is %gm^3",Nmax);