diff options
Diffstat (limited to '2411')
147 files changed, 2169 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/2411/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/2411/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..35c8d4653 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.10: : Page-14 (2008) +clc; clear; +m1 = 1200; // Mass of the car, kg +m2 = 3600; // Mass of the truck, kg +u1 = 30; // Speed of the car, m/s +u2 = 20; // Speed of the truck, m/s +theta = 60; // Direction of motion of the truck w.r.t. that of car, degree +// As m1*u1 + m2*u2 = (m1 + m2)*v, solving for v along x and y directions +v_x = (m1*u1 + m2*u2*cosd(theta))/(m1 + m2); // Common speed along x-direction, m/s +u1 = 0; // The speed of the car after interlocking with the truck, m/s +v_y = (m1*u1 + m2*u2*sind(theta))/(m1 + m2); // Common speed along y-direction, m/s +v = sqrt(v_x^2 + v_y^2); // Common speed of the car-truck system, m/s +theta = atand(v_y/v_x); // Direction of common velocity w.r.t. that of car, degree +printf("\nThe common speed of the car-truck system = %4.1f m/s", v); +printf("\nThe direction of common velocity = %4.1f degree north of east", theta); + +// Result +// The common speed of the car-truck system = 19.8 m/s diff --git a/2411/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce b/2411/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a639dfba7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.11: Page-14 (2008) +clc; clear; +v1 = 20; // Velocity of first piece, m/s +v2 = 30; // Velocity of second piece, m/s +// From conservation of momentum, in x-direction +// m*v1*cosd(0)+m*v2*cosd(45)+m*v3*cosd(theta) = 0, solving for v3*cosd(theta) +v3_cos_theta = -(v1*cosd(0)+v2*cosd(45)); // x-component of v3 along theta, m/s +// From conservation of momentum, in y-direction +// m*v1*sind(0)-m*v2*sind(45)+m*v3*sind(theta) = 0, solving for v3*sind(theta) +v3_sin_theta = -(v1*sind(0)-v2*sind(45)); // y-component of v3 along theta, m/s +theta = atand(v3_sin_theta/v3_cos_theta); // Direction of velocity of third piece, degree +v3 = -(v1*cosd(0)+v2*cosd(45))/cosd(theta+180); // Velocity of third piece, m/s +printf("\nThe velocity of third piece is %4.1f m/s towards %d degree north of west", v3, ceil(theta+180)); + +// Result +// The velocity of third piece is 46.4 m/s towards 153 degree north of west diff --git a/2411/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce b/2411/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e66a2cbbf --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH1/EX1.5/Ex1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.5: Page-11 (2008) +clc; clear; +m1 = 2; // Mass of first body, kg +m2 = 1; // Mass of second body, kg +F = 3; // The horizontal force applied to the mass m1, N +F_prime = m2/(m1 + m2)*F; // Force of contact between m1 and m2, N +printf("\nThe force of contact between m1 and m2 = %3.1f N", F_prime); +F_prime = m1/(m1 + m2)*F; // Force of contact when F is applied to m2, N +printf("\nThe force of contact when F is applied to m2 = %3.1f N", F_prime); + +// Result +// The force of contact between m1 and m2 = 1.0 N +// The force of contact when F is applied to m2 = 2.0 N diff --git a/2411/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce b/2411/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bd48ae4e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH1/EX1.6/Ex1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.6: Page-12 (2008) +clc; clear; +v = 1; // Let the speed of the ball B be unity, unit +v_prime = v/2; // Speed of the ball after the collision, unit +theta = atand(v_prime/v); // The direction of motion of the ball A after collision, degree +printf("\nThe direction of motion of the ball after collision = %2.0f degree", theta); + +// Result +// The direction of motion of the ball after collision = 27 degree
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/2411/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ae996ba20 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.9: Page-14 (2008) +clc; clear; +omega1 = 500; // Angular speed of rotating shaft, r.p.m. +omega2 = 0; // Initial angular speed of the second wheel, r.p.m. +I = 1; // For simplicity assume moment of ineria of the wheels to be unity +I1 = I, I2 = I; // Moment of inertia of wheels A and B, kg-Sq.m +// As I1*omega1 + I2*omega2 = (I1 + I2)*omega, solving for omega +omega = (I1*omega1 + I2*omega2)/(I1 + I2); // Angular speed of the combination of two wheels, r.p.m. +printf("\nThe angular speed of the combination of two wheels = %3.0f r.p.m.", omega); + +// Result +// The angular speed of the combination of two wheels = 250 r.p.m.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/2411/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f11f61cd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.12: Page-80 (2008) +clc; clear; +t = poly(0, 't'); +x = t^2 + 1; +y = 2*t^2; +z = t^3; +F = [3*x*y -5*z 10*x]; // Force acting on the particle, N +t1 = 1; // lower limit +t2 = 2; // upper limit +dr = [derivat(x); derivat(y); derivat(z)]; // Infinitesimal displacement, m +dW = F*dr; // Work done or infinitesimally small displcement, J +work_exp = sci2exp(dW); // Convert the polynomial to the expression +W = integrate(work_exp, 't', t1, t2); // Total work done in moving the particle in a force field, J +printf("\nThe total work done in moving the particle in a force field = %d J", W); + +// Result
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/2411/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fafa9367e --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.13: Page-80 (2008) +clc; clear; +x = poly(0, 'x'); +y = x^2-4; +F = [x*y (x^2 + y^2)]; // Force acting on the particle, N +x1 = 2; // lower limit +x2 = 4; // upper limit +dr = [derivat(x); derivat(y);]; // Infinitesimal displacement, m +dW = F*dr; // Work done or infinitesimally small displcement, J +work_exp = sci2exp(dW); // Convert the polynomial to the expression +W = integrate(work_exp, 'x', x1, x2); // Total work done in moving the particle in a force field, J +printf("\nThe total work done in moving the particle in the x-y plane = %d J", W); + +// Result +// The total work done in moving the particle in the x-y plane = 732 J
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH2/EX2.31/Ex2_31.sce b/2411/CH2/EX2.31/Ex2_31.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..10c7140c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH2/EX2.31/Ex2_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.31: Page-93 (2008) +clc; clear; +E = [3 4 8]; // Coefficients of i, j and k in the electric field, N/C +S = [0; 0; 100]; // Coefficients of i, j and k in the area vector, Sq. m +phi_E = E*S; // Electric flux through the surface, N-Sq.m/C +printf("\nThe electric flux through the surface = %d N-Sq.m/C", phi_E); + +// Result +// The electric flux through the surface = 800 N-Sq.m/C
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH2/EX2.32/Ex2_32.sce b/2411/CH2/EX2.32/Ex2_32.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..879f66b01 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH2/EX2.32/Ex2_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.32: Page-93 (2008) +clc; clear; +E = [8 4 3]; // Coefficients of i, j and k in the electric field, N/C +S = [0; 0; 100]; // Coefficients of i, j and k in the area vector, Sq. m +phi_E = E*S; // Electric flux through the surface, N-Sq.m/C +printf("\nThe electric flux through the area in XY plane = %d N-Sq.m/C", phi_E); + +// Result +// The electric flux through the area in XY plane = 300 N-Sq.m/C
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH2/EX2.33/Ex2_33.sce b/2411/CH2/EX2.33/Ex2_33.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1587be7bb --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH2/EX2.33/Ex2_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.33: Page-93 (2008) +clc; clear; +E = [2 3 4]; // Coefficients of i, j and k in the electric field, N/C +S = [10; 0; 0]; // Coefficients of i, j and k in the area vector, Sq. m +phi_E = E*S; // Electric flux through the surface, N-Sq.m/C +printf("\nThe electric flux through the surface in YZ plane = %d N-Sq.m/C", phi_E); + +// Result +// The electric flux through the surface in YZ plane = 20 N-Sq.m/C
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH2/EX2.39/Ex2_39.sce b/2411/CH2/EX2.39/Ex2_39.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0230428b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH2/EX2.39/Ex2_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.39: Page-96 (2008) +clc; clear; +mu_0 = 4*%pi*1e-007; // Absolute magnetic permeability of free space, N/ampere-square +I = 15; // Current through the wire, A +x = 1e-002; // Distance of observation point from the wire, m +B = mu_0/(4*%pi)*2*I/x; // Magnetic field at 1 cm distance, T +printf("\nThe magnetic field due to the current carrying wire at %d cm distance = %1.0e tesla", x/1e-002, B); +x = 5; // Distance of observation point from the infinite straight conductor, m +I = 100; // Current through the straight conductor, A +B = mu_0/(4*%pi)*2*I/x; // Magnetic field at 1 cm distance, T +printf("\nThe magnetic field due to the current carrying infinite straight conductor at %d m distance = %1.0e tesla", x, B); + +// Result +// The magnetic field due to the current carrying wire at 1 cm distance = 3e-004 tesla +// The magnetic field due to the current carrying infinite straight conductor at 5 m distance = 4e-006 tesla
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH2/EX2.40/Ex2_40.sce b/2411/CH2/EX2.40/Ex2_40.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2d506d484 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH2/EX2.40/Ex2_40.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.40: Page-96 (2008) +clc; clear; +mu_0 = 4*%pi*1e-007; // Absolute magnetic permeability of free space, N/ampere-square +I1 = 30; // Current through the first wire, A +I2 = 40; // Current through the second wire, A +x = 2; // Separation distance between two wires, m +F = mu_0/(4*%pi)*2*I1*I2/x; // Force between two current carrying straight wires, N +printf("\nThe force between two current carrying straight wires = %3.1e N", F); + +// Result +// The force between two current carrying straight wires = 1.2e-004 N
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.a.02/Ex3a_a_2.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.02/Ex3a_a_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..025be9cb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.02/Ex3a_a_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3a.a.2: Page-132 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+m = 10; // Mass of the particle, g
+x = poly(0, 'x');
+V = 50*x^2 + 100; // Potential field surrounding the particle, erg/g
+U = m*V; // Potential energy of the particle field system, erg
+F = -derivat(U); // Force acting on the particle, dyne
+// As F = -m*a = -m*omega^2*x = -m*(2%pi*f)^2*x, solving for f
+f = sqrt(eval(pol2str(-pdiv(F,x)/m)))/(2*%pi); // Frequency of oscillations of the particle executing SHM, Hz
+printf("\nThe frequency of oscillations of the particle executing SHM = %4.2f Hz", f);
+
+// Result
+// The frequency of oscillations of the particle executing SHM = 1.59 Hz
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.a.03/Ex3a_a_3.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.03/Ex3a_a_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..82a92498f --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.03/Ex3a_a_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3a.a.3:Page-133 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+v1 = 80; // Velocity of the body at 3 cm displacement, cm/s
+v2 = 60; // Velocity of the body at 4 cm displacement, cm/s
+x1 = 3; // Displacement of the body at velocity of 80 cm/s
+x2 = 4; // Displacement of the body at velocity of 60 cm/s
+// As v = omega*sqrt(a^2 - x^2), solving for a
+a = poly(0, 'a');
+a = roots(v1^2*(a^2-16) - v2^2*(a^2 - 9));
+omega = v1/sqrt(a(1)^2 - x1^2); // Angular ferquency of the oscillations, rad/s
+x = a(1); // Maximum displacement, cm
+// As x = a*sin(omega*t), solving for t
+t_ex = asin(x/a(1))/omega; // Time taken to reach the +ve extremity, s
+d = a(1) - 2.5; // Distance of the point from the mean position, cm
+t = asin(d/a(1))/omega; // Time taken to travel from mean position to positive extremity, s
+printf("\nThe time taken to travel from 2.5 cm from +ve extremity = %5.3f s", t_ex - t);
+
+// Result
+// The time taken to travel from 2.5 cm from +ve extremity = 0.052 s
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.a.04/Ex3a_a_4.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.04/Ex3a_a_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..af5cc2fa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.04/Ex3a_a_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3a.a.4: Page-134 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+R = 6.4e+006; // Radius of the earth, m
+g = 10; // Acceleration due to gravity, m/sec-square
+T = 2*%pi*sqrt(R/g); // Time period of oscillations of the body, s
+printf("\nThe time period of oscillations of the body = %4.1f min", T/60);
+
+// Result
+// The time period of oscillations of the body = 83.8 min
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.a.05/Ex3a_a_5.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.05/Ex3a_a_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8719ee4b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.05/Ex3a_a_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3a.a.5: Page-135 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+phi1 = 0; // Phase of the first SHM, degree
+phi2 = 60; // Phase of the second SHM, degree
+phi3 = 90; // Phase of the third SHM, degree
+a1 = 1.0; // Amplitude of the first SHM, cm
+a2 = 1.5; // Amplitude of the second SHM, cm
+a3 = 2.0; // Amplitude of the third SHM, cm
+A = sqrt((a1 + a2*cosd(phi2)+a3*cosd(phi3))^2 + (a2*sind(phi2)+a3*sind(phi3))^2); // Resultant amplitude relative to the first SHM, cm
+phi = atand((a2*sind(phi2)+a3*sind(phi3))/(a1 + a2*cosd(phi2)+a3*cosd(phi3))); // Resultant phase angle relative to the first SHM, degree
+printf("\nThe resultant amplitude and phase angle relative to the first SHM = %4.2f cm and %2d degrees respectively", A, phi);
+
+// Result
+// The resultant amplitude and phase angle relative to the first SHM are 3.73 cm and 62 degrees respectively
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.a.07/Ex3a_a_7.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.07/Ex3a_a_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..aaa1f806f --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.07/Ex3a_a_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3a.a.7:Page-136 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+phi1 = 0; // Phase of the first SHM, degree
+phi2 = 45; // Phase of the second SHM, degree
+a1 = 0.005; // Amplitude of the first SHM, m
+a2 = 0.002; // Amplitude of the second SHM, m
+A = sqrt((a1 + a2*cosd(phi2))^2 + (a2*sind(phi2))^2); // Resultant amplitude relative to the first SHM, m
+phi = atand(a2*sind(phi2)/(a1 + a2*cosd(phi2))); // Resultant phase angle relative to the first SHM, degree
+printf("\nThe amplitude of the resultant displacement and phase angle relative to the first SHM are %7.5f m and %5.2f degrees respectively", A, phi);
+
+// Result
+// The amplitude of the resultant displacement and phase angle relative to the first SHM are 0.00657 m and 12.43 degrees respectively
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.a.11/Ex3a_b_1.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.11/Ex3a_b_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..de52f0a90 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.11/Ex3a_b_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3a.b.1: Page-138 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+m = 100; // Mass of the horizontal disc, g
+t = 60; // Time during which the amplitude reduces to half of its undamped value, s
+f = 10; // Frequency of oscillations of the system, Hz
+omega_prime = 2*%pi*f; // Angular frequency of the oscillations, rad/s
+A0 = 1; // Assume the amplitude of undamped oscillations to be unity, cm
+// As A = A0*exp(-k*t), solving for k
+A = A0/2; // Amplitude of damped oscillations after 1 min, cm
+k = log(A0/A)/t; // Resisting force per unit mass per unit velocity, nepers/sec
+r = 2*k*m; // Resistive force constant, sec/cm
+tau = 1/k; // Relaxation time, sec
+Q = m*omega_prime/r; // Quality factor
+s = m*(omega_prime^2 + k^2); // Force constant of the spring, dynes/Sq.cm
+printf("\nThe resistive force constant = %4.2f dyne-sec/cm", r);
+printf("\nThe relaxation time of the system = %4.2f sec", tau);
+printf("\nThe quality factor, Q = %4.2f", Q);
+printf("\nThe force constant of the spring = %4.2e dyne/Sq.cm", s);
+
+// Result
+// The resistive force constant = 2.31 dyne-sec/cm
+// The relaxation time of the system = 86.56 sec
+// The quality factor, Q = 2719.42
+// The force constant of the spring = 3.95e+005 dyne/Sq.cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.a.12/Ex3a_b_2.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.12/Ex3a_b_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f622c0500 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.12/Ex3a_b_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3a.b.2: Page-139 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+function m = check_motion_type(k, omega0)
+ if k > omega0 then
+ m = 'aperiodic';
+ else if k == omega0 then
+ m = 'criticallydamped';
+ else if k < omega0 then
+ m = 'oscillatory';
+ end
+ end
+ end
+endfunction
+m = 10; // Mass of the body, g
+s = 10; // Restoring force, dyne/cm
+r = 2; // Resistive force constant, dyne.sec/cm
+k = r/(2*m); // Resisting force, nepers/sec
+// As omega0^2 = s/m, solving for omega0
+omega0 = sqrt(s/m); // Angular frequency, rad/s
+motion = check_motion_type(k, omega0); // Check for the type of motion
+r_new = 2*sqrt(m*s); // Resistive force constant, dyne-sec/cm
+m = r^2/(4*s); // Mass for which the given forces makes the motion critically damped, g
+printf("\nThe motion is %s in nature", motion);
+printf("\nThe resistive force constant = %d dyne-sec/cm", r_new);
+printf("\nThe mass for which the given forces makes the motion critically damped = %3.1f g", m);
+
+// Result
+// The motion is oscillatory in nature
+// The resistive force constant = 20 dyne-sec/cm
+// The mass for which the given forces makes the motion critically damped = 0.1 g
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.a.14/Ex3a_b_4.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.14/Ex3a_b_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..eb3b9da56 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.14/Ex3a_b_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3a.b.4: Page-140 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+m = 1; // Mass of the suspended body, kg
+s = 25; // Stifness constant of the spring, N/m
+r = poly(0, 'r');
+// As f0/f_prime = 2/sqrt(3), solving for r
+r = roots(4*(s/m-r^2/(4*m^2))-3*s/m); // Damping factor, kg/sec
+printf("\nThe damping factor of damped oscillations = %d kg/sec", r(1));
+
+// Result
+// The damping factor of damped oscillations = 5 kg/sec
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.a.15/Ex3a_b_5.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.15/Ex3a_b_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..05b4588f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.15/Ex3a_b_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +
+// Scilab Code Ex3a.b.5: Page-141 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+function m = check_motion_type(k, omega0)
+ if k > omega0 then
+ m = 'aperiodic';
+ else if k == omega0 then
+ m = 'criticallydamped';
+ else if k < omega0 then
+ m = 'oscillatory';
+ end
+ end
+ end
+endfunction
+m = 10; // Mass of the oscillating body, g
+r = 2; // Resisting force, dyne-sec/cm
+s = 5; // Restoring force, dyne/cm
+k = r/(2*m); // Resisting force, nepers/sec
+// As omega0^2 = s/m, solving for omega0
+omega0 = sqrt(s/m); // Angular frequency, rad/s
+motion = check_motion_type(k, omega0); // Check for the type of motion
+r = 2*sqrt(m*s); // Resistive force constant for critical damping, dyne-sec/cm
+printf("\nThe motion is %s in nature", motion);
+printf("\nThe resistive force constant for critical damping = %4.1f dyne-sec/cm", r);
+
+// Result
+// The motion is oscillatory in nature
+// The resistive force constant for critical damping = 14.1 dyne-sec/cm
diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.a.16/Ex3a_b_6.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.16/Ex3a_b_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..714cecec7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.16/Ex3a_b_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3a.b.6: Page-141 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+m = 0.1; // Mass of the oscillating body, kg
+t = 50; // Time during which the energy of system decays to 1/e of its undamped value, s
+s = 10; // Spring constant, N/m
+E0 = 1; // Assume the energy of undamped oscillations to be unity, erg
+// As E = E0*exp(-k*t) and E/E0 = 1/e, solving for k
+E = E0/%e; // Energy of damped oscillations after 50 sec, erg
+k = log(E0/E)/t; // Resisting force per unit mass per unit velocity, nepers/sec
+p = m*k; // A resistive force constant, N-s/m
+omega0 = sqrt(s/m); // Angular frequency in the absence of damping, rad/sec
+omega_prime = sqrt(omega0^2 - k^2/4); // Angular frequency when damping takes place, rad/sec
+Q = omega_prime/k; // Quality factor
+printf("\nThe resistive force constant, p = %1.0e N-s/m", p);
+printf("\nThe quality factor, Q = %d", ceil(Q));
+
+// Result
+// The resistive force constant, p = 2e-003 N-s/m
+// The quality factor, Q = 500
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.a.17/Ex3a_b_7.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.17/Ex3a_b_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a9f89a4e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.17/Ex3a_b_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3a.b.7: Page-142 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+t = 10; // Time during which the amplitude reduces to 1/10th of its undamped value, s
+f = 200; // Frequency of oscillations of the system, Hz
+omega0 = 2*%pi*f; // Angular frequency of the oscillations, rad/s
+A0 = 1; // Assume the amplitude of undamped oscillations to be unity, cm
+// As A = A0*exp(-k*t), solving for k
+A = A0/10; // Amplitude of damped oscillations after 10 sec, cm
+k = log(A0/A)/t; // Resisting force per unit mass per unit velocity, nepers/sec
+tau = 1/(2*k); // Relaxation time, sec
+Q = omega0*tau; // Quality factor
+E0 = 1; // Assume energy of undamped oscillations to be unity, erg
+E = E0/10; // Energy of damped oscillations after t sec, erg
+// As E = E0*exp(-2*k*t), solving for t
+t = 1/(2*k)*log(E0/E); // Time during which the energy falls to 1/10 of its initial value, sec
+printf("\nThe relaxation time = %4.2f sec", tau);
+printf("\nThe quality factor, Q = %d", Q);
+printf("\nThe time during which the energy falls to 1/10 of its initial value = %d sec", t);
+printf("\nThe damping constant, k = %4.2f", k);
+
+// Result
+// The relaxation time = 2.17 sec
+// The quality factor, Q = 2728
+// The time during which the energy falls to 1/10 of its initial value = 5 sec
+// The damping constant, k = 0.23
+// The answer for Q is given wrongly in the textbook
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.a.21/Ex3a_c_1.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.21/Ex3a_c_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..623deb6e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.21/Ex3a_c_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3a.c.1: Page-143 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+// Comparing with the standard progressive wave equation, we have
+a = 0.5; // Amplitude of the wave, m
+lambda = 2*%pi/12.56; // Wavelength of the wave, m
+v = 314/12.56; // Wave velocity, m/s
+nu = v/lambda; // Frequency of the wave, Hz
+printf("\nThe amplitude of the wave = %3.1f m", a);
+printf("\nThe wavelength of the wave = %3.1f m", lambda);
+printf("\nThe velocity of the wave = %d m/s", v);
+printf("\nThe frequency of the wave = %d Hz", ceil(nu));
+
+// Result
+// The amplitude of the wave = 0.5 m
+// The wavelength of the wave = 0.5 m
+// The velocity of the wave = 25 m/s
+// The frequency of the wave = 50 Hz
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.a.22/Ex3a_c_2.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.22/Ex3a_c_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f3ca5b658 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.22/Ex3a_c_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3a.c.2: Page-144 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+// Comparing with the standard progressive wave equation, we have
+a = 5; // Amplitude of the wave, m
+nu = 0.2; // Frequency of the wave, Hz
+lambda = 1/0.5; // Wavelength of the wave, m
+v = nu*lambda; // Wave velocity, m/s
+printf("\nThe amplitude of the wave = %3.1f m", a);
+printf("\nThe wavelength of the wave = %3.1f m", lambda);
+printf("\nThe velocity of the wave = %3.1f m/s", v);
+printf("\nThe frequency of the wave = %3.1f Hz", nu);
+
+// Result
+// The amplitude of the wave = 5.0 m
+// The wavelength of the wave = 2.0 m
+// The velocity of the wave = 0.4 m/s
+// The frequency of the wave = 0.2 Hz
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.a.23/Ex3a_c_3.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.23/Ex3a_c_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ee200c5ba --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.a.23/Ex3a_c_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3a.c.3: Page-144 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+// Comparing with the standard progressive wave equation, we have
+a = 8; // Amplitude of the wave, cm
+nu = 4/2; // Frequency of the wave, Hz
+lambda = 2/0.02; // Wavelength of the wave, cm
+v = nu*lambda; // Wave velocity, cm/s
+delta_x = 20; // Path difference between two particles, cm
+delta_phi = delta_x*2*%pi/lambda*180/%pi; // Phase difference between two particles, degree
+printf("\nThe amplitude of the wave = %3.1f cm", a);
+printf("\nThe wavelength of the wave = %3.1f cm", lambda);
+printf("\nThe velocity of the wave = %3.1f cm/s", v);
+printf("\nThe frequency of the wave = %d Hz", nu);
+printf("\nThe phase difference between two particles = %d degree", delta_phi);
+
+// Result
+// The amplitude of the wave = 8.0 cm
+// The wavelength of the wave = 100.0 cm
+// The velocity of the wave = 200.0 cm/s
+// The frequency of the wave = 2 Hz
+// The phase difference between two particles = 72 degree
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.b.101/Ex3b_1.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.b.101/Ex3b_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b57452674 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.b.101/Ex3b_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3b.1: Page-163 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+mu = 1.5; // Refractive indexof glass
+i_p = atand(mu); // Angle of polarization from Brewster's law, degree
+r = 90 - i_p; // Angale of refraction, degree
+printf("\nThe Brewster angle for glass = %4.1f degree", i_p);
+printf("\nThe angle of refraction for glass = %4.1f degree", r);
+
+// Result
+// The Brewster angle for glass = 56.3 degree
+// The angle of refraction for glass = 33.7 degree
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.b.102/Ex3b_2.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.b.102/Ex3b_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9f81eea4f --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.b.102/Ex3b_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3b.2: Page-163 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+// Function to convert degree to degree-minute
+function [d,m]= deg2deg_min(deg)
+ d = int(deg);
+ m = (deg - d)*60;
+endfunction
+mu_air = 1; // Refractive index fo air
+mu_glass = 1.54; // Refractive index of glass
+mu_water = 1.33; // Refractive index of water
+// Air to glass incidence
+i_p = atand(mu_glass/mu_air); // Angle of polarization for air to glass incidence, degree
+printf("\nFor air to glass, i_p = %d degree", i_p);
+// glass to air incidence
+i_p = atand(mu_air/mu_glass); // Angle of polarization for glass to air incidence, degree
+printf("\nFor glass to air, i_p = %d degree", ceil(i_p));
+// Water to glass incidence
+i_p = atand(mu_glass/mu_water); // Angle of polarization for water to glass incidence, degree
+[d,m] = deg2deg_min(i_p); // Call function to convert to deg-min
+printf("\nFor water to glass, i_p = %d degree %d min", d, m);
+// Glass to water incidence
+i_p = atand(mu_water/mu_glass); // Angle of polarization for glass to water incidence, degree
+[d,m] = deg2deg_min(i_p); // Call function to convert to deg-min
+printf("\nFor glass to water, i_p = %d degree %d min", d, m);
+// Air to water incidence
+i_p = atand(mu_water/mu_air); // Angle of polarization for air to water incidence, degree
+[d,m] = deg2deg_min(i_p); // Call function to convert to deg-min
+printf("\nFor air to water, i_p = %d degree %d min", d, m);
+// Water to air incidence
+i_p = atand(mu_air/mu_water); // Angle of polarization for water to airincidence, degree
+[d,m] = deg2deg_min(i_p); // Call function to convert to deg-min
+printf("\nFor water to air, i_p = %d degree %d min", d, m);
+
+// Result
+// For air to glass, i_p = 57 degree
+// For glass to air, i_p = 33 degree
+// For water to glass, i_p = 49 degree 11 min
+// For glass to water, i_p = 40 degree 48 min
+// For air to water, i_p = 53 degree 3 min
+// For water to air, i_p = 36 degree 56 min
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.b.103/Ex3b_3.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.b.103/Ex3b_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7de9ad80e --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.b.103/Ex3b_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3b.3: Page-163 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+C = 40; // Critical angle for glass to air
+mu = 1/sind(C); // Refractive index of glass w.r.t. air
+i_p = atand(mu); // Polarizing angle for glass, degree
+printf("\nThe polarizing angle for glass = %4.1f degree", i_p);
+
+// Result
+// The polarizing angle for glass = 57.3 degree
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.b.104/Ex3b_4.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.b.104/Ex3b_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9e9f2d94b --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.b.104/Ex3b_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3b.4: Page-164 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+i = 60; // Angle of incidence, degree
+i_p = i; // Angle of polarization, degree
+mu = tand(i_p); // Refractive index of the medium
+r = 90 - i; // Angle of refraction, degree
+printf("\nThe refractive index of transparent medium = %5.3f", mu);
+printf("\nThe angle of refraction, r = %d degree", r);
+printf("\nThe reflected and transmitted components are at right angles to each other.");
+
+// Result
+// The refractive index of transparent medium = 1.732
+// The angle of refraction, r = 30 degree
+// The reflected and transmitted components are at right angles to each other.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.b.105/Ex3b_5.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.b.105/Ex3b_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0036b4b49 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.b.105/Ex3b_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3b.5: Page-164 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+theta_A = 30; // Angle between principal sections of polariser and analyser for beam A, degree
+theta_B = 60; // Angle between principal sections of polariser and analyser for beam B, degree
+// As I_A*cosd(theta_A)^2 = I_B*cosd(theta_B)^2, solving for I ratio
+I_ratio = cosd(theta_B)^2/cosd(theta_A)^2; // The intensity ratio of the two beams
+printf("\nThe intensity ratio of the two beams = %4.2f", I_ratio);
+
+// Result
+// The intensity ratio of the two beams = 0.33
diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.b.106/Ex3b_6.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.b.106/Ex3b_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d346d3bd9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.b.106/Ex3b_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3b.6: Page-165 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+theta = [30 45 60 90]; // Angles between principal sections of polariser and analyser, degree
+for i = 1:1:4
+ P_red = (1-cosd(theta(i))^2)*100; // Percentage reduction in intensity of incident light
+ printf("\nFor theta = %d degree, percentage reduction = %1.0f percent", theta(i), P_red);
+end
+
+// Result
+// For theta = 30 degree, percentage reduction = 25 percent
+// For theta = 45 degree, percentage reduction = 50 percent
+// For theta = 60 degree, percentage reduction = 75 percent
+// For theta = 90 degree, percentage reduction = 100 percent
diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.b.107/Ex3b_7.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.b.107/Ex3b_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2e9cfc41f --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.b.107/Ex3b_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3b.7: Page-165 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+// For half reduction in intensity
+I_ratio = 1/2; // Intensity ratio
+theta = acosd(sqrt(I_ratio)); // Angle of rotation of polaroid, degree
+printf("\nFor half reduction in intensity, the angle of rotation = %d degree", theta);
+// For one-fourth reduction in intensity
+I_ratio = 1/4; // Intensity ratio
+theta = acosd(sqrt(I_ratio)); // Angle of rotation of polaroid, degree
+printf("\nFor one-fourth reduction in intensity, the angle of rotation = %d degree", theta);
+
+// Result
+// For half reduction in intensity, the angle of rotation = 45 degree
+// For one-fourth reduction in intensity, the angle of rotation = 60 degree
diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.c.202/Ex3c_2.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.202/Ex3c_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..13b942c46 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.202/Ex3c_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3c.2: Page-184 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+I2 = 1; // Assume intensity of light beam from the second source to be unity
+I1 = 81*I2; // Intensity of light beam from the first source
+a = sqrt(I1); // Width of the first slit, mm
+b = sqrt(I2); // Width of the second slit, mm
+I_max = (1+a/b)^2; // Maximum intensity in the fringe pattern
+I_min = (1-a/b)^2; // Minimum intensity in the fringe pattern
+fact = gcd([I_max,I_min]); // Find l.c.m. of I_max and I_min
+printf("\nThe ratio of maximum to minimum intensity in the fringe system, I_max:I_min = %d:%d", I_max/4, I_min/4);
+
+// Result
+// The ratio of maximum to minimum intensity in the fringe system, I_max:I_min = 25:16
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.c.203/Ex3c_3.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.203/Ex3c_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bdd709d42 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.203/Ex3c_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3c.3: Page-184 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+d = 0.1; // Separation between the two slits, cm
+D = 100; // Distance between the source and the slit, cm
+bita = 0.05; // Fringe width, cm
+lambda = bita*d/D; // Wavelength of light, cm
+printf("\nThe wavelength of light used = %4d angstrom", lambda/1e-008);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of light used = 5000 angstrom
diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.c.204/Ex3c_4.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.204/Ex3c_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..31b6e5abb --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.204/Ex3c_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3c.4: Page-184 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+d = 0.3; // Separation between the two slits, cm
+D = 60; // Distance between the source and the slit, cm
+lambda = 59e-006; // Wavelength of light, cm
+bita = lambda*D/d; // Fringe width, cm
+printf("\nThe fringe width = %4.2e cm", bita);
+
+// Result
+// The fringe width = 1.18e-002 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.c.205/Ex3c_5.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.205/Ex3c_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3bf4339bb --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.205/Ex3c_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3c.5: Page-185 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+D = 80; // Distance between the source and the slit, cm
+lambda = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of light, cm
+bita = 9.424e-002; // Fringe width, cm
+d = lambda*D/bita; // Separation between the two slits, cm
+printf("\nThe distance between the two coherent sources = %4.2f cm", d);
+
+// Result
+// The distance between the two coherent sources = 0.05 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.c.206/Ex3c_6.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.206/Ex3c_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..574d711dc --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.206/Ex3c_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3c.6: Page-185 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+D = 100; // Distance between the source and the slit, cm
+lambda = 5893e-008; // Wavelength of light, cm
+d1 = 4.05e-001; // Distance between the images of the two slits in one position, cm
+d2 = 2.90e-001; // Distance between the images of the two slits in second position, cm
+d = sqrt(d1*d2); // Separation between the two slits, cm
+bita = lambda*D/d; // Fringe width, cm
+printf("\nThe distance between consecutive interference bands = %6.4f cm", bita);
+
+// Result
+// The distance between consecutive interference bands = 0.0172 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.c.207/Ex3c_7.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.207/Ex3c_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..22ba9799e --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.207/Ex3c_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3c.7: Page-185 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+D = 1.2; // Distance between the source and the slit, m
+d = 7.5e-004; // Separation between the two slits, cm
+n = 20; // Number of fringes crossed in the field of view
+bita = 1.888e-002/n; // Fringe width, cm
+lambda = bita*d/D; // Wavelength of light, cm
+printf("\nThe wavelength of the light used in biprism experiment = %4d angstrom", lambda/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of the light used in biprism experiment = 5900 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.c.208/Ex3c_8.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.208/Ex3c_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..798dbd4b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.208/Ex3c_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3c.8: Page-186 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+lambda1 = 5893; // First wavelength of light, angstrom
+lambda2 = 4358; // Second wavelength of light, angstrom
+n = 40; // Number of fringes obtained with first wavelength
+// As bita1/bita2 = lambda1/lambda2, so
+x = n*lambda1/lambda2; // Number of fringes obtained with the seocond wavelength
+printf("\nThe number of fringes obtained with the given wavelength = %d", x);
+
+// Result
+// The number of fringes obtained with the given wavelength = 54
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.c.209/Ex3c_9.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.209/Ex3c_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..867516169 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.209/Ex3c_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3c.9: Page-186 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+D = 100; // Distance between the source and the slit, cm
+bita = 0.0135; // Fringe width, cm
+alpha = %pi/360; // Angle of refracting face with the base of biprism, radian
+mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of the material of biprism
+x = 50; // Distance between slit and the biprism, cm
+d = 2*(mu-1)*x*alpha; // Separation between the two virtual slits, cm
+lambda = bita*d/D; // Wavelength of light, cm
+printf("\nThe wavelength of light from biprism interference pattern = %4d angstrom", lambda/1e-008);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of light from biprism interference pattern = 5890 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.c.210/Ex3c_10.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.210/Ex3c_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..eafb78e44 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.210/Ex3c_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3c.10: Page-187 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of the material of biprism
+alpha = %pi/180; // Base angle of biprism, radian
+D = 110; // Distance between the source and the slit, cm
+x = 10; // Distance between slit and the biprism, cm
+d = 2*(mu-1)*x*alpha; // Separation between the two virtual slits, cm
+lambda = 5900e-008; // Wavelength of light, cm
+bita = lambda*D/d; // Fringe width, cm
+printf("\nThe fringe width observed at one metre distance from biprism = %6.4f cm", bita);
+
+// Result
+// The fringe width observed at one metre distance from biprism = 0.0372 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.c.211/Ex3c_11.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.211/Ex3c_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a395f9f34 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.211/Ex3c_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3c.11: Page-187 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+D_n = 0.42; // Diameter of nth ring, cm
+D_mplusn = 0.7; // Diameter of (m+n)th ring, cm
+m = 14; // Difference between (m+n)th and nth rings
+R = 100; // Radius of curvature of the plano-convex lens, m
+lambda = (D_mplusn^2 - D_n^2)/(4*m*R); // Wavelength of the light, cm
+printf("\nThe wavelength of the light used = %4d angstrom", lambda/1e-008);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of the light used = 5600 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.c.212/Ex3c_12.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.212/Ex3c_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f500852fb --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.212/Ex3c_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3c.12: Page-187 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+D5 = 0.336; // Diameter of 5th ring, cm
+D10plus5 = 0.590; // Diameter of (10+5)th ring, cm
+m = 10; // Difference between (10+5)th and 5th rings
+lambda = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of the light, cm
+R = (D10plus5^2 - D5^2)/(4*m*lambda); // Radius of curvature of the plano-convex lens, m
+printf("\nThe radius of plano convex lens = %5.2f cm", R);
+
+// Result
+// The radius of plano convex lens = 99.83 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.c.213/Ex3c_13.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.213/Ex3c_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4aa9b70a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.213/Ex3c_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3c.13: Page-187 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+D3 = 0.181; // Diameter of 3rd ring, cm
+D23 = 0.501; // Diameter of 23rd ring, cm
+m = 23-3; // Difference between (m+n)th and nth rings
+R = 50; // Radius of curvature of the plano-convex lens, m
+lambda = (D23^2 - D3^2)/(4*m*R); // Wavelength of the light, cm
+printf("\nThe wavelength of the light used = %4d angstrom", lambda/1e-008);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of the light used = 5456 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.c.214/Ex3c_14.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.214/Ex3c_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..62c1c1e44 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.214/Ex3c_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3c.14: Page-188 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+D4 = 0.4; // Diameter of 4th ring, cm
+D12 = 0.7; // Diameter of 12th ring, cm
+m = 12-4; // Difference between (m+n)th and nth rings
+lambda_R = (D12^2 - D4^2)/(4*m); // Wavelength-Radius product, Sq.cm
+D20 = sqrt(80*lambda_R); // Diameter of the 20th dark ring, cm
+printf("\nThe diameter of the 20th dark ring = %5.3f cm", D20);
+
+// Result
+// The diameter of the 20th dark ring = 0.908 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.c.215/Ex3c_15.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.215/Ex3c_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5e9d7c1b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.215/Ex3c_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3c.15: Page-188 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+D10 = 0.50; // Diameter of 10th ring, cm
+n = 10; // Number of dark fringe
+lambda = 6250e-008; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+R = D10^2/(4*n*lambda); // Radius of curvature of the lens, cm
+t = D10^2/(8*R); // Thickness of the air film, cm
+printf("\nThe radius of curvature of the lens = %3d cm", R);
+printf("\nThe thickness of the air film = %9.7f cm", t);
+
+// Result
+// The radius of curvature of the lens = 100 cm
+// The thickness of the air film = 0.0003125 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.c.216/Ex3c_16.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.216/Ex3c_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c87cd2f17 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.216/Ex3c_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3c.16: Page-188 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+D10 = 5e-003; // Diameter of 10th ring, cm
+n = 10; // Number of dark fringe
+lambda = 5.9e-007; // Wavelength of reflected light, m
+R = D10^2/(4*n*lambda); // Radius of curvature of the lens, cm
+t = D10^2/(8*R); // Thickness of the air film, cm
+printf("\nThe radius of curvature of the lens = %5.3f m", R);
+printf("\nThe thickness of the air film = %4.2e m", t);
+
+// Result
+// The radius of curvature of the lens = 1.059 m
+// The thickness of the air film = 2.95e-006 m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.c.217/Ex3c_17.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.217/Ex3c_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ce6148f8d --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.c.217/Ex3c_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3c.17: Page-189 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 5893e-010; // Wavelength of light used, m
+mu = 1.5; // Refractive index of glass film
+r = 60; // Angle of reflection in the film, degree
+t = lambda/(2*mu*cosd(r)); // Smallest thickness of the
+printf("\nThe smallest thickness of the glass film when it appears dark = %6.1f angstrom", t/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// The smallest thickness of the glass film when it appears dark = 3928.7 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.d.301/Ex3d_1.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.301/Ex3d_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..79d1e22c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.301/Ex3d_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3d.1: Page-205 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+D = 200; // Distance between the source and the slit, cm
+a = 0.02; // Slit width, cm
+x = 0.5; // Position of first minimum, cm
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction
+lambda = a*x/(D*n); // Wavelength of light used, cm
+printf("\nThe wavelength of light used = %4d angstrom", lambda/1e-008);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of light used = 5000 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.d.302/Ex3d_2.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.302/Ex3d_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e05907a2c --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.302/Ex3d_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3d.2: Page-205 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+f = 20; // Focal length of the lens, cm
+a = 0.06; // Slit width, cm
+n = 2; // Order of diffraction
+lambda = 6e-005; // Wavelength of light used, cm
+x = 2*lambda*f/a; // Separation between the second minima on either side of the central maximum, cm
+printf("\nThe separation between the second minimum an central maximum = %4.2f cm", x);
+
+// Result
+// The separation between the second minimum an central maximum = 0.04 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.d.303/Ex3d_3.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.303/Ex3d_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5363a2a9f --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.303/Ex3d_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3d.3: Page-206 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction
+f = 40; // Focal length of the lens, cm
+a = 0.03; // Slit width, cm
+lambda = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of the light used, cm
+// As a*sind(theta) = n*lambda, solving for theta
+theta = asin(n*lambda/a); // The angle of diffraction corresponding to the first minimum, radian
+x = f*theta; // The distance of the first dark band from the axis, cm
+printf("\nThe distance of the first dark band from the axis = %6.4f cm", x);
+
+// Result
+// The distance of the first dark band from the axis = 0.0785 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.d.304/Ex3d_4.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.304/Ex3d_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8a60fce0d --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.304/Ex3d_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3d.4: Page-206 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+lambda1 = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of D1 line of sodium lamp, cm
+lambda2 = 5896e-008; // Wavelength of D2 line of sodium lamp, cm
+d_lambda = lambda2 - lambda1; // Wavelength difference, cm
+w = 0.5; // Width of the grating, cm
+N = 2500; // Total number of grating lines
+N_prime = N/w; // Number of lines per cm, lines/cm
+a_plus_b = 1/N_prime; // Grating element, cm
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction
+// Case 1
+theta = asind(n*lambda1/a_plus_b); // Angle of diffraction for D1 line, degree
+// Case 2
+theta_prime = asind(n*lambda2/a_plus_b); // Angle of diffraction for D2 line, degree
+printf("\nThe angle of diffraction for D1 and D2 lines of sodium are %5.2f dgree and %5.2f degree respectively.", theta, theta_prime);
+// From the condition for just resolution, lambda/d_lambda = n*N, solving for N
+N_min = lambda1/(d_lambda*n); // Minimum number of lines required on the grating
+if N_min < N then
+ printf("\nThe two lines are well resolved.");
+else
+ printf("\nThe two lines are not resolved.");
+end
+
+// Result
+// The angle of diffraction for D1 and D2 lines of sodium are 17.13 dgree and 17.15 degree respectively.
+// The two lines are well resolved.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.d.305/Ex3d_5.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.305/Ex3d_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..976a0f982 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.305/Ex3d_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3d.5: Page-207 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+N = 4250; // Number of lines per cm of grating, lines/cm
+a_plus_b = 1/N; // Grating element, cm
+n = 2; // Order of diffraction
+theta = 30; // Angle of diffraction, degree
+lambda = sind(theta)*a_plus_b/n; // Wavelength of spectral line from diffraction condition, cm
+printf("\nThe wavelength of spectral line from diffraction condition = %4d angstrom", lambda/1e-008);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of spectral line from diffraction condition = 5882 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.d.306/Ex3d_6.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.306/Ex3d_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a3e832a4f --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.306/Ex3d_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3d.6: Page-207 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+n = 2; // Order of diffraction
+lambda = 5e-005; // Wavelength of light, cm
+theta = 30; // Angle of diffraction, degree
+N = sind(theta)/(n*lambda); // Number of lines per cm of grating, lines/cm
+printf("\nThe number of lines per cm of grating = %4d per cm", ceil(N));
+
+// Result
+// The number of lines per cm of grating = 5000 per cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.d.307/Ex3d_7.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.307/Ex3d_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0957fad98 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.307/Ex3d_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3d.7: Page-208 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+N = 5000; // Number of lines per cm ruled on grating, lines/cm
+lambda = 6e-005; // Wavelength of light, m
+a_plus_b = 1/N; // Grating element, m
+theta = 90; // Maximum angle of diffraction, degree
+n = a_plus_b*sind(theta)/lambda; // Order of diffraction
+printf("\nIn highest order spectrum obtainable with the given diffraction grating = %4.2f", n);
+
+// Result
+// In highest order spectrum obtainable with the given diffraction grating = 3.33
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.d.308/Ex3d_8.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.308/Ex3d_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d92aa377b --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.308/Ex3d_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3d.8: Page-208 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 5.5e-007; // Wavelength of light, m
+a_plus_b = 1.5e-006; // Grating element, m
+theta = 90; // Maximum angle of diffraction, degree
+n = a_plus_b*sind(theta)/lambda; // Order of diffraction
+printf("\nIn this diffraction grating only %dnd order will be visible while %drd and higher orders are not possible.", n, n+1);
+
+// Result
+// In this diffraction grating only 2nd order will be visible while 3rd and higher orders are not possible.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.d.309/Ex3d_9.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.309/Ex3d_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..30b31c202 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.309/Ex3d_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3d.9: Page-208 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+theta = 30; // Maximum angle of diffraction, degree
+lambda1 = 5400e-010; // Wavelength of light giving certain diffraction order, m
+lambda2 = 4050e-010; // Wavelength of light giving higher diffraction order, m
+n = poly(0, 'n');
+n = roots(lambda1*n-(n+1)*lambda2); // Order of diffraction for first wavelength
+a_plus_b = n*lambda1/sind(theta); // Grating element, m
+N = 1/a_plus_b; // Number of lines per cm ruled on grating, lines/cm
+printf("\nThe number of lines per cm on the diffraction grating = %d lines per cm", N/100);
+
+// Result
+// The number of lines per cm on the diffraction grating = 3086 lines per cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.d.310/Ex3d_10.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.310/Ex3d_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..224b33d3e --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.310/Ex3d_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3d.10: Page-209 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of light, cm
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction
+d_lambda = 6e-008; // Difference in wavelengths of D1 and D2 lines, cm
+N = lambda/(n*d_lambda); // Number of lines on grating
+printf("\nThe minimum number of lines on the diffraction grating = %d", ceil(N));
+
+// Result
+// The minimum number of lines on the diffraction grating = 982
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.d.311/Ex3d_11.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.311/Ex3d_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5143338d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.311/Ex3d_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3d.11: Page-209 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 6000e-008; // Wavelength of light, cm
+n = 2; // Order of diffraction
+d_lambda = 6e-008; // Difference in wavelengths of D1 and D2 lines, cm
+N = lambda/(n*d_lambda); // Number of lines on grating
+printf("\nThe minimum number of lines in the required diffraction grating = %d", N);
+
+// Result
+// The minimum number of lines in the required diffraction grating = 500
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.d.312/Ex3d_12.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.312/Ex3d_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..eb6a780fa --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.312/Ex3d_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3d.12: Page-209 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of light, cm
+n = 2; // Order of diffraction
+d_lambda = 6e-008; // Difference in wavelengths of D1 and D2 lines, cm
+w = 2.5; // Width of the grating, cm
+N = lambda/(n*d_lambda); // Number of lines on grating
+printf("\nThe minimum number of lines per cm in the diffraction grating = %5.1f", N/w);
+
+// Result
+// The minimum number of lines per cm in the diffraction grating = 196.3
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.d.313/Ex3d_13.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.313/Ex3d_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..67d333bb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.313/Ex3d_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3d.13: Page-210 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 5000e-008; // Wavelength of light, cm
+theta = 90; // Angle of diffraction for the maximum resolving power, degree
+N = 40000; // Number of lines on grating
+a_plus_b = 12.5e-005; // Grating element, cm
+n = 2; // Order of diffraction
+n_max = N*a_plus_b*sind(theta)/lambda; // Maximum resolving power
+printf("\nThe maximum resolving power = %d", n_max);
+
+// Result
+// The maximum resolving power = 100000
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH3/EX3.d.314/Ex3d_14.sce b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.314/Ex3d_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d86c254c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH3/EX3.d.314/Ex3d_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3d.14: Page-209 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of light, cm
+n = 3; // Order of diffraction
+d_lambda = 6e-008; // Difference in wavelengths of D1 and D2 lines, cm
+N = lambda/(n*d_lambda); // Maximum number of lines of a grating
+printf("\nThe maximum number of lines of the grating = %d", N);
+
+// Result
+// The maximum number of lines of the grating = 327
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/2411/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..21da92162 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.1: Page-233 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+v = 3e+004; // Speed of earth, m/s
+d = 7; // Effective length of each path, m
+lambda = 7000e-010; // Wavelength of light used, m
+n = 2*d*v^2/(lambda*c^2); // Fringe shift
+printf("\nThe expected fringe shift = %3.1f", n);
+
+// Result
+// The expected fringe shift = 0.2
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/2411/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2ea1f1ab9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.10: Page-238 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+m0 = 9.1e-031; // Rest mass of the electron, kg
+E0 = m0*c^2; // Rest energy of the electron, J
+printf("\nThe rest energy of the electron = %4.2f MeV", E0/1.6e-013);
+E = 1.25*E0; // Total energy of the particle
+v = sqrt(1-(E0/E)^2)*c; // Velocity of the particle from relativistic variation of mass with speed, m/s
+printf("\nThe velocity of the electron when its total energy is 1.25 times its rest energy = %3.1f c = %3.1e cm/s", v/c, v);
+
+// Result
+// The rest energy of the electron = 0.51 MeV
+// The velocity of the electron when its total energy is 1.25 times its rest energy = 0.6 c = 1.8e+008 cm/s
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/2411/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6fe9d5e56 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.11: Page-238 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+v = 0.99*c; // Speed of the electron, m/s
+m0 = 9.1e-031; // Rest mass of the electron, kg
+m = m0/sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); // Moving mass of the electron, kg
+E = m*c^2; // Total energy of the electron, J
+printf("\nThe total energy of the electron = %4.2e J", E);
+KE_ratio = m0/(2*(m-m0))*(v/c)^2; // Ratio of Newtonian kinetic energy to the relativistic kinetic energy
+printf("\nThe ratio of Newtonian kinetic energy to the relativistic kinetic energy = %4.2f", KE_ratio);
+
+// Result
+// The total energy of the electron = 5.81e-013 J
+// The ratio of Newtonian kinetic energy to the relativistic kinetic energy = 0.08
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/2411/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b6bd9dc0d --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.2: Page-233 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+v = 3e+007; // Speed of metre rod, m/s
+L0 = 1; // Actual length of the rod, m
+L = L0*sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); // Apparent length of rod from Lorentz transformation, m
+printf("\nThe apparent length of rod realtive to the observer = %5.3f m", L);
+
+// Result
+// The apparent length of rod realtive to the observer = 0.995 m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/2411/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cd7a019a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.3: Page-234 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+v = [c c/sqrt(2) sqrt(3)/2*c c/2 0.8*c]; // Different speeds of metre rod, m/s
+L0 = 100; // Actual length of the rod, cm
+for i = 1:1:5
+ L = L0*sqrt(1-v(i)^2/c^2); // Apparent length of rod from Lorentz transformation, m
+ printf("\nFor v = %4.2e m/s, L = %4.1f cm", v(i), L);
+end
+
+// Result
+// For v = 3.00e+008 m/s, L = 0.0 cm
+// For v = 2.12e+008 m/s, L = 70.7 cm
+// For v = 2.60e+008 m/s, L = 50.0 cm
+// For v = 1.50e+008 m/s, L = 86.6 cm
+// For v = 2.40e+008 m/s, L = 60.0 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/2411/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1fd7ec526 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.4: Page-235-236 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+// Part (a)
+v = 0.98*c ; // Speed of the rigid bar, m/s
+L2 = 1.5; // Length of the rigid bar in S_prime frame, m
+L1 = L2*sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); // Apparent length of rod from Lorentz transformation, m
+theta2 = 45; // Angle which the bar makes w.r.t. x-aixs in S_prime frame, degree
+theta1 = atand(tand(theta2)/sqrt(1-v^2/c^2)); // Orientation of bar relative to S frame, degree
+printf("\nThe orientation of the %d m bar relative to S frame = %4.1f degree", L2, theta1);
+// Part(b)
+v = 0.6*c ; // Speed of the rigid bar, m/s
+L2 = 5; // Length of the rigid bar in S_prime frame, m
+L1 = L2*sqrt(1-v^2/c^2); // Apparent length of rod from Lorentz transformation, m
+theta2 = 30; // Angle which the bar makes w.r.t. x-aixs in S_prime frame, degree
+theta1 = atand(tand(theta2)/sqrt(1-v^2/c^2)); // Orientation of bar relative to S frame, degree
+printf("\nThe orientation of the %d m bar relative to S frame = %4.1f degree", L2, theta1);
+
+// Result
+// The orientation of the 1 m bar relative to S frame = 78.7 degree
+// The orientation of the 5 m bar relative to S frame = 35.8 degree
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/2411/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c7b61d9e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.5: Page-236 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+t0 = 2.5e-008; // Proper life time of pi-meson, s
+t = 2.5e-007; // MEan life time of pi-meson, s
+// As t = t0/(sqrt(1-v^2/c^2)), solving for v
+v = sqrt(1-(t0/t)^2)*c; // Velocity of pi meson, m/s
+printf("\nThe velocity of pi meson = %5.3f c = %4.2e m/s", v/c, v);
+
+// Result
+// The velocity of pi meson = 0.995 c = 2.98e+008 m/s
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/2411/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..85e01b656 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.6: Page-237 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+v = 0.8*c; // Speed of the first spaceship, m/s
+u_prime = 0.9*c; // Speed of the second spaceship, m/s
+u = (u_prime+v)/(1+u_prime*v/c^2); // Relative speed of the ships as measured by the observer on either one from Velocity addition rule, m/s
+printf("\nThe relative speed of the ships as measured by an observer in either one = %5.3f c = %4.2e m/s", u/c, u);
+
+// Result
+// The relative speed of the ships as measured by an observer in either one = 0.988 c = 2.97e+008 m/s
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/2411/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e6af0d2d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.7: Page-237 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+v = 0.9*c; // Speed of the first particle, m/s
+u_prime = 0.9*c; // Speed of the oppositely moving second particle, m/s
+u = (u_prime+v)/(1+u_prime*v/c^2); // Velocity of one particle relative to the other from Velocity addition rule, m/s
+printf("\nThe velocity of one particle relative to the other = %5.3f c = %4.2e m/s", u/c, u);
+
+// Result
+// The velocity of one particle relative to the other = 0.994 c = 2.98e+008 m/s
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/2411/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b322474e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.8: Page-237 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+// Case 1: when velocity of firing is away from the earth
+v = 0.5*c; // Speed of the rocket away from the earth, m/s
+u_prime = 0.8*c; // Speed of the outgoing spaceship relative to earth, m/s
+u = (u_prime+v)/(1+u_prime*v/c^2); // Velocity of rocket moving away relative to the earth, m/s
+printf("\nThe velocity of rocket moving away relative to the earth = %4.2f c = %4.2e m/s", u/c, u);
+// Case 2: when velocity of firing is towards the earth
+v = 0.5*c; // Speed of the rocket moving towards the earth, m/s
+u_prime = -0.8*c; // Speed of the outgoing spaceship relative to earth, m/s
+u = (u_prime+v)/(1+u_prime*v/c^2); // Velocity of approaching rocket relative to the earth, m/s
+printf("\nThe velocity of approaching rocket relative to the earth = %3.1f c = %3.1e m/s", u/c, u);
+
+// Result
+// The velocity of rocket moving away relative to the earth = 0.93 c = 2.79e+008 m/s
+// The velocity of approaching rocket relative to the earth = -0.5 c = -1.5e+008 m/s
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/2411/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1f0de4e16 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.9: Page-237 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+E0 = 1; // Assume the rest energy of the particle to be unity
+E = 3*E0; // Total energy of the particle
+v = sqrt(1-(E0/E)^2)*c; // Velocity of the particle from relativistic variation of mass with speed, m/s
+printf("\nThe velocity of the particle when its total energy is thrice its rest energy = %5.3e cm/s", v);
+
+// Result
+// The velocity of the particle when its total energy is thrice its rest energy = 2.828e+008 cm/s
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5f65268b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.10/Ex5_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.10: Page-288 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light, m/s
+KE1 = 3.62e-019; // Maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons with first wavelength, eV
+lambda1 = 3000; // First wavelength of incident radiation, angstrom
+KE2 = 0.972e-019; // Maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons with second wavelength, eV
+lambda2 = 5000; // Second wavelength of incident radiation, angstrom
+A = [c/lambda1, -1; c/lambda2, -1]; // Declare a square matrix as per Einstein's Photoelectric relation, KE = h*c/lambda - phi
+B = [KE1; KE2]; // Put KEs in a column matrix
+X = inv(A)*B; // Apply inverse multiplication of a matrix to fing h and phi
+lambda0 = X(1)*1e-010*c/X(2); // Threshold wavelength of metal, m
+printf("\nh = %4.2e Js\nphi = %1.0e J", X(1)*1e-010, X(2));
+printf("\nThe threshold wavelength of metal = %d angstrom", ceil(lambda0/1e-010));
+
+// Result
+// h = 6.62e-034 Js
+// phi = 3e-019 J
+// The threshold wavelength of metal = 6620 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..29fce1502 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.11/Ex5_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.11: Page-288 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light, m/s
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J
+h = 6.62e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+m0 = 9.1e-031; // Rest mass of an electron, kg
+alpha = 90; // Scattering angle for X-ray photon, degree
+d_lambda = h/(m0*c)*(1-cosd(alpha)); // Wavelength shift after collision, m
+lambda = d_lambda; // Wavelength of the incident photon according to the condition, m
+E = h*c/(lambda*e*1e+006); // Energy of the incident photon, MeV
+printf("\nThe wavelength of the incident photon = %6.4e m", lambda);
+printf("\nThe energy of the incident photon = %4.2f MeV", E);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of the incident photon = 2.4249e-012 m
+// The energy of the incident photon = 0.51 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c04bc4d41 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.12/Ex5_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.12: Page-289 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light, m/s
+e = 1.602e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J
+h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+lambda = 0.1; // Wavelength of X ray photon, angstrom
+m0 = 9.1e-031; // Rest mass of an electron, kg
+alpha = 90; // Scattering angle for X-ray photon, degree
+d_lambda = h/(m0*c*1e-010)*(1-cosd(alpha)); // Wavelength shift after collision, angstrom
+lambda_prime = lambda + d_lambda; // Wavelength of the scattered photon, angstrom
+dE = h*c*1e+010/e*(1/lambda - 1/lambda_prime); // Energy lost by the X ray photon by collision, eV
+printf("\nThe energy lost by the X ray photon by collision = %4.1f KeV", dE/1e+003);
+
+// Result
+// The energy lost by the X ray photon by collision = 24.1 KeV
diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fdfc680b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.13/Ex5_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.13: Page-289 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light, m/s
+e = 1.602e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J
+h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+m0 = 9.1e-031; // Rest mass of an electron, kg
+alpha = [90 60 45 180]; // Different scattering angle for X-ray photon, degrees
+d_lambda = zeros(4);
+for i = 1:1:4
+ d_lambda(i) = h/(m0*c*1e-010)*(1-cosd(alpha(i))); // Wavelength shift after collision, angstrom
+ printf("\nFor alpha = %d degree, d_lambda = %6.4f angstrom", alpha(i), d_lambda(i));
+end
+lambda = 0.2; // Given wavelength of incident X-ray photon, angstrom
+lambda_prime = lambda + d_lambda(3); // Wavelength of the scattered photon at 45 degree, angstrom
+printf("\nThe wavelength of the photon scattered at 45 degree = %5.3f angstrom", lambda_prime);
+lambda_prime = lambda + d_lambda(4); // Maximum wavelength of the photon scattered at 180 degree, angstrom
+KE_max = h*c*1e+010*(1/lambda - 1/lambda_prime); // Maximum kinetic energy of the recoil electron, J
+printf("\nThe maximum kinetic energy of the recoil electron = %4.2e J", KE_max);
+
+// Result
+// For alpha = 90 degree, d_lambda = 0.0242 angstrom
+// For alpha = 60 degree, d_lambda = 0.0121 angstrom
+// For alpha = 45 degree, d_lambda = 0.0071 angstrom
+// For alpha = 180 degree, d_lambda = 0.0484 angstrom
+// The wavelength of the photon scattered at 45 degree = 0.207 angstrom
+// The maximum kinetic energy of the recoil electron = 1.93e-015 J
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8ff51c18f --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.15/Ex5_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.15: Page-292 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+// For golf ball
+m = 0.046; // Mass of the golf ball, kg
+v = 36; // Velocity of the golf ball, m/s
+lambda = h/(m*v); // de-Broglie wavelength associated with the moving golf ball, m
+printf("\nThe de-Broglie wavelength associated with the moving golf ball = %1.0e m", lambda);
+if lambda/1e-010 > 0.1 then
+ printf("\nThe moving golf ball may exhibit wave character.");
+end
+// For an electron
+m = 9.11e-031; // Mass of the electron, kg
+v = 1e+007; // Velocity of the electron, m/s
+lambda = h/(m*v); // de-Broglie wavelength associated with the moving electron, m
+printf("\nThe de-Broglie wavelength associated with the moving electron = %3.1e m", lambda);
+if lambda/1e-010 > 0.1 then
+ printf("\nThe moving electron may exhibit wave character.");
+end
+
+// Result
+// The de-Broglie wavelength associated with the moving golf ball = 4e-034 m
+// The de-Broglie wavelength associated with the moving electron = 7.2e-011 m
+// The moving electron may exhibit wave character.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6c575a235 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.16/Ex5_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.16: Page-292 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.62e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+e = 1.602e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J
+lambda = 0.40e-010; // de-Broglie wavelength associated with the moving electron, m
+m = 9.11e-031; // Rest mass of an electron, kg
+V = (h/lambda)^2/(2*m*e); // Voltage applied to the electron microscope to produce the required wavelength, volt
+printf("\nThe voltage applied to the electron microscope to produce the required de-Broglie wavelength = %5.1f volt", V);
+
+// Result
+// The voltage applied to the electron microscope to produce the required de-Broglie wavelength = 938.4 volt
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f5cbe9b30 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.18/Ex5_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.18: Page-293 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.62e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+e = 1.602e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J
+E_k = 12.8e+006; // Energy of the moving neutron, eV
+m0 = 1.675e-027; // Rest mass of a neutron, kg
+lambda = h/sqrt(2*m0*E_k*e) // de-Broglie wavelength associated with the moving neutron, m
+printf("\nThe de-Broglie wavelength of the moving neutron = %3.1e angstrom", lambda/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// The de-Broglie wavelength of the moving neutron = 8.0e-005 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d305c9b7c --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.19/Ex5_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.19: Page-294 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.62e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+e = 1.602e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J
+m = 1.67e-027; // Rest mass of a proton, kg
+r = 5e-015; // Radius of the nucleus, m
+delta_x = 2*r; // Minimum uncertainty in position of the proton, m
+delta_p = h/(2*%pi*delta_x); // Minimum uncertainty in proton's momentum, kg-m/s
+KE = delta_p^2/(2*m); // Minimum kinetic emergy of the proton, J
+printf("\nThe minimum uncertainty in momentum of the proton = %4.2e kg-m/s", delta_p);
+printf("\nThe minimum kinetic emergy of the proton = %5.3f MeV", KE/(e*1e+006));
+
+// Result
+// The minimum uncertainty in momentum of the proton = 1.05e-020 kg-m/s
+// The minimum kinetic emergy of the proton = 0.207 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ee6e87426 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.2: Page-284 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+lambda_m = 4753e-010; // Wavelength from the sun at which maximum energy is emitted, m
+b = 2.88e-003; // Wein's constant, m-K
+T = b/lambda_m; // Temperature of the surface of sun
+printf("\nThe temperature of the surface of sun = %d K", ceil(T));
+
+// Result
+// The temperature of the surface of sun = 6060 K
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.20/Ex5_20.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.20/Ex5_20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..39341a523 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.20/Ex5_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.20: Page-294 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.62e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+m = 9.11e-031; // Rest mass of a electron, kg
+delta_x = 1e-009; // Minimum uncertainty in position of the electron, m
+delta_p_min = h/delta_x; // Minimum uncertainty in electron's momentum, kg-m/s
+delta_v = delta_p_min/m; // Minimum uncertainty in the measurement of velocity of the electron, m/s
+printf("\nThe minimum uncertainty in the measurement of velocity of the electron = %4.2e m/s", delta_v);
+
+// Result
+// The minimum uncertainty in the measurement of velocity of the electron = 7.27e+005 m/s
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.22/Ex5_22.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.22/Ex5_22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c771719e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.22/Ex5_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.22: Page-295 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.62e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+m = 1e-009; // Mass of the particle, kg
+v = 1; // Velocity of the particle, m/s
+delta_v = v*0.01/100; // Minimum uncertainty in the velocity of the particle, m/s
+delta_x = h/(m*delta_v); // Minimum uncertainty in the position of the particle, m
+printf("\nThe minimum uncertainty in the position of the particle = %4.2e m", delta_x);
+
+// Result
+// The minimum uncertainty in the position of the particle = 6.62e-021 m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.23/Ex5_23.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.23/Ex5_23.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c87fbc9b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.23/Ex5_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.23: Page-295 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.62e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of the electron, kg
+v = 1e+003; // Velocity of the electron, m/s
+delta_v = v*0.05/100; // Minimum uncertainty in the velocity of the electron, m/s
+delta_x = h/(m*delta_v); // Minimum uncertainty in the position of the electron, m
+printf("\nThe minimum uncertainty in the position of the electron = %4.2e m", delta_x);
+
+// Result
+// The minimum uncertainty in the position of the electron = 1.45e-003 m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.24/Ex5_24.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.24/Ex5_24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d224bdd0f --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.24/Ex5_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.24: Page-295 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.62e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+e = 1.602e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J
+delta_t = 1e-008; // Life time of excited state of an atom, s
+delta_E = h/(2*%pi*delta_t); // Minimum uncertainty in the energy of the excited state of the atom, J
+printf("\nThe minimum uncertainty in the energy of the excited state of the atom = %3.1e eV", delta_E/e);
+
+// Result
+// The minimum uncertainty in the energy of the excited state of the atom = 6.6e-008 eV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.25/Ex5_25.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.25/Ex5_25.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..105a50c6b --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.25/Ex5_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.25: Page-296 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.62e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+delta_t = 1e-012; // Life time of a nucleus in the excited state, s
+delta_E = h/(2*%pi*delta_t); // Minimum uncertainty in the energy of the excited state of the nucleus, J
+// As E = h*nu, solving for delta_nu
+delta_nu = delta_E/h; // Minimum uncertainty in the frequency of the excited state of the nucleus, Hz
+printf("\nThe minimum uncertainty in the energy of the excited state of the nucleus = %5.3e J", delta_E);
+printf("\nThe minimum uncertainty in the frequency of the excited state of the nucleus = %4.2e MHz", delta_nu/1e+006);
+
+// Result
+// The minimum uncertainty in the energy of the excited state of the nucleus = 1.054e-022 J
+// The minimum uncertainty in the frequency of the excited state of the nucleus = 1.59e+005 MHz
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.29/Ex5_29.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.29/Ex5_29.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..330598cc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.29/Ex5_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.29: Page-300 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.62e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+e = 1.602e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J
+m = 9.11e-031; // Rest mass of the electron, kg
+l = 4e-010; // Length of the force free region, m
+n = 1; // Principal quantum number for lowest energy state
+E1 = n^2*h^2/(8*m*l^2); // Lowest energy of an electron in one dimensional force free region, J
+printf("\nThe lowest energy of an electron in one dimensional force free region = %4.2f eV", E1/e);
+
+// Result
+// The lowest energy of an electron in one dimensional force free region = 2.35 eV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..74fa8e878 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.3: Page-284 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+b = 2.898e-003; // Wein's constant, m-K
+T = 3000 + 273; // Temperature of the source, K
+lambda_m = b/T; // Wavelength of maximum intensity of radiation emitted from the source, m
+printf("\nThe wavelength of maximum intensity of radiation emitted from the source = %d angstrom", lambda_m/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of maximum intensity of radiation emitted from the source = 8854 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.30/Ex5_30.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.30/Ex5_30.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c94b11189 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.30/Ex5_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.30: Page-300 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+e = 1.602e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J
+E1 = 3.2e-018/e; // Minimum energy possible for a particle entrapped in a one dimensional box, eV
+n = [1 2 3 4]; // Principal quantum number for K, L, M and N states
+printf("\nThe next three energies which the particle can have are:");
+for i = 2:1:4
+ printf("\nE%d = %d eV", i, ceil(i^2*E1));
+end
+
+// Result
+// The next three energies which the particle can have are:
+// E2 = 80 eV
+// E3 = 180 eV
+// E4 = 320 eV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.31/Ex5_31.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.31/Ex5_31.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6f7f789b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.31/Ex5_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.31: Page-301 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+delta_x = 4; // Interval at the centre of the box at which the probability is to be found out, angstrom
+l = 10; // Width of one dimensional infinite height box, angstrom
+P = 2*delta_x/l; // Probability of finding the particle within 4 angstrom interval
+printf("\nThe probability of finding the particle within the %d angstrom interval at the centre of the box = %3.1f", delta_x, P);
+
+// Result
+// The probability of finding the particle within the 4 angstrom interval at the centre of the box = 0.8
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.32/Ex5_32.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.32/Ex5_32.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6ff5ac2c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.32/Ex5_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.32: Page-301 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+L = 1; // Assume the length of the box to be unity, m
+L1 = 0.4*L; // Lower limit, m
+L2 = 0.6*L; // Upper limit, m
+x = (L1+L2)/2; // Mean position of particle, m
+delta_x = L2 - L1; // Uncertainty in position of the particle, m
+for n = 1:1:3
+ P = 2/L*sin(n*%pi*x/L)^2; // Probability density, per m
+ printf("\nFor n = %d, the probability, P = %3.1f", n, P*delta_x);
+end
+
+// Result
+// For n = 1, the probability, P = 0.4
+// For n = 2, the probability, P = 0.0
+// For n = 3, the probability, P = 0.4
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e63354552 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.4: Page-285 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.62e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light, m/s
+lambda = 2300e-010; // Thereshold wavelength for tungsten, m
+phi = h*c/lambda; // Work function for tungsten, J
+lambda = 1800e-010; // Wavelength of incident radiation, m
+E = h*c/lambda; // Energy of the incidnt radiation, J
+KE = E - phi; // Kinetic energy of the ejected photoelectrons, J
+printf("\nThe kinetic energy of the ejected photoelectrons = %3.1f eV", KE/1.6e-019);
+
+// Result
+// The kinetic energy of the ejected photoelectrons = 1.5 eV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4a69f2541 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.5: Page-285 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+function [] = check_energy(E, L)
+phi = 4.8; // Work function for tungsten, eV
+ if E > phi then
+ printf("\nThe wavelength %d angstrom will be able to liberate an electron.", ceil(L/1e-010));
+ else
+ printf("\nThe wavelength %d angstrom will not be able to liberate an electron.", ceil(L/1e-010));
+ end
+endfunction
+h = 6.62e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light, m/s
+// Case 1
+lambda = 2000e-010; // Wavelength of incident radiation, m
+E = h*c/(lambda*1.6e-019); // Energy of the incidnt radiation, eV
+check_energy(E, lambda); // Check for the wavelength
+// Case 2
+lambda = 5000e-010; // Wavelength of incident radiation, m
+E = h*c/(lambda*1.6e-019); // Energy of the incidnt radiation, eV
+check_energy(E, lambda); // Check for the wavelength
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength 2000 angstrom will be able to liberate an electron.
+// The wavelength 5000 angstrom will not be able to liberate an electron.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6270b6b4b --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.6: Page-286 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.62e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light, m/s
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy quivalent of 1 eV, J
+phi = 2.28*e; // Work function for material, J
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of an electron, kg
+lambda = 3000e-010; // Wavelength of incident radiation, m
+E = h*c/lambda; // Energy of the incidnt radiation, J
+KE = E - phi; // Kinetic energy of the ejected photoelectrons, J
+v = sqrt(2*KE/m); // Velocity of emitted electron, m/s
+printf("\nThe velocity of the emitted electron = %4.2e m/s", v);
+
+// Result
+// The velocity of the emitted electron = 8.08e+005 m/s
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d7b2feaee --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.7: Page-286 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.62e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light, m/s
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy quivalent of 1 eV, J
+phi = 4.2*e; // Work function for material, J
+lambda = 2000e-010; // Wavelength of incident radiation, m
+E = h*c/lambda; // Energy of the incidnt radiation, J
+KE_fast = (E - phi)/e; // Kinetic energy of the fastest photoelectron, eV
+KE_slow = 0; // Kinetic energy of the slowest photoelectron, eV
+printf("\nThe kinetic energy of the fastest photoelectron = %d eV", KE_fast);
+printf("\nThe kinetic energy of the slowest photoelectron = %d eV", KE_slow);
+V = (E - phi)/e; // Stopping potential, V
+printf("\nThe stopping potential = %d volt", V);
+
+// Result
+// The kinetic energy of the fastest photoelectron = 2 eV
+// The kinetic energy of the slowest photoelectron = 0 eV
+// The stopping potential = 2 volt
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..127c6f36f --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.8/Ex5_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.8: Page-287 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.62e-027; // Planck's constant, erg-s
+c = 3e+010; // Speed of light, cm/s
+phi = 3.31e-012; // Work function for material, erg
+lambda0 = h*c/phi; // Wavelength of incident radiation, cm
+printf("\nThe maximum wavelength of radiation which would start the emission of photoelectrons = %d angstrom", lambda0/1e-008);
+
+// Result
+// The maximum wavelength of radiation which would start the emission of photoelectrons = 6000 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/2411/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0229c57f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.9: Page-287 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.62e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light, m/s
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy quivalent of 1 eV, J
+phi = 2.1*e; // Work function for material, J
+lambda = 3500e-010; // Wavelength of incident UV radiation, m
+E = 1e-004; // Energy incident per sec on 1 Sq. cm of potassium surface, J
+eta = 0.5/100; // Efficiency of potassium surface
+KE = (h*c/lambda-phi)/e; // Maximum kinetic energy of the ejected photoelectrons, eV
+N = eta*E/(KE*e); // Number of photoelectrons emitted per second per Sq. cm of potassium surface
+printf("\nThe maximum kinetic energy of the incidnt radiation = %4.2f eV", KE);
+printf("\nThe number of photoelectrons emitted per second per Sq. cm of potassium surface = %4.2e", N);
+
+// Result
+// The maximum kinetic energy of the incidnt radiation = 1.45 eV
+// The number of photoelectrons emitted per second per Sq. cm of potassium surface = 2.16e+012
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/2411/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9c1dc0b2e --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex6.1: Page-345 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+n = 14; // Total number of particles
+C = 2; // Total number of compartments
+N_micro = C^n; // Total number of microstates
+n1 = [10 7 14]; // Set of number of particles in first compartment
+n2 = [4 7 0]; // Set of number of particles in second compartment
+for i = 1:1:3
+ W = factorial(n1(i) + n2(i))/(factorial(n1(i))*factorial(n2(i)));
+ P = W/N_micro;
+ printf("\nThe probability of microstate (%d, %d) = %8.6f", n1(i), n2(i), P);
+end
+
+// Result
+// The probability of microstate (10, 4) = 0.061096
+// The probability of microstate (7, 7) = 0.209473
+// The probability of microstate (14, 0) = 0.000061
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/2411/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..461bfee13 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex6.10: Page-350 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+g1 = 8, g2 = 10; // Total number of cells in the first and the second compartments respectively
+n1 = 3, n2 = 4; // Given number of cells in the first and the second compartments respectively for given macrostate
+W_34 = factorial(g1)/(factorial(n1)*factorial(g1 - n1))*factorial(g2)/(factorial(n2)*factorial(g2 - n2)); // Total number of microstates in the macrostate (3, 4)
+printf("\nThe total number of microstates in the macrostate (%d, %d) = %d", n1, n2, W_34);
+
+// Result
+// The total number of microstates in the macrostate (3, 4) = 11760
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce b/2411/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ad552cce3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH6/EX6.11/Ex6_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex6.11: Page-351 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of an electron, kg
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J
+rho = 10.5; // Density of silver, g/cc
+A = 108; // Atomic weight of Ag, g/mole
+N_A = 6.023e+023; // Avogadro's number
+E_F0 = h^2/(8*m)*(3*N_A*rho*1e+006/(%pi*A))^(2/3); // Fermi energy of silver at 0 K, J
+U = 3/5*(N_A*rho*1e+006/A)*E_F0; // Internal energy of the electron gas per unit volume at 0 K, J/metre-cube
+printf("\nThe Fermi energy of silver at 0 K = %3.1f eV", E_F0/e);
+printf("\nThe internal energy of the electron gas per unit volume at 0 K = %4.2e J/cubic-metre", U);
+
+// Result
+// The Fermi energy of silver at 0 K = 5.5 eV
+// The internal energy of the electron gas per unit volume at 0 K = 3.07e+010 J/cubic-metre
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce b/2411/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fd15014d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH6/EX6.12/Ex6_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex6.12: Page-351 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of an electron, kg
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J
+E_F0 = 5.48; // Fermi energy of silver at 0 K, eV
+N_bar = (8*m/h^2)^(3/2)*%pi/3*(E_F0*e)^(3/2); // Number density of conduction electrons in silver at 0 K, per cc
+printf("\nThe number density of conduction electrons in silver at 0 K = %3.1e per cc", N_bar*1e-006);
+
+// Result
+// The number density of conduction electrons in silver at 0 K = 5.9e+022 per cc
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce b/2411/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ece2ebdac --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH6/EX6.13/Ex6_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex6.13: Page-351 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+h = 6.6e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of an electron, kg
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J
+E_F0_Be = 14.44 // Fermi energy of Be at 0 K, eV
+N_bar_Be = 24.2e+022; // Number density of conduction electrons in Be at 0 K, per cc
+N_bar_Cs = 0.91e+022; // Number density of conduction electrons in Cs at 0 K, per cc
+E_F0_Cs = E_F0_Be*(N_bar_Cs/N_bar_Be)^(2/3); // Fermi energy of conduction electrons in cesium, eV
+printf("\nThe Fermi energy of conduction electrons in cesium = %5.3f eV", E_F0_Cs);
+
+// Result
+// The Fermi energy of conduction electrons in cesium = 1.621 eV
+// The answer is given wrongly in the textbook
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/2411/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d88fa35d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex6.6: Page-348 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+MAX = 10;
+// Look for all the possible set of values for n1, n2 and n3
+printf("\nThe most probable distribution is for ");
+for i = 0:1:5
+ for j = 0:1:5
+ for k = 0:1:5
+ // Check for the condition and avoid repetition of set of values
+ if ((i + j + k) == 5) & ((j+2*k) == 3) then
+ W = factorial(i + j + k)/(factorial(i)*factorial(j)*factorial(k));
+ if W > MAX then
+ printf("\nn1 = %d, n2 = %d and n3 = %d", i, j, k);
+ end
+ end
+ end
+ end
+end
+
+// Result
+// The most probable distribution is for
+// n1 = 3, n2 = 1 and n3 = 1
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/2411/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f3ca5bf65 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex6.8: Page-349 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+k = 1.38e-016; // Boltzmann constant, erg/K
+T = 100; // Given temperature, K
+E1 = 0; // Energy of the first state, erg
+E2 = 1.38e-014; // Energy of the second state, erg
+E3 = 2.76e-014; // Energy of the third state, erg
+g1 = 2, g2 = 5, g3 = 4; // Different ways of occuring for E1, E2 and E3 states
+P1 = g1*exp(-E1/(k*T)); // Probability of occurence of state E1
+P2 = g2*exp(-E2/(k*T)); // Probability of occurence of state E2
+P3 = g3*exp(-E3/(k*T)); // Probability of occurence of state E3
+PE_3 = P3/(P1+P2+P3); // Probability for the system to be in any one microstates of E3
+P0 = P1/(P1+P2+P3); // Probability for the system to be in ground state
+printf("\nThe probability for the system to be in any one microstates of E3 = %6.4f", PE_3);
+printf("\nThe probability for the system to be in ground state = %5.3f", P0);
+
+// Result
+// The probability for the system to be in any one microstates of E3 = 0.1236
+// The probability for the system to be in ground state = 0.457
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/2411/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..224a188ce --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex6.9: Page-350 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+g1 = 6, g2 = 8; // Total number of cells in the first and the second compartments respectively
+n1 = 2, n2 = 3; // Given number of cells in the first and the second compartments respectively for given macrostate
+W_23 = factorial(g1)/(factorial(n1)*factorial(g1 - n1))*factorial(g2)/(factorial(n2)*factorial(g2 - n2)); // Total number of microstates in the macrostate (2, 3)
+printf("\nThe total number of microstates in the macrostate (%d, %d) = %d", n1, n2, W_23);
+
+// Result
+// The total number of microstates in the macrostate (2, 3) = 840
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/2411/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fc030887e --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.1: Page-376 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+a = poly(0, 'a'); // Lattice parameter for a cubic unit cell, m
+// For simple cubic cell
+n = 1; // Number of atoms per simple cubic unit cell
+r = a/2; // Atomic radius for a simple cubic cell, m
+f = pol2str(int(numer(n*4/3*%pi*r^3/a^3)*100)); // Atomic packing fraction for a simple cubic cell
+printf("\nFor simple cubic cell, f = %s percent", f);
+// For face centered cubic cell
+n = 2; // Number of atoms per face centered cubic unit cell
+r = sqrt(3)/4*a; // Atomic radius for a face centered cubic cell, m
+f = pol2str(int(numer(n*4/3*%pi*r^3/a^3)*100)); // Atomic packing fraction for a face centered cubic cell
+printf("\nFor face centered cubic cell, f = %s percent", f);
+// For body centered cubic cell
+n = 4; // Number of atoms per body centered cubic unit cell
+r = a/(2*sqrt(2)); // Atomic radius for a body centered cubic cell, m
+f = pol2str(int(numer(n*4/3*%pi*r^3/a^3)*100)); // Atomic packing fraction for a body centered cubic cell
+printf("\nFor body centered cubic cell, f = %s percent", f);
+
+// Result
+// For simple cubic cell, f = 52 percent
+// For face centered cubic cell, f = 68 percent
+// For body centered cubic cell, f = 74 percent
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/2411/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..28050e480 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.10: Page-380 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+h = 3; k = 2; l = 1; // Miller Indices for planes in a cubic crystal
+a = 4.21D-10; // Interatomic spacing, m
+d = a/(h^2+k^2+l^2)^(1/2); // The interplanar spacing for cubic crystals, m
+printf("\nThe interplanar spacing between consecutive (321) planes = %3.1e m", d);
+
+// Result
+// The interplanar spacing between consecutive (321) planes = 1.1e-010 m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce b/2411/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a99c6d7bf --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.11: Page-380 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+e = 1.6e-019; // The energy equivalent of 1 eV, J
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+V = [30 44 50 200]; // Operating voltages of X ray, kV
+lambda_min = [0.414 0.284 0.248 0.062]; // Minimum wavelengths of emitted continuous X rays, angstrom
+for i = 1:1:4
+ h = e*V(i)*1e+003*lambda_min(i)*1e-010/c; // Planck's constant, Js
+ printf("\nFor V = %d kV and lambda_min = %5.3f angstrom, h = %4.2e Js", V(i), lambda_min(i), h);
+end
+
+// Result
+// For V = 30 kV and lambda_min = 0.414 angstrom, h = 6.62e-034 Js
+// For V = 44 kV and lambda_min = 0.284 angstrom, h = 6.66e-034 Js
+// For V = 50 kV and lambda_min = 0.248 angstrom, h = 6.61e-034 Js
+// For V = 200 kV and lambda_min = 0.062 angstrom, h = 6.61e-034 Js
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce b/2411/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0aa6b862e --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.12: Page-381 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+e = 1.6e-019; // The energy equivalent of 1 eV, J
+m = 9.11e-031; // Rest mass of an electron, kg
+h = 6.62e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+V = [20 100]; // Operating voltages of X ray, kV
+for i = 1:1:2
+ v = sqrt(2*e*V(i)*1e+003/m); // Maximum striking speed of the electron, m/s
+ lambda_min = c*h/(e*V(i)*1e+003*1e-010); // Minimum wavelength of emitted continuous X rays, angstrom
+ printf("\nFor V = %d kV:", V(i));
+ printf("\nThe maximum striking speed of the electron = %5.2e m/s", v);
+ printf("\nThe minimum wavelength of emitted continuous X rays = %5.3f angstrom\n", lambda_min);
+end
+
+// Result
+// For V = 20 kV:
+// The maximum striking speed of the electron = 8.38e+007 m/s
+// The minimum wavelength of emitted continuous X rays = 0.621 angstrom
+//
+// For V = 100 kV:
+// The maximum striking speed of the electron = 1.87e+008 m/s
+// The minimum wavelength of emitted continuous X rays = 0.124 angstrom
+// There are small variation in the answers as approximations are used in the text
+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce b/2411/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4d3da4edc --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.13: Page-381 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction
+lambda = 1.75e-010; // Wavelength of X rays, m
+h = 1, k = 1, l = 1; // Miller indices for the set of planes
+theta = 30; // Bragg's angle, degree
+// As from Bragg's law, 2*d*sind(theta) = n*lambda and d = a/sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2). solving for a we have
+a = sqrt(h^2+k^2+l^2)*n*lambda/(2*sind(theta)*1e-010); // Interatomic spacing of the crystal, angstrom
+printf("\nThe interatomic spacing of the crystal = %5.3f angstrom", a);
+
+// Result
+// The interatomic spacing of the crystal = 3.031 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce b/2411/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1898617cd --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.14: Page-382 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+e = 1.6e-019; // The energy equivalent of 1 eV, J
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction
+d = 2.82e-010; // Interplanar spacing, m
+V = 9.1e+003; // Operating voltage of X rays
+theta = 14; // Bragg's angle, degree
+lambda = 2*d*sind(theta)/n; // Wavelength of X rays, m
+nu = c/lambda; // Frequency of X rays, Hz
+h = e*V/nu; // Planck's constant, Js
+printf("\nThe value of Planck constant, h = %4.2e Js", h);
+
+// Result
+// The value of Planck constant, h = 6.62e-034 Js
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce b/2411/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6f071b6df --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.15: Page-382 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+e = 1.6e-019; // The energy equivalent of 1 eV, J
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+lambda = 0.5e-010; // Wavelength of X rays, m
+theta = 5; // Bragg's angle, degree
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction
+d = n*lambda/(2*sind(theta)*1e-010); // Interplanar spacing, angstrom
+n = 2; // Ordr of diffraction
+theta1 = asind(n*lambda/(2*d*1e-010)); // Angle at which the second maximum occur, degree
+printf("\nThe spacing between adjacent planes of the crystal = %4.2f angstrom", d);
+printf("\nThe angle at which the second maximum occur = %5.2f degree", theta1);
+
+// Result
+// The spacing between adjacent planes of the crystal = 2.87 angstrom
+// The angle at which the second maximum occur = 10.04 degree
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.sce b/2411/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..882fb61fa --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.16: Page-383 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+M = 58.5 // Gram atomic mass of NaCl, kg/mole
+N = 6.023e+026; // Avogadro's number per kmol
+rho = 2.17e+003; // Density of NaCl, kg/metre-cube
+m = M/N; // Mass of each NaCl molecule, g
+V = m/rho; // Volume of each NaCl molecule, metre-cube
+d = (V/2)^(1/3)/1e-010; // Atomic apacing in the NaCl crystal, angstrom
+theta = 26; // Bragg's angle, degree
+n = 2; // Order of diffraction
+lambda = 2*d*sind(theta)/n; // Wavelength of X rays, m
+printf("\nThe grating spacing of rock salt = %4.2f angstrom", d);
+printf("\nThe wavelength of X rays = %4.2f angstrom", lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The grating spacing of rock salt = 2.82 angstrom
+// The wavelength of X rays = 1.24 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.sce b/2411/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..51524c283 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.17: Page-383 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+d = 3.02945e-010; // Atomic apacing in the calcite crystal, m
+lambda_alpha = 0.563e-010; // Wavelength of the K-alpha line of Ag, m
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction
+theta = asind(n*lambda_alpha/(2*d)); // Angle of reflection for the first order, degree
+theta_max = 90; // Angle of reflection for the highest order, degree
+n = 2*d*sind(theta_max)/lambda_alpha; // The highest order for which the line may be observed
+printf("\nThe angle of reflection for the first order = %4.2f degree", theta);
+printf("\nThe highest order for which the line may be observed = %d", n);
+
+// Result
+// The angle of reflection for the first order = 5.33 degree
+// The highest order for which the line may be observed = 10
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18.sce b/2411/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..464c0ae4a --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.18: Page-384 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+lambda = 1.8e-010; // Wavelength of the X rays, m
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction
+theta = 60; // Angle of diffraction for the first order, degree
+d = n*lambda/(2*sind(theta)); // Interplanar spacing, m
+// Since for a simple cubic lattice, d_111 = d = a/sqrt(3), solving for a
+a = sqrt(3)*d; // The interatomic spacing for the given crystal planes, m
+printf("\nThe interatomic spacing for the given crystal planes, a = %3.1f angstrom", a/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// The interatomic spacing for the given crystal planes, a = 1.8 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.sce b/2411/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2dcebaec0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.19: Page-384 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+function [d, m] = deg2degmin(theta)
+ d = int(theta);
+ m = (theta-d)*60;
+endfunction
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+e = 1.6e-019; // The energy equivalent of 1 eV, J
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+V = 50e+003; // Operating voltage of X ray, V
+lambda_min = h*c/(e*V); // Minimum wavelength of emitted continuous X rays, angstrom
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction
+d = 3.02945e-010; // Interplanar spacing, m
+theta = asind(n*lambda_min/(2*d)); // The smallest angle between the crystal plane and the X ray beam, degree
+[deg , m] = deg2degmin(theta);
+printf("\nThe smallest angle between the crystal plane and the X ray beam = %d degree %d min", deg, m);
+
+// Result
+// The smallest angle between the crystal plane and the X ray beam = 2 degree 21 min
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/2411/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0f0f679cc --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.3: Page-377 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+M = 58.46; // Gram atomic mass of NaCl, g/mole
+N = 6.023e+023; // Avogadro's number
+rho = 2.17; // Density of NaCl, g/cc
+m = M/N; // Mass of each NaCl molecule, g
+n = rho/m; // Number of NaCl molecules per unit volume, molecules/cc
+N = 2*n; // Number of atoms per unit volume, atoms/cc
+a = (1/N)^(1/3); // Distance between two adjacent atoms in the NaCl, cm
+printf("\nThe distance between two adjacent atoms in the NaCl = %4.2f angstrom", a/1e-008);
+
+// Result
+// The distance between two adjacent atoms in the NaCl = 2.82 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/2411/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b7c8a446e --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.4: Page-377 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+function p = find_cell_type(x)
+ if x == 1 then
+ p = 'simple cubic';
+ end
+ if x == 2 then
+ p = 'body centered';
+ end
+ if x == 4 then
+ p = 'face centered';
+ end
+endfunction
+M = 130; // Gram atomic weight of Cs, g/mole
+N = 6.023e+023; // Avogadro's number
+rho = 2; // Density of Cs, g/cc
+a = 6e-008; // Distance between two adjacent atoms in the Cs, cm
+m = M/N; // Mass of each Cs atom, g
+x = rho*a^3*N/M; // Number of Cs atoms in cubic unit cell
+c_type = find_cell_type(int(x)); // Call function to determine the type of cell
+printf("\nThe cubic unit cell of Cs is %s.", c_type);
+
+// Result
+// The cubic unit cell of Cs is body centered.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/2411/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e53db0815 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.5: Page-378 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+m = 2; n = 3; p = 6; // Coefficients of intercepts along three axes
+m_inv = 1/m; // Reciprocate the first coefficient
+n_inv = 1/n; // Reciprocate the second coefficient
+p_inv = 1/p; // Reciprocate the third coefficient
+mul_fact = double(lcm(int32([m,n,p]))); // Find l.c.m. of m,n and p
+m1 = m_inv*mul_fact; // Clear the first fraction
+m2 = n_inv*mul_fact; // Clear the second fraction
+m3 = p_inv*mul_fact; // Clear the third fraction
+printf("\nThe required miller indices are : (%d %d %d) ", m1,m2,m3);
+
+// Result
+// The required miller indices are : (3 2 1)
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/2411/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..899229b02 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.6: Page-378 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+// For first set (3, 2, 2)
+m = 3; n = 2; p = 2; // Coefficients of intercepts along three axes
+m_inv = 1/m; // Reciprocate the first coefficient
+n_inv = 1/n; // Reciprocate the second coefficient
+p_inv = 1/p; // Reciprocate the third coefficient
+mul_fact = double(lcm(int32([m,n,p]))); // Find l.c.m. of m,n and p
+m1 = m_inv*mul_fact; // Clear the first fraction
+m2 = n_inv*mul_fact; // Clear the second fraction
+m3 = p_inv*mul_fact; // Clear the third fraction
+printf("\nThe plane (%d %d %d) has intercepts %da, %db and %dc on the three axes.", m, n, p, m1, m2, m3);
+// For second set (1 1 1)
+m = 1; n = 1; p = 1; // Coefficients of intercepts along three axes
+m_inv = 1/m; // Reciprocate the first coefficient
+n_inv = 1/n; // Reciprocate the second coefficient
+p_inv = 1/p; // Reciprocate the third coefficient
+mul_fact = double(lcm(int32([m,n,p]))); // Find l.c.m. of m,n and p
+m1 = m_inv*mul_fact; // Clear the first fraction
+m2 = n_inv*mul_fact; // Clear the second fraction
+m3 = p_inv*mul_fact; // Clear the third fraction
+printf("\nThe plane (%d %d %d) has intercepts a, b and c on the three axes.", m, n, p);
+
+// Result
+// The plane (3 2 2) has intercepts 2a, 3b and 3c on the three axes.
+// The plane (1 1 1) has intercepts a, b and c on the three axes.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/2411/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..de10d8f3d --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.9: Page-379 (2008)
+clc; clear;
+h = 2; k = 3; l = 1; // Miller indices of the set of planes
+p = 1/h; // Reciprocate h
+q = 1/k; // Reciprocate k
+r = 1/l; // Reciprocate l
+lx = 1.2; // Intercept cut by plane along x-axis, angstrom
+a = 1.2, b = 1.8, c = 2; // Primitives of the crystal, angstrom
+mul_fact = double(lcm(int32([h, k, l]))); // Find l.c.m. of h, k and l
+pa = mul_fact*p*a;
+qb = mul_fact*q*b;
+rc = mul_fact*r*c;
+ly = lx*qb/pa; // Length of intercept along y-axis
+lz = lx*rc/pa; // Length of intercept along z-axis
+printf("\nThe length of intercept along y-axis = %3.1f angstrom", ly);
+printf("\nThe length of intercept along z-axis = %3.1f angstrom", lz);
+
+// Result
+// The length of intercept along y-axis = 1.2 angstrom
+// The length of intercept along z-axis = 4.0 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/2411/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..490d0ace4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex8.1: Page-397 (2008) +clc; clear; +lambda = 6000e-008; // Wavelength of the lase beam, cm +P = 10e-003; // Power of the laser beam, W +theta = 1.5e-004; // Angular spread of laser beam, rad +f = 10; // Focal length of the lens, cm +r = f*theta; // Radius of the image, cm +rho = P/(%pi*r^2*1e+003); // Power density of the image, kW/Sq.cm +L_w = lambda/(theta/10); // Coherence width, mm +printf("\nThe radius of the image = %3.1e cm", r); +printf("\nThe power density of the image = %3.1f kW/Sq.cm", rho); +printf("\nThe coherence width = %d mm", L_w); + +// Result +// The radius of the image = 1.5e-03 cm +// The power density of the image = 1.4 kW/Sq.cm +// The coherence width = 4 mm diff --git a/2411/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/2411/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..39158fbd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex8.2: Page-398 (2008) +clc; clear; +lambda = 632.8e-009; // Wavelength of the lase beam, cm +E_2P = 15.2e-019; // Energy of 2P level, J +h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js +c = 3e+008; // Speed of light, m/s +e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV +E_Pump = E_2P + h*c/lambda; // The required pumping energy, J +printf("\nThe pumping energy required for He Ne laser transition = %5.2f eV", E_Pump/e); + +// Result +// The pumping energy required for He Ne laser transition = 11.46 eV diff --git a/2411/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/2411/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c621b8251 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex8.3: Page-398 (2008) +clc; clear; +h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js +c = 3e+008; // Speed of light, m/s +T = 27+273; // Room temperature, K +k = 1.38e-023; // Boltzmann constant, J/mol/K +lambda = h*c/(k*T); // Wavelength of radiation mitted at room temperature, m +printf("\nThe wavelength of radiation mitted at room temperature = %3.1e m", lambda); + +// Result +// The wavelength of radiation mitted at room temperature = 4.8e-05 m diff --git a/2411/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/2411/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c96da7b7c --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex8.4: Page-398 (2008) +clc; clear; +NA = 0.5; // Numerical aperture of the optical fibre +n1 = 1.54; // Refractive index of the core material +n2 = sqrt(n1^2-NA^2); // Refractive index of the cladding in an optical fibre +printf("\nThe refractive index of the cladding in the optical fibre = %4.2f", n2); + +// Result +// The refractive index of the cladding in the optical fibre = 1.46 diff --git a/2411/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/2411/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..80d3cdccf --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex8.5: Page-398 (2008) +clc; clear; +n1 = 1.51; // Refractive index of the core material +n2 = 1.47; // Refractive index of the cladding +NA = sqrt(n1^2-n2^2); // Numerical aperture of the optical fibre +n0 = 1; // Refractive index of air +theta_a = asin(NA/n0); // Acceptance angle of the optical fibre, rad +printf("\nThe numerical aperture of the optical fibre = %6.4f", NA); +printf("\nThe acceptance angle of the optical fibre = %4.2f degrees", theta_a*180/3.14); + +// Result +// The numerical aperture of the optical fibre = 0.3453 +// The acceptance angle of the optical fibre = 20.21 degrees diff --git a/2411/CH9/EX9.1.1/Ex9_1_1.sce b/2411/CH9/EX9.1.1/Ex9_1_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bb6894ee0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH9/EX9.1.1/Ex9_1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.1.1:Page-411 (2008) +clc; clear; +u = 931.508; // Energy equivalent of 1 amu, MeV +Z = 28; // Atomic number of ni-64 +A = 64; // Mass number of Ni-64 +m_p = 1.007825; // Mass of a proton, u +m_n = 1.008665; // Mass of a neutron, u +M_Ni = 63.9280; // Atomic mass of Ni-64 nucleus, u +delta_m = Z*m_p + (A-Z)*m_n - M_Ni; // Mass difference, u +BE = delta_m*u; // Binding energy of Ni-64 nucleus, MeV +BE_bar = BE/A; // Binding energy per nucleon of Ni-64 nucleus, MeV +printf("\nThe binding energy per nucleon for Ni-64 nucleus = %4.2f MeV/nucleon", BE_bar); + +// Result +// The binding energy per nucleon for Ni-64 nucleus = 8.78 MeV/nucleon
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH9/EX9.1.2/Ex9_1_2.sce b/2411/CH9/EX9.1.2/Ex9_1_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f99411add --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH9/EX9.1.2/Ex9_1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.1.2:Page-411 (2008) +clc; clear; +e = 1.6e-013; // Energy equivalent of 1 MeV, J +m_p = 1.672e-027; // Mass of a proton, kg +m_n = 1.675e-027; // Mass of a neutron, kg +M_D = 3.343e-027; // Mass of a deutron, kg +c = 3.00e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s +delta_m = m_p + m_n - M_D; // Mass defect, kg +E_B = delta_m*c^2/e; // Binding energy for the deutron, MeV +BE_bar = E_B/2; // Binding energy per nucleon for the deutron, MeV +printf("\nThe binding energy per nucleon for the deutron = %5.3f MeV/nucleon", BE_bar); + +// Result +// The binding energy per nucleon for the deutron = 1.125 MeV/nucleon
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH9/EX9.1.3/Ex9_1_3.sce b/2411/CH9/EX9.1.3/Ex9_1_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a6fc9dd8d --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH9/EX9.1.3/Ex9_1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.1.3:Page-411 (2008) +clc; clear; +u = 931.508; // Energy equivalent of 1 amu, MeV +Z = 8; // Atomic number of O-16 +A = 16; // Mass number of O-16 +m_p = 1.008142; // Mass of a proton, u +m_n = 1.008982; // Mass of a neutron, u +M_O = 15.994915; // Atomic mass of O-16 nucleus, u +delta_m = Z*m_p + (A-Z)*m_n - M_O; // Mass difference, u +BE = delta_m*u; // Binding energy of O-16 nucleus, MeV +BE_bar = BE/A; // Binding energy per nucleon of O-16 nucleus, MeV +delta_m = abs(M_O - A); // Mass difference, u +PF = delta_m/A; // Packing fraction for O-16 nucleus, u +printf("\nThe binding energy per nucleon for O-16 nucleus = %4.2f MeV/nucleon", BE_bar); +printf("\nThe packing fraction for O-16 nucleus = %5.3e u", PF); + +// Result +// The binding energy per nucleon for O-16 nucleus = 8.27 MeV/nucleon +// The packing fraction for O-16 nucleus = 3.178e-004 u
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH9/EX9.1.4/Ex9_1_4.sce b/2411/CH9/EX9.1.4/Ex9_1_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..dde938f75 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH9/EX9.1.4/Ex9_1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.1.4: Page-411 (2008) +clc; clear; +u = 931.508; // Energy equivalent of 1 amu, MeV +Z = 10; // Atomic number of Ne-20 +A = 20; // Mass number of Ne-0 +m_p = 1.007825; // Mass of a proton, u +m_n = 1.008665; // Mass of a neutron, u +BE = 160.64; // Binding energy of Ne-20 nucleus, MeV +M = Z*m_p + (A-Z)*m_n + Z*0.51/u - BE/u; // Atomic mass of Ne-20 nucleus, u +printf("\nThe atomic mass of Ne = %7.4f a.m.u", M); + +// Result +// The atomic mass of Ne = 19.9979 a.m.u
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH9/EX9.2.1/Ex9_2_1.sce b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.1/Ex9_2_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..283c0aa79 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.1/Ex9_2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.2.1: Page-414 (2008) +clc; clear; +h = 6.63e-034; // Planck's constant, Js +c = 3.00e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s +I = 1e+004; // Intensity of monochromatic beam, W/Sq.m +nu = 1e+004; // Frequency of monochromatic beam, Hz +n = I/(h*nu*c); // Average number of photons per cubic metre, photons/metre-cube +printf("\nThe average number of photons in the monochromatic beam of radiation = %4.2e photons/metre-cube", n); + +// Result +// The average number of photons in the monochromatic beam of radiation = 5.03e+024 photons/metre-cube
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH9/EX9.2.11/Ex9_2_11.sce b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.11/Ex9_2_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a89b490d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.11/Ex9_2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.2.11: Page-418(2008) +clc; clear; +u = 931.5; // Energy equivalent of 1 amu, MeV +m_x = 4.002603; // Mass of projectile (alpha-particle), u +m_y = 1.007825; // Mass of emitted particle (proton), u +M_X = 14.0031; // Mass of target nucleus (N-14), u +M_Y = 16.9994; // Mass of daughter nucleus (O-16), u +Q = ((m_x + M_X) - (m_y + M_Y))*u; // Q-value of the reaction, MeV +printf("\nThe Q-value of the nuclear reaction = %5.3f MeV", Q); + +// Result +// The Q-value of the nuclear reaction = -1.418 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH9/EX9.2.12/Ex9_2_12.sce b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.12/Ex9_2_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..50f7f5e67 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.12/Ex9_2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.2.12: Page-418(2008) +clc; clear; +u = 931.5; // Energy equivalent of 1 amu, MeV +// First reaction +m_x = 1.007825; // Mass of projectile (proton), u +m_y = 2.014102; // Mass of emitted particle (deutron), u +M_X = 208.980394; // Mass of target nucleus (Bi-209), u +M_Y = 207.979731; // Mass of daughter nucleus (Bi-208), u +Q = ((m_x + M_X) - (m_y + M_Y))*u; // Q-value of the reaction, MeV +Ex_threshold = -Q*(m_x + M_X)/M_X; // The smallest value of the projectile energy, MeV +printf("\nThe threshhold energy of the reaction Bi(209,83) + p --> Bi(208,83) + d = %4.2f MeV", Ex_threshold); +// Second reaction +m_x = 4.002603; // Mass of projectile (alpha-particle), u +m_y = 1.007825; // Mass of emitted particle (proton), u +M_X = 27.98210; // Mass of target nucleus (Al-27), u +M_Y = 30.973765; // Mass of daughter nucleus (P-31), u +Q = ((m_x + M_X) - (m_y + M_Y))*u; // Q-value of the reaction, MeV +Ex_threshold = -Q*(m_x + M_X)/M_X; // The smallest value of the projectile energy, MeV +printf("\nThe threshhold energy of the reaction Al(27,13) + He --> P(31,15) + p = %4.2f MeV", Ex_threshold); + +// Result +// The threshhold energy of the reaction Bi(209,83) + p --> Bi(208,83) + d = 5.25 MeV +// The threshhold energy of the reaction Al(27,13) + He --> P(31,15) + p = -3.31 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH9/EX9.2.13/Ex9_2_13.sce b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.13/Ex9_2_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..80763a6e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.13/Ex9_2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.2.13: Page-418(2008) +clc; clear; +function p = Find(Z, A) + if Z == 2 & A == 4 then + p = 'alpha'; + end + if Z == -1 & A == 0 then + p = 'beta-'; + end + if Z == 1 & A == 0 then + p = 'beta+'; + end +endfunction +R1 = cell(4,3); +R2 = cell(4,3); +// Enter data for first cell (Reaction) +R1(1,1).entries = 'Li'; // Element +R1(1,2).entries = 3; // Atomic number +R1(1,3).entries = 6; // Mass number +R1(2,1).entries = 'd'; +R1(2,2).entries = 1; +R1(2,3).entries = 2; +R1(3,1).entries = 'X'; +R1(3,2).entries = 0; +R1(3,3).entries = 0; +R1(4,1).entries = 'He'; +R1(4,2).entries = 2; +R1(4,3).entries = 4; +// Enter data for second cell (Reaction) +R2(1,1).entries = "Te"; +R2(1,2).entries = 52; +R2(1,3).entries = 122; +R2(2,1).entries = 'X'; +R2(2,2).entries = 0; +R2(2,3).entries = 0; +R2(3,1).entries = 'I'; +R2(3,2).entries = 53; +R2(3,3).entries = 124; +R2(4,1).entries = 'd'; +R2(4,2).entries = 1; +R2(4,3).entries = 2; +R1(3,2).entries = R1(1,2).entries+R1(2,2).entries-R1(4,2).entries +R1(3,3).entries = R1(1,3).entries+R1(2,3).entries-R1(4,3).entries +particle = Find(R1(3,2).entries, R1(3,3).entries); // Find the unknown particle +printf("\nFor the reaction\n") + printf("\t%s(%d) + %s(%d) --> %s + %s(%d)\n X must be an %s particle", R1(1,1).entries, R1(1,3).entries, R1(2,1).entries, R1(2,3).entries, R1(3,1).entries, R1(4,1).entries, R1(4,3).entries, particle); +R2(2,2).entries = R2(3,2).entries+R2(4,2).entries-R2(1,2).entries +R2(2,3).entries = R2(3,3).entries+R2(4,3).entries-R2(1,3).entries +particle = Find(R2(2,2).entries, R2(2,3).entries); // Find the unknown particle +printf("\n\nFor the reaction\n") + printf("\t%s(%d) + %s --> %s(%d)+%s(%d)\n X must be an %s particle", R2(1,1).entries, R2(1,3).entries, R2(2,1).entries, R2(3,1).entries, R2(3,3).entries, R2(4,1).entries, R2(4,3).entries, particle); + +// Result +// For the reaction +// Li(6) + d(2) --> X + He(4) +// X must be an alpha particle + +// For the reaction +// Te(122) + X --> I(124)+d(2) +// X must be an alpha particle
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH9/EX9.2.14/Ex9_2_14.sce b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.14/Ex9_2_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7e666454e --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.14/Ex9_2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.2.14: Page-419(2008) +clc; clear; +h = 6.63e-034; // Planck's constant, Js +c = 3e+008; // Speed of light, m/s +lambda = 10e-012; // Wavelength of incident X-rays, m +lambda_c = 2.426e-012; // Compton wavelength for the electron, m +phi = 45; // Angle of scattering of X-rays, degree +lambda_prime = lambda + lambda_c*(1 - cosd(phi)); // Wavelength of scattered X-rays, m +// For maximum wavelength +phi = 180; // Angle for maximum scattering, degree +lambda_prime_max = lambda + lambda_c*(1 - cosd(phi)) ; // Maximum wavelength present in the scattered X-rays, m +KE_max = h*c*(1/lambda-1/lambda_prime_max); // Maximum kinetic energy of the recoil electrons, J +printf("\nThe wavelength of scattered X-rays = %5.2e m", lambda_prime); +printf("\nThe maximum wavelength present in the scattered X-rays = %6.3f pm", lambda_prime_max/1e-012); +printf("\nThe maximum kinetic energy of the recoil electrons = %5.3e J", KE_max); + +// Result +// The wavelength of scattered X-rays = 1.07e-011 m +// The maximum wavelength present in the scattered X-rays = 14.852 pm +// The maximum kinetic energy of the recoil electrons = 6.498e-015 J
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH9/EX9.2.16/Ex9_2_16.sce b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.16/Ex9_2_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4a6ea74d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.16/Ex9_2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.2.16: Page-420(2008) +clc; clear; +m = 3; n = 3; p = 2; // Coefficients of intercepts along three axes +m_inv = 1/m; // Reciprocate the first coefficient +n_inv = 1/n; // Reciprocate the second coefficient +p_inv = 1/p; // Reciprocate the third coefficient +mul_fact = double(lcm(int32([m,n,p]))); // Find l.c.m. of m,n and p +m1 = m_inv*mul_fact; // Clear the first fraction +m2 = n_inv*mul_fact; // Clear the second fraction +m3 = p_inv*mul_fact; // Clear the third fraction +printf("\nThe miller indices for planes with set of intercepts (%da, %db, %dc) are (%d %d %d) ", m, n, p, m1, m2, m3); +m = 1; n = 2; p = %inf; // Coefficients of intercepts along three axes +m_inv = 1/m; // Reciprocate the first coefficient +n_inv = 1/n; // Reciprocate the second coefficient +p_inv = 1/p; // Reciprocate the third coefficient +mul_fact = double(lcm(int32([m,n]))); // Find l.c.m. of m,n and p +m1 = m_inv*mul_fact; // Clear the first fraction +m2 = n_inv*mul_fact; // Clear the second fraction +m3 = p_inv*mul_fact; // Clear the third fraction +printf("\nThe miller indices for planes with set of intercepts (%da, %db, %dc) are (%d %d %d) ", m, n, p, m1, m2, m3); + +// Result +// The miller indices for planes with set of intercepts (3a, 3b, 2c) are (2 2 3) +// The miller indices for planes with set of intercepts (1a, 2b, Infc) are (2 1 0)
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH9/EX9.2.19/Ex9_2_19.sce b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.19/Ex9_2_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1e47bccbf --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.19/Ex9_2_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.2.19: Page-421(2008) +clc; clear; +d = 1; // For simplicity assume interplanar spacing to be unity, m +theta = 15; // Glancing angle for first order, degree +n = 1; // Order of reflection +// From Bragg's law, 2*d*sind(theta) = n*lambda, solving for lambda +lambda = 2*d*sind(theta)/n; // Wavelength of incident X-ray, angstrom +// For second order reflection +n = 2 +theta = asind(n*lambda/(2*d)); // Glancing angle for second order reflection, degree +printf("\nThe glancing angle for the second order reflection = %4.1f degree", theta); +// For third order reflection +n = 3; +theta = asind(n*lambda/(2*d)); // Glancing angle for third order reflection, degree +printf("\nThe glancing angle for the third order reflection = %4.1f degree", theta); + +// Result +// The glancing angle for the second order reflection = 31.2 degree +// The glancing angle for the third order reflection = 50.9 degree
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH9/EX9.2.2/Ex9_2_2.sce b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.2/Ex9_2_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9c7fc1b89 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.2/Ex9_2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.2.2: : Page-414 (2008) +clc; clear; +h = 6.63e-034; // Planck's constant, Js +c = 3.00e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s +I = 1e+004; // Intensity of monochromatic beam, W/Sq.m +nu = 1e+004; // Frequency of monochromatic beam, Hz +n = I/(h*nu*c); // Average number of photons per cubic metre, photons/metre-cube +printf("\nThe average number of photons in the monochromatic beam of radiation = %4.2e photons/metre-cube", n); + +// Result +// The average number of photons in the monochromatic beam of radiation = 5.03e+024 photons/metre-cube
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH9/EX9.2.3/Ex9_2_3.sce b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.3/Ex9_2_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4ad160e51 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.3/Ex9_2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.2.3: Page-414 (2008) +clc; clear; +h = 6.63e-034; // Planck's constant, Js +c = 3.00e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s +e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J +m_e = 9.1e-031; // Rest mass of an electron, kg +lambda0 = 2762e-010; // Thereshold wavelength of silver, m +lambda = 2000e-010; // Wavelength of ultraviolet rays, m +E_max = h*c*(1/lambda - 1/lambda0); // Maximum kinetic energy of the ejected electrons from Einstein's photoelectric equation, J +// As E_max = 1/2*m_e*v^2, solving for v +v_max = sqrt(2*E_max/m_e); // Maximum velocity of the photoelectrons, m/s +V0 = E_max/e; // Stopping potential for the electrons, V +printf("\nThe maximum kinetic energy of the ejected electrons = %5.3e J", E_max); +printf("\nThe maximum velocity of the photoelectrons = %4.2e m/s", v_max); +printf("\nThe stopping potential for the electrons = %5.3f V", V0); + +// Result +// The maximum kinetic energy of the ejected electrons = 2.744e-019 J +// The maximum velocity of the photoelectrons = 7.77e+005 m/s +// The stopping potential for the electrons = 1.715 V
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH9/EX9.2.4/Ex9_2_4.sce b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.4/Ex9_2_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f14ff13d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.4/Ex9_2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.2.4: Page-415 (2008) +clc; clear; +lambda1 = 3333e-010; // First wavelength of the incident light, m +lambda2 = 2400e-010; // Second wavelength of the incident light, m +c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in free space, m/s +e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J +E1 = 0.6; // Kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons for the first wavelength, eV +E2 = 2.04; // Kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons for the second wavelength, eV +h = (E2 - E1)*lambda1*lambda2*e/(c*(lambda1 - lambda2)); // Planck's constant, Js +W0 = (E2*lambda2 - E1*lambda1)/(lambda1 - lambda2); // Work function of the metal, eV +printf("\nThe value of Planck constant = %3.1e Js", h); +printf("\nThe work function of the metal = %3.1f eV", W0); + +// Result +// The value of Planck constant = 6.6e-034 Js +// The work function of the metal = 3.1 eV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH9/EX9.2.5/Ex9_2_5.sce b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.5/Ex9_2_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ab293d446 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.5/Ex9_2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.2.5: Page-415 (2008) +clc; clear; +c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in free space, m/s +h = 6.63e-034; // Planck's constant, Js +m_e = 9.11e-031; // Rest mass of an electron, kg +lambda = 0.3; // Wavelength of incident X-ray photon, angstrom +phi = 45; // The angle of scattering, degrees +lambda_prime = lambda + h/(m_e*c*1e-010)*(1-cosd(phi)); // The wavelength of the scattered photon, angstrom +printf("\nThe wavelength of the scattered photon = %6.4f angstrom", lambda_prime); + +// Result +// The wavelength of the scattered photon = 0.3071 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH9/EX9.2.6/Ex9_2_6.sce b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.6/Ex9_2_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d2650c8dd --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.6/Ex9_2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.2.6: Page-416 (2008) +clc; clear; +h = 6.63e-034; // Planck's constant, Js +m_e = 9.11e-031; // Rest mass of an electron, kg +e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J +K = 3*e; // Kinetic energy of the electron in metllic sodium, J +lambda = h/sqrt(2*m_e*K)/1e-010; // de Broglie wavelength of the valence electron, angstrom +printf("\nThe de-Broglie wavelength of the valence electron = %3.1f angstrom", lambda); + +// Result +// The de-Broglie wavelength of the valence electron = 7.1 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH9/EX9.2.7/Ex9_2_7.sce b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.7/Ex9_2_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cff1e8784 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.7/Ex9_2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.2.7: Page-416 (2008) +clc; clear; +h = 6.63e-034; // Planck's constant, Js +m = 9.11e-031; // Rest mass of an electron, kg +c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s +bita = 3/5; // Boost parameter +v = 3/5*c; // Spped of the electron, m/s +lambda = h/(m*v)*sqrt(1-bita^2); // de Broglie wavelength of the electron, m +printf("\nThe de-Broglie wavelength of the moving electron = %6.4f angstrom", lambda/1e-010); + +// Result +// The de-Broglie wavelength of the moving electron = 0.0323 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH9/EX9.2.8/Ex9_2_8.sce b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.8/Ex9_2_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fcd2a2912 --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.8/Ex9_2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.2.8: Page-416 (2008) +clc; clear; +h = 6.63e-034; // Planck's constant, Js +h_bar = h/(2*%pi); // Reduced Planck's constant, Js +delta_t = 1e-008; // Time during which the radiation is emitted, s +delta_E = h_bar/delta_t; // Minimum uncertainty in energy of emitted light, J +// As delta_E = h*delta_nu from Planck's quantum theory, solving for delta_nu +delta_nu = delta_E/h; // Minimum uncertainty in frequency of emitted light, Hz +printf("\nThe minimum uncertainty in energy of emitted light = %5.3e J", delta_E); +printf("\nThe minimum uncertainty in frequency of emitted light = %4.2e Hz", delta_nu); + +// Result +// The minimum uncertainty in energy of emitted ligh = 1.055e-026 J +// The minimum uncertainty in frequency of emitted ligh = 1.59e+007 Hz
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2411/CH9/EX9.2.9/Ex9_2_9.sce b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.9/Ex9_2_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..46a4ea34b --- /dev/null +++ b/2411/CH9/EX9.2.9/Ex9_2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.2.9: Page-417 (2008) +clc; clear; +h = 6.63e-034; // Planck's constant, Js +c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in free space, m/s +e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J +V = 50000; // Accelerating potential, V +lambda_min = h*c/(e*V); // The shortest wavelength present in the radiation from an X-ray machine, m +printf("\nThe shortest wavelength present in the radiation from an X-ray machine = %6.4f nm", lambda_min/1e-009); + +// Result +// The shortest wavelength present in the radiation from an X-ray machine = 0.0249 nm
\ No newline at end of file |