134 files changed, 1218 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/196/CH2/EX2.1/example_2_1.sce b/196/CH2/EX2.1/example_2_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6058b655f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH2/EX2.1/example_2_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+//Chapter 2
+//Example 2-1
+//ProbOnOutputvoltage 
+//Page 19,figure 2-3
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Vplus=15;Vminus=-15;Vsatp=13;Vsatm=-13;//All in Volts
+Aol=200000;//gain
+//Example 2-1(a)
+Vam=-10*(10^-6);//voltage at minus input
+Vap=-15*(10^-6);//voltage at plus input
+Ed1=Vap-Vam;//Differential Input Voltage
+Vout1=Ed1*Aol;//Output Voltage
+format(10);
+if(Vout1>15) then
+  disp("Value of o/p voltage1 = 13.0000V") //positive saturation voltage
+elseif(Vout1<-15) then
+  disp("Value of o/p voltage1 = -13.0000V")//negative saturation voltage
+else  
+  printf("\n\n Value of o/p voltage1 =  %.4f V \n\n",Vout1)
+end
+
+//Example 2-1(b)
+Vbm=-10*(10^-6);//voltage at minus input
+Vbp=+15*(10^-6);//voltage at plus input
+Ed2=Vbp-Vbm;//Differential Input Voltage
+Vout2=Ed2*Aol;//Output Voltage
+format(10);
+if(Vout2>15) then
+  disp("Value of o/p voltage2 = 13.0000V")//positive saturation voltage
+elseif(Vout2<-15) then
+  disp("Value of o/p voltage2 = -13.0000V")//negative saturation voltage
+else  
+  printf("\n\n Value of o/p voltage2 =  %.4f V \n\n",Vout2)
+end
+
+//Example 2-1(c)
+Vcm=-10*(10^-6);//voltage at minus input
+Vcp=-5*(10^-6);//voltage at plus input
+Ed3=Vcp-Vcm;//Differential Input Voltage
+Vout3=Ed3*Aol;//Output Voltage
+format(10);
+if(Vout3>15) then
+  disp("Value of o/p voltage3 = 13.0000V")//positive saturation voltage
+elseif(Vout3<-15) then
+  disp("Value of o/p voltage3 = -13.0000V")//negative saturation voltage
+else  
+  printf("\n\n Value of o/p voltage3 =  %.4f V \n\n",Vout3)
+end
+
+//Example 2-1(d)
+Vdm=+1.000001;//voltage at minus input
+Vdp=+1.000000;//voltage at plus input
+Ed4=Vdp-Vdm;//Differential Input Voltage
+Vout4=Ed4*Aol;//Output Voltage
+format(10);
+if(Vout4>15) then
+  disp("Value of o/p voltage4 = 13.0000V")//positive saturation voltage
+elseif(Vout4<-15) then
+  disp("Value of o/p voltage4 = -13.0000V")//negative saturation voltage
+else  
+  printf("\n\n Value of o/p voltage4 =  %.4f V \n\n",Vout4)
+end
+
+//Example 2-1(e)
+Vem=+5*(10^-3);//voltage at minus input
+Vep=0;//voltage at plus input
+Ed5=Vep-Vem;//Differential Input Voltage
+Vout5=Ed5*Aol;//Output Voltage
+format(10);
+if(Vout5>15) then
+  disp("Value of o/p voltage5 = 13.0000V")//positive saturation voltage
+elseif(Vout5<-15) then
+  disp("Value of o/p voltage5 = -13.0000V")//negative saturation voltage
+else  
+  printf("\n\n Value of o/p voltage5 =  %.4f V \n\n",Vout5)
+end
+
+//Example 2-1(f)
+Vfm=0;//voltage at minus input
+Vfp=+5*(10^-3);//voltage at plus input
+Ed6=Vfp-Vfm;//Differential Input Voltage
+Vout6=Ed6*Aol;//Output Voltage
+format(10);
+if(Vout6>15) then
+  disp("Value of o/p voltage6 = 13.0000V")//positive saturation voltage
+elseif(Vout6<-15) then
+  disp("Value of o/p voltage6 = -13.0000V")//negative saturation voltage
+else  
+  printf("\n\n Value of o/p voltage6 =  %.4f V \n\n",Vout6)
+end
diff --git a/196/CH2/EX2.1/result_2_1.txt b/196/CH2/EX2.1/result_2_1.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ecf76ec16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH2/EX2.1/result_2_1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Value of o/p voltage1 = -1.0000 V 
+
+Value of o/p voltage2 =  5.0000 V 
+
+Value of o/p voltage3 =  1.0000 V 
+
+Value of o/p voltage4 = -0.2000 V 
+ 
+Value of o/p voltage5 = -13.0000V   
+ 
+Value of o/p voltage6 =  13.0000V   
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH2/EX2.2/example_2_2.sce b/196/CH2/EX2.2/example_2_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6608ff270
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH2/EX2.2/example_2_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//Chapter 2
+//Example 2-2
+//ProbOnPWM 
+//Page 34
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+f=50;//in Hz
+Vtemp=4; //input signal in volts
+Ecm=10; //maximum peak voltage of sawtooth carrier wave in volts 
+
+//Example 2-2(a)
+T=1/f;
+Th=(Vtemp*T)/Ecm;//High time in seconds
+printf("\n\n High Time = %.4f s \n\n",Th)
+
+//Example 2-2(b)
+d=(Th/T)*100;//duty cycle in percentage
+printf("\n\n Duty cycle = %.4f percent \n\n",d)
diff --git a/196/CH2/EX2.2/result_2_2.txt b/196/CH2/EX2.2/result_2_2.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..57a3d0240
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH2/EX2.2/result_2_2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+
+High Time = 0.0080 s 
+
+Duty cycle = 40.0000 percent
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH2/EX2.3/example_2_3.sce b/196/CH2/EX2.3/example_2_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..dae12b6d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH2/EX2.3/example_2_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//Chapter 2
+//Example 2-3
+//ProbOnHighTime 
+//Page 34,35,figure 2-16(d)
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Vtemp=4;//in volts
+Ecm=5;//maximum peak voltage of a sawtooth carrier wave
+T=0.01;//in seconds
+//calculate
+Th=T*(1-(Vtemp/Ecm));//High Time
+printf("\n\n High Time = %.4f s \n\n",Th)
diff --git a/196/CH2/EX2.3/result_2_3.txt b/196/CH2/EX2.3/result_2_3.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9e1188deb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH2/EX2.3/result_2_3.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ High Time = 0.0020 s 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.1/Example_3_1.sce b/196/CH3/EX3.1/Example_3_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8f6a13274
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.1/Example_3_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//Chapter 3
+//Example 3-1
+//ProbOnOpampDescriptions 
+//Page 46,47 figure 3-1
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Rf=100*(10^3);//Feedback Resistance in ohms
+Ri=10*(10^3);//Input Resistance in ohms
+Ei=1;//Input volts
+//Calculate 
+//Example 3-1(a)
+I=Ei/Ri;//Equation for current through Rf
+printf("\n\n Current through Rf =  %.4f A \n\n",I)
+//Example 3-1(b)
+Vout=-(Rf/Ri)*Ei;//Equation for Output Voltage
+printf("\n\n Value of output voltage =  %.4f V \n\n",Vout)
+//Example 3-1(c)
+Acl=-(Rf/Ri);//Closed loop gain of the amplifier 
+printf("\n\n Value of closed loop gain =  %.4f \n\n",Acl)
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.1/result_3_1.txt b/196/CH3/EX3.1/result_3_1.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4fe3c9c61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.1/result_3_1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+current through Rf =  0.0001 A 
+
+
+Value of output voltage =  -10.0000 V 
+
+
+Value of closed loop gain =  -10.0000 
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.10/Figure3_10.xcos b/196/CH3/EX3.10/Figure3_10.xcos
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..91a44ee84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.10/Figure3_10.xcos
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.10/example_3_10.sce b/196/CH3/EX3.10/example_3_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5a45729c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.10/example_3_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+//Chapter 3
+//Example 3-10
+//ProbOnDCVoltage 
+//Page 53,54
+clear;clc;
+xcos('Figure3_10.xcos');
+//Figure 3-5(b)
+x=[0 1 2]
+y=[-5,5,-5]
+subplot(2,2,1)
+a=gca()
+a.thickness = 1;
+a.x_location = 'middle';
+plot2d(x,y,style=3,rect=[0,-5,2,5])
+xtitle ( " Eac Vs t " , " t(ms) " , " Eac(V) " );
+subplot(2,2,2)
+x1=[0 0.5 1 1.5 2]
+y1=[10 5 0 5 10]
+a=gca()
+a.thickness = 1;
+a.x_location = 'middle';
+plot2d(x1,y1,style=3,rect=[0,-15,2,15])
+xtitle ("Edc Vs t" , " t(ms)", " Edc(V)");
+y2=[5 0 -5 0 5]
+y3=[-2.5 -7 -12.5 -7 -2.5]
+plot2d(x1,y2,style=2)
+plot2d(x1,y3,style=1)
+legend ( " Edc= - 5 V " , " Edc= 0 V ", " Edc= 7 V" );
+xtitle (" Waveshapes of Vo for Edc = 0V, -5V , 7V")
+//Figure 3-5(c)
+subplot(2,2,3)
+x4=[-5 0 5]
+y4=[10 5 0]
+y5=[5 0 -5]
+y6=[-2.5 -7.5 -12.5]
+a=gca()
+a.thickness = 1;
+a.y_location = 'middle';
+a.x_location = 'middle';
+plot2d(x4,y4,style=3,rect=[-5,-15,5,15])
+plot2d(x4,y5,style=2,rect=[-5,-15,5,15])
+plot2d(x4,y6,style=1,rect=[-5,-15,5,15])
+legend ( " Edc= - 5 V " , " Edc= 0 V ", " Edc= 7 V" );
+xtitle (" Vo Vs Eac " , " Eac(V)", " Vo ");
+xtitle (" Output-Input Characteristic")
+printf("\n\n If Edc = 0 V , Eac appears inverted at Vo ( Gain is -1 )")
+printf("\n\n If Edc = - 5 V , Eac appears at the output as a 5 V dc-offset voltage upon which rides the inverted Eac ")
+printf("\n\n If Edc = 7 V , then Eac shifts down by 7 V ") 
+
+
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.10/result_3_10.txt b/196/CH3/EX3.10/result_3_10.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d466174db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.10/result_3_10.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+If Edc = 0 V , Eac appears inverted at Vo ( Gain is -1 )
+
+If Edc = - 5 V , Eac appears at the output as a 5 V dc-offset voltage upon which rides the inverted Eac 
+
+If Edc = 7 V , then Eac shifts down by 7 V 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.11/example_3_11.sce b/196/CH3/EX3.11/example_3_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..60030607b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.11/example_3_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//Chapter 3
+//Example 3-11
+//ProbonThreeChannelInvertingAmplifier 
+//Page 56
+clear;clc;
+//Channel 1
+Ri= 10*10^3;//Choosing Input resistance
+Acl = -10 ;
+Rf1 = - (Acl * Ri);
+printf("\n\n Value of Rf1 =  %.4f ohm \n\n",Rf1)
+//Channel 2
+Acl1 = -5;
+Rf2 = - (Acl1 * Ri);
+printf("\n\n Value of Rf2 =  %.4f ohm \n\n",Rf2)
+//channel 3
+Acl2 = -2;
+Rf3 = - (Acl2 * Ri);
+printf("\n\n Value of Rf3 =  %.4f ohm \n\n",Rf3)
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.11/result_3_11.txt b/196/CH3/EX3.11/result_3_11.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0a0e38c84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.11/result_3_11.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Value of Rf1 =  100000.0000 ohm 
+
+Value of Rf2 =  50000.0000 ohm 
+
+Value of Rf3 =  20000.0000 ohm 
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.12/example_3_12.sce b/196/CH3/EX3.12/example_3_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..539b54f24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.12/example_3_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//Chapter 3
+//Example 3-12
+//ProbOnOutputvoltage 
+//Page 57
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+R1=100000;R2=100000;R3=100000;R=100000//in ohm
+Rf=33*10^3;//in ohm
+E1=5;E2=5;E3=-1;//in volts
+n=3;//number of inputs
+Vout=-(E1+E2+E3)/n;//output voltage
+printf("\n\n Value of output voltage =  %.4f V \n\n",Vout)
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.12/result_3_12.txt b/196/CH3/EX3.12/result_3_12.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..169c615dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.12/result_3_12.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ Value of output voltage =  -3.0000 V 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.13/example_3_13.sce b/196/CH3/EX3.13/example_3_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..702c508e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.13/example_3_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//Chapter 3
+//Example 3-13
+//ProbOnOpampParameters 
+//Page 58,Figure 3-8
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Ei=4;//in volts
+Rl=10*10^3;//in ohm
+I=0;//in ampere
+Vout=Ei;//output voltage
+Il=Vout/Rl;//load current
+I0=I+Il;//output current 
+printf("\n\n Value of o/p voltage =  %.4f V \n\n",Vout)
+printf("\n\n Value of load current =  %.4f A \n\n",Il)
+printf("\n\n Value of output current =  %.4f A \n\n",I0)
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.13/result_3_13.txt b/196/CH3/EX3.13/result_3_13.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ffe737900
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.13/result_3_13.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Value of o/p voltage =  4.0000 V 
+
+
+Value of load current =  0.0004 A 
+
+
+Value of output current =  0.0004 A 
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.14/example_3_14.sce b/196/CH3/EX3.14/example_3_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1fbdc3198
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.14/example_3_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+//Chapter 3
+//Example 3-14
+//ProbOnVoltageGain 
+//Page 62,63, Figure 3-11
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Rf = 40*10^3;
+R1 = 10*10^3;
+//Example 3-14(a)
+Acl = (Rf + R1)/R1;
+printf("\n\n Value of Voltage Gain =  %.4f \n\n",Acl)
+//Example 3-14(b)
+x=[0 2.5 5 7.5 10]
+y=[-2 0 2 0 -2]
+subplot(2,2,1)
+a=gca()
+a.thickness = 1;
+a.x_location = 'middle';
+plot2d(x,y,style=3,rect=[0,-2,10,2])
+xtitle ( " Ei Vs t " , " t(ms) " , " Ei(V) " );
+subplot(2,2,2)
+x1=[0 2.5 5 7.5 10]
+y1=[-10 0 10 0 -10]
+x2=[0 2.5 5 7.5 10]
+y2=[-2 0 2 0 -2]
+a=gca()
+a.thickness = 1;
+a.x_location = 'middle';
+plot2d(x1,y1,style=3,rect=[0,-15,10,15])
+plot2d(x2,y2,style=1)
+xtitle ( " Vo Vs t  " , " t(ms) " , " Vo and Ei " );
+legend ( " Vo Vs t " , " Ei Vs t ");
+xtitle ( " CRO waveshape of Vo and Ei Vs t ")
+subplot(2,2,3)
+//Example 3-14(c)
+x=[-2 -1 0 1 2]
+y=[-10 -5 0 5 10]
+a=gca()
+a.thickness = 1;
+a.x_location = 'middle';
+a.y_location = 'middle';
+plot2d(x,y,style=3,rect=[-2,-15,2,15])
+xtitle ( " Vo Vs Ei  " , " Ei(V) " , "Vo(V) " );
+legend ( " Slope = +5 ");
+xtitle ( "Input-output characteristic of a noninverting Amplifier")
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.14/result_3_14.txt b/196/CH3/EX3.14/result_3_14.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6fb56b445
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.14/result_3_14.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Value of Voltage Gain =  5.0000 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.15/Figure3_15.xcos b/196/CH3/EX3.15/Figure3_15.xcos
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c19161096
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.15/Figure3_15.xcos
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><XcosDiagram background="-1" modified="1" title="Figure3_15"><Array as="context" scilabClass="String[]"><add value=""/></Array><mxUndoManager as="undoManager"/><mxGraphModel as="model"><root><mxCell id="2f10698d:1320a1f1024:-7fff"/><mxCell id="2f10698d:1320a1f1024:-8000" parent="2f10698d:1320a1f1024:-7fff"/><BasicBlock dependsOnU="1" id="379c33a1:131f4a5f2d9:-7fe4" interfaceFunctionName="OpAmp" ordering="1" parent="2f10698d:1320a1f1024:-8000" simulationFunctionName="OpAmp" simulationFunctionType="DEFAULT" style="mirror=false;rotation=0;OpAmp;flip=false;" value="&lt;html&gt;&lt;body&gt; &lt;TABLE&gt;           &lt;TR&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;+&lt;/TD&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;           &lt;/TR&gt;           &lt;TR&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;OP&lt;/TD&gt;           &lt;/TR&gt;           &lt;TR&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;-&lt;/TD&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;           &lt;/TR&gt;         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+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.15/example_3_15.sce b/196/CH3/EX3.15/example_3_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c3ba32fb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.15/example_3_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//Chapter 3
+//Example 3-15
+//DesignAnAmplifier 
+//Page 64
+clear;clc;
+//Given 
+Acl = 10;// Gain is positive, so choose noninvering amplifier
+R1 = 10*10^3;
+Rf = (Acl*R1)-R1;
+printf("\n\n Value of Rf =  %.4f ohm \n\n",Rf)
+xcos('Figure3_15.xcos')//Design will be as shown in the figure
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.15/result_3_15.txt b/196/CH3/EX3.15/result_3_15.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2a53b60e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.15/result_3_15.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+
+ Value of Rf =  90000.0000 ohm
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.16/example_3_16.sce b/196/CH3/EX3.16/example_3_16.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9527e6fdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.16/example_3_16.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//Chapter 3
+//Example 3-16
+//ProbOnServoAmplifier 
+//Page 72
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Ei=2;//in volts
+Vf=Ei;//feedback voltage
+Vout=2*Vf;//output voltage
+Vr=-Vout;//Reference voltage
+Vcap=3*Ei;//capacitor voltage
+printf("\n\n Value of feedback voltage =  %.4f V \n\n",Vf)
+printf("\n\n Value of output voltage =  %.4f V \n\n",Vout)
+printf("\n\n Value of reference voltage =  %.4f V \n\n",Vr)
+printf("\n\n Value of capacitor voltage =  %.4f V \n\n",Vcap)
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.16/result_3_16.txt b/196/CH3/EX3.16/result_3_16.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ce2a2923a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.16/result_3_16.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Value of feedback voltage =  2.0000 V 
+
+Value of output voltage =  4.0000 V 
+
+Value of reference voltage =  -4.0000 V 
+
+Value of capacitor voltage =  6.0000 V 
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.17/example_3_17.sce b/196/CH3/EX3.17/example_3_17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d0f1d1225
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.17/example_3_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//Chapter 3
+//Example 3-17
+//ProbOnEquilibriumVoltage 
+//Page 72
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Ei=4;//in volts
+Vf=Ei;//feedback voltage
+Vout=2*Vf;//output voltage
+Vr=-Vout;//Reference voltage
+Vcap=3*Ei;//capacitor voltage
+printf("\n\n Value of feedback voltage =  %.4f V \n\n",Vf)
+printf("\n\n Value of output voltage =  %.4f V \n\n",Vout)
+printf("\n\n Value of reference voltage =  %.4f V \n\n",Vr)
+printf("\n\n Value of capacitor voltage =  %.4f V \n\n",Vcap)
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.17/result_3_17.txt b/196/CH3/EX3.17/result_3_17.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..74bfb8718
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.17/result_3_17.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+
+Value of feedback voltage =  4.0000 V 
+
+Value of output voltage =  8.0000 V 
+
+Value of reference voltage =  -8.0000 V 
+
+Value of capacitor voltage =  12.0000 V 
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.18/example_3_18.sce b/196/CH3/EX3.18/example_3_18.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..95604e073
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.18/example_3_18.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//Chapter 3
+//Example 3-18
+//ProbOnEquilibriumTime 
+//Page 73,Figure 3-17
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Ri=10^5;//in ohm
+C=10^-6;//in farad
+T=3*Ri*C;//Time constant
+ETime=5*T;//equilibrium time
+printf("\n\n Value of Equilibrium Time =  %.4f s \n\n",ETime)
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.18/result_3_18.txt b/196/CH3/EX3.18/result_3_18.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c51d64cce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.18/result_3_18.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Value of Equilibrium Time =  1.5000 s 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.2/Example_3_2.sce b/196/CH3/EX3.2/Example_3_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..623652a44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.2/Example_3_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//Chapter 3
+//Example 3-2
+//ProbOnCurrentinOpamp 
+//Page 47,figure 3-2
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Vout=10;//output voltage
+I=0.1*(10^-3);//current through Rf in amperes
+Rl=25*(10^3);//Load resistance in ohms
+//Calculate
+//Example 3-1(a)
+Il=Vout/Rl;
+printf("\n\n Value of load current =  %.4f A \n\n",Il)
+//Example 3-1(b)
+Iout=I+Il;
+printf("\n\n Total current into the output pin of the opamp =  %.4f A \n\n",Iout)
+printf("\n\n The input resistance seen by Ei is Ri. In order to keep input resistance of the circuit high. Ri should be equal to or greater than 10KiloOhm") 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.2/result_3_2.txt b/196/CH3/EX3.2/result_3_2.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a47298982
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.2/result_3_2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Value of load current =  0.0004 A 
+
+Total current into the output pin of the opamp =  0.0005 A 
+
+The input resistance seen by Ei is Ri. In order to keep input resistance of the circuit high,
+Ri should be equal to or greater than 10KiloOhm 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.3/example_3_3.sce b/196/CH3/EX3.3/example_3_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8e1c7baea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.3/example_3_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//Chapter 3
+//Example 3-3
+//ProbOnOpampParameters 
+//Page 48,49,figure 3-2
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Rf=250*(10^3);//Feedback Resistance in Ohms
+Ri=10*(10^3);//Input Resistance in Ohms
+Ei=0.5;//Input voltage
+//Calculate
+//Example 3-3(a)
+I=Ei/(Ri);
+printf("\n\n Value of current through Rf =  %.6f A \n\n",I)
+//Example 3-3(b)
+VRf=I*Rf;
+printf("\n\n Voltage through Rf =  %.4f V \n\n",VRf)
+//Example 3-3(c)
+Ei1=-0.5;
+Vout=-(Rf/Ri)*Ei1;
+printf("\n\n Output Voltage =  %.4f V \n\n",Vout)
+printf("\n\n Thus the magnitude of the output voltage does equal the voltage across Rf and Acl=-25")
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.3/result_3_3.txt b/196/CH3/EX3.3/result_3_3.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d71f4f2ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.3/result_3_3.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Value of current through Rf =  0.000050 A 
+
+
+Voltage through Rf =  12.5000 V 
+
+
+Output Voltage =  12.5000 V 
+
+
+Thus the magnitude of the output voltage does equal the voltage across Rf and Acl=-25
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.4/example_3_4.sce b/196/CH3/EX3.4/example_3_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..325e7341d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.4/example_3_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//Chapter 3
+//Example 3-4
+//ProbOnOpampResistance 
+//Page 49
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Vout=12.5;//in volts
+Il=2*10^-3;//in amperes
+Rl=Vout/Il;//Load resistance in ohm
+//example 3-4(a)
+printf("\n\n Value of Load Resistance =  %.8f ohm \n\n",Rl)
+//example 3-4(b)
+I=0.05*10^-3;
+Iout=I+Il;
+printf("\n\n Value of output current =  %.8f amp \n\n",Iout)
+//example 3-4(c)
+printf("\n\n The circuit input resistance is Rl=10Kohm")
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.4/result_3_4.txt b/196/CH3/EX3.4/result_3_4.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..17cc46c5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.4/result_3_4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+ Value of Load Resistance =  6250.00000000 ohm 
+
+
+
+ Value of output current =  0.00205000 amp 
+
+
+
+ The circuit input resistance is Rl=10Kohm
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.5/example_3_5.sce b/196/CH3/EX3.5/example_3_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..edd29918a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.5/example_3_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//Chapter 3
+//Example 3-5
+//ProbOnVoltageGain 
+//Page 50,figure 3-3
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Rf=20*10^3;
+Ri=10*10^3;
+Acl=-(Rf/Ri);//Voltage Gain
+printf("\n\n Value of Voltage Gain =  %.6f  \n\n",Acl)
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.5/result_3_5.txt b/196/CH3/EX3.5/result_3_5.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d8a0ff291
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.5/result_3_5.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ Value of Voltage Gain =  -2.000000  
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.6/example_3_6.sce b/196/CH3/EX3.6/example_3_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e483bf212
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.6/example_3_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//Chapter 3
+//Example 3-6
+//ProbonOutputVoltage 
+//Page 51
+clear;clc;
+Ei=-5;//input voltage
+Acl=-2;//Voltage Gain
+Vout=Ei*Acl;//output voltage
+printf("\n\n Value of Output Voltage =  %.4f V \n\n",Vout)
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.6/result_3_6.txt b/196/CH3/EX3.6/result_3_6.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c1e22c6f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.6/result_3_6.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ Value of Output Voltage =  10.0000 V 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.7/Figure3_7.xcos b/196/CH3/EX3.7/Figure3_7.xcos
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7d5090674
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.7/Figure3_7.xcos
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><XcosDiagram background="-1" modified="1" title="Figure3_7"><Array as="context" scilabClass="String[]"><add value=""/></Array><mxUndoManager as="undoManager"/><mxGraphModel as="model"><root><mxCell id="379c33a1:131f4a5f2d9:-7ffd"/><mxCell id="379c33a1:131f4a5f2d9:-7ffe" parent="379c33a1:131f4a5f2d9:-7ffd"/><BasicBlock dependsOnU="1" id="379c33a1:131f4a5f2d9:-7fe4" interfaceFunctionName="OpAmp" ordering="1" parent="379c33a1:131f4a5f2d9:-7ffe" simulationFunctionName="OpAmp" simulationFunctionType="DEFAULT" style="mirror=false;rotation=0;OpAmp;flip=false;" value="&lt;html&gt;&lt;body&gt; &lt;TABLE&gt;           &lt;TR&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;+&lt;/TD&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;           &lt;/TR&gt;           &lt;TR&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;OP&lt;/TD&gt;           &lt;/TR&gt;           &lt;TR&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;-&lt;/TD&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;           &lt;/TR&gt;         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id="500863b3:13209dc6fed:-7fb8" ordering="1" parent="500863b3:13209dc6fed:-7fb5" style="ImplicitInputPort;rotation=0"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="-8.0" y="16.0"/></ImplicitInputPort></ImplicitLink></root></mxGraphModel><mxCell as="defaultParent" id="379c33a1:131f4a5f2d9:-7ffe" parent="379c33a1:131f4a5f2d9:-7ffd"/></XcosDiagram>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.7/example_3_7.sce b/196/CH3/EX3.7/example_3_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fecb271c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.7/example_3_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//Chapter 3
+//Example 3-7
+//ProbOnO/Pvoltage 
+//Page 51
+clear;clc;
+Ri=10*10^3;//input resistance in ohm
+Gain= 25;
+Rf=Gain*Ri;//feedback resistance in ohm
+printf("\n\n Value of Rf =  %.4f ohm \n\n",Rf)
+xcos('Figure3_7.xcos');
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.7/result_3_7.txt b/196/CH3/EX3.7/result_3_7.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5cc8b5c53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.7/result_3_7.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Value of Rf =  250000.0000 ohm 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.8/example_3_8.sce b/196/CH3/EX3.8/example_3_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..07b9e410a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.8/example_3_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//Chapter 3
+//Example 3-8
+//ProbOnO/Pvoltage 
+//Page 52,Figure 3-4
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+E1=2;E2=3;E3=1;//input voltage
+R=10*10^3;//in ohm
+Vout=-(E1+E2+E3);
+printf("\n\n Value of o/p voltage =  %.4f V \n\n",Vout)
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.8/result_3_8.txt b/196/CH3/EX3.8/result_3_8.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..98af2cbcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.8/result_3_8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ Value of o/p voltage =  -6.0000 V
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.9/example_3_9.sce b/196/CH3/EX3.9/example_3_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8489277f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.9/example_3_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//Chapter 3
+//Example 3-9
+//ProbOnO/Pvoltage 
+//Page 53,Figure 3-4
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+E1=2;E2=3;E3=-1;//input voltage
+R=10*10^3;//in ohm
+Vout=-(E1+E2+E3);
+printf("\n\n Value of o/p voltage =  %.4f V \n\n",Vout)
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH3/EX3.9/result_3_9.txt b/196/CH3/EX3.9/result_3_9.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..46fcb6ff8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH3/EX3.9/result_3_9.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ Value of o/p voltage =  -4.0000 V
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH4/EX4.1/example_4_1.sce b/196/CH4/EX4.1/example_4_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fb443d3c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH4/EX4.1/example_4_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//Chapter 4
+//Example 4-1
+//ProbOnThresholdVoltage 
+//Page 90
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Vsat = 14;//Saturation Voltage
+R1 = 1000; R2 = 100 ; //Load resistances
+Vut = (R2/(R1*R2))*Vsat;
+printf("\n\n Value of Upper Threshold Voltage =  %.6f V \n\n",Vut)
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH4/EX4.1/result_4_1.txt b/196/CH4/EX4.1/result_4_1.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..73799481d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH4/EX4.1/result_4_1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Value of Upper Threshold Voltage =  0.014000 V 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH4/EX4.2/example_4_2.sce b/196/CH4/EX4.2/example_4_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..358c05f5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH4/EX4.2/example_4_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//Chapter 4
+//Example 4-2
+//ProbOnLowerThresholdVoltage 
+//Page 91
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Vsat = -13;//Saturation Voltage
+R1 = 1000; R2 = 100 ; //Load resistances
+Vlt = (R2/(R1*R2))*Vsat;
+printf("\n\n Value of Lower Threshold Voltage =  %.6f V \n\n",Vlt)
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH4/EX4.2/result_4_2.txt b/196/CH4/EX4.2/result_4_2.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fa1a426b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH4/EX4.2/result_4_2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ Value of Lower Threshold Voltage =  -0.013000 V 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH4/EX4.3/example_4_3.sce b/196/CH4/EX4.3/example_4_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..206a8da06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH4/EX4.3/example_4_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//Chapter 4
+//Example 4-3
+//ProbOnOutputVoltage 
+//Page 91,Figure 4-4
+clear;clc;
+printf ("\n\n The dashed lines drawn on Ei in thew figure locate Vut and Vlt.\n\n At time t=0, Ei is below Vlt, so Vo is at +Vsat. When Ei goes above Vut, at times (a) and (c), Vo switches quickly to -Vsat. \n\nWhen Ei again goes below Vlt, at times (b) and (d), Vo switches quickly to +Vsat. \n\nObserve how positive feedback has eliminated the false crossings ") 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH4/EX4.3/result_4_3.txt b/196/CH4/EX4.3/result_4_3.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6942acf19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH4/EX4.3/result_4_3.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+The dashed lines drawn on Ei in thew figure locate Vut and Vlt.
+At time t=0, Ei is below Vlt, so Vo is at +Vsat. When Ei goes above Vut, at times (a) and (c), Vo switches quickly to -Vsat. 
+When Ei again goes below Vlt, at times (b) and (d), Vo switches quickly to +Vsat. 
+Observe how positive feedback has eliminated the false crossings  
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH4/EX4.4/example_4_4.sce b/196/CH4/EX4.4/example_4_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ef851c973
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH4/EX4.4/example_4_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//Chapter 4
+//Example 4-4
+//DesignUsingVutAndVlt 
+//Page 96
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Vut = 12 ; Vlt = 8 ; //Upper and Lower Threshold Voltages 
+Vsatp = 15 ; Vsatm = -15 ;// Saturation Voltages
+R = 10*10^3 ;//Choosing R
+//Design
+Vh = Vut - Vlt ; // Hysteresis Voltage 
+Vctr = (Vut + Vlt)/2;//Center Voltage
+n = (Vsatp - Vsatm)/Vh ; // Resistor Factor
+Vref = Vctr / (1 + (1/n)); //Reference Voltage
+Resistance = n * R;
+printf ( "\n\n Hysteresis Voltage = %.4f V \n\n",Vh )
+printf ( "\n\n Center Voltage = %.4f V \n\n", Vctr )
+printf ( "\n\n Resistor Factor = %.4f \n\n" , n )
+printf ( "\n\n Reference Voltage = %.4f \n\n", Vref)
+printf ( "\n\n Feedback resistor = %.4f \n\n", Resistance)
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH4/EX4.4/result_4_4.txt b/196/CH4/EX4.4/result_4_4.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..535c6eed7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH4/EX4.4/result_4_4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Hysteresis Voltage = 4.0000 V 
+
+Center Voltage = 10.0000 V 
+
+Resistor Factor = 7.5000 
+
+Reference Voltage = 8.8235 
+
+Feedback resistor = 75000.0000 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH4/EX4.5/Figure4_5.xcos b/196/CH4/EX4.5/Figure4_5.xcos
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..493345c81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH4/EX4.5/Figure4_5.xcos
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><XcosDiagram background="-1" modified="1" title="Figure4_5"><Array as="context" scilabClass="String[]"><add value=""/></Array><mxUndoManager as="undoManager"/><mxGraphModel as="model"><root><mxCell id="-15931907:13210b54768:-7ffd"/><mxCell id="-15931907:13210b54768:-7ffe" parent="-15931907:13210b54768:-7ffd"/><BasicBlock dependsOnU="1" id="7d1c3277:13210c17bdb:-7fd9" interfaceFunctionName="OpAmp" parent="-15931907:13210b54768:-7ffe" simulationFunctionName="OpAmp" simulationFunctionType="DEFAULT" style="rotation=0;OpAmp;" value="&lt;html&gt;&lt;body&gt; &lt;TABLE&gt;           &lt;TR&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;+&lt;/TD&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;           &lt;/TR&gt;           &lt;TR&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;OP&lt;/TD&gt;           &lt;/TR&gt;           &lt;TR&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;-&lt;/TD&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;           &lt;/TR&gt;         &lt;/TABLE&gt; 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ordering="1" parent="7d1c3277:13210c17bdb:-7fbb" style="ImplicitOutputPort;rotation=90"><Orientation as="orientation" value="SOUTH"/><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="16.0" y="40.0"/></ImplicitOutputPort><ExplicitOutputPort dataLines="1" dataType="REAL_MATRIX" id="7d1c3277:13210c17bdb:-7fbc" ordering="2" parent="7d1c3277:13210c17bdb:-7fbb" style="ExplicitOutputPort;rotation=0"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="40.0" y="16.0"/></ExplicitOutputPort><SplitBlock id="5" parent="-15931907:13210b54768:-7ffe" simulationFunctionType="DEFAULT" style="SPLIT_f;rotation=0;"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="7.0" width="7.0" x="397.0" y="157.0"/></SplitBlock><ImplicitInputPort dataType="REAL_MATRIX" id="7d1c3277:13210c17bdb:-7fb8" ordering="1" parent="5" visible="0"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="-8.0" y="-4.0"/></ImplicitInputPort><ImplicitOutputPort dataType="REAL_MATRIX" id="7d1c3277:13210c17bdb:-7fb7" ordering="1" parent="5" visible="0"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="7.0" y="-4.0"/></ImplicitOutputPort><ImplicitOutputPort dataType="REAL_MATRIX" id="7d1c3277:13210c17bdb:-7fb6" ordering="2" parent="5" visible="0"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="7.0" y="-4.0"/></ImplicitOutputPort><ImplicitOutputPort dataType="REAL_MATRIX" id="7d1c3277:13210c17bdb:-7fb5" ordering="3" parent="5" visible="0"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="7.0" y="6.0"/></ImplicitOutputPort><ImplicitLink id="7d1c3277:13210c17bdb:-7fb4"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="80.0" width="80.0"/><mxCell as="parent" id="-15931907:13210b54768:-7ffe" parent="-15931907:13210b54768:-7ffd"/><ImplicitOutputPort as="source" dataLines="1" dataType="REAL_MATRIX" id="7d1c3277:13210c17bdb:-7fda" ordering="1" parent="7d1c3277:13210c17bdb:-7fd9" style="ImplicitOutputPort;rotation=0"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="40.0" y="36.0"/></ImplicitOutputPort><ImplicitInputPort 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as="targetPoint" x="400.0" y="60.0"/><Array as="points" scilabClass="ArrayList"><mxPoint x="400.0" y="60.0"/></Array></mxGeometry><mxCell as="parent" id="-15931907:13210b54768:-7ffe" parent="-15931907:13210b54768:-7ffd"/><ImplicitOutputPort as="source" dataLines="1" dataType="REAL_MATRIX" id="7d1c3277:13210c17bdb:-7fce" ordering="1" parent="7d1c3277:13210c17bdb:-7fcd" style="ImplicitOutputPort;rotation=0"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="40.0" y="16.0"/></ImplicitOutputPort><ImplicitOutputPort as="target" dataType="REAL_MATRIX" id="7d1c3277:13210c17bdb:-7fb6" ordering="2" parent="5" visible="0"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="7.0" y="-4.0"/></ImplicitOutputPort></ImplicitLink></root></mxGraphModel><mxCell as="defaultParent" id="-15931907:13210b54768:-7ffe" parent="-15931907:13210b54768:-7ffd"/></XcosDiagram>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH4/EX4.5/example_4_5.sce b/196/CH4/EX4.5/example_4_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7503497b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH4/EX4.5/example_4_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//Chapter 4
+//Example 4-5
+//designInvertingVoltageDetector 
+//Page 97
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Vsatp = 15 ; Vsatm = -15 ;// Saturation Voltages
+Vh = 4 ; //Hysteresis Voltage
+Vctr = 10 ; //Center voltage
+n = ((Vsatp - Vsatm)/Vh)-1 ;
+R = 10*10^3 ;//Input Resistance
+Vref = ((n + 1)*(Vctr))/n ; // Reference Voltage
+Resistance = n * R // Feedback Resistance
+printf (" \n\n Resistance Factor = %.4f ", n)
+printf (" \n\n Reference Voltage = %.4f ", Vref)
+printf (" \n\n Feedback Resistance = %.4f ", Resistance)
+xcos('Figure4_5.xcos');
diff --git a/196/CH4/EX4.5/result_4_5.txt b/196/CH4/EX4.5/result_4_5.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6df1c9fc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH4/EX4.5/result_4_5.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+ Resistance Factor = 6.5000  
+
+ Reference Voltage = 11.5385  
+
+ Feedback Resistance = 65000.0000 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH4/EX4.6/example_4_6.sce b/196/CH4/EX4.6/example_4_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..164e2b4d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH4/EX4.6/example_4_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//Chapter 4
+//Example 4-6
+//DesignOnInvertingVoltageLevelDetector 
+//Page 100
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Vut = 13.5 ; Vlt = 10.5 ; //Upper and Lower Threshold Voltages
+Vref = -15 ; // Reference Voltage
+Vsatp = 13 ; Vsatm = -13;//Saturation Voltages 
+R = 10*10^3 ; // Input Resistance
+Vctr = (Vut + Vlt)/2;
+Vh = Vut - Vlt ;
+m = -(Vref / Vctr);
+Resistance = m * R ;
+n = (Vsatp-Vsatm)/Vh ;
+Resistance1 = n * R ;
+printf (" \n\n Hysteresis Voltage = %.4f ", Vh )
+printf (" \n\n Center Voltage = %.4f ", Vctr )
+printf (" \n\n Resistor mR = %.4f ", Resistance)
+printf (" \n\n Resistor nR = %.4f ", Resistance1) 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH4/EX4.6/result_4_6.txt b/196/CH4/EX4.6/result_4_6.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..40464cd2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH4/EX4.6/result_4_6.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Hysteresis Voltage = 3.0000  
+
+Center Voltage = 12.0000  
+
+Resistor mR = 12500.0000  
+
+Resistor nR = 86666.6667 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.1/example_5_1.sce b/196/CH5/EX5.1/example_5_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..cefd48aff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.1/example_5_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//Chapter 5
+//Example 5-1
+//ProbOnMeterCurrent 
+//Page 121,122, Figure 5-1
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Ei = 0.5;//Input voltage
+Ri = 1*10^3;//Input resistance in ohm
+Im = Ei / Ri ;//Meter Current
+printf (" \n\n Meter Current = %.4f ", Im ) 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.1/result_5_1.txt b/196/CH5/EX5.1/result_5_1.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4f4c2388d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.1/result_5_1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Meter Current = 0.0005
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.10/example_5_10.sce b/196/CH5/EX5.10/example_5_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..354f8a256
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.10/example_5_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//Chapter 5
+//Example 5-10
+//ProbOnPhotoDetector 
+//Page 134,135, Figure 5-9
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Rf = 100*10^3 ;//Feedback Resistance
+//example 5-10(a)
+Il1 = 1*10^-6 ; //Load current 1
+Vo1 = Rf * Il1 ; //Output voltage in photo detector
+printf ( "\n\n Output Voltage in photo detector for Il1 = %.4f V ",Vo1 )
+//example 5-10(b)
+Il2 = 50*10^-6 ; // Load  current 2
+Vo2 = Rf * Il2 ; //Output Voltage in photo detector
+printf ( "\n\n Output Voltage in photo detector for Il2 = %.4f V ",Vo2 ) 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.10/result_5_10.txt b/196/CH5/EX5.10/result_5_10.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..759a2434b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.10/result_5_10.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Output Voltage in photo detector for Il1 = 0.1000 V 
+
+Output Voltage in photo detector for Il2 = 5.0000 V 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.11/example_5_11.sce b/196/CH5/EX5.11/example_5_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..97773192c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.11/example_5_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//Chapter 5
+//Example 5-11
+//ProbOnOpticalCoupler 
+//Page 136, Figure 5-10
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+R = 1*10^3;
+R1 = 99*10^3 ; 
+m = R1 / R ; //multiplier
+Isc = 10*10^-6; //Current on short-circuit condition
+Il = (1 + m)*Isc ;
+printf ( "\n\n Load current = %.4f A ", Il)
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.11/result_5_11.txt b/196/CH5/EX5.11/result_5_11.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..26698e5b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.11/result_5_11.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Load current = 0.0010 A
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.12/example_5_12.sce b/196/CH5/EX5.12/example_5_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..32af266fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.12/example_5_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//Chapter 5
+//Example 5-12
+//ProbonCurrentDivider 
+//Page 138, Figure 5-12
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Im = 100*10^-6;//Meter current 
+Isc = 0.5;// Current in short-circuit condition
+Rf = 20 ; // Feedback resistance
+Rm = 0.8*10^3 ; //Meter resistance
+d = Isc / Im ;//Current divider
+R1 = d * Rf ;
+Rscale = R1 - Rm ;
+printf ( "\n\n Resistance dRf = %.4f ohm ", R1 )
+printf ( "\n\n Rscale = %.4f ohm ", Rscale )
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.12/result_5_12.txt b/196/CH5/EX5.12/result_5_12.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..dc2637c71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.12/result_5_12.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+ Resistance dRf = 100000.0000 ohm 
+
+ Rscale = 99200.0000 ohm
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.13/example_5_13.sce b/196/CH5/EX5.13/example_5_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8358ba662
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.13/example_5_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//Chapter 5
+//Example 5-13
+//ProbOnPhaseShifter 
+//Page 140, Figure 5-13(b)
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+f = 10^3 ; //Frequency of Ei in Hz
+Ci = 0.01*10^-6 ; 
+m = tan(%pi/4);
+Ri = m / (2*%pi*f*Ci);
+printf ("\n\n Value of Ri = %.4f ohm ", Ri )
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.13/result_5_13.txt b/196/CH5/EX5.13/result_5_13.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..84e4922b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.13/result_5_13.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Value of Ri = 15915.4943 ohm  
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.14/example_5_14.sce b/196/CH5/EX5.14/example_5_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..06f996a1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.14/example_5_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//Chapter 5
+//Example 5-14
+//ProbOnPhaseAngle 
+//Page 140, Figure 5-13(b)
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+f = 10^3 ;
+Ri = 100*10^3 ; 
+Ci = 0.01*10^-6;
+phaseangle = 2*atan(2*%pi*f*Ri*Ci);
+printf ("\n\n Phase angle = %.4f radians ", phaseangle)
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.14/result_5_14.txt b/196/CH5/EX5.14/result_5_14.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c5919874f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.14/result_5_14.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Phase angle = 2.8259 radians
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.2/example_5_2.sce b/196/CH5/EX5.2/example_5_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..231bd0b72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.2/example_5_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//Chapter 5
+//Example 5-2
+//ProbOnInputResistance 
+//Page 121,122, Figure  5-1
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Efs = 5 ;//Full scale Voltage
+Ifs = 50*10^-6;//Full scale Meter Current
+Ri = Efs / Ifs ;// Input Resistance
+printf ( "\n\n Input Resistance = %.4f ", Ri )
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.2/result_5_2.txt b/196/CH5/EX5.2/result_5_2.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4aa53f1a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.2/result_5_2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Input Resistance = 100000.0000
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.3/Figure5_3.xcos b/196/CH5/EX5.3/Figure5_3.xcos
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5d5c72891
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.3/Figure5_3.xcos
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><XcosDiagram background="-1" title="Figure5_3"><Array as="context" scilabClass="String[]"><add value=""/></Array><mxUndoManager as="undoManager"/><mxGraphModel as="model"><root><mxCell id="-1ce2e708:132159eb274:-7fff"/><mxCell id="-1ce2e708:132159eb274:-8000" parent="-1ce2e708:132159eb274:-7fff"/><BasicBlock dependsOnU="1" id="-1ce2e708:132159eb274:-7fe6" interfaceFunctionName="OpAmp" parent="-1ce2e708:132159eb274:-8000" simulationFunctionName="OpAmp" simulationFunctionType="DEFAULT" style="mirror=false;rotation=0;OpAmp;flip=false;" value="&lt;html&gt;&lt;body&gt; &lt;TABLE&gt;           &lt;TR&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;+&lt;/TD&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;           &lt;/TR&gt;           &lt;TR&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;OP&lt;/TD&gt;           &lt;/TR&gt;           &lt;TR&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;-&lt;/TD&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;           &lt;/TR&gt;         &lt;/TABLE&gt; 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style="mirror=false;rotation=0;ImplicitInputPort;flip=false;"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="-8.0" y="16.0"/></ImplicitInputPort><ImplicitInputPort as="target" dataLines="1" dataType="REAL_MATRIX" id="9d94274:13215b36807:-7f82" ordering="1" parent="9d94274:13215b36807:-7f83" style="mirror=false;rotation=90;ImplicitInputPort;flip=false;"><Orientation as="orientation" value="NORTH"/><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="16.0" y="-8.0"/></ImplicitInputPort></ImplicitLink></root></mxGraphModel><mxCell as="defaultParent" id="-1ce2e708:132159eb274:-8000" parent="-1ce2e708:132159eb274:-7fff"/></XcosDiagram>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.3/example_5_3.sce b/196/CH5/EX5.3/example_5_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..667b16654
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.3/example_5_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//Chapter 5
+//Example 5-3
+//DesignASimpleSwitchArrangement 
+//Page 124
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Edc = 5 ; Erms = 5 ; Epeak = 5 ; Eptop = 5 ;// Voltages of meters 
+Ifs = 50*10^-6 ; // Full scale Meter Current
+Ri1 = Edc / Ifs ; // DC Voltmeter
+Ri2 = 0.90 * (Erms / Ifs );// Rms ac voltmeter ( Sine wave only )
+Ri3 = 0.636 * (Epeak / Ifs );//Peak Reading Voltmeter ( Sine wave only )
+Ri4 = 0.318 * (Eptop / Ifs );//Peak-to-Peak ac Voltmeter(sine wave only)
+printf ( "\n\n Ri1 = %.4f ohm", Ri1 )
+printf ( "\n\n Ri2 = %.4f ohm", Ri2 )
+printf ( "\n\n Ri3 = %.4f ohm", Ri3 )
+printf ( "\n\n Ri4 = %.4f ohm", Ri4 ) 
+xcos ('Figure5_3.xcos')
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.3/result_5_3.txt b/196/CH5/EX5.3/result_5_3.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..513247e45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.3/result_5_3.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Ri1 = 100000.0000 ohm
+
+Ri2 = 90000.0000 ohm
+
+Ri3 = 63600.0000 ohm
+
+Ri4 = 31800.0000 ohm 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.4/example_5_4.sce b/196/CH5/EX5.4/example_5_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b0d925ede
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.4/example_5_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//Chapter 5
+//Example 5-4
+//ProbOnZenerCurrentAndVoltage 
+//Page 125,126, Figure 5-3(a)
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Vo = 10.3 ; //Voltage across the load resistor
+Ei = 5 ; //Input voltage
+Ri = 1*10^3 ; //Input Resistance
+//Example 5-4(a)
+I = Ei / Ri ; //Zener Current
+printf ( "\n\n Zener Current = %.4f A", I )
+//Example 5-4(b)
+Vt = Vo - Ei ; //Zener Voltage
+printf ( "\n\n Zener Voltage = %.4f V", Vt )
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.4/result_5_4.txt b/196/CH5/EX5.4/result_5_4.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..523463b16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.4/result_5_4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Zener Current = 0.0050 A
+
+Zener Voltage = 5.3000 V 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.5/example_5_5.sce b/196/CH5/EX5.5/example_5_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..05724aca8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.5/example_5_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//Chapter 5
+//Example 5-5
+//ProbOnOpampParameters 
+//Page 126, Figure 5-3(b)
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Ei = 1 ; //Reference voltage
+Ri = 1*10^3 ; //Input Resistance
+Vo = 0.6 ; //Outpur Voltage
+//example 5-5(a)
+I = Ei / Ri ; //Diode Current
+printf ( "\n\n Diode Current = %.4f A ", I )
+//example 5-5(b)
+Vdiode = Vo ;
+printf ( "\n\n Voltage drop across the diode = %.4f V ", Vdiode )
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.5/result_5_5.txt b/196/CH5/EX5.5/result_5_5.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..649d00745
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.5/result_5_5.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Diode Current = 0.0010 A 
+
+Voltage drop across the diode = 0.6000 V 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.6/example_5_6.sce b/196/CH5/EX5.6/example_5_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e8db0e36b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.6/example_5_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//Chapter 5
+//Example 5-6
+//ProbOnOpampParameters 
+//Page 128,129, Figure 5-5
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+R = 10*10^3 ; //Resistance
+E2 = 0 ; //Source across negative terminal
+Rl = 5*10^3 ; // Load Resistance
+E1 = 5 ; // source across positive terminal
+//example 5-6(a)
+Il = (E1 - E2)/R ; //Load Current
+printf ("\n\n Load current across Rl = %.4f A " , Il )
+//example 5-6(b)
+Vl = Il * Rl ; // Voltage across Rl 
+printf ("\n\n Voltage across load resistance = %.4f V " , Vl )
+//example 5-6(c)
+Vo = (2*Vl)-E2 ; //Output voltage
+printf ( "\n\n Output Voltage = %.4f V ", Vo )
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.6/result_5_6.txt b/196/CH5/EX5.6/result_5_6.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fb1c7deda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.6/result_5_6.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Load current across Rl = 0.0005 A 
+
+Voltage across load resistance = 2.5000 V 
+
+Output Voltage = 5.0000 V  
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.7/example_5_7.sce b/196/CH5/EX5.7/example_5_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0826412e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.7/example_5_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//Chapter 5
+//Example 5-7
+//ProbOnOpampParameters 
+//Page 128,129, Figure 5-5
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+R = 10*10^3 ; //Resistance
+E2 = 5 ; //Source across negative terminal
+Rl = 5*10^3 ; // Load Resistance
+E1 = 0 ; // source across positive terminal
+//example 5-6(a)
+Il = (E1 - E2)/R ; //Load Current
+printf ("\n\n Load current across Rl = %.4f A " , Il )
+//example 5-6(b)
+Vl = Il * Rl ; // Voltage across Rl 
+printf ("\n\n Voltage across load resistance = %.4f V " , Vl )
+//example 5-6(c)
+Vo = (2*Vl)-E2 ; //Output voltage
+printf ( "\n\n Output Voltage = %.4f V ", Vo )
+printf ( "\n\n Vl and Il are reversed in polarity and direction respectively from example 5-6. If the polarity of E2 is reversed , Il and Vl change sign but not magnitude ") 
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.7/result_5_7.txt b/196/CH5/EX5.7/result_5_7.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..17b4b1d26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.7/result_5_7.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Load current across Rl = -0.0005 A 
+
+Voltage across load resistance = -2.5000 V 
+
+Output Voltage = -10.0000 V  
+
+Vl and Il are reversed in polarity and direction respectively from example 5-6. If the polarity of E2 is reversed , Il and Vl change sign but not magnitude  
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.8/example_5_8.sce b/196/CH5/EX5.8/example_5_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..269947d82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.8/example_5_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//Chapter 5
+//Example 5-8
+//ProbOnShortCircuitCurrent 
+//Page 133,134, Figure 5-8(c)
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Vo = 5 ;//Output Voltage
+Rf = 100*10^3 ; //Feedback Resistance
+Isc = Vo / Rf ; //Short Circuit Current
+printf ( "\n\n Short Circuit Current = %.7f A " , Isc )
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.8/result_5_8.txt b/196/CH5/EX5.8/result_5_8.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9ead85e60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.8/result_5_8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ Short Circuit Current = 0.0000500 A 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.9/example_5_9.sce b/196/CH5/EX5.9/example_5_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1e678bcbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.9/example_5_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//Chapter 5
+//Example 5-9
+//ProbOnPhotoDetectors 
+//Page 134,135, Figure 5-9
+clear;clc;
+//Given 
+Rf = 10*10^3 ;//Feedback Resistance
+I = 10*10^-6 ; //Current through Photo Detector
+//example 5-9(a)
+Vo = Rf * I ;//Vo for Dark Condition
+printf ( "\n\n Output Voltage for dark Condition = %.4f V ", Vo )
+//example 5-9(b)
+I1 = 1*10^-3 ; //Current in presence of sunlight
+Vo1 = Rf * I1 ; //output voltage in light condition
+printf ( "\n\n Output voltage in light condition = %.4f V ", Vo1 )
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH5/EX5.9/result_5_9.txt b/196/CH5/EX5.9/result_5_9.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ff8857276
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH5/EX5.9/result_5_9.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+ Output Voltage for dark Condition = 0.1000 V 
+
+ Output voltage in light condition = 10.0000 V 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH6/EX6.1/example_6_1.sce b/196/CH6/EX6.1/example_6_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2334fdc7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH6/EX6.1/example_6_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//Chapter 6
+//Example 6-1
+//ProbOnThresholdVoltage 
+//Page 149,151, Figure 6-1 
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+R1 = 100*10^3 ;
+R2 = 86*10^3 ;
+Vsatp = 15 ; Vsatm = -15 ;//Saturation voltages
+Vut = (R2 * Vsatp)/(R1 + R2);
+Vlt = (R2 * Vsatm)/(R1 + R2);
+printf ( "\n\n Upper Threshold Voltage = %.4f V ", Vut )
+printf ( "\n\n Lower Threshold Voltage = %.4f V ", Vlt )
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH6/EX6.1/result_6_1.txt b/196/CH6/EX6.1/result_6_1.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..df1af2ae7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH6/EX6.1/result_6_1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+ Upper Threshold Voltage = 6.9355 V 
+
+ Lower Threshold Voltage = -6.9355 V 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH6/EX6.10/example_6_10.sce b/196/CH6/EX6.10/example_6_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..69243f363
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH6/EX6.10/example_6_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//Chapter 6
+//Example 6-10
+//ProbOnFrequency 
+//Page 164
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Ri = 10*10^3 ;
+Ci = 0.1*10^-6 ;
+Ei = 2 ;
+Vref = 2 ;
+f = Ei / (Ri*Ci*Vref) ;
+printf ( "\n\n Frequency is %.4f Hz ", f )
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH6/EX6.10/result_6_10.txt b/196/CH6/EX6.10/result_6_10.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a120358d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH6/EX6.10/result_6_10.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ Frequency is 1000.0000 Hz 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH6/EX6.12/example_6_12.sce b/196/CH6/EX6.12/example_6_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ce702b408
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH6/EX6.12/example_6_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//Chapter 6
+//Example 6-12
+//ProbOnAD639A 
+//Page 170,171, Figure 6-11
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Ei = 1 ;
+t1 = 45 ; t2 = 90 ; t3 = 225 ; t4 = 405;
+Vang1 = (20*10^-3)*t1 ;//example 6-12(a) 
+Vang2 = (20*10^-3)*t2 ;//example 6-12(b) 
+Vang3 = (20*10^-3)*t3 ;//example 6-12(c) 
+Vang4 = (20*10^-3)*t4 ;//example 6-12(d)
+Vo1 = Ei*sin(t1);//example 6-12(a)
+Vo2 = Ei*sin(t2);//example 6-12(b)
+Vo3 = Ei*sin(t3);//example 6-12(c)
+Vo4 = Ei*sin(t4);//example 6-12(d)
+printf ( "\n\n Input Voltages are %.4f,%.4f,%.4f,%.4f V", Vang1,Vang2,Vang3,Vang4 ) 
+printf ( "\n\n Output Voltages are %.4f,%.4f,%.4f,%.4f V ", Vo1,Vo2,Vo3,Vo4 )  
+printf ( "\n\n Angles are in radians " )
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH6/EX6.12/result_6_12.txt b/196/CH6/EX6.12/result_6_12.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3ad6f9767
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH6/EX6.12/result_6_12.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Input Voltages are 0.9000,1.8000,4.5000,8.1000 V
+
+ Output Voltages are 0.8509,0.8940,-0.9301,0.2623 V 
+
+ Angles are in radians 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH6/EX6.13/example_6_13.sce b/196/CH6/EX6.13/example_6_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ee3411dd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH6/EX6.13/example_6_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//Chapter 6
+//Example 6-13
+//ProbOnFrequency 
+//Page 173,174, Figure 6-12(a)
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+R1 = 10*10^3 ;
+R2 = 100*10^3 ;
+C = 0.025*10^-6;
+f1 = 1 / (4*R1*C) ;
+f2 = 1 / (4*R2*C) ;
+printf ( "\n\n Frequency when Ri is 10KiloOhm is %.4f Hz " , f1 )
+printf ( "\n\n Frequency when Ri is 100KiloOhm is %.4f Hz " , f2 )
+ 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH6/EX6.13/result_6_13.txt b/196/CH6/EX6.13/result_6_13.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1d66322b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH6/EX6.13/result_6_13.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+
+ Frequency when Ri is 10KiloOhm is 1000.0000 Hz 
+
+ Frequency when Ri is 100KiloOhm is 100.0000 Hz  
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH6/EX6.2/example_6_2.sce b/196/CH6/EX6.2/example_6_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..37f7dfc86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH6/EX6.2/example_6_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//Chapter 6
+//Example 6-2
+//ProbOnMultivibrator 
+//Page 151
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Rf = 100*10^3;//Feedback Resistance
+C = 0.1*10^-6 ;
+T = 2 * Rf * C;
+printf ("\n\n Period = %.4f sec ", T )
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH6/EX6.2/result_6_2.txt b/196/CH6/EX6.2/result_6_2.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f25d4a818
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH6/EX6.2/result_6_2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Period = 0.0200 sec
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH6/EX6.3/example_6_3.sce b/196/CH6/EX6.3/example_6_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..23607209a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH6/EX6.3/example_6_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//Chapter 6
+//Example 6-3
+//ProbOnFrequency 
+//Page 151
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+T = 20*10^-3; //Period 
+f = 1 / T;
+printf ("\n\n Frequency = %.4f Hz ", f )
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH6/EX6.3/result_6_3.txt b/196/CH6/EX6.3/result_6_3.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5b965d54e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH6/EX6.3/result_6_3.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Frequency = 50.0000 Hz
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH6/EX6.5/example_6_5.sce b/196/CH6/EX6.5/example_6_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c11662443
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH6/EX6.5/example_6_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//Chapter 6
+//Example 6-5
+//ProbOnDurationOfOutputPulse 
+//Page 155
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Rf = 100*10^3 ;//Feedback Resistance
+C = 0.1*10^-6 ;
+t = (Rf * C)/ 5 ;
+printf ( "\n\n Duration of output pulse of one-shot = %.4f sec ", t )
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH6/EX6.5/result_6_5.txt b/196/CH6/EX6.5/result_6_5.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7d97910ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH6/EX6.5/result_6_5.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ Duration of output pulse of one-shot = 0.0020 sec
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH6/EX6.6/example_6_6.sce b/196/CH6/EX6.6/example_6_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..00c74cd4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH6/EX6.6/example_6_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//Chapter 6
+//Example 6-6
+//ProbonTriangularGenerator 
+//Page 157,158, Figure 6-6
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Vsatm = -13.8 ; 
+Vut = 5 ; //Upper Threshold Voltage
+R = 10*10^3 ;
+f = 1000;//Frequency
+C = 0.05*10^-6 ;
+p = -Vsatm / Vut ;
+p1 = p * R ;
+Ri = p / (4*f*C); 
+printf ( "\n\n Value of p = %.4f ", p )
+printf ( "\n\n Value of p1 = %.4f ", p1 )
+printf ( "\n\n Value of Ri = %.4f ", Ri )
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH6/EX6.6/result_6_6.txt b/196/CH6/EX6.6/result_6_6.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ff69bd829
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH6/EX6.6/result_6_6.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Value of p = 2.7600 
+
+Value of p1 = 27600.0000 
+
+Value of Ri = 13800.0000 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH6/EX6.7/example_6_7.sce b/196/CH6/EX6.7/example_6_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..87a6ccfd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH6/EX6.7/example_6_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//Chapter 6
+//Example 6-7
+//ProbOnUnipolarTriangularWaveGenerator 
+//Page 159
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+p = 2.8 ;
+Vsatm = -13.8 ;
+Ri = 28*10^3 ;
+C = 0.05*10^-6;
+Vut = - ((Vsatm+0.6)/p);
+f = p / (2*Ri*C);
+printf ( "\n\n Peak Voltage = %.4f V ", Vut )
+printf ( "\n\n frequency = %.4f Hz ", f )
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH6/EX6.7/result_6_7.txt b/196/CH6/EX6.7/result_6_7.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bf4e2ec43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH6/EX6.7/result_6_7.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Peak Voltage = 4.7143 V 
+
+frequency = 1000.0000 Hz
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH6/EX6.8/Figure6_8.xcos b/196/CH6/EX6.8/Figure6_8.xcos
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1291fed59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH6/EX6.8/Figure6_8.xcos
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><XcosDiagram background="-1" title="Figure6_8"><Array as="context" scilabClass="String[]"><add value=""/></Array><mxUndoManager as="undoManager"/><mxGraphModel as="model"><root><mxCell id="1cfba46b:13233ffc09a:-7fff"/><mxCell id="1cfba46b:13233ffc09a:-8000" parent="1cfba46b:13233ffc09a:-7fff"/><BasicBlock dependsOnU="1" id="1cfba46b:13233ffc09a:-7fe6" interfaceFunctionName="OpAmp" parent="1cfba46b:13233ffc09a:-8000" simulationFunctionName="OpAmp" simulationFunctionType="DEFAULT" style="mirror=false;rotation=0;OpAmp;flip=false;" value="&lt;html&gt;&lt;body&gt; &lt;TABLE&gt;           &lt;TR&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;+&lt;/TD&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;           &lt;/TR&gt;           &lt;TR&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;OP&lt;/TD&gt;           &lt;/TR&gt;           &lt;TR&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;-&lt;/TD&gt;             &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;           &lt;/TR&gt;         &lt;/TABLE&gt; 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y="-4.0"/></ImplicitOutputPort><ImplicitInputPort as="target" dataLines="1" dataType="REAL_MATRIX" id="2817d94b:132341b97fb:-7f85" ordering="1" parent="20" style="mirror=false;rotation=0;ImplicitInputPort;flip=false;"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="-8.0" y="16.0"/></ImplicitInputPort></ImplicitLink><ImplicitLink id="2817d94b:132341b97fb:-7f62"><mxGeometry as="geometry" relative="1"><mxPoint as="targetPoint" x="510.0" y="10.0"/><Array as="points" scilabClass="ScilabList"><mxPoint x="510.0" y="10.0"/></Array></mxGeometry><mxCell as="parent" id="1cfba46b:13233ffc09a:-8000" parent="1cfba46b:13233ffc09a:-7fff"/><ImplicitOutputPort as="source" dataType="REAL_MATRIX" id="2817d94b:132341b97fb:-7f66" ordering="2" parent="32" style="mirror=false;rotation=0;ImplicitOutputPort;flip=false;" visible="0"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="7.0" y="-4.0"/></ImplicitOutputPort><ImplicitInputPort as="target" dataLines="1" dataType="REAL_MATRIX" id="2817d94b:132341b97fb:-7f6d" ordering="1" parent="29" style="mirror=false;rotation=0;ImplicitInputPort;flip=false;"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="40.0" y="16.0"/></ImplicitInputPort></ImplicitLink><GroundBlock dependsOnU="1" id="2817d94b:132341b97fb:-7f61" interfaceFunctionName="Ground" simulationFunctionName="Ground" style="Ground;rotation=0;"><ScilabString as="exprs" height="1" width="1"><data column="0" line="0" value=""/></ScilabString><ScilabDouble as="realParameters" height="0" width="0"/><ScilabDouble as="integerParameters" height="0" width="0"/><Array as="objectsParameters" scilabClass="ScilabList"/><ScilabDouble as="nbZerosCrossing" height="1" width="1"><data column="0" line="0" realPart="0.0"/></ScilabDouble><ScilabDouble as="nmode" height="1" width="1"><data column="0" line="0" realPart="0.0"/></ScilabDouble><ScilabDouble as="state" height="0" width="0"/><ScilabDouble as="dState" height="0" width="0"/><ScilabDouble as="oDState" height="0" width="0"/><Array as="equations" scilabClass="ScilabTList"><ScilabString height="1" width="5"><data column="0" line="0" value="modelica"/><data column="1" line="0" value="model"/><data column="2" line="0" value="inputs"/><data column="3" line="0" value="outputs"/><data column="4" line="0" value="parameters"/></ScilabString><ScilabString height="1" width="1"><data column="0" line="0" value="Ground"/></ScilabString><ScilabString height="1" width="1"><data column="0" line="0" value="p"/></ScilabString><ScilabDouble height="0" width="0"/><Array scilabClass="ScilabList"><ScilabDouble height="0" width="0"/><Array scilabClass="ScilabList"/></Array></Array><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="40.0" width="40.0" x="340.0" y="250.0"/><mxCell as="parent" id="1cfba46b:13233ffc09a:-8000" parent="1cfba46b:13233ffc09a:-7fff"/></GroundBlock><ImplicitInputPort dataLines="1" dataType="REAL_MATRIX" id="2817d94b:132341b97fb:-7f60" ordering="1" parent="2817d94b:132341b97fb:-7f61" style="mirror=false;rotation=90;ImplicitInputPort;flip=false;"><Orientation as="orientation" value="NORTH"/><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="16.0" y="-8.0"/></ImplicitInputPort><SplitBlock id="35" parent="1cfba46b:13233ffc09a:-8000" simulationFunctionType="DEFAULT" style="mirror=false;SPLIT_f;rotation=0;flip=false;"><ScilabDouble as="exprs" height="0" width="0"/><ScilabDouble as="realParameters" height="0" width="0"/><ScilabDouble as="integerParameters" height="0" width="0"/><ScilabDouble as="nbZerosCrossing" height="0" width="0"/><ScilabDouble as="nmode" height="0" width="0"/><ScilabDouble as="state" height="0" width="0"/><ScilabDouble as="dState" height="0" width="0"/><ScilabDouble as="oDState" height="0" width="0"/><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="7.0" width="7.0" x="357.0" y="207.0"/></SplitBlock><ImplicitInputPort dataType="REAL_MATRIX" id="2817d94b:132341b97fb:-7f5e" ordering="1" parent="35" style="mirror=false;rotation=0;ImplicitInputPort;flip=false;" visible="0"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="-8.0" y="-4.0"/></ImplicitInputPort><ImplicitOutputPort dataType="REAL_MATRIX" id="2817d94b:132341b97fb:-7f5d" ordering="1" parent="35" style="mirror=false;rotation=0;ImplicitOutputPort;flip=false;" visible="0"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="7.0" y="-4.0"/></ImplicitOutputPort><ImplicitOutputPort dataType="REAL_MATRIX" id="2817d94b:132341b97fb:-7f5c" ordering="2" parent="35" style="mirror=false;rotation=0;ImplicitOutputPort;flip=false;" visible="0"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="7.0" y="-4.0"/></ImplicitOutputPort><ImplicitOutputPort dataType="REAL_MATRIX" id="2817d94b:132341b97fb:-7f5b" ordering="3" parent="35" style="mirror=false;rotation=0;ImplicitOutputPort;flip=false;" visible="0"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="7.0" y="6.0"/></ImplicitOutputPort><ImplicitLink id="2817d94b:132341b97fb:-7f5a"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="80.0" width="80.0"><Array as="points" scilabClass="ScilabList"><mxPoint x="360.0" y="210.0"/></Array></mxGeometry><mxCell as="parent" id="1cfba46b:13233ffc09a:-8000" parent="1cfba46b:13233ffc09a:-7fff"/><ImplicitOutputPort as="source" dataType="REAL_MATRIX" id="2817d94b:132341b97fb:-7fbb" ordering="1" parent="-396d2ff4:1323408534d:-7ff0" style="mirror=false;rotation=0;ImplicitOutputPort;flip=false;" visible="0"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="7.0" y="-4.0"/></ImplicitOutputPort><ImplicitInputPort as="target" dataType="REAL_MATRIX" id="2817d94b:132341b97fb:-7f5e" ordering="1" parent="35" style="mirror=false;rotation=0;ImplicitInputPort;flip=false;" visible="0"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="-8.0" y="-4.0"/></ImplicitInputPort></ImplicitLink><ImplicitLink id="2817d94b:132341b97fb:-7f59"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="80.0" width="80.0"><Array as="points" scilabClass="ScilabList"><mxPoint x="340.0" y="210.0"/></Array></mxGeometry><mxCell as="parent" id="1cfba46b:13233ffc09a:-8000" parent="1cfba46b:13233ffc09a:-7fff"/><ImplicitOutputPort as="source" dataType="REAL_MATRIX" id="2817d94b:132341b97fb:-7f5d" ordering="1" parent="35" style="mirror=false;rotation=0;ImplicitOutputPort;flip=false;" visible="0"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="7.0" y="-4.0"/></ImplicitOutputPort><ImplicitOutputPort as="target" dataLines="1" dataType="REAL_MATRIX" id="2817d94b:132341b97fb:-7fda" ordering="1" parent="1cfba46b:13233ffc09a:-7fe6" style="mirror=false;rotation=0;ImplicitOutputPort;flip=false;"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="40.0" y="36.0"/></ImplicitOutputPort></ImplicitLink><ImplicitLink id="2817d94b:132341b97fb:-7f58"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="80.0" width="80.0"/><mxCell as="parent" id="1cfba46b:13233ffc09a:-8000" parent="1cfba46b:13233ffc09a:-7fff"/><ImplicitOutputPort as="source" dataType="REAL_MATRIX" id="2817d94b:132341b97fb:-7f5c" ordering="2" parent="35" style="mirror=false;rotation=0;ImplicitOutputPort;flip=false;" visible="0"><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="7.0" y="-4.0"/></ImplicitOutputPort><ImplicitInputPort as="target" dataLines="1" dataType="REAL_MATRIX" id="2817d94b:132341b97fb:-7f60" ordering="1" parent="2817d94b:132341b97fb:-7f61" style="mirror=false;rotation=90;ImplicitInputPort;flip=false;"><Orientation as="orientation" value="NORTH"/><mxGeometry as="geometry" height="8.0" width="8.0" x="16.0" y="-8.0"/></ImplicitInputPort></ImplicitLink></root></mxGraphModel><mxCell as="defaultParent" id="1cfba46b:13233ffc09a:-8000" parent="1cfba46b:13233ffc09a:-7fff"/></XcosDiagram>
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH6/EX6.8/example_6_8.sce b/196/CH6/EX6.8/example_6_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d271f5fa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH6/EX6.8/example_6_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//Chapter 6
+//Example 6-8
+//DesignOnSawtoothWaveGenerator 
+//Page 163
+clear;clc;
+//Design a voltage divider to give voltage reference 10 V
+//Here Ri = 10 KiloOhm and C = 0.1microfarad
+//The Circuit will be as shown below
+xcos('Figure6_8.xcos');
+//Checking Frequency value
+Ri = 10*10^3 ;
+Ci = 0.1*10^-6 ;
+Ei = 1 ;
+Vref = 10 ;
+f = Ei / (Ri*Ci*Vref) ;
+printf ( "\n\n Frequency is %.4f Hz ", f )
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH6/EX6.8/result_6_8.txt b/196/CH6/EX6.8/result_6_8.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8d2b27e3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH6/EX6.8/result_6_8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ Frequency is 100.0000 Hz 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH6/EX6.9/example_6_9.sce b/196/CH6/EX6.9/example_6_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..feca6bac4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH6/EX6.9/example_6_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//Chapter 6
+//Example 6-9
+//ProbOnFrequency 
+//Page 164
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Ri = 10*10^3 ;
+Ci = 0.1*10^-6 ;
+Ei = 2 ;
+Vref = 10 ;
+f = Ei / (Ri*Ci*Vref) ;
+printf ( "\n\n Frequency is %.4f Hz ", f )
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH6/EX6.9/result_6_9.txt b/196/CH6/EX6.9/result_6_9.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e93042f16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH6/EX6.9/result_6_9.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ Frequency is 200.0000 Hz
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH7/EX7.1/example_7_1.sce b/196/CH7/EX7.1/example_7_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2a439a81a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH7/EX7.1/example_7_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//Chapter 7
+//Example 7-1
+//ProbOnDeadZoneCircuit 
+//Page 201,202, Figure 7-15
+clear;clc;
+V = 15 ;
+mR = 30*10^3 ;
+R = 10*10^3 ; 
+Ei = -10 ; 
+Vref = V / 3 ;
+Voa = -Ei-Vref ; 
+Vob = Ei / 2 ;
+printf ( "\n\n Values of Voa and Vob are %.4f V , %.4f V" , Voa, Vob)
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH7/EX7.1/result_7_1.txt b/196/CH7/EX7.1/result_7_1.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..55de4705a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH7/EX7.1/result_7_1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ Values of Voa and Vob are 5.0000 V , -5.0000 V
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH8/EX8.1/example_8_1.sce b/196/CH8/EX8.1/example_8_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a3e07da0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH8/EX8.1/example_8_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//Chapter 8
+//Example 8-1
+//ProbOnOutputVoltage 
+//Page 216, Figure 8-1
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+m = 100 ; //Differential Gain
+E1 = 10*10^-3; E2 = 10*10^-3;//input voltages
+E3 = 0*10^-3; E4 = -20*10^-3;//input voltages
+Vout1 = (m*E1)-(m*E2);//example 8-1(a)
+Vout2 = (m*E1)-(m*E3);//example 8-1(b)
+Vout3 = (m*E1)-(m*E4);//example 8-1(c)
+printf ( "\n\n Output Voltages are %.4f V, %.4f V, %.4f V ", Vout1,Vout2,Vout3)
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH8/EX8.1/result_8_1.txt b/196/CH8/EX8.1/result_8_1.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f1e796788
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH8/EX8.1/result_8_1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Output Voltages are 0.0000 V, 1.0000 V, 3.0000 V
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH8/EX8.10/example_8_10.sce b/196/CH8/EX8.10/example_8_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..27b063114
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH8/EX8.10/example_8_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//Chapter 8
+//Example 8-10
+//ProbOnWheatstoneBridge 
+//Page 232, Figure 8-12
+clear;clc;
+E = 1 ; 
+DR = 0.001 ; R = 120 ; //Resistance in Ohm
+Vout = (E*DR)/(4*R) ;
+printf ( "\n\n Output of the Bridge = %.9f V ", Vout )
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH8/EX8.10/result_8_10.txt b/196/CH8/EX8.10/result_8_10.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ac212ee0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH8/EX8.10/result_8_10.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ Output of the Bridge = 0.000002083 V 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH8/EX8.11/example_8_11.sce b/196/CH8/EX8.11/example_8_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..95b7bcd2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH8/EX8.11/example_8_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//Chapter 8
+//Example 8-11
+//ProbOnAD620 
+//Page 237,238, Figure 8-17
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Vout = 100*10^-3 ; E = 5 ; R = 120 ;
+Gain = 1000 ;
+E1 = 30 *10^6 ;
+Gf = 2 ;//Gage factor
+Vbridge = Vout / Gain ;
+DL = 20*10^-6 ;
+DR = (R * Vbridge)/E ;
+Rratio = DR / R ;//Change in Resistance
+Strain = DL / Gf ;//Change in Length 
+Stress = E1 * Strain ; 
+printf ( "\n\n Change in Resistance = %.4f ohm ", DR )
+printf ( "\n\n Ratio of Resistance = %.9f ohm per ohm ", Rratio )
+printf ( "\n\n Strain value = %.9f ", Strain )
+printf ( "\n\n Stress value = %.9f psi ", Stress )
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH8/EX8.11/result_8_11.txt b/196/CH8/EX8.11/result_8_11.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..09181d50f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH8/EX8.11/result_8_11.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+ Change in Resistance = 0.0024 ohm 
+
+ Ratio of Resistance = 0.000020000 ohm per ohm 
+
+ Strain value = 0.000010000 
+
+ Stress value = 300.000000000 psi  
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH8/EX8.2/example_8_2.sce b/196/CH8/EX8.2/example_8_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..18dde1ee1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH8/EX8.2/example_8_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//Chapter 8
+//Example 8-2
+//ProbOnDifferentialAmplifier 
+//Page 220,221, Figure 8-5(b)
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+a = 2/9 ; //Differential Gain
+E1 = 10*10^-3; E2 = 5*10^-3; //Input Voltages 
+Vout = (E1 - E2)*(1+(2/a));
+printf ( "\n\n output voltage = %.4f V ", Vout )
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH8/EX8.2/result_8_2.txt b/196/CH8/EX8.2/result_8_2.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ce410f21b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH8/EX8.2/result_8_2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ output voltage = 0.0500 V
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH8/EX8.3/example_8_3.sce b/196/CH8/EX8.3/example_8_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..46b23b397
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH8/EX8.3/example_8_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//Chapter 8
+//Example 8-3
+//ProbOnVoltageGain 
+//Page 223
+clear;clc;
+R = 25*10^3 ;
+aR = 50 ;
+a = aR / R ;
+Gain = 1 + (2/a) ;
+printf ( "\n\n Voltage Gain = %.4f " , Gain )
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH8/EX8.3/result_8_3.txt b/196/CH8/EX8.3/result_8_3.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..900372579
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH8/EX8.3/result_8_3.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Voltage Gain = 1001.0000
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH8/EX8.4/example_8_4.sce b/196/CH8/EX8.4/example_8_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9ecc064b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH8/EX8.4/example_8_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//Chapter 8
+//Example 8-4
+//ProbOnVoltageGain 
+//Page 223
+clear;clc;
+a = %i; //Infinity
+Gain = 1+(2/a) ; 
+printf ( "\n\n Voltage Gain = %.4f ", Gain )
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH8/EX8.4/result_8_4.txt b/196/CH8/EX8.4/result_8_4.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c0e59a89d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH8/EX8.4/result_8_4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Voltage Gain = 1.0000
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH8/EX8.5/example_8_5.sce b/196/CH8/EX8.5/example_8_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..70d5c6778
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH8/EX8.5/example_8_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//Chapter 8
+//Example 8-5
+//ProbOnInstrumentationAmplifier 
+//Page 222,223, Figure 8-6
+clear;clc;
+m = 1001 ;//Gain
+E1 = 5.001 ; E2 = 5.002 ; //example 8-5(a)
+E3 = 5.001 ; E4 = 5.000 ; //example 8-5(b)
+E5 = -1.001 ; E6 = -1.002 ; //example 8-5(c)
+Vout1 = m*(E1-E2); Vout2 = m*(E3-E4); Vout3 = m*(E5-E6);
+printf ( "\n\n Output Voltages are %.4f V , %.4f V, %.4f V ", Vout1,Vout2,Vout3)
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH8/EX8.5/result_8_5.txt b/196/CH8/EX8.5/result_8_5.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..faf5862f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH8/EX8.5/result_8_5.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ Output Voltages are -1.0010 V , 1.0010 V, 1.0010 V
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH8/EX8.6/example_8_6.sce b/196/CH8/EX8.6/example_8_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b55c8c2cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH8/EX8.6/example_8_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//Chapter 8
+//Example 8-6
+//ProbOnCollectorVoltage 
+//Page 226,227, Figure 8-9(b)
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Vout = 5 ; //Output Voltage
+Vce = Vout ; 
+printf ( "\n\n Collector Voltage = %.4f V ", Vce )
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH8/EX8.6/result_8_6.txt b/196/CH8/EX8.6/result_8_6.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..153696927
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH8/EX8.6/result_8_6.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Collector Voltage = 5.0000 V 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH8/EX8.7/example_8_7.sce b/196/CH8/EX8.7/example_8_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3a835d0e4
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+++ b/196/CH8/EX8.7/example_8_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//Chapter 8
+//Example 8-7
+//ProbOnVoltages 
+//Page 226,227, Figure 8-9
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+Vre = 1.2 ; Re = 1*10^3 ;Vce = 5 ;Vcc = 15; //Voltages in the circuit
+Ie = Vre / Re ;
+Vcol = Vce + Vre ;
+Vrl = Vcc - Vcol ;
+printf ( "\n\n Collector Voltage = %.4f V ", Vcol )
+printf ( "\n\n Voltage across Rl  = %.4f V ", Vrl )
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH8/EX8.7/result_8_7.txt b/196/CH8/EX8.7/result_8_7.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9053e2c59
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+++ b/196/CH8/EX8.7/result_8_7.txt
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+ Collector Voltage = 6.2000 V 
+
+ Voltage across Rl  = 8.8000 V
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH8/EX8.8/example_8_8.sce b/196/CH8/EX8.8/example_8_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..cda23f002
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+++ b/196/CH8/EX8.8/example_8_8.sce
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+//Chapter 8
+//Example 8-8
+//ProbOnVtoIConverter 
+//Page 228, Figure 8-10
+clear;clc;
+Rs = 1*10^3 ; E1 = 100*10^-3 ;
+E2 = 0 ; Rl = 5*10^3 ;
+Gain = 10 ;
+Il = 10*((E1-E2)/Rs);
+Vr = Il * Rs ;
+Vref = Il * Rl ;
+V9 = Vref + Gain*(E1 - E2);
+printf ( "\n\n Current across Load Resistor = %.4f A ", Il )
+printf ( "\n\n Voltage across R  = %.4f V ", Vr)
+printf ( "\n\n Reference Voltage  = %.4f V ", Vref )
+printf ( "\n\n Voltage at terminal 9  = %.4f V ", V9 ) 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH8/EX8.8/result_8_8.txt b/196/CH8/EX8.8/result_8_8.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b7624d39a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH8/EX8.8/result_8_8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+
+ Current across Load Resistor = 0.0010 A 
+
+ Voltage across R  = 1.0000 V 
+
+ Reference Voltage  = 5.0000 V 
+
+ Voltage at terminal 9  = 6.0000 V 
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH8/EX8.9/example_8_9.sce b/196/CH8/EX8.9/example_8_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0bb31a0c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH8/EX8.9/example_8_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//Chapter 8
+//Example 8-9
+//ProbOnStrainGage 
+//Page 230,231
+clear;clc;
+//Given
+GF = 2 ;//Gage factor
+DR = 0.001 ;
+R = 120 ;
+L = DR /(R*GF)  ;
+printf ( "\n\n Change in length is %.9f inches per inch ", L )
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/196/CH8/EX8.9/result_8_9.txt b/196/CH8/EX8.9/result_8_9.txt
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0b1a8cd40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/196/CH8/EX8.9/result_8_9.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Change in length is 0.000004167 inches per inch
+\ No newline at end of file