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-rwxr-xr-x1691/CH3/EX3.1/exp3_1.sce74
-rwxr-xr-x1691/CH3/EX3.1/exp3_1_d3_4_a.xcos1
-rwxr-xr-x1691/CH3/EX3.1/exp3_1_d3_4_b.xcos1
-rwxr-xr-x1691/CH3/EX3.10/e3_10.sce79
-rwxr-xr-x1691/CH3/EX3.11/e3_11.sce29
-rwxr-xr-x1691/CH3/EX3.13/exp3_13.sce19
-rwxr-xr-x1691/CH3/EX3.14/e3_14.sce46
-rwxr-xr-x1691/CH3/EX3.15/e3_15.sce42
-rwxr-xr-x1691/CH3/EX3.2/exp3_2.sce57
-rwxr-xr-x1691/CH3/EX3.3/exp3_3.sce44
-rwxr-xr-x1691/CH3/EX3.4/exp3_4.sce13
-rwxr-xr-x1691/CH3/EX3.5/exp3_5.sce54
-rwxr-xr-x1691/CH3/EX3.7/exp3_7.sce45
-rwxr-xr-x1691/CH3/EX3.8/exp3_8.sce37
14 files changed, 541 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.1/exp3_1.sce b/1691/CH3/EX3.1/exp3_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c2d392d58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.1/exp3_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+//Example 3.1
+clc
+disp("The circuit is similar to the circuit shown in the fig 3.2. Assume that Q1 is OFF and Q2 is ON")
+disp("Case i : Junction voltages of ON transistor are neglected")
+disp("i.e. V_CE2 = 0 V and V_BE2 = 0 V")
+disp("As emitter is grounded we can say,")
+disp(" V_C2 = 0 V and V_B2 = 0")
+disp("Now draw the equivalent circuit in a part from base of Q1 to the collector of Q2 as shown in fig. 3.4(a)")
+vb1=-8*(10/60)
+format(5)
+disp(vb1,"Now V_B1(in V) = - V_BB * (R1 / R1+R2) =")
+disp("As V_B1 < V_BE (cut-off) i.e. 0.7 V, it ensures that Q1 is OFF. To verify whether Q2 is ON or not, calculate I_C2")
+i1=12/(2.2)
+disp(i1,"I1(in mA) = V_CC/R_C = ")
+i2=(8/60)
+format(6)
+disp(i2,"I2(in mA) = V_BB / R1+R2 = ")
+ic=5.45-0.133
+disp(ic,"Therefore, I_C2(in mA) = I1 - I2 =")
+ib=(5.316/30)*10^3
+disp(ib,"Therefore, (I_B2)min(in mA) = I_C2 / h_fe(min) =")
+disp("Now to calculate actual I_B2 and verify that I_B2 > I_B2(min) let us draw part of circuit showing collector of Q1 to base of Q2")
+disp("Now I3 = current through R_C and R1, as I_C1 = 0")
+i3=12/12.2
+format(7)
+disp(i3,"Therefore, I3(in mA) = V_CC / R_C+R1 = ...as V_B2 = 0 V")
+i4=8/50
+format(5)
+disp(i4,"and I4(in mA) = V_B2-V_BB / R2 =")
+ib2=0.9836-0.16
+format(7)
+disp(ib2,"Therefore, I_B2(in mA) = I3 - I4 =")
+disp("As I_B2 > I_B2(min), the transistor Q2 is indeed in saturation")
+vc1=12-(0.98396*2.2)
+format(6)
+disp(vc1,"Therefore, V_C1(in V) = V_CC - I3*R_C =")
+disp("Hence the stable state current and voltages are:")
+disp("I_C1 = 0 A I_C2 = 5.316 mA I_B1 = 0 A I_B2 = 0.8236 mA")
+disp("V_C1 = 9.836 V V_C2 = 0 V V_B1 = -1.33 V V_B2 = 0 V")
+disp("Output swing = V_C1 - V_C2")
+disp("Therefore, V_W = 9.836 V")
+disp("")
+disp("Case ii : V_CE(sat) = 0.2 V and V_BE(sat) = 0.7 V")
+disp("For the transistor Q2, as emitter is grounded, from these voltages we can write,")
+disp(" V_C2 = 0.2 V and V_B2 = 0.7 V")
+disp("Referring to fig 3.4(a), we can write the equations to obtain the stable state currents and voltages")
+disp("Now V_B1 will be due to V_BB and V_C2 hence using superposition principle, considering effect of each independently we can write,")
+vb1=(-8*(10/60))+(0.2*(50/60))
+format(5)
+disp(vb1,"V_B1 = -V_BB(R1 + R1+R2)|V_C2=0 + V_C2(R2 / R1+R2)|V_BB=0 =")
+i1=11.8/2.2
+disp(i1,"I1(in mA) = V_CC-V_C2 / R_C =")
+i2=8.2/60
+format(6)
+disp(i2,"I2(in mA) = V_C2+V_BB / R1+R2 =")
+ic2=5.36-0.136
+disp(ic2,"Therefore, I_C2(in mA) = I1 - I2 =")
+ib2=5.223/30
+disp(ib2,"Therefore, I_B2(min)(in mA) = I_C2 / h_fe(min) =")
+disp("To calculate I_B2, refer fig.3.4(b), with V_B2 = 0.7 V")
+i3=11.3/12.2
+disp(i3,"Therefore, I3(in mA) = V_CC-V_B1 / R_C+R1 =")
+i4=8.7/50
+disp(i4,"and I4(in mA) = V_B2-V_BB / R2 =")
+ib2=0.926-0.174
+disp(ib2,"Therefore, I_B2(in mA) = I3 - I4 =")
+vc1=12-(0.926*2.2)
+format(7)
+disp(vc1,"Therefore, V_C1(in V) = V_CC - I3*R_C =")
+disp("Hence the stable state current and voltages are:")
+disp("I_C1 = 0 A I_C2 = 5.223 mA I_B1 = 0 mA I_B2 = 0.752 mA")
+disp("V_C1 = 9.9628 V V_C2 = 0.2 V V_B1 = -1.16 V V_B2 = 0.7 V")
+vw=9.9628-0.2
+disp(vw,"V_W(in V) = V_C1 - V_C2 =")
diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.1/exp3_1_d3_4_a.xcos b/1691/CH3/EX3.1/exp3_1_d3_4_a.xcos
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..032f8f7a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.1/exp3_1_d3_4_a.xcos
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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line="10" value="0.4"/><data column="0" line="11" value="0.8"/><data column="0" line="12" value="0.333"/><data column="0" line="13" value="1e-15"/><data column="0" line="14" value="1e-15"/><data column="0" line="15" value="0.02585"/><data column="0" line="16" value="40"/></ScilabString><ScilabDouble as="realParameters" height="17" width="1"><data column="0" line="0" realPart="50.0"/><data column="0" line="1" realPart="0.1"/><data column="0" line="2" realPart="0.0"/><data column="0" line="3" realPart="0.02"/><data column="0" line="4" realPart="1.2E-10"/><data column="0" line="5" realPart="5.0E-9"/><data column="0" line="6" realPart="1.0E-12"/><data column="0" line="7" realPart="4.0E-13"/><data column="0" line="8" realPart="5.0E-13"/><data column="0" line="9" realPart="0.8"/><data column="0" line="10" realPart="0.4"/><data column="0" line="11" realPart="0.8"/><data column="0" line="12" realPart="0.333"/><data column="0" line="13" realPart="1.0E-15"/><data column="0" line="14" 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diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.1/exp3_1_d3_4_b.xcos b/1691/CH3/EX3.1/exp3_1_d3_4_b.xcos
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f2f81ce34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.1/exp3_1_d3_4_b.xcos
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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y="20.0"/></ImplicitOutputPort></ImplicitLink></root></mxGraphModel><mxCell as="defaultParent" id="-1d8250ed:140cf76e7d1:-7e98" parent="-1d8250ed:140cf76e7d1:-7e97"/></XcosDiagram> \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.10/e3_10.sce b/1691/CH3/EX3.10/e3_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..765d8e221
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.10/e3_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+//example3.10
+clc
+disp("The circuit of self biased binary is shown in the fig. 3.80")
+disp("Assume Q1 is OFF and Q2 is ON. As Q2 is in saturation,")
+disp("V_CE(sat)=V_CE2=0.4V")
+disp("V_BE(sat)=V_BE2=0.8V")
+disp("a) Calculation for the stable state currents and voltages")
+disp("Draw equilvalent circuit from base of Q1 to collector of Q2.")
+disp("Another equivalent circuit from collector of Q1 to base of Q2 is shown in the fig.3.81")
+disp("To calculate the various voltages, is necessary to calculate the currents I_c2, I_B2 for ON transistor Q2. The currents I_C1=I_B1=0 mA as Q1 is OFF.")
+disp("To obtain I_c2, I_B2 let us obtain. Thevenins equivalent once across collector and ground and other across base and ground, for ON transistor Q2.")
+disp("Consider Thevenins equivalent across collector of Q2 and ground as shown in the fig. 3.83(a) while Thevenins equivalent across base of Q2 and ground as shown in the fig. 3.83(b).")
+disp("Referring fig 3.83(a) we can write,")
+i=(20*45)/49.7
+format(7)
+disp(i,"V_oc(in volts)=I(R1+R2)=(V_cc*(R1+R2))/(R1+R2+R_c)=")
+r=(45*4.7)/(45+4.7)
+format(6)
+disp(r,"R_th(in k ohms) = (R1+R2)parallel to R_c with V_cc -N short =")
+disp("Referring fig 3.83(b),")
+v=(20*15)/(30+15+4.7)
+format(6)
+disp(v,"V_OC(in V)=I*R2=(V_CC * R2)/(R1+R2+R_c)=")
+t=(15*34.7)/(15+34.7)
+format(7)
+disp(t,"And, R_th(in k ohm)=R2 parallel to(R1+R2)=")
+disp("Applying KVL to base-emitter loop,")
+disp("-I_B2(10.473)-0.8-0.39(I_B2+I_C2)+6.036=0")
+disp("0.863(I_B2)+0.39(I_C2)=5.236")
+disp("I_B2+0.0359(I_C2)=0.482 Now multiply by 0.39,")
+disp("0.39(I_b2)+0.014(I_C2)=0.1879 ..(1)")
+disp("Applying KVL to collector emitter loop,")
+disp("(-I_C2)(4.255)-0.4-0.39(I_B2+I_C2)+18.108=0")
+disp("-0.39(I_B2)-4.645(I_c2)=-17.708 ..(2)")
+disp("Adding equations (1) and (2) we get,")
+disp("-4.631(I_C2)=-17.5201")
+c=(-17.5201)/(-4.631)
+format(6)
+disp(c,"I_C2(in mA)=")
+b=(-17.708+((4.645)*(3.783)))/(-0.39)
+disp(b,"and, I_B2(in mA)=")
+disp("From this, the various voltages can be obtained as,")
+v=((0.346+3.783))*(0.390)
+format(5)
+disp(v,"V_EN(in V)=(I_B2+I_C2)*R_E =")
+n=0.4+1.61
+disp(n,"V_CN2(in V)=(V_CE2+V_EN)=")
+b=0.8+1.61
+disp(b,"V_BN2(in V)=(V_BE2+V_EN)=")
+w=(2.01*15)/45
+disp(w,"V_BN1(in V)=(V_CN2*R2)/(R1+R2)=")
+v=0.67-1.61
+format(5)
+disp(v,"V_BE1(in V)=(V_BN1-V_EN)=0.61-1.61=")
+disp("For cut-off, V_BE1 is 0V given, but actually it is still less i.e. -0.94 V. This ensures that Q1 is still OFF.")
+a=(((20*30)/(4.7+30))+((2.41*4.7)/(4.7+30)))
+format(7)
+disp(a,"V_CN1(in V)=")
+disp("b) To find (h_fe)_min")
+disp("For the ON transistor Q2")
+disp("I_C2=3.783mA, I_B2=0.346mA")
+h=3.783/0.346
+format(3)
+disp(h,"Therefore, (h_fe)_min = (I_C2)/(I_B2)=")
+disp("Calculation of (I_CBO)_max")
+disp("To calculate (I_CBO)_max consider the circuit shown in the fig 3.85")
+disp("Obtain the Thevenins equivalent across terminal A and ground.The Thevenin voltage is V_A=V_B1=0.67 V")
+disp("Looking into terminals A and ground,")
+r=(34.7*15)/(34.7+15)
+format(7)
+disp(r,"R_th(in kohms)=(R_1+R_c)parallel to R2 =")
+disp("Hence Thevenin equivalent is: To find I_CBO_max, ")
+disp("V_BE(cut-off)=0V and V_EN =1.61 V ...Calculated earlier")
+disp("As V_BE= 0, base must be also at same potential as emitter with respect to ground.")
+disp("V_B1=V_EN=1.61 V for(I_CBO)_max,")
+o=(1.61-0.67)/(10.472*10^3)
+format(11)
+disp(o,"I_CBO_max(in A)=(V_B1-V_TH)/(R_TH)=")
+disp("This is the maximum I_CBO")
diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.11/e3_11.sce b/1691/CH3/EX3.11/e3_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0b212bbd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.11/e3_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//example3.11
+clc
+disp("For the npn silicon transistors,")
+disp("V_CE(sat)=0.3 V and V_BE(sat)=0.7 V = V_rho")
+disp("While V_BE(cut-in)=0.5 V= V_gamma ...Referring Table 3.1")
+i=(12-0.3-0.7+0.5)/(2000+200)
+format(6)
+disp(i,"(I''_B)(in mA)=(V_CC-V_CE(sat)-V_rho-V_gamma)/(R_c+r''_bb)=")
+disp("Hence the overshoot in base voltage of Q2 is:")
+d=(5.227*200*10^-3)+0.7-0.5
+format(7)
+disp(d,"delta(in V)=(I''_b*r''_bb)+(V_rho)-(V_gamma)=")
+v=12-(5.227*2)
+disp(v,"V_C1(in V)=(V_CC)-(I''_B*R_C)=")
+disp("These are the values of various voltages just after the circuit returns back to stable state i.e at t=T.")
+disp("The width of the output pulse")
+t=(0.69*20*10^3)*(1000*10^-12)
+format(11)
+disp(t,"T(in sec)=(0.69*20*10^-3)*(1000*10^-12)=")
+disp("The voltage waveforms at base of Q2, Q1 and collector of Q2, Q1 are shown in the fig 3.87 on previous page.")
+disp("The overshoot in V_C1 is (delta'') and is same as (delta) ")
+disp("Therefore, (delta'')=1.2454 V")
+f=(-(14.7*20*10^3)/(40*10^3))+((12*20*10^3)/(40*10^3))
+format(5)
+disp(f,"V_F(in V)=((-V_BB*R1)/(R1+R2))+((V_CC*R2)/(R1+R2))= ")
+disp("V_C2=V_CE(sat)=0.3 in stable state")
+c=(((12*20000)/(40000))+((54.692*2000)/(22000)))
+format(7)
+disp(c,"V_C2(in V)[in quasi-stable state]=((V_CC*R1)/(R1+R2))+((V_delta*R_C)/(R1+R_C))= ")
diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.13/exp3_13.sce b/1691/CH3/EX3.13/exp3_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..84da826cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.13/exp3_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+//Exmaple 3.13
+clc
+disp("Assume Q1 is normally OFF and Q2 is ON")
+disp("The given waveform is at collector of Q1 i.e. V_C1")
+disp("Therefore, V_CE(sat) = 0.1 V and V_CC = 3 V")
+vc1=0.6-0.1
+format(4)
+disp(vc1,"The overshoot in V_C1(in V) = delta'' =")
+disp("delta = delta'' = 0.5 V")
+disp("For germanium, V_BE(sat) = V_0 = 0.3 V")
+disp("V_BE(cut-in) = V_Y = 0.1 V")
+disp("r''_bb = 200 ohm")
+disp("Now delta = I''_B*r''_bb + V0 + V_Y")
+ib=(0.3/200)*10^3
+disp(ib,"Therefore, I''_B(in mA) =")
+rc=(3-0.6)/(1.5)
+disp("While delta'' = V_CC - I_B''*R_C - V_CE(sat)")
+disp(rc,"Therefore, R_C(in k-ohm) =")
+disp("The waveform at base of Q2 is shown in fig 3.91")
diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.14/e3_14.sce b/1691/CH3/EX3.14/e3_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..96fff7ab6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.14/e3_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+//example3.14
+clc
+disp("The duty cycle is given as 60% i.e. 0.6")
+disp("Therefore duty cylcle = T2/(T1+T2)")
+disp("Therefore 0.6=T2/(T1+T2)")
+disp("Therefore 0.6(T1+T2)=T2")
+disp("Therefore T1=0.66*T2")
+disp("f=1 kHz")
+t=1/(10^3)
+format(6)
+disp(t,"T(in sec)=1/(1*10^3)=")
+disp("Now, T=T1+T2")
+disp("Therefore T1+T2=1 msec")
+disp("Therefore 0.66T2+T2=1 msec")
+o=(10^-3)/1.66
+format(7)
+disp(o,"Therefore T2(in sec)=")
+t=1-0.6
+disp(t,"T1(in msec)=")
+disp("Consider the circuit diagram shown in the fig 3.92")
+disp("Assume Q2 ON and Q1 OFF")
+disp("For ON transistor, assuming npn silicon transistor,")
+disp("V_CE(sat)=V_C2=0.3V")
+disp("V_BE(sat)=V_B2=0.7V")
+disp("I_C(sat)=I_C2=2 mA")
+disp("(h_fe)_min=30")
+disp("I2=(V_CC-V_C2)/R_c")
+disp("Neglecting thriugh C1,")
+disp("I2=I_C2=2 mA")
+disp("Therefore, (2*10^-3)=(10-0.3)/R_C")
+r=9.7/(2*10^-3)
+disp(r,"Therefore R_C(in ohms)= ")
+h=(1.5*2)/30
+disp(h,"Now I_B2(in mA)=1.5*(I_B2)_min=1.5*(I_C2)/(h_fe)_min= ")
+disp("Now, I_B2=(V_cc-V_B2)/R2")
+r=9.3/(0.1*10^-3)
+disp(r,"Therefore R2(in ohms)=")
+disp("Now assume C1=C2=C")
+disp("Therefore T1=0.69(R1*C1) and T2=0.69(R2*C2)")
+disp("Therefore T2=0.69(R2*C)")
+c=(0.6*10^-3)/(0.69*93*10^3)
+disp(c,"Therefore C(in F)= ")
+disp("Therefore T1=0.69*(R1*C)")
+disp("Therefore (0.4*10^-3)=(0.69*R1)*(9.35*10^-9)")
+r=(0.4*10^-3)/(0.69*9.35*10^-9)
+disp(r,"Therefore R1(in ohms)=")
diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.15/e3_15.sce b/1691/CH3/EX3.15/e3_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3731de8ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.15/e3_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+//example4.15
+clc
+disp("UTP=5 V, LTP=3 V, V_CC=12 V")
+disp("V_i=V_B2=UTP=5 V when Q2 is ON.")
+v=5-0.7
+disp(v,"V_E(in V)=(V_i)-(V_BE1)=V_B2-V_BE2=5-0.7=")
+disp("Let I_C2=I_E2=1 mA ...In ON state")
+r=4.3/(10^-3)
+disp(r,"Therefore R_E(in ohms)=V_E/I_E2=")
+disp("Now, (I_C2)*(R_C2)=(V_CC)-(V_E)-(V_CE2)_sat ..Let (V_CE2)_sat =0.2V")
+disp("(1*10^-3)*(R_C2)=12-4.3-0.2")
+c=(12-4.3-0.2)/(10^-3)
+disp(c,"Therefore R_C2(in ohms)= ")
+i=(10^-3)/10
+disp(i,"Now I2(in A)=0.1(I_C2)=")
+r=5/(10^-4)
+disp(r,"Therefore R2(in ohms)= ")
+i=(10^-3)/100
+disp(i,"I_B2(in A)=(I_C2)/(h_fe)_min =")
+disp("Therefore I2+I_B2=(V_CC-V_B2)/(R_C1-R1)")
+disp("Therefore R_C1+R1=(12-5)/((10^-4)+(10^-5))=63.6363*10^3 ..(1)")
+disp("Now V_B2=B_B1=LTP=3 V and Q1 is ON.")
+i=3/(50*10^3)
+disp(i,"I1(in A)=(V_B2)/R2=")
+c=(3-0.7)/(4.3*10^3)
+format(10)
+disp(c,"amd I_C1(in A)=I_E1=(V_B1-V_BE1)/R_E= ")
+disp("Therefore V_CC=(R_C1)*(I_C1+I1)+I1*(R1+R2) ..(2)")
+disp("Using equation (1) in equation (2),")
+disp("Therefore V_CC=(I_C1*R_C1)+I1*(R_C+R1)+I1*R2")
+disp("12=(5.348*10^-4*R_C1)+(60*10^-6*63.6363*10^3)+(60*10^-4*50*10^3)")
+r=(12-(60*63.6363*10^-3)-(60*50*10^-3))/(5.348*10^-4)
+format(7)
+disp(r,"Therefore R_c1(in ohm)=")
+r=(63.6363*10^3)-(9.6892*10^3)
+disp(r,"Therefore R1(iin ohms)=")
+disp("Thus when Q2 is ON,")
+v=12-(7.5)
+disp(v,"V_o(in V)=V_CC-(I_C2(on))*R_C2=")
+disp("And when Q2 is OFF,")
+disp("V_o=V_CC=12 V")
+disp("The designed circuit is shown ib the fig 3.93")
diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.2/exp3_2.sce b/1691/CH3/EX3.2/exp3_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5e0bffa61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.2/exp3_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+//Example 3.2
+clc
+disp("Assume that the transistor Q1 is cut-off and the transistor Q2 is in saturation. Let us draw again the equivalent circuit from the base of Q1 to the collector of Q2")
+disp("This is shown in the fig. 3.8")
+disp("Another equivalent circuit from collector of Q1 to base of Q2 is shown in the fig 3.9")
+disp("To calculate the various voltages it is necessary to calculate the current I_C1, I_B2 as Q2 is ON. The current I_C1 = I_B1 = 0 as Q1 is OFF")
+disp("Now it is not very easy to calculate these currents by writing the equations from the equivalent circuits shown in the fig 3.8 and 3.9. So to calculate let us obtain Thevenin''s equivalent circuit once across collector and ground while another across base and ground for the same transistor Q2 assuming it as the load.")
+disp("To replace collector circuit of Q2 by Thevenin''s equivalent, consider Q2 as open shown in the fig 3.10")
+disp("Referring to fig 3.10,")
+voc=(12*40)/44
+format(5)
+disp(voc,"V_OC(in V) = I*(R1 + R2) = V_CC/(R1+R2+R_C) * (R1+R2) =")
+rth=160/44
+format(6)
+disp(rth,"and R_TH(in k-ohm) = (R1+R2)||R_C = with V_CC-N short")
+disp("To replace base circuit of Q2 by Thevenin''s equivalent, consider Q2 open and draw circuit as shown in the fig 3.11")
+voc=(12*10)/44
+format(5)
+disp(voc,"V_OC(in V) = I*R2 = V_CC/(R1+R2+R_C) * R2 =")
+rth=340/44
+format(6)
+disp(rth,"and R_TH(in k-ohm) = (R2)||(R1+R_C) =")
+disp("Thus the equivalent circuit for Q1 ON, using Thevenin''s result calculated above, is as shown in the fig 3.12")
+disp("For silicon transistor,")
+disp("V_BE(sat) = 0.8 V and V_CE(sat) = 0.4 V")
+disp("Applying KVL to base-emitter loop,")
+disp("-7.727*I_B2 - V_BE2 - (I_C2 + I_B2)*0.5 + 2.73 = 0")
+disp("With V_BE2 = 0.8 V, I_B2 + 0.06075*I_C2 = 0.2345 ...(1)")
+disp("Applying KVL to collector-emitter loop,")
+disp("-3.636*I_C2 - V_CE2 - (I_C2 + I_B2)*0.5 + 10.9 = 0")
+disp("With V_CE2 = 0.4 V, 4.14*I_C2 + 0.5*I_B2 = 10.5 ...(2)")
+disp("Solving equation(1) and (2) simultaneously we get,")
+disp("I_C2 = 2.526 mA and I_B2 = 0.0847 mA")
+hfe=2.526/0.0847
+format(7)
+disp(hfe,"Therefore, h_fe(min) = I_C2 / I_B2 =")
+disp("The various voltages can be obtained now by referring fig 3.8 and 3.9")
+disp("V_EN = (I_B2 + I_C2)*R_E = 1.305 V")
+vcn2=0.4+1.305
+format(6)
+disp(vcn2,"V_CN2(in V) = V_CE2 + V_EN =")
+vbn2=0.8+1.305
+disp(vbn2,"V_BN2(in V) = V_BE2 + V_EN =")
+vbn1=1.705*(10/40)
+format(7)
+disp(vbn1,"V_BN1(in V) = V_CN2 * (R2/R1+R2) =")
+vbe1=0.4262-1.305
+disp(vbe1,"V_BE1(in V) = V_BN1 - V_EN =")
+disp("As V_BE1 < V_BE(sat) which is about 0.8 V, the transistor Q1 is indeed OFF")
+vcn1=(360/34)+((2.105*4)/34)
+format(8)
+disp(vcn1,"V_CN1(in V) = V_CC*R1/(R_C+R1) + V_BN2*R_C/(R_C+R1) = ...usinf superposition principle")
+disp("Thus the stable state voltages and currents are:")
+disp("I_C1 = 0 mA I_C2 = 2.526 mA I_B1 = 0 mA I_B2 = 0.0847 mA")
+disp("V_CN1 = 10.835 V V_CN2 = 1.705 V V_BN1 = 0.4262 V V_BN2 = 2.105 V")
+disp("and V_EN = +1.305 V")
+disp("The voltage V_EN provides the required self bias")
diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.3/exp3_3.sce b/1691/CH3/EX3.3/exp3_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3185cc3b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.3/exp3_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+//Example 3.3
+clc
+disp("Assume Q2 ON and Q1 in OFF condition")
+disp("Therefore, I_C2 = I_C(sat) = 6 mA")
+disp("Now I_C2 = V_CC-V_CE(sat)/R_C")
+disp("For the silicon npn transistors,")
+disp("V_CE(sat) = 0.3 V, V_BE(sat) = V_0 = 0.7 V")
+disp("V_BE(cut-in) = V_T = 0.5 V")
+rc=(5.7*10^3)/6
+format(4)
+disp(rc,"R_C(in ohm) =")
+ib2s=6/20
+disp(ib2s,"(I_B2)sat (in mA) = I_C(sat)/(h_fe)min =")
+disp("Therefore, (I_B1)sat = 0.3 mA")
+disp("Now I_B2 = V_CC-V_BE(sat)/R")
+r=5.3/0.3
+format(6)
+disp(r,"Therefore, R(in k-ohm) =")
+disp("In quasi-stable, Q1 is ON and Q2 is OFF")
+disp("T = 0.69 RC")
+c=120/(0.69*17.67)
+format(5)
+disp(c,"Therefore, C(in nF) =")
+disp("Consider the equivalent circuit in quasi-state(see fig 3.19)")
+disp("As Q2 is OFF, V_C2 = V_CC")
+disp("Therefore, I3 = V_CC-V0/R1 = 5.3/R1")
+disp("and I4 = V0-V_BB/R2 = 2.2/R2")
+disp("Assume I4 = (I_B1)sat = 0.3 mA")
+r2=2.2/0.3
+format(5)
+disp(r2,"Therefore, R2(in k-ohm) =")
+i3=0.3+0.3
+disp(i3,"and I3(in mA) = I4 + I_B1 =")
+r1=5.3/0.6
+format(6)
+disp(r1,"Therefore, R1(in k-ohm) = ")
+disp("The speed-up capacitor C1 can be chosen such that R1C1 = 1 usec hence")
+c1=1000/8.833
+format(7)
+disp(c1,"C1(in pF) = ")
+rb=(5.5/1100)*10^3
+disp(rb,"Now r''_B(in mA) = V_CC-V_CE(sat)-V0-V_Y / R_C+r''_bb =")
+del=(150*5*10^-3)+0.2
+disp(del,"Therefore, delta(in V) = Overshoot = I''_B*r''_bb + V0 - V_Y =")
diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.4/exp3_4.sce b/1691/CH3/EX3.4/exp3_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ec342d9e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.4/exp3_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//Example 3.4
+clc
+disp("The components are,")
+disp(" C1 = C2 = C = 100 pF")
+disp("R1 = R2 = 10 k-ohm")
+t1=(0.69*10*100*10^-9)*10^6
+format(5)
+disp(t1,"Therefore, T1(in usec) = T2 = 0.69*RC =")
+p=2*0.69
+disp(p,"Therefore, Period(in usec) = T = T1+T2 =")
+f=1/1.38
+format(7)
+disp(f,"Therefore, f(in MHz) = 1/T =")
diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.5/exp3_5.sce b/1691/CH3/EX3.5/exp3_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5349ce3e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.5/exp3_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+//Example 3.5
+clc
+disp("(a) For a silicon transistor,")
+disp("V_Y = 0.5 V, V_BE2 = 0.6 V, V0 = 0.7 V, V_CE(sat) = 0.3 V")
+disp("This is a practical circuit")
+disp("Therefore, V_CC2 = V_CC = 30 V")
+vbb=60/3
+format(3)
+disp(vbb,"V_BB(in V) = R2*V_CC / R1+R2 =")
+vcc1=15+10
+format(4)
+disp(vcc1,"and V_CC1(in V) = (R''''/R''+R'''')*V_CC + (R''/R''+R'''')*V_BB =")
+disp("R_C1 = R''*R'''' / R''+R'''' = 550 ohm")
+disp("Assume that Q1 saturates and Q2 is in active region.")
+disp("I_C2 = V_CC1/R_e and R_e = R_e1 || R_e2 = 1.65 k-ohm")
+ic2=25/1.65
+format(6)
+disp(ic2,"Therefore, I_C2(in mA) =")
+ib2=15.15/30
+disp(ib2,"I_B2(in mA) =")
+mul=0.505*0.55
+disp(mul,"Therefore, I_B2*R_C1(in V) =")
+mull=15.15*0.22
+disp(mull,"and I_C2*R_C2(in V) =")
+disp("The highest level of V_EN1 is V1 given by,")
+v1=25-0.277-0.6-0.3+0.5
+disp(v1,"V1(in V) = V_CC1 - I_B2*R_C1 - V_BE2 - V_CE(sat) + V_Y =")
+disp("The lowest level of V_EN1 is,")
+ven1=20-0.7
+disp(ven1,"V_EN1(t_-1)(in V) = V_BB - V0 =")
+vcn1=20-0.7+0.3
+disp(vcn1,"V_CN1(t_-1)(in V) = V_BB - V0 - V_CE(sat) =")
+format(7)
+vcn=25-0.277
+disp(vcn,"V_CN1(t_+1)(in V) = V_CC1 - I_B2*R_C1 =")
+disp("V_CN1 = V_BN2")
+ven2=19.6-0.5
+disp(ven2,"V_EN(t_-1)(in V) = V_BN2(t_-1) - V_Y =")
+ven=25-0.277-0.6
+disp(ven,"V_EN(t_+1)(in V) = V_CC1 - I_B2*R_C1 - V_BE2 =")
+vd=24.123-19.1
+disp(vd,"V_D(in V) = V_EN2(t_+1) - V_EN2(t_-1) =")
+disp("(b) The frequency of oscillations,")
+disp("f = 1/T = 1/T1+T2")
+t1=((3.3*0.1*10^-3)*log(24.323/19.5))*10^6
+format(6)
+disp(t1,"T1(in usec) = R_e1*C*ln(V1/V_BB-V_Y) =")
+disp("and T2 = T1 as R_e1 = R_e2")
+t=(2*72.93)*10^-3
+format(7)
+disp(t,"Therefore, T(in ms) = 2*T1 =")
+f=1/0.1458
+format(7)
+disp(f,"Therefore, f(in kHz) = 1/T =")
diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.7/exp3_7.sce b/1691/CH3/EX3.7/exp3_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..01f9cfb22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.7/exp3_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+//Example 3.7
+clc
+disp("(a) T = t_p + t_f + t_a")
+tp=(5/470)*10^3
+format(8)
+disp(tp,"Now t_p(in usec) = nL/R =")
+tf=(50/(470*6*2))*10^3
+format(6)
+disp(tf,"t_f(in usec) = (n/n+1)*L/R*V_CC/V_Y =")
+ta=(1.57*sqrt(5*90*10^-15))*10^6
+disp(ta,"t_a(in usec) = 1.57*sqrt(LC) =")
+t=10.6383+8.865+1.053
+format(8)
+disp(t,"T(in usec) =")
+f=(1/20.5564)*10^3
+disp(f,"Therefore, f(in kHz) = 1/T =")
+dc=10.6383/20.5564
+format(7)
+disp(dc,"Duty cycle = t_p/T =")
+disp("So duty cycle is 51.75% which is very close to 50% giving an indication that Q ON and OFF times are equal and the output is almost symmetrical square wave.")
+disp("(b) The collector voltage varies from V_CC-V to V_CC+V_Y")
+v=10/2
+disp(v,"Now V(in V) = V_CC / n+1 =")
+disp("Therefore, V_C varies from 10-5 i.e. +5 V to 10+6 = 16 V")
+disp("The base voltage varies from nV to -nV_Y i.e. +5 V to -6 V")
+disp("The emitter current is constant given by,")
+ie=(5/470)*10^3
+format(7)
+disp(ie,"I_E(in mA) = nV/R =")
+ib=(10/(4*470))*10^3
+disp("i_B = V_CC/(n+1)^2 * [n/R - t/L]")
+format(5)
+disp(ib,"So i_B(max)(in mA) = i_B|t=0 =")
+ib=((10/4)*((1/470)-((10.63*10^-3)/5)))*10^6
+format(6)
+disp(ib,"i_B(t=t_p)(in uA) =")
+disp("i_C = V_CC/(n+1)^2 * [n^2/R + t/L]")
+ic=((10/4)*((1/470)+((10.63*10^-3)/5)))*10^3
+format(7)
+disp(ic,"i_C(t=t_p)(in mA) =")
+i0=(10/940)*10^3
+disp(i0,"I_0 = Peak magnetizing current = n*V_CC / (n+1)*R =")
+disp("(c) I''_m which is the magnetizing current at the end of one cycle is given by")
+im=(6*sqrt(90/5))
+disp(im,"I''_m(in mA) = V_Y*sqrt(C/L) =") //answer in textbook is wrong
diff --git a/1691/CH3/EX3.8/exp3_8.sce b/1691/CH3/EX3.8/exp3_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..44089efbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1691/CH3/EX3.8/exp3_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+//Example 3.8
+clc
+disp("f = 20 kHz hence T = 1/f = 50*10^-6 sec")
+disp("Now T = t_p+t_f+t_a = t_p+t_f ...Neglecting t_a")
+disp("Therefore, 50*10^-6 = t_p+t_f")
+disp("Now Duty cycle = t_p/T = 1/10")
+disp("Therefore, t_p = T/10 = 5*10^-6 sec")
+tf=50-5
+disp(tf,"Therefore, t_f(in usec) = ")
+disp("i_E(max) = nV/R")
+disp("Therefore, nV/R = 5*10^-3 ...(1)")
+disp("t_p = nL/R")
+disp("Therefore, nL/R = 5*10^-6 ...(2)")
+disp("Dividing equations (1) and (2), V = 1000 L ...(3)")
+disp("And V = V_CC / n+1 = 30 / n+1 ...(4)")
+disp("The collector voltage pulse extents from V_CC-V to V_CC+V_Y")
+disp("Therefore, Peak of the pulse = [V_CC+V_Y] - [V_CC-V] = V + V_Y")
+disp("Therefore, V + V_Y = 10 (Given)")
+disp("and t_f = (n/n+1)*L/R*V_CC/V_Y = 45*10^-6")
+disp("Therefore, nL/R*V_CC/(n+1)*1/V_Y = 45*10^-6")
+disp("(5*10^-6)*V/V_Y = 45*10^-6")
+disp("Using equation(5), (5*10^-6)*(10-V_Y/V_Y) = 45*10^-6")
+disp("10 - V_Y = 9 V_Y")
+disp("V_Y = 1 V")
+disp("V = 10 - V_Y = 9 V")
+disp("Using equation(4), n = 2.3333")
+disp("Using equation(3), L = 9 mH")
+disp("Using equation(2), R = 4.2 k-ohm")
+disp("The designed circuit can be shown as in the fig 3.73")
+disp("Neglecting base current,")
+disp("V_BE = V_CC*R2 / R1+R2")
+disp("Therefore, 1 = 30*R2 / R1+R2")
+disp("Therefore, R1 = 29 R2")
+disp("So let R2 = 1 k-ohm")
+r1=29
+disp(r1,"R1(in k-ohm) =")
+disp("This is required potential divider components")
generated by cgit (git 2.34.1) at 2025-03-13 04:42:56 +0000