diff options
Diffstat (limited to '135')
180 files changed, 3486 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/135/CH1/EX1.1/EX1.sce b/135/CH1/EX1.1/EX1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3409d022e --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH1/EX1.1/EX1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 1.1: Electron concentration
+clc, clear
+V=0.1; // Voltage in volts
+I=5e-3; // Current in ampere
+l_a=7e8; // Length to cross-sectional area ratio in metre inverse
+mu=0.05; // Electron mobility in metre square per volt second
+q=1.6e-19; // Charge on an electron in coulombs
+n=(l_a*I)/(V*q*mu); //Electron concentration in inverse metres cube
+n=n*1e-6; //Electron concentration in inverse centimetres cube
+disp(n,"Electon concentration (cm^-3) = ");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH1/EX1.2/EX2.sce b/135/CH1/EX1.2/EX2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..720ec27ae --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH1/EX1.2/EX2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 1.2: Electric field intensity, Voltage
+clc, clear
+l=3e-3; // Length of the bar in metres
+a=50*10*1e-12; // Cross-sectional area in metres square
+I=2e-6; // Current in amperes
+rho=2.3e3; // Resistivity in ohm metres
+E=I*rho/a; // Electric field intensity in volt per metres
+V=E*l; // Voltage across the bar in volt
+disp(E,"Electic field intensity (V/m) = ");
+disp(V,"Voltage across the bar (V) = ");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH1/EX1.3/EX3.sce b/135/CH1/EX1.3/EX3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..35ba54433 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH1/EX1.3/EX3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 1.3: Electron concentration, Hole concentration, Conductivity, Voltage
+clc, clear
+l=3e-3; // Length on Si sample in metres
+a=5e-9; // Cross-sectional area of Si sample in metres square
+ND=5e20; // Donor concentration in inverse metres cube
+I=2e-6; // Current flowing through the bar in amperes
+ni=1.45e16; // Intrinsic carrier concentration in inverse metres cube
+mu_n=0.15; // Mobility of electrons in metres square per volt second
+q=1.6e-19; // Charge on an electron in coulombs
+n=ND; // Electron concentration in inverese metres cube
+p=ni*ni/n; // Hole concentration in inverese metres cube
+sigma=q*n*mu_n; // Conductivity of Si sample in inverse ohm metres
+V=(I*l)/(a*sigma); // Voltage across the bar in volts
+n=n*1e-6; // Electron concentration in inverese centimetres cube
+p=p*1e-6; // Hole concentration in inverese centimetres cube
+sigma=sigma*0.01; // Conductivity of Si sample in inverse ohm centimetres
+disp(n,"Electron concentration (cm^-3) = ");
+disp(p,"Hole concentration (cm^-3) = ");
+disp(sigma,"Conductivity of Si sample (ohm^-1 cm^-1) = ");
+disp(V,"Voltage across the bar (V) = ");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH1/EX1.4/EX4.sce b/135/CH1/EX1.4/EX4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4d5031afc --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH1/EX1.4/EX4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Example 1.4: Contact difference of potential
+clc, clear
+N=5e22; // Number of acceptor or donor atoms per metres cube of step graded p-n junction
+ni=1.45e16; // Intrinsic carrier concentration in inverse metres cube
+VT=25e-3; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+Vo=VT*log(N^2/ni^2); // Contact difference of potential in volts
+Vo=Vo*1e3; // Contact difference of potential in milivolts
+disp(Vo,"Contact difference of potential (mV) = ");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH1/EX1.7/EX7.sce b/135/CH1/EX1.7/EX7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..784587c90 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH1/EX1.7/EX7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 1.7: Potential barrier
+clc, clear
+rho_p=0.05; // Resistivity of p side of step-graded junction in ohm metres
+rho_n=0.025; // Resistivity of n side of step-graded junction in ohm metres
+mu_p=475e-4; // Mobility of holes in metres square per volt second
+mu_n=1500e-4; // Mobility of holes in metres square per volt second
+ni=1.45e16; // Intrinsic carrier concentration in atoms per metres cube
+q=1.6e-19; // Charge on an electron in coulombs
+VT=25e-3; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+NA=1/(q*mu_p*rho_p); // Acceptor concentration in atoms per metres cube
+ND=1/(q*mu_n*rho_n); // Donor concentration in atoms per metres cube
+Vo=VT*log(NA*ND/ni^2); // Contact difference of potential in volts
+Vo=Vo*1e3; // Contact difference of potential in milivolts
+disp(Vo,"Contact difference of potential (mV) = ");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH10/EX10.1/10_1_1.JPG b/135/CH10/EX10.1/10_1_1.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..534a954ac --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH10/EX10.1/10_1_1.JPG diff --git a/135/CH10/EX10.1/10_1_2.JPG b/135/CH10/EX10.1/10_1_2.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..66c93d74e --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH10/EX10.1/10_1_2.JPG diff --git a/135/CH10/EX10.1/EX1.sce b/135/CH10/EX10.1/EX1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8c59bb156 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH10/EX10.1/EX1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +// Example 10.1: Asymptotic magnitude and phase response curves
+clc, clear
+w=[0:70];
+// Asymptotic magnitude response curve
+for i=1:length(w)
+ a(i)=32;
+ if w(i)<10 then
+ b(i)=0;
+ c(i)=0;
+ elseif w(i)<50
+ b(i)=14*(w(i)-10)/40;
+ c(i)=0;
+ else
+ b(i)=20*log10(w(i)/10);
+ c(i)=-20*log10(w(i)/50);
+ end
+end
+A=a+b+c;
+plot2d(w,A,rect=[0,0,70,50]);
+xtitle("Asymptotic magnitude response curve","ω(rad/sec)","20 log |A(jω)| in dB");
+// Asymptotic phase response curve
+scf(1);
+w=[1:600];
+for i=1:length(w)
+ if w(i)<1 then
+ theta1(i)=0;
+ elseif w(i)<5
+ theta1(i)=31.45*(w(i)-1)/4;
+ theta2(i)=0;
+ elseif w(i)<100
+ theta1(i)=45*log10(w(i)/10);
+ theta2(i)=-45*log10(w(i)/50);
+ elseif w(i)<500
+ theta1(i)=90;
+ theta2(i)=-58.55-31.45*(w(i)-100)/400;
+ else
+ theta1(i)=90;
+ theta2(i)=-90;
+ end
+end
+theta=theta1+theta2;
+plot(w,theta);
+xtitle("Asymptotic phase curve response","ω(rad/sec)","θ(ω)")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH10/EX10.12/EX12.sce b/135/CH10/EX10.12/EX12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..aff0e8a0d --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH10/EX10.12/EX12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// Example 10.12: (a) Approximate value of fH
+// (b) Approximate location of the closest non-dominant pole
+clc, clear
+RS=600; // in ohms
+RC1=1.5e3; // in ohms
+RC2=600; // in ohms
+r_pi1=1.2e3; // in ohms
+gm1=0.1; // in mho
+C1=24.5e-12; // in farads
+C_pi1=C1; // in farads
+C2=0.5e-12; // in farads
+C_mu1=C2; // in farads
+r_pi2=2.4e3; // in ohms
+gm2=0.05; // in mho
+C3=19.5e-12; // in farads
+C_pi2=C3; // in farads
+C4=0.5e-12; // in farads
+C_mu2=C4; // in farads
+
+function[c]=parallel(a,b)
+ c=a*b/(a+b);
+endfunction
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+R11_0=parallel(RS,r_pi1); // in ohms
+R33_0=parallel(RC1,r_pi2); // in ohms
+R22_0=R11_0*(1+gm1*R33_0)+R33_0; // in ohms
+R44_0=R33_0*(1+gm2*RC2)+RC2; // in ohms
+a1=R11_0*C1+R22_0*C2+R33_0*C3+R44_0*C4; // in seconds
+fH=1/(2*%pi*a1); // in hertz
+fH=fH*1e-6; // in Mega-hertz
+disp(fH,"fH (MHz) =");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+R33_1=R33_0; // in ohms
+R44_1=R44_0; // in ohms
+// From Fig. 10.61(a)
+R22_1=R33_0; // in ohms
+// From Fig. 10.61(b)
+R44_3=RC2; // in ohms
+// From Fig. 10.61(c)
+R33_2=parallel(parallel(r_pi2,RC2),parallel(1/gm1,R11_0));
+R44_2=R33_2*(1+gm2*RC2)+RC2; // in ohms
+a2=R11_0*C1*R22_1*C2+R11_0*C1*R33_1*C3+R11_0*C1*R44_1*C4+R22_0*C2*R33_2*C3+R22_0*C2*R44_2*C4+R33_0*C3*R44_3*C4; // in seconds
+p2=a1/a2;
+f2=p2/(2*%pi); // in hertz
+f2=f2*1e-6; // in Mega-hertz
+disp(f2,"Approximate location of the closest non-dominant pole (MHz) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH10/EX10.13/EX13.sce b/135/CH10/EX10.13/EX13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..dc461cad3 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH10/EX10.13/EX13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 10.13: (a) fH for cascode amplifier
+// (b) fH for common -emitter stage
+clc, clear
+RC1=1.5e3; // in ohms
+RC2=RC1;
+RS=300; // in ohms
+r_pi=2e3; // in ohms
+gm=0.05; // in mho
+bta=100;
+C_pi=19.5e-12; // in farads
+C_mu=0.5e-12; // in farads
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+R_pi1=RS*r_pi/(RS+r_pi); // in ohma
+Ri2=r_pi/(1+bta); // in ohms
+RL1=RC1*Ri2/(RC1+Ri2); // in ohms
+a11=R_pi1*C_pi+(R_pi1*(1+gm*RL1)+RL1)*C_mu; // in seconds
+a12=C_pi/gm+C_mu*RC2; // in seconds
+a1=a11+a12; // in seconds
+fH=1/(2*%pi*a1); // in hertz
+fH=fH*1e-6; // in Mega-hertz
+disp(fH,"fH for cascode amplifier (MHz) =");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+a1=R_pi1*C_pi+(R_pi1*(1+gm*RC1)+RC1)*C_mu; // in seconds
+fH=1/(2*%pi*a1); // in hertz
+fH=fH*1e-6; // in Mega-hertz
+disp(fH,"fH for common-emitter stage (MHz) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH10/EX10.15/EX15.sce b/135/CH10/EX10.15/EX15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5c3caf0fb --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH10/EX10.15/EX15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 10.15: (a) CB and CL
+// (b) Zero introduced by CE
+clc, clear
+RE=1.5e3; // in ohms
+Rs=600; // in ohms
+bta=100;
+r_pi=1e3; // in ohms
+fL=50; // in hertz
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+fLB=fL/2; // in hertz
+fLE=fLB; // in hertz
+CB=1/(2*%pi*fLB*(Rs+r_pi)); // in farads
+CB=CB*1e6; // in micro-farads
+function[c]=parallel(a,b)
+ c=a*b/(a+b);
+endfunction
+CE=1/(2*%pi*fLE*parallel(RE,(Rs+r_pi)/(1+bta))); // in farads
+CE=CE*1e6; // in micro-farads
+disp(CB,"CB (µF) =");
+disp(CE,"CE (µF) =");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+fE=1e6/(2*%pi*RE*CE); // in hertz
+disp(fE, "fE (Hz) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH10/EX10.16/EX16.sce b/135/CH10/EX10.16/EX16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2c17709f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH10/EX10.16/EX16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 10.16: AVo, fH
+clc, clear
+RC=1.5e3; // in ohms
+Rs=0.6e3; // in ohms
+// From Fig. 10.69
+C_pi=19.5e-12; // in farads
+r_pi=1e3; // in ohms
+C_mu=0.5e-12; // in farads
+gm=0.1; // in mho
+bta=r_pi*gm;
+AVo=-bta*RC/(Rs+r_pi);
+R_pi=Rs*r_pi/(Rs+r_pi); // in ohms
+R_mu=R_pi+(1+gm*R_pi)*RC; // in ohms
+a1=R_pi*C_pi+R_mu*C_mu; // in seconds
+a2=R_pi*C_pi*R_mu*C_mu; // in seconds
+p2_pi=a1^2/a2; // p2/p1
+disp("Since p2/pi >> 8, therefore dominant-pole approximation holds good.");
+fH=1/(2*%pi*a1); // in hertz
+fH=fH*1e-6; // in Mega-hertz
+disp(AVo,"AVo =");
+disp(fH,"fH (MHz) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH10/EX10.17/EX17.sce b/135/CH10/EX10.17/EX17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a2fa5b236 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH10/EX10.17/EX17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 10.17: (b) a1, a2
+clc, clear
+RS=0.3e3; // in ohms
+r_pi=2e3; // in ohms
+RC=0.6; // in ohms
+gm=0.1e-3; // in mho
+C_pi=19.5e-12; // in farads
+C_mu=0.5e-12; // in farads
+R_pi=RS*r_pi/(RS+r_pi); // in ohms
+a1=C_pi*R_pi+C_mu*(R_pi+RC+gm*R_pi*RC); // in seconds
+a1=a1*1e9; // in nano-seconds
+a2=C_pi*R_pi*C_mu*RC; // in seconds square
+disp(a1,"a1 (ns) =");
+disp(a2,"a2 (sec square) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH10/EX10.18/EX18.sce b/135/CH10/EX10.18/EX18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..739a142c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH10/EX10.18/EX18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +// Example 10.18: Upper 3 dB frequency
+clc, clear
+r_pi1=1.4e3; // in ohms
+r_pi2=2.8e3; // in ohms
+gm1=0.15; // in mho
+gm2=0.05; // in mho
+C_pi1=20e-12; // in farads
+C_pi2=25e-12; // in farads
+C_mu1=0.5e-12; // in farads
+C_mu2=C_mu1 // in farads
+bta1=gm1*r_pi1;
+bta2=gm2*r_pi2;
+// From Fig. 10.71
+RS=600; // in ohms
+RC1=1.5e3; // in ohms
+RL2=600; // in ohms
+// From ac model in Fig. 10.72
+R_pi1=RS*r_pi1/(RS+r_pi1); // in ohms
+RL1=RC1*r_pi2/(RC1+r_pi2); // in ohms
+R_mu1=R_pi1+RL1+gm1*RL1*R_pi1; // in ohms
+R_pi2=RL1; // in ohms
+R_mu2=R_pi2+RL2+gm2*RL2*R_pi2; // in ohms
+a11=C_pi1*R_pi1+C_mu1*R_mu1; // in seconds
+a12=C_pi2*R_pi2+C_mu2*R_mu2; // in seconds
+a1=a11+a12; // in seconds
+fH1=1/(2*%pi*a11); // in hertz
+fH2=1/(2*%pi*a12); // in hertz
+fH=1/(2*%pi*a1); // in hertz
+fH1=fH1*1e-6; // in Mega-hertz
+fH2=fH2*1e-6; // in Mega-hertz
+fH=fH*1e-6; // in Mega-hertz
+AV1=-bta1*RC1/(RS+r_pi1); // Gain of first stage
+AV2=-bta2*RL2/(RC1+r_pi2); // Gain of second stage
+AV=AV1*AV2; // Gain of cascade
+disp(fH,"Upper 3 dB frequency (MHz) =");
+disp("Bandwidth:");
+disp(fH1,"Stage 1 only (MHz) =");
+disp(fH2,"Stage 2 only (MHz) =");
+disp(fH,"Cascade (MHz) =");
+disp("Gain:");
+disp(abs(AV1),"Stage 1 only =");
+disp(abs(AV2),"Stage 2 only =");
+disp(AV,"Cascade =");
+disp("Gain-bandwidth product:");
+disp(fH1*abs(AV1)*1e6,"Stage 1 only (MHz) =");
+disp(fH2*abs(AV2)*1e6,"Stage 2 only (MHz) =");
+disp(fH*AV*1e6,"Cascade (MHz) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH10/EX10.19/EX19.sce b/135/CH10/EX10.19/EX19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2e0cb2896 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH10/EX10.19/EX19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Example 10.19: Approximate value of fH
+clc, clear
+btaf=150;
+VA=120; // in volts
+fT=400e6; // in hertz
+C_mu=0.5e-12; // in farads
+ICQ=100e-6; // in amperes
+RS=50e3; // in ohms
+RC=250e3; // in ohms
+VT=25e-3; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+gm=ICQ/VT; // in mho
+r_pi=btaf/gm; // in ohms
+ro=VA/ICQ; // in ohms
+C_pi=btaf/(2*%pi*fT*r_pi)-C_mu; // in farads
+function[c]=parallel(a,b)
+ c=a*b/(a+b);
+endfunction
+// From AC model in Fig. 10.73
+Ri=r_pi+(1+btaf)*parallel(ro,r_pi); // in ohms
+R_mu1=parallel(RS,Ri); // in ohms
+// From Fig. 10.75(b)
+R=(50+36.36)/(1+145); // in ohms
+R_pi1=parallel(r_pi,R); // in ohms
+R_pi2=parallel(r_pi,parallel((RS+r_pi)/(1+btaf),ro)); // in ohms
+RL=parallel(ro,RC); // in ohms
+R_mu2=R_pi2*(1+gm*RL)+RL; // in ohms
+a1=R_mu1*C_mu+R_pi1*C_pi+R_pi2*C_pi+R_mu2*C_mu; // in seconds
+fH=1/(2*%pi*a1); // in hertz
+fH=fH*1e-3; // in kilo-hertz
+disp(fH,"Approximate value of fH (kHz) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH10/EX10.2/10_2_1.JPG b/135/CH10/EX10.2/10_2_1.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..db24ac420 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH10/EX10.2/10_2_1.JPG diff --git a/135/CH10/EX10.2/10_2_2.JPG b/135/CH10/EX10.2/10_2_2.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..263b03867 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH10/EX10.2/10_2_2.JPG diff --git a/135/CH10/EX10.2/EX2.sce b/135/CH10/EX10.2/EX2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..528f67230 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH10/EX10.2/EX2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +// Example 10.2: Bode's plots
+clc, clear
+w=[0:0.1:8];
+// Asymptotic magnitude response curve
+for i=1:length(w)
+ a(i)=40;
+ if w(i)<1.3 then
+ b(i)=20*w(i);
+ c(i)=0;
+ d(i)=0;
+ e(i)=0;
+ elseif w(i)<3
+ b(i)=20*w(i);
+ c(i)=20*(w(i)-1.3);
+ d(i)=0;
+ e(i)=0;
+ elseif w(i)<6
+ b(i)=20*w(i);
+ c(i)=20*(w(i)-1.3);
+ d(i)=-20*(w(i)-3);
+ e(i)=0;
+ else
+ b(i)=20*w(i);
+ c(i)=20*(w(i)-1.3);
+ d(i)=-20*(w(i)-3);
+ e(i)=-20*(w(i)-6);
+ end
+end
+A=a+b+c+d+e;
+plot2d(w,A,rect=[0,0,7,200]);
+xtitle("Amplitude (Gain) |A(jω)| in dB","log ω","|A(jω)| dB");
+// Asymptotic phase response curve
+scf(1);
+for i=1:length(w)
+ thetab=90;
+ if w(i)<0.3 then
+ thetac(i)=0;
+ thetad(i)=0;
+ thetae(i)=0;
+ elseif w(i)<2
+ thetac(i)=45*(w(i)-0.3);
+ thetad(i)=0;
+ thetae(i)=0;
+ elseif w(i)<2.3
+ thetac(i)=45*(w(i)-0.3);
+ thetad(i)=-45*(w(i)-2);
+ thetae(i)=0;
+ elseif w(i)<4
+ thetac(i)=90;
+ thetad(i)=-45*(w(i)-2);
+ thetae(i)=0;
+ elseif w(i)<5
+ thetac(i)=90;
+ thetad(i)=-90;
+ thetae(i)=0;
+ elseif w(i)<7
+ thetac(i)=90;
+ thetad(i)=-90;
+ thetae(i)=-45*(w(i)-5);
+ else
+ thetac(i)=90;
+ thetad(i)=-90;
+ thetae(i)=-90;
+ end
+end
+theta=thetab+thetac+thetad+thetae;
+plot(w,theta);
+xtitle("Phase Φ(ω) in degrees","log10 ω","Φ(ω)")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH10/EX10.20/EX20.sce b/135/CH10/EX10.20/EX20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b756e9bf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH10/EX10.20/EX20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// Example 10.20: (a) Low 3 dB frequency
+// (b) High 3 dB frequency
+clc, clear
+// From Fig. 10.76
+C_gd1=2e-12; // in farads
+C_gs1=5e-12; // in farads
+gm1=10e-3; // in mho
+C1=1e-6; // in farads
+C_gd2=2e-12; // in farads
+C_gs2=5e-12; // in farads
+gm2=10e-3; // in mho
+C2=10e-6; // in farads
+// From low-frequency equivalent cicuit in Fig. 10.77
+RS=0.2e3; // in ohms
+RG1=50e3; // in ohms
+RS1=0.25e3; // in ohms
+RS2=0.15e3; // in ohms
+RD2=5e3; // in ohms
+R=10e3; // in ohms
+C3=5.3e-6; // in farads
+
+function[c]=parallel(a,b)
+ c=a*b/(a+b);
+endfunction
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+// From low-frequency equivalent cicuit in Fig. 10.77
+tau1=C1*(RS+RG1); // in seconds
+R_22=RD2+R; // in ohms
+tau2=C2*R_22; // in seconds
+R_33=parallel(RS2,1/gm2); // in ohms
+tau3=C3*R_33; // in ohms
+fL=(1/tau1+1/tau2+1/tau3)/(2*%pi); // in hertz
+disp(fL,"Low 3 dB frequency (Hz) =");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+// From high frequency equivalent cicuit in Fig. 10.78
+R_gd1=parallel(RS,RG1); // in ohms
+// From Fig. 10.79
+R_gs1=(R_gd1+RS1)/(1+gm1*RS1); // in ohms
+R_gs2=parallel(RS1,1/gm2); // in ohms
+R_gd2=R_gs2+parallel(RD2,R)+R_gs2*parallel(RD2,R)*gm2; // in ohms
+a1=C_gd1*R_gd1+C_gs1*R_gs1+C_gs2*R_gs2+C_gd2*R_gd2; // in seconds
+fH=1/(2*%pi*a1); // in hertz
+fH=fH*1e-6; // in Mega-hertz
+disp(fH,"High 3 dB frequency (MHz) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH10/EX10.21/EX21.sce b/135/CH10/EX10.21/EX21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5a093b5a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH10/EX10.21/EX21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +// Example 10.21: (a) AVo, Approximate value of fH
+// (b) Frequency of the nearest non-dominant pole
+clc, clear
+gm=1e-3; // in mho
+Rd=40e3; // in ohms
+Cgs=5e-12; // in farads
+Cgd=1e-12; // in farads
+Cds=1e-12; // in farads
+
+function[c]=parallel(a,b)
+ c=a*b/(a+b);
+endfunction
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+RS=5e3; // in ohms
+RD1=40e3; // in ohms
+RD2=10e3; // in ohms
+// From AC model of cascade amplifier in Fig. 10.80
+Rds1=40e3; // in ohms
+Rds2=40e3; // in ohms
+R11_0=RS; // in ohms
+RL1=parallel(Rds1,RD1); // in ohms
+R22_0=RS+RL1+gm*RS*RL1; // in ohms
+R33_0=RL1; // in ohms
+RL2=parallel(Rds2,RD2); // in ohms
+R44_0=RL1+RL2+gm*RL1*RL2; // in ohms
+R55_0=RL2; // in ohms
+C1=Cgs; // in farads
+C2=Cgd; // in farads
+C3=Cds+Cgs; // in farads
+C4=Cds; // in farads
+C5=Cds; // in farads
+a1=C1*R11_0+C2*R22_0+C3*R33_0+C4*R44_0+C5*R55_0; // in seconds
+fH=1/(2*%pi*a1); // in hertz
+fH=fH*1e-6; // in Mega-hertz
+AVo=gm*RL1*gm*RL2;
+disp(AVo,"AVo =");
+disp(fH,"Approximate value of fH (MHz) =");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+R22_1=RL1; // in ohms
+R33_1=RL1; // in ohms
+R44_1=R44_0; // in ohms
+R55_1=RL2; // in ohms
+R33_2=parallel(RL1,parallel(1/gm,RS)); // in ohms
+R44_2=R33_2+RL2+gm*R33_2*RL2; // in ohms
+R55_2=R55_0; // in ohms
+R44_3=RL2; // in ohms
+R55_3=RL2; // in ohms
+R55_4=parallel(RL1,parallel(1/gm,RL2)); // in ohms
+a2=R11_0*C1*(R22_1*C2+R33_1*C3+R44_1*C4+R55_1*C5)+R22_0*C2*(R33_2*C3+R44_2*C4+R55_2*C5)+R33_0*C3*(R44_3*C4+R55_3*C5)+R44_0*C4*R55_4*C5; // in seconds
+p2=a1/a2;
+f=p2/(2*%pi); // in hertz
+f=f*1e-6; // in Mega-hertz
+disp(f,"Frequency of the nearest non-dominant pole (MHz) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH10/EX10.23/EX23.sce b/135/CH10/EX10.23/EX23.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..98d2aa972 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH10/EX10.23/EX23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// Example 10.23: Value of fH for the cascade
+clc, clear
+bta=100;
+r_pi1=0.5e3; // in ohms
+r_pi2=0.5e3; // in ohms
+r_pi3=1e3; // in ohms
+fT=200e6; // in hertz
+C_mu=1e-12; // in farads
+// From Fig. 10.85
+RS=2e3; // in ohms
+RE1=5e3; // in ohms
+RC2=2e3; // in ohms
+RC3=1e3; // in ohms
+RE3=100; // in ohms
+
+function[c]=parallel(a,b)
+ c=a*b/(a+b);
+endfunction
+
+// From Fig. 10.86
+Ro1=parallel(RE1,(RS+r_pi1)/(1+bta)); // in ohms
+gm2=bta/r_pi2; // in mho
+gm3=bta/r_pi3; // in mho
+C_pi2=bta/(2*%pi*fT*r_pi2)-C_mu; // in farads
+C_pi3=bta/(2*%pi*fT*r_pi3)-C_mu; // in farads
+
+// From Fig. 10.87
+C1=C_pi2; // in farads
+C2=C_mu; // in farads
+C3=C_pi3; // in farads
+C4=C_mu; // in farads
+R11_0=parallel(Ro1,r_pi1); // in ohms
+RL1=parallel(RC2,r_pi3+(1+bta)*RE3); // in ohms
+R22_0=R11_0+RL1*(1+gm2*R11_0); // in ohms
+
+// From Fig. 10.88
+R_dash=2.1e3/(1+10); // in ohms
+R33_0=parallel(RC2,R_dash); // in ohms
+
+// From Fig. 10.89
+R44_0=(3+2*98/13.1)*1e3; // in ohms
+
+a1=R11_0*C1+R22_0*C2+R33_0*C3+R44_0*C4; // in seconds
+fH=1/(2*%pi*a1); // in hertz
+fH=fH*1e-6; // in Mega-hertz
+disp(fH,"Value of fH for the cascade (MHz) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH10/EX10.3/EX3.sce b/135/CH10/EX10.3/EX3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..22e9c6014 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH10/EX10.3/EX3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 10.3: CS, Zero frequency
+clc, clear
+gm=1e-3; // in mho
+fL=10; // in hertz
+// From Fig. 10.10
+RS=6e3; // in ohms
+I=RS/(1+RS*gm); // Impedance seen by CS in ohms
+CS=1/(2*%pi*fL*I); // in farads
+CS=CS*1e6; // in micro-farads
+disp(CS,"CS (µF) =");
+disp("Here at f = 0 Hz, CS has infinite reactance.");
+disp("Therefore, zero frequency fzero = 0 Hz here, i.e. the voltage transfer function is zero at DC.");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH10/EX10.4/EX4.sce b/135/CH10/EX10.4/EX4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5e1f825db --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH10/EX10.4/EX4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 10.4: fT, fb
+clc, clear
+b_o=160;
+f=50; // in Mega-hertz
+b_jw=8;
+wb=sqrt((2*%pi*f)^2*b_jw^2/(b_o^2-b_jw^2)); // in Mega-rad/sec
+fb=wb/(2*%pi); // in Mega-hertz
+fT=fb*b_o; // in Mega-hertz
+disp(fT,"fT (MHz) =");
+disp(fb,"fb (MHz) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH10/EX10.5/EX5.sce b/135/CH10/EX10.5/EX5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ae8f47dca --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH10/EX10.5/EX5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 10.5: Cπ
+clc, clear
+IC=1e-3; // in amperes
+b_o=120;
+b_jw=10;
+f=25e6; // in hertz
+C_mu=1e-12; // in farads
+VT=25e-3; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+wb=sqrt((2*%pi*f)^2*b_jw^2/(b_o^2-b_jw^2)); // in rad/sec
+wT=wb*b_o; // in hertz
+gm=IC/VT; // in mho
+C_pi=gm/wT-C_mu; // in farads
+C_pi=C_pi*1e12; // in pico-farads
+disp(C_pi,"Cπ (pF) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH10/EX10.7/EX7.sce b/135/CH10/EX10.7/EX7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..da9728d66 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH10/EX10.7/EX7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Example 10.7: (a) Midband gain, Upper half-power frequency
+// (b) Zi
+clc, clear
+ICQ=1e-3; // in amperes
+RS=300; // in ohms
+RC=1.2e3; // in ohms
+bta=125;
+fT=300e6; // in hertz
+C_mu=0.5e-12; // in farads
+VT=25e-3; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+gm=ICQ/VT; // in mho
+r_pi=bta/gm; // in ohms
+// To find C_pi
+C_pi=gm/(2*%pi*fT)-C_mu; // in farads
+AVo=-bta*RC/(RS+r_pi); // Midband gain
+disp(AVo,"Midband gain =");
+R_pi0=RS*r_pi/(RS+r_pi);
+a1=R_pi0*C_pi+(R_pi0+RC*(1+gm*R_pi0))*C_mu; // in seconds
+a2=R_pi0*RC*C_pi*C_mu; // in seconds
+p1=1/a1; // in rad/sec
+p2=a1/a2; // in rad/sec
+disp(p2/p1,"p2/p1 =");
+disp("Since p2/p1 >> 8, therefore dominant-pole approximation holds good.");
+wH=p1*1e-6; // in M rad/sec
+disp(wH,"Upper half-power frequency (M rad/sec) =");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+CM=C_pi+C_mu*(1+gm*RC); // in farads
+Zi=r_pi/(1+%i*wH*1e6*CM*r_pi); // in ohms
+disp(Zi,"Zi (Ω) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH11/EX11.1/EX1.sce b/135/CH11/EX11.1/EX1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8c8d8ab6e --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH11/EX11.1/EX1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 11.1: Open-loop gain, Return ratio, Reverse transmission β of feedback circuit
+clc, clear
+// Let A be open-loop gain and B be return ratio
+// For A, B 10% higher, -1.1A + 55.11B = -50.1
+// For A, B 10% lower, -0.9A + 44.91B = -49.9
+// Solving the two equations
+a=[-1.1 55.11; -0.9 44.91];
+b=[-50.1; -49.9];
+c=inv(a)*b;
+A=c(1,1);
+B=c(2,1);
+disp(A,"Open-loop gain =");
+disp(B,"Return ratio =");
+disp(B/A,"Reverse transmission β of the feedback circuit =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH11/EX11.11/EX11.sce b/135/CH11/EX11.11/EX11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4f2ba041a --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH11/EX11.11/EX11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 11.11: (a) Amplifier type
+// (b) Input resistance, Output resistance, Transfer ratio
+clc, clear
+r_pi=1e3; // in ohms
+gm=0.1; // in mho
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+disp("It ia a CB-CE cascade, configuration. It has low input and high output impedance and hence corresponds to a current amplifier.");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+// From low frequency equivalent circuit in Fig. 11.40
+btao=gm*r_pi;
+Rin=r_pi/(1+btao); // Input resistance in ohms
+Rout=%inf; // Output resistance (= ro of Q2)
+Ai=gm*gm*Rin*3e3*1e3/(3e3+1e3); // Transfer ratio
+disp(Rin,"Input resistance (Ω) =");
+disp(Rout,"Output resistance =");
+disp(Ai,"Transfer ratio =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH11/EX11.12/EX12.sce b/135/CH11/EX11.12/EX12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5c18a0dce --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH11/EX11.12/EX12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 11.12: (b) AF
+clc, clear
+AV=4000;
+bta=1/300;
+RS=2; // in kilo-ohms
+RE=RS; // in kilo-ohms
+RC=6; // in kilo-ohms
+btao=200;
+r_pi=4; // in kilo-ohms
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+x=-AV*-btao*RC/(r_pi+RS);
+AF=x/(1+x*bta);
+disp(AF,"AF =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH11/EX11.13/EX13.sce b/135/CH11/EX11.13/EX13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..84675de96 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH11/EX11.13/EX13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Example 11.13: (a) Amplifier type
+// (b) Input resistance, Output resistance, Transfer ratio
+clc, clear
+r_pi=1e3; // in ohms
+gm=0.1; // in mho
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+disp("Q1 is a common collector and Q2 is common emitter stage. Hence the given circuit is cascade of cc and CE stages. As the Rin of a CC is high and the Ro of the CE is low, therefore, the given circuit approximates a voltage amplifier. If RL is chosen a low resistance, the amplifier can be considered a voltage-to-current converter.")
+
+function[c]=parallel(a,b)
+ c=a*b/(a+b);
+endfunction
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+// From the Fig. 11.42
+RE1=3e3; // in ohms
+RC2=0.6e3; // in ohms
+btao=gm*r_pi;
+Ri2=r_pi; // in ohms
+Ri1=r_pi+(1+btao)*parallel(RE1,Ri2); // Input resistance in ohms
+Rout=RC2; // Output resistance (= ro of Q2)
+AV1=(1+btao)*RE1/(r_pi+(1+btao)*RE1);
+Ro1=parallel(RE1,r_pi/(1+btao)); // in ohms
+AV2=-btao*RC2/(Ro1+r_pi);
+AV=AV1*AV2;
+Ri1=Ri1*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+Rout=Rout*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(Ri1,"Input resistance (Ω) =");
+disp(Rout,"Output resistance =");
+disp(AV,"Transfer ratio =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH11/EX11.15/EX15.sce b/135/CH11/EX11.15/EX15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cb7faefc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH11/EX11.15/EX15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +// Example 11.15: Small signal gain, Input resistance, Output resistance
+clc, clear
+btao=100;
+r_pi=1e3; // in ohms
+ICQ=2.5e-3; // in amperes
+VT=25e-3; // in volts
+gm=ICQ/VT; // Transconductance in mho
+r_pi=btao/gm; // Incremental resistance of emitter-base diode in ohms
+// From ac model without feedback in Fig. 11.47
+RS=10e3; // in ohms
+RF=47e3; // in ohms
+RC=4.7e3; // in ohms
+function[c]=parallel(a,b)
+ c=a*b/(a+b);
+endfunction
+AoL=-gm*parallel(RF,RC)*parallel(RS,parallel(RF,r_pi)); // in ohms
+bta=1/RF;
+T=-bta*AoL; // Return ratio
+AF=AoL/(1+T); // in ohms
+AVF=AF/RS; // Small signal gain
+RID=parallel(RF,r_pi); // in ohms
+RID_dash=parallel(RID,RS); // in ohms
+RIF_dash_I=RID_dash/(1+T); // in ohms
+RIF_I=RS*RIF_dash_I/(RS-RIF_dash_I); // in ohms
+RIF_dash_V=RS+RIF_I; // in ohms
+RoD_dash=parallel(RF,RC); // in ohms
+RoF_dash=RoD_dash/(1+T); // in ohms
+RoF=RoF_dash*RC/(RC-RoF_dash); // in ohms
+disp(RoF);
+RIF_dash_V=RIF_dash_V*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+RoF=RoF*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(AVF,"Small signal gain =");
+disp(RIF_dash_V,"Input resistance (kΩ) =");
+disp(RoF,"Output resistance (kΩ) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH11/EX11.16/EX16.sce b/135/CH11/EX11.16/EX16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3254d96ab --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH11/EX11.16/EX16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +// Example 11.16: (a) AF, T
+// (b) R1F, RoF
+clc, clear
+btao=150;
+ICQ=1.5e-3; // in amperes
+VT=25e-3; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+// From circuit without feedback but with loading in Fig. 11.50
+RS=2e3; // in ohms
+RE1=0.1e3; // in ohms
+RF=6.2e3; // in ohms
+RC1=4.3e3; // in ohms
+RC2=1.2e3; // in ohms
+RL=4.7e3; // in ohms
+
+function[c]=parallel(a,b)
+ c=a*b/(a+b);
+endfunction
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+gm=ICQ/VT; // Transconductance in mho
+r_pi=btao/gm; // Incremental resistance of emitter-base diode in ohms
+AV1=-btao*RC1/(RS+r_pi+(1+btao)*parallel(RE1,RF));
+AV2=-btao*parallel(RC2,parallel(RF+RE1,RL))/(RC1+r_pi);
+AoL=AV1*AV2;
+bta=-RE1/(RE1+RF);
+T=-bta*AoL;
+AF=AoL/(1+T);
+disp(AF,"AF =");
+disp(T,"T =");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+RID=r_pi+(1+btao)*parallel(RE1,RF); // in ohms
+RID_dash=RS+RID; // in ohms
+RIF_dash=RID_dash*(1+T); // in ohms
+RIF=RIF_dash-RS; // in ohms
+RoD=parallel(RC2,RF+RE1); // in ohms
+RoD_dash=parallel(RoD,RL); // in ohms
+RoF_dash=RoD_dash/(1+T); // in ohms
+RoF=RL*RoF_dash/(RL-RoF_dash); // in ohms
+RIF=RIF*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(RIF,"RIF (kΩ) =");
+disp(RoF,"RoF (Ω) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH11/EX11.17/EX17.sce b/135/CH11/EX11.17/EX17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..50bdac449 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH11/EX11.17/EX17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Example 11.17: (a) T, AoL, AF
+// (b) RoF
+clc, clear
+gm=1e-3; // in mho
+rd=20e3; // in ohms
+
+function[c]=parallel(a,b)
+ c=a*b/(a+b);
+endfunction
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+// From the ac equivalent circuit in Fig. 11.52
+RF=10e3; // in ohms
+RD1=10e3; // in ohms
+RL=10e3; // in ohms
+ro=20e3; // in ohms
+RS=parallel(0.47e3,RF); // in ohms
+RL2=parallel(ro,parallel(10.47e3,RL)); // in ohms
+mu=rd*gm; // Amplification factor
+AV1=-mu*RD1/(RD1+rd+(1+mu)*RS);
+AV2=-gm*RL2;
+AoL=AV1*AV2;
+bta=-0.47/(10+0.47); // Feedback factor
+T=-bta*AoL;
+AF=AoL/(1+T);
+disp(T,"T =");
+disp(AoL,"AoL =");
+disp(AF,"AF =");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+RoD=parallel(ro,10.47e3); // in ohms
+TSC=0; // for RL=0, T=0
+ToC=bta*AV1*gm*RoD;
+// By Blackman's relation
+RoF=RoD*(1+TSC)/(1+ToC); // in ohms
+RoF=RoF*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(RoF,"RoF (kΩ) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH11/EX11.18/EX18.sce b/135/CH11/EX11.18/EX18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..db4da278a --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH11/EX11.18/EX18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 11.18: T, AoL, AF
+clc, clear
+function[c]=parallel(a,b)
+ c=a*b/(a+b);
+endfunction
+ICQ1=0.25e-3; // in amperes
+ICQ2=-0.5e-3; // in amperes
+bta1=200;
+VA1=125; // in volts
+bta2=150;
+VT=25e-3; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+gm1=ICQ1/VT; // in mho
+gm2=abs(ICQ2)/VT; // in mho
+r_pi1=bta1/gm1; // in ohms
+r_pi2=bta2/gm2; // in ohms
+ro1=VA1/ICQ1; // in ohms
+// From ac equivalent circuit in Fig. 11.56
+RC1=20e3; // in ohms
+RS=1e3; // in ohms
+bta=-0.82/(20+0.82); // Feedback factor
+RL1=parallel(RC1,ro1); // in ohms
+Ib2_IC1=RL1/(RL1+r_pi2+(1+bta2)*parallel(20e3,0.82e3)); // Ib2/IC1
+Ib1_IS=parallel(RS,20.82e3)/(r_pi1+parallel(RS,20.82e3)); // Ib1/IS
+AoL=bta2*Ib2_IC1*bta1*Ib1_IS; // Current gain without feedback
+T=-bta*AoL;
+AF=AoL/(1+T);
+disp(T,"T =");
+disp(AoL,"AoL =");
+disp(AF,"AF =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH11/EX11.19/EX19.sce b/135/CH11/EX11.19/EX19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fbba32acc --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH11/EX11.19/EX19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +// Example 11.19: (a) AIF
+// (b) R1F
+// (c) A1F'
+// (d) AVF
+clc, clear
+btao=50;
+r_pi=2e3; // in ohms
+// From equivalent circuit without feedback but taking loading effect in Fig. 11.58
+RS=1e3; // in ohms
+Rf=15e3; // in ohms
+RE2=10e3; // in ohms
+RC1=10e3; // in ohms
+RC2=10e3; // in ohms
+
+function[c]=parallel(a,b)
+ c=a*b/(a+b);
+endfunction
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+RS_dash=parallel(RS,Rf+RE2); // in ohms
+gm=btao/r_pi; // in mho
+RE2_dash=parallel(RE2,Rf); // in ohms
+Rx=r_pi+(1+btao)*RE2_dash; // in ohms
+I2_IS=-gm*parallel(RS_dash,r_pi)*RC1/(RC1+Rx); // I2/IS
+AI=-btao*I2_IS; // Open loop
+If_IS=(1+btao)*I2_IS*RE2/(RE2+Rf); // If/IS
+bta=If_IS/AI; // Feedback factor
+T=-bta*AI;
+AIF=AI/(1+T);
+disp(AIF,"AIF =");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+RID=parallel(RS,parallel(Rf+RE2,r_pi));
+R1F=RID/(1+T); // in ohms
+disp(R1F,"R1F (Ω) =");
+
+disp("Part (c)");
+Ii_IS=RS/(RS+parallel(Rf+RE2,r_pi)); // Ii'/IS
+AI_dash=AI*Ii_IS;
+T=-bta*AI_dash;
+A1F_dash=AI_dash/(1+T);
+disp(A1F_dash,"A1F =");
+
+disp("Part (d)");
+AVF=AIF*RC2/RS;
+disp(AVF,"AVF =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH11/EX11.2/EX2.sce b/135/CH11/EX11.2/EX2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..84a8471f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH11/EX11.2/EX2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 11.2: Necessary amount of feedback, Gain without feedback
+clc, clear
+// Let A be gain without feedback and b be necessary amount of feedback
+// AOL can assume values A, 1.1A, 0.9A, i.e. 10% variation
+// For AOL = 1.1A yields, 50.01 + 1.1A(50.01b -1) = 0
+// When AOL = 0.9A, 49.99 + 0.9A(49.99b - 1) = 0
+// Solving the two equations
+a=[1.1*50.01 -1.1; 0.9*44.99 -0.9];
+b=[-50.01; -49.99];
+c=inv(a)*b;
+d=c(1,1); // A*b
+A=c(2,1);
+b=d/A;
+disp(b,"Necessary amount of feedback =");
+disp(A,"Gain without feedback =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH11/EX11.20/EX20.sce b/135/CH11/EX11.20/EX20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cff8e6ca2 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH11/EX11.20/EX20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +// Example 11.20: (a) AVF
+// (b) AIF
+// (c) RIF
+// (d) ROF
+clc, clear
+btao=50;
+r_pi=1.1e3; // in ohms
+function[c]=parallel(a,b)
+ c=a*b/(a+b);
+endfunction
+// From equivalent circuit of amplifier without feedback in Fig. 11.60
+RS=4.7e3; // in ohms
+RF=15e3; // in ohms
+RE2=0.1e3; // in ohms
+RB1=parallel(91e3,10e3); // in ohms
+RC1=4.7e3; // in ohms
+RC2=4.7e3; // in ohms
+RB2=RB1; // in ohms
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+RL1=parallel(RS,parallel(RF+RE2,RB1)); // in ohms
+I1_IS=RL1/(RL1+r_pi); // I1/IS
+IC1_IS=btao*I1_IS; // IC1/IS
+Ri2=r_pi+(1+btao)*parallel(RE2,RF); // in ohms
+I2_IS=-IC1_IS*parallel(RC1,RB2)/(parallel(RC1,RB2)+Ri2); // in ohms
+IC2_IS=btao*I2_IS; // IC2/IS
+AID=-IC2_IS/2; // Open loop
+IF_IS=IC2_IS*RE2/(RE2+RF); // IF/IS
+bta=IF_IS/AID; // Feedback factor
+T=-bta*AID;
+AIF=AID/(1+T);
+disp(AIF,"AIF =");
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+AVF=AIF*RC2/RS;
+disp(AVF,"AVF =");
+
+disp("Part (c)");
+RID=parallel(parallel(RS,RE2+RF),parallel(RB1,r_pi)); // in ohms
+RIF=RID/(1+T); // in ohms
+disp(RIF,"RIF (Ω) =");
+
+disp("Part (d)");
+ROF=RC2*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(ROF,"ROF (kΩ) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH11/EX11.21/EX21.sce b/135/CH11/EX11.21/EX21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d168d82a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH11/EX11.21/EX21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +// Example 11.21: (c) AF, T
+// (d) Voltage gain
+clc, clear
+ICQ1=0.25e-3; // in amperes
+ICQ2=1e-3; // in amperes
+ICQ3=0.5e-3; // in amperes
+RC1=5e3; // in ohms
+RC2=7.5e3; // in ohms
+RC3=10e3; // in ohms
+R1=0.2e3; // in ohms
+R2=0.33e3; // in ohms
+RS=0.6e3; // in ohms
+RF=20e3; // in ohms
+btao=200;
+VA=125; // in volts
+VT=25e-3; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+
+function[c]=parallel(a,b)
+ c=a*b/(a+b);
+endfunction
+
+disp("Part (c)");
+gm1=ICQ1/VT; // in mho
+r_pi1=btao/gm1; // in ohms
+ro1=VA/ICQ1; // in ohms
+gm2=ICQ2/VT; // in mho
+r_pi2=btao/gm2; // in ohms
+ro2=VA/ICQ2; // in ohms
+gm3=ICQ3/VT; // in mho
+r_pi3=btao/gm3; // in ohms
+ro3=VA/ICQ3; // in ohms
+Rin1=r_pi1+(btao+1)*parallel(RF+R2,R1); // in ohms
+RL1=parallel(RC1,ro1); // in ohms
+RL2=parallel(RC2,ro2); // in ohms
+Rin2=r_pi2; // in ohms
+Rin3=r_pi3+(btao+1)*parallel(R2,RF+R1); // in ohms
+Io_Ib3=btao; // Io/Ib3
+Ib3_Ic2=-RL2/(RL2+Rin3); // Ib3/Ic2
+Ic2_Ib2=btao; // Ic2/Ib2
+Ib2_Ic1=-RL1/(RL1+Rin2); // Ib2/Ic1
+Ic1_Ib1=btao; // Ic1/Ib1
+Ib1_VS=1/(RS+Rin1); // Ib1/VS in mho
+AoL=Io_Ib3*Ib3_Ic2*Ic2_Ib2*Ib2_Ic1*Ic1_Ib1*Ib1_VS; // Open loop
+bta=-R1*R2/(R1+R2+RF); // Feedback factor
+T=-bta*AoL;
+AF=AoL/(1+T);
+disp(T,"T =");
+disp(AF,"AF =");
+
+disp("Part (d)");
+Vo_VS=-AF*parallel(RC3,ro3);
+disp(Vo_VS,"Voltage gain =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH11/EX11.22/EX22.sce b/135/CH11/EX11.22/EX22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..11f081f72 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH11/EX11.22/EX22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +// Example 11.22: AF, RoF
+clc, clear
+gm=2e-3; // in mho
+rd=20e3; // in ohms
+RD=12e3; // in ohms
+RG=500e3; // in ohms
+Rs=50; // in ohms
+RF=5e3; // in ohms
+function[c]=parallel(a,b)
+ c=a*b/(a+b);
+endfunction
+Ro=parallel(RD,rd); // in ohms
+AV1=-gm*parallel(RD,parallel(rd,RG));
+AV2=AV1;
+AV3=-gm*parallel(RD,rd);
+AV=AV1*AV2*AV3;
+RG_dash=parallel(RG,RF); // in ohms
+Vi_Vs=RG_dash/(RG_dash+Rs); // Vi/Vs
+AoL=AV*Vi_Vs*RF/(RF+Ro); // Vo/Vs (Open loop)
+bta=1/RF; // Feedback factor
+RM=AoL*Rs; // in ohms
+T=-bta*RM; // Return ratio
+AF=AoL/(1+T);
+RoD=parallel(Ro,RF); // in ohms
+RoF=RoD/(1+T); // in ohms
+disp(AF,"AF =");
+disp(RoF,"RoF (Ω) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH11/EX11.3/EX3.sce b/135/CH11/EX11.3/EX3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..608925ada --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH11/EX11.3/EX3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 11.3: (a) Output voltage
+// (b) Input voltage
+clc, clear
+B1=36; // Fundamental output in volts
+B2=7*B1/100; // Second-harmonic distortion in volts
+Vs=0.028; // Input in volts
+A=B1/Vs; // Gain
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+b=1.2/100; // Amount of feedback in volts
+B1f=B1/(1+b*A); // Fundamental output with feedback in volts
+B2f=B2/(1+b*A); // Second-harmonic distortion with feedback in volts
+disp(B1f,"Fundamental output with feedback (V) =");
+disp(B2f,"Second-harmonic distortion with feedback (V) =");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+B1f=36; // Fundamental output with feedback in volts
+B2f=1*B1f/100; // Second-harmonic distortion with feedback in volts
+T=B2/B2f-1; // Return ratio
+AF=A/(1+T); // Feedback gain
+Vs=B1f/AF; // Input voltage in volts
+disp(Vs,"Input voltage (V) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH11/EX11.4/EX4.sce b/135/CH11/EX11.4/EX4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f195ad654 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH11/EX11.4/EX4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 11.4: Closed loop parameters
+clc, clear
+Av=1000;
+bta=0.01;
+Zin=1; // in kilo-ohms
+Zo=420; // in ohms
+fL=1.5; // in kilo-hertz
+fH=501.5; // in kilo-hertz
+disp("Closed loop parameters :");
+T=Av*bta; // Return ratio
+// From Fig. 11.18
+Af=Av/(1+T); // Closed loop gain
+Zif=Zin*(1+T); // Closed loop input impedance in kilo-ohms
+Zof=Zo/(1+T); // Closed loop output impedance in ohms
+fLf=fL/(1+T); // Closed loop lower 3 dB frequency in kilo-hertz
+fHf=fH*(1+T); // Closed loop upper 3 dB frequency in kilo-hertz
+disp(Af,"Gain =");
+disp(Zif,"Input impedance (kΩ) =");
+disp(Zof,"Output impedance (Ω) =");
+disp(fLf,"Lower 3 dB frequency (kHz) =");
+disp(fHf,"Upper 3 dB frequency (kHz) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH11/EX11.5/EX5.sce b/135/CH11/EX11.5/EX5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..248a7e03e --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH11/EX11.5/EX5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 11.5: Output signal voltage, Output noise voltage, Improvement in S/N ratio
+clc, clear
+A1=1;
+Vs=1; // in volts
+Vn=1; // in volts
+A2=100;
+bta=1;
+Vos=Vs*A1*A2/(1+bta*A1*A2); // Output signal voltage in volts
+Von=Vn*A1/(1+bta*A1*A2); // Output noise voltage in volts
+SNRi=20*log10(Vs/Vn); // Input S/N ratio in dB
+SNRo=20*log10(Vos/Von); // Output S/N ratio in dB
+SNR=SNRo-SNRi; // Improvement in S/N raio in dB
+disp(Vos,"Output signal voltage (V) =");
+disp(Von,"Output noise voltage (V) =");
+disp(SNR,"Improvement in S/N ratio (dB) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH11/EX11.6/EX6.sce b/135/CH11/EX11.6/EX6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..201cf03e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH11/EX11.6/EX6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Example 11.6: (b) R2/R1
+// (c) Amount of feedback in decibels
+// (d) Vo, Vf, Vi
+// (e) Decrease in Af
+clc, clear
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+A=1e4;
+Af=10;
+bta=(A/Af-1)/A; // Feedback factor
+R2_R1=1/bta-1; // R2/R1
+disp(R2_R1,"R2/R1 =");
+
+disp("Part (c)");
+dB=20*log10(1+A*bta); // Amount of feedback in decibels
+disp(dB,"Amount of feedback (dB) =");
+
+disp("Part (d)");
+Vs=1; // in volts
+Vo=Af*Vs; // in volts
+Vf=bta*Vo; // in volts
+Vi=Vs-Vf; // in volts
+disp(Vo,"Vo (V) =");
+disp(Vf,"Vf (V) =");
+disp(Vi,"Vi (V) =");
+
+disp("Part (e)");
+A=80*A/100; // Decreased A
+Af_dash=A/(1+A*bta); // Decreased Af
+C=(Af-Af_dash)*100/Af; // Percentage decrease in Af
+disp(C,"Percentage decrease in Af (%) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH11/EX11.7/EX7.sce b/135/CH11/EX11.7/EX7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bf3522d28 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH11/EX11.7/EX7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 11.7: Low frequency gain, Upper 3 dB frequency
+clc, clear
+// Without feedback
+AM=1e4; // Low frequency values of A
+wH=100; // Upper 3 dB frequency in hertz
+// With feedback
+R1=1; // in kilo-ohms
+R2=9; // in kilo-ohms
+bta=R1/(R1+R2); // Feedback factor
+AfM=AM/(1+bta*AM); // Low frequency gain
+wHf=wH*(1+bta*AM); // Upper 3 dB frequency in hertz
+wHf=wHf*1e-3; // Upper 3 dB frequency in kilo-hertz
+disp("For closed loop amplifier :");
+disp(AfM,"Low frequency gain =");
+disp(wHf,"Upper 3 dB frequency (kHz) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH11/EX11.9/EX9.sce b/135/CH11/EX11.9/EX9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6886b23aa --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH11/EX11.9/EX9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 11.9: (a) RE
+// (b) RL
+// (c) R1F
+// (d) Quiescent collector current
+clc, clear
+GmF=1; // Transconductance gain in mili-amperes per volts
+AVF=-4; // Voltage gain
+D=50; // Desensitivity factor
+RS=1; // in kilo-ohms
+btao=150;
+AoL=GmF*D; // Open loop mutual conductance in mili-amperes per volts
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+RE=(D-1)/AoL; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(RE,"RE (kΩ) =");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+RL=-AVF/GmF; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(RL,"RL (kΩ) =");
+
+disp("Part (c)");
+r_pi=btao/AoL-RS-RE; // in kilo-ohms
+R1F=RS+r_pi+(1+btao)*RE; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(R1F,"R1F (kΩ) =");
+
+disp("Part (d)");
+VT=26e-3; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+IC=btao*VT/r_pi; // in mili-amperes
+disp(IC,"IC (mA) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH12/EX12.1/EX1.sce b/135/CH12/EX12.1/EX1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..51ce94512 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH12/EX12.1/EX1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 12.1: (a) RD
+// (b) Product RC
+// (c) Reasonable value of R and C
+clc, clear
+fo=8e3; // in hertz
+mu=59;
+rd=10; // in kilo-ohms
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+RD=29*rd/(mu-29); // in kilo-ohms
+disp(RD,"RD (kΩ) =");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+RC=1/(2*%pi*fo*sqrt(6)); // in seconds
+RC=RC*1e6; // in micro-seconds
+disp(RC,"Product RC (µs) =");
+
+disp("Part (c)");
+R=50; // in kilo-ohms
+C=RC/R; // in nano-farad
+C=C*1e3; // in pico-farad
+disp(R,"Reasonable value of R (kΩ) =");
+disp(C,"Reasonable value of C (pF) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH12/EX12.2/EX2.sce b/135/CH12/EX12.2/EX2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1b2b406a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH12/EX12.2/EX2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 12.2: Designing a Wein Bridge Oscillator
+clc, clear
+fo=2e3; // in hertz
+R=10; // in kilo-ohms
+C=1/(2*%pi*fo*R*1e3); // in farads
+C=C*1e9; // in nano-farads
+disp(R,"R1 (kΩ) =");
+disp(R,"R2 (kΩ) =");
+disp(2*R,"R3 (kΩ) =");
+disp(R,"R4 (kΩ) =");
+disp(C,"C1 (nF) =");
+disp(C,"C2 (nF) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH12/EX12.3/EX3.sce b/135/CH12/EX12.3/EX3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4cc7bdfd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH12/EX12.3/EX3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 12.3: Range of capacitance
+clc, clear
+L1=2e-3; // in henry
+L2=1.5e-3; // in henry
+fmin=1000e3; // in hertz
+fmax=2000e3; // in hertz
+Cmin=1/((2*%pi*fmax)^2*(L1+L2)); // in farads
+Cmax=1/((2*%pi*fmin)^2*(L1+L2)); // in farads
+Cmin=Cmin*1e12; // in pico-farads
+Cmax=Cmax*1e12; // in pico-farads
+disp(Cmin,"Minimum value of C (pF) =");
+disp(Cmax,"Maximum value of C (pF) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH13/EX13.1/EX1.sce b/135/CH13/EX13.1/EX1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..37e5c821b --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH13/EX13.1/EX1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 13.1: dc input power, ac output power, Efficiency
+clc, clear
+Ib=5e-3; // Base current in amperes
+// From Fig. 13.8
+RB=1.5e3; // in ohms
+RC=16; // in ohms
+bta=40;
+VCC=18; // in volts
+VBE=0.7; // in volts
+IBQ=(VCC-VBE)/RB; // in amperes
+ICQ=bta*IBQ; // in amperes
+Pi_dc=VCC*ICQ; // dc input power in watts
+Ic=bta*Ib; // in amperes
+Po_ac=Ic^2*RC; // ac output power
+eta=Po_ac*100/Pi_dc; // Efficiency in percentage
+disp(Pi_dc,"dc input power (W) =");
+disp(Po_ac,"ac output power (W) =");
+disp(eta,"Efficiency (%) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH13/EX13.2/EX2.sce b/135/CH13/EX13.2/EX2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..af503319b --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH13/EX13.2/EX2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Example 13.2: Transformer turns ratio
+clc, clear
+function[c]=parallel(a,b)
+ c=a*b/(a+b);
+endfunction
+RL=parallel(parallel(16,16),parallel(16,16)); // in ohms
+RL_dash=8e3; // in ohms
+TR=sqrt(RL_dash/RL); // Transformer turns ratio
+disp(TR,"Transformer turns ratio =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH13/EX13.3/EX3.sce b/135/CH13/EX13.3/EX3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..64c24f5b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH13/EX13.3/EX3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Example 12.3: Efficiency
+clc, clear
+P_ac=2; // in watts
+ICQ=150e-3; // in amperes
+VCC=36; // in volts
+P_dc=VCC*ICQ; // in watts
+eta=P_ac*100/P_dc; // Efficiency in percentage
+disp(eta,"Efficiency (%) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH13/EX13.4/EX4.sce b/135/CH13/EX13.4/EX4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7ce86908e --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH13/EX13.4/EX4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 13.4: Maximum input power, Maximum ac output power, Maximum conversion efficiency, Maximum power dissipated by each transistor
+clc, clear
+VCC=15; // in volts
+RL=8; // in ohms
+P_dc=2*VCC^2/(%pi*RL); // Maximum input power in watts
+P_ac=VCC^2/(2*RL); // Maximum ac output power in watts
+eta=P_ac*100/P_dc; // Maximum efficiency in percentage
+PD=2*VCC^2/(%pi^2*RL); // Maximum power dissipated in watts
+PD_each=PD/2; // Maximum power dissipated by each transistor in watts
+disp(P_dc,"Maximum input power (W) =");
+disp(P_ac,"Maximum ac output power (W) =");
+disp(eta,"Maximum conversion efficiency (%) =");
+disp(PD_each,"Maximum power dissipated by each transistor (W) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH13/EX13.5/EX5.sce b/135/CH13/EX13.5/EX5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0764ac62a --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH13/EX13.5/EX5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 13.5: Supply voltage, Peak current drawn from each supply, Total supply power, Power conversion efficiency, Maximum power that each transistor can dissipate safely
+clc, clear
+P_ac=20; // Average power delivered in watts
+RL=8; // Load in ohms
+Vm=sqrt(2*P_ac*RL); // Peak output voltage in volts
+VCC=Vm+5; // Supply voltage in volts
+Im=Vm/RL; // Peak current drawn from each supply in amperes
+P_dc=2*Im*VCC/%pi; // Total supply power in watts
+eta=P_ac*100/P_dc; // Power conversion efficiency in percentage
+PD=2*VCC^2/(%pi^2*RL); // Maximum power dissipated in watts
+PD_each=PD/2; // Maximum power dissipated by each transistor in watts
+disp(VCC,"Supply voltage (V) =");
+disp(Im,"Peak current drawn from each supply (A) =");
+disp(P_dc,"Total supply power (W) =");
+disp(eta,"Power conversion efficiency (%) =");
+disp(PD_each,"Maximum power that each transistor can dissipate safely (W) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH13/EX13.6/EX6.sce b/135/CH13/EX13.6/EX6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..323e91cb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH13/EX13.6/EX6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 13.6: Thermal resistance, Power rating at 70°C, Junction temperature at 100 mW
+clc, clear
+TAo=25; // in °C
+PDo=200; // in mili-watts
+Tj_max=150; // Maximum junction temperature in °C
+T=70; // in °C
+P=100; // in mili-watts
+TA=50; // Ambient temperature in °C
+theta=(Tj_max-TAo)/PDo; // Thermal resistance in °C per mili-watts
+PR=(Tj_max-T)/theta; // Power rating at 70 °C in mili-watts
+Tj=TA+theta*P; // Junction temperature at 100 mW in °C
+disp(theta,"Thermal resistance (°C/mW) =");
+disp(PR,"Power rating at 70 °C (mW) =");
+disp(Tj,"Junction temperature at 100 mW (°C) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH2/EX2.1/EX1.sce b/135/CH2/EX2.1/EX1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4432eba66 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH2/EX2.1/EX1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 2.1: (a) I,Vo
+// (b) I,Vo
+clc, clear
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+// Applying Thevnin's theorem at XX', in Fig. 2.5(a)
+Vth=15*20e3/(10e3+20e3); // Thevnin equivalent voltage in volts
+Zth=10e3*20e3/(10e3+20e3); // Thevnin equivalent resistance in ohms
+// From the figure 2.5(c)
+I=Vth/(Zth+20e3); // Labelled current in amperes
+Vo=I*20e3; // Labelled voltage in volts
+I=I*1e3; // Labelled current in miliamperes
+disp(I,"Labelled current I (mA) = ");
+disp(Vo,"Labelled voltage Vo (V) = ");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+// Applying Thevnin's theorem at XX' and YY', in Fig. 2.5(b)
+Vth1=15*10e3/(10e3+10e3); // Thevnin equivalent voltage at XX' in volts
+Zth1=10e3*10e3/(10e3+10e3); // Thevnin equivalent resistance at YY' in ohms
+Vth2=5; // Thevnin equivalent voltage at YY' in volts
+Zth2=5e3; // Thevnin equivalent resistance at YY' in ohms
+// From the figure 2.5(d)
+I=0; // Labelled current in amperes
+Vo=5-7.5; // Labelled voltage in volts
+disp(I,"Labelled current I = ");
+disp(Vo,"Labelled voltage Vo (V) = ");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH2/EX2.11/EX11.sce b/135/CH2/EX2.11/EX11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bd7b1e556 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH2/EX2.11/EX11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Example 2.11 (a) Alternating component of voltage acroos load resistance
+// (b) Total voltage across load resistance
+// (c) Total current
+clc, clear
+T=293; // Operating temperature in kelvins
+VT=T/11600; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+// In the Fig. 2.21(a)
+VAA=9; // in volts
+Vm=0.2; // in volts
+RL=2e3; // Load resistance in ohms
+Vy=0.6; // Cut-in voltage in volts
+Rf=10; // Forward resistance of diode in ohms
+eta=2;
+
+disp("Part (a)")
+// From DC model in Fig. 2.21(b)
+IDQ=(VAA-Vy)/(RL+Rf); // DC current through diode or load resistance in amperes
+rd=eta*VT/IDQ; // Dynamic resistance in ohms
+// This dynamic resistance is used in AC model in Fig. 2.21(c)
+Vom=Vm*RL/(RL+rd); // Amplitude of alternating component of the voltage across load resistance in volts
+disp(Vom,"Amplitude of alternating component of the voltage across load resistance (V) =");
+disp("Therefore, the alternating component of the voltage across load resistance is 0.199 sin ωt V");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+VDQ=IDQ*RL; // DC component of voltage across load resistance in volts
+disp(VDQ,"DC component of voltage across load resistance (V) =");
+disp("Therefore, total voltage across load resistance is (8.36 + 0.199 sin ωt) V");
+
+disp("Part (C)");
+IDQ=IDQ*1e3; // DC current through load resistance in miliamperes
+idm=Vm/(RL+rd); // Amplitude of alternating component of the current across load resistance in amperes
+idm=idm*1e3; // Amplitude of alternating component of the current across load resistance in miliamperes
+disp(IDQ,"DC component of current across load resistance (mA) =");
+disp(idm,"Amplitude of alternating component of the current across load resistance (mA) =");
+disp("Therefore, total current across load resistance is (4.18 + 0.099 sin ωt) mA");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH2/EX2.12/EX12.sce b/135/CH2/EX2.12/EX12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7ea2f17b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH2/EX2.12/EX12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +//Example 2.12: (b) Vo
+// (c) I
+clc, clear
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+// In the Fig. 2.22 (a)
+vs=10e-3; // in volts
+Rs=1e3; // in ohms
+eta=2;
+VT=25e-3; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+I=1e-3; // in amperes
+Vo=vs*eta*VT/(eta*VT+I*Rs); // in volts
+Vo=Vo*1e3; // in milivolts
+disp(Vo,"Vo for I= 1 mA (mV) =");
+I=0.1e-3; // in amperes
+Vo=vs*eta*VT/(eta*VT+I*Rs); // in volts
+Vo=Vo*1e3; // in milivolts
+disp(Vo,"Vo for I= 0.1 mA (mV) =");
+I=1e-6; // in amperes
+Vo=vs*eta*VT/(eta*VT+I*Rs); // in volts
+Vo=Vo*1e3; // in milivolts
+disp(Vo,"Vo for I= 1 μA (mV) =");
+
+disp("Part (c)");
+Vo=vs/2; // in volts
+I=eta*VT*(vs-Vo)/(Vo*Rs); // in amperes
+I=I*1e6; // in micro-amperes
+disp(I,"I (μA) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH2/EX2.13/EX13.sce b/135/CH2/EX2.13/EX13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..99eee91f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH2/EX2.13/EX13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Example 2.13: Barrier capacitance
+clc, clear
+A=1e-3*1e-3; // Area of p-n junction in metres square
+W=2e-6; // Space charge thickness in metres
+E=16; // Dielectric constant of Ge
+Eo=1/(36*%pi*1e9); // Absolute permittivity of air
+C=E*Eo*A/W; // Barrier capacitance in farads
+C=C*1e12; // Barrier capacitance in pico-farads
+disp(C,"Barrier capacitance (pF) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH2/EX2.14/EX14.sce b/135/CH2/EX2.14/EX14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ade81eeec --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH2/EX2.14/EX14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 2.14: (a) Change in capacitance
+// (b) Change in capacitance
+clc, clear
+C=4e-12; // Depletion capacitance in farads
+V=4; // in volts
+K=C*sqrt(V); // a constant
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+V=4+0.5; // in volts
+C_new=K/sqrt(V); // in farads
+deltaC=C_new-C; // Change in capacitande in farads
+deltaC=deltaC*1e12; // Change in capacitande in pico-farads
+disp(deltaC,"Change in capacitance (pF) =");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+V=4-0.5; // in volts
+C_new=K/sqrt(V); // in farads
+deltaC=C_new-C; // Change in capacitande in farads
+deltaC=deltaC*1e12; // Change in capacitande in pico-farads
+disp(deltaC,"Change in capacitance (pF) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH2/EX2.18/EX18.sce b/135/CH2/EX2.18/EX18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2a5e56cb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH2/EX2.18/EX18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 2.18: Diffusion length
+clc, clear
+I=1e-3; // Forward bias current in amperes
+C=1e-6; // Diffusion capacitance in farads
+Dp=13; // Diffusion constant for Si
+eta=2; // for Si
+VT=26e-3; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+Lp=sqrt(C*Dp*eta*VT/I); // Diffusion length in metres
+Lp=Lp*1e2; // Diffusion length in centimetres
+disp(Lp,"Diffusion length (cm) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH2/EX2.19/EX19.sce b/135/CH2/EX2.19/EX19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..97d0a5988 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH2/EX2.19/EX19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 2.19 (a) Vd1 and Vd2
+// (b) Current in the circuit
+clc, clear
+eta_VT=0.026; // Product of η and VT
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+// From the Fig. 2.19(a)
+Is=5e-6; // Reverse saturation current through diode D2 in amperes
+Id1=Is; // Forward current through diode D1 in amperes
+Vd1=eta_VT*log(1+(Id1/Is)); // in volts
+Vd2=5-Vd1; // in volts
+disp(Vd1,"Vd1 (V) =");
+disp(Vd2,"Vd2 (V) =");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+// From the Fig. 2.19(b)
+Vz=4.9; // Zener voltage in volts
+Vd1=5-Vz; // in volts
+I=Is*(%e^(Vd1/eta_VT)-1); // Current in the circuit in amperes
+I=I*1e6; // Current in the circuit in micro-amperes
+disp(I,"Current in the circuit (μA) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH2/EX2.2/EX2.sce b/135/CH2/EX2.2/EX2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ec101240e --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH2/EX2.2/EX2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 2.2: Change in diode voltage
+clc, clear
+ID1=1; // Let the initial diode current be 1 A
+ID2=15*ID1; // Final diode current
+VT=25e-3; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+eta=1; // for Ge
+deltaVD=eta*VT*log(ID2/ID1); // Change in diode voltage in volts
+deltaVD=deltaVD*1e3; // Change in diode voltage in milivolts
+disp(deltaVD,"Change in diode voltage (for Ge) (mV) = ");
+eta=2; // for Si
+deltaVD=eta*VT*log(ID2/ID1); // Change in diode voltage in volts
+deltaVD=deltaVD*1e3; // Change in diode voltage in milivolts
+disp(deltaVD,"Change in diode voltage (for Si) (mV) = ");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH2/EX2.3/EX3.sce b/135/CH2/EX2.3/EX3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e75846455 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH2/EX2.3/EX3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example 2.3: (a) Voltage
+// (b) Ratio of current in forward bias to that in reverse bias
+// (c) Forward current
+clc, clear
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+eta=1; // for Ge
+T=300; // Room temperature in kelvins
+VT=T/11600; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+IS=1; // Let reverse saturation current be 1 A
+I=-0.9*IS; // Reverse current
+V=eta*VT*log(1+(I/IS)); // Voltagei in volts
+V=V*1e3; // Voltage in milivolts
+disp(V,"Voltage (mV) = ");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+V=0.05; // Voltage in volts
+If_Ir=(%e^(V/(eta*VT))-1)/(%e^(-V/(eta*VT))-1); // Ratio of current in forward bias to that in reverse bias
+disp(If_Ir,"Ratio of current in forward bias to that in reverse bias = ");
+
+disp("Part (c)");
+IS=10e-6; // Reverse saturation current in amperes
+V=0.1; // Voltage in volts
+ID=IS*(%e^(V/(eta*VT))-1); // Forward current for 0.1 V in amperes
+ID=ID*1e6; // Forward current for 0.1 V in micro-amperes
+disp(ID,"Forward current for 0.1 V (μA) = ");
+V=0.2; // Voltage in volts
+ID=IS*(%e^(V/(eta*VT))-1); // Forward current for 0.1 V in amperes
+ID=ID*1e3; // Forward current for 0.1 V in miliamperes
+disp(ID,"Forward current for 0.1 V (mA) = ");
+V=0.3; // Voltage in volts
+ID=IS*(%e^(V/(eta*VT))-1); // Forward current for 0.1 V in amperes
+disp(ID,"Forward current for 0.1 V (A) = ");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH2/EX2.4/EX4.sce b/135/CH2/EX2.4/EX4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..198f83e2c --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH2/EX2.4/EX4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example 2.4 (a) Current
+// (b) Current
+// (C) Current
+clc, clear
+IS=10e-6; // Reverse saturation current in amperes
+eta=1; // for Ge
+VT=25e-3; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+VD=-24; // Reverse bias in volts
+ID=IS*(%e^(VD/(eta*VT))-1); // Current in amperes
+ID=ID*1e6; // Current in micro-amperes
+disp(ID,"Current (μA) = ");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+VD=-0.02; // Reverse bias in volts
+ID=IS*(%e^(VD/(eta*VT))-1); // Current in amperes
+ID=ID*1e6; // Current in micro-amperes
+disp(ID,"Current (μA) = ");
+
+disp("Part (c)");
+VD=0.3; // Forward bias in volts
+ID=IS*(%e^(VD/(eta*VT))-1); // Current in amperes
+disp(ID,"Current (A) = ");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH2/EX2.5/EX5.sce b/135/CH2/EX2.5/EX5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..014068f15 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH2/EX2.5/EX5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 2.2: Change in diode voltage
+clc, clear
+T=300; // Operating temperature in kelvins
+VT=T/11600; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+ID1=1; // Let the initial diode current be 1 A
+ID2=10*ID1; // Final diode current
+eta=1; // for Ge
+deltaVD=eta*VT*log(ID2/ID1); // Change in diode voltage in volts
+deltaVD=deltaVD*1e3; // Change in diode voltage in milivolts
+disp(deltaVD,"Change in diode voltage (for Ge) (mV) = ");
+eta=2; // for Si
+deltaVD=eta*VT*log(ID2/ID1); // Change in diode voltage in volts
+deltaVD=deltaVD*1e3; // Change in diode voltage in milivolts
+disp(deltaVD,"Change in diode voltage (for Si) (mV) = ");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH2/EX2.6/EX6.sce b/135/CH2/EX2.6/EX6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2c674eef8 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH2/EX2.6/EX6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 2.6: R
+clc, clear
+// In the circuit given in Fig. 2.7
+V=50e-3; // Output voltage
+VD1=0.7; // Voltage across diode 1 in volts
+I1=10e-3; // Current through diode 1 at 0.7 V in amperes
+VD2=0.8; // Voltage across diode 2 in volts
+I2=100e-3; // Current through diode 2 at 0.8 V in amperes
+eta_VT=(VD2-VD1)/log(I2/I1); // Product of η and VT
+I=10e-3/(%e^(V/eta_VT)+1); // Current through diode 1 in amperes
+R=V/I;
+disp(R,"R (Ω) = ");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH2/EX2.7/EX7.sce b/135/CH2/EX2.7/EX7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ea6ac1f4f --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH2/EX2.7/EX7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 2.7: Current, Diode voltage
+clc, clear
+VDD=5; // Applied voltage in volts
+VD=0.7; // Diode voltage in volts
+I1=1e-3; // Current in amperes at diode voltage = 0.7 V
+R=1000; // R in ohms
+deltaVD=0.1; // Change in diode voltage in volts for every decade change in current
+ratioI=10; // Decade change in current
+eta_VT=deltaVD/log(ratioI); // Product of η and VT
+ID=(VDD-VD)/R; // Diode current in amperes
+VD2=VD+eta_VT*log(ID/I1); // Diode voltage in volts
+ID=ID*1e3; // Diode current in miliamperes
+disp(ID,"Diode current (mA) = ");
+disp(VD2,"Diode voltage (v) = ");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH2/EX2.8/EX8.sce b/135/CH2/EX2.8/EX8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c3338ffcb --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH2/EX2.8/EX8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 2.8: (a) Output voltage
+// (b) Output voltage
+// (c) Output voltage
+clc, clear
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+// Since both the diodes are in OFF state
+Vo=5; // Output voltage in volts
+disp(Vo,"Output voltage (V) = ");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+//Since diode D1 is in OFF state and diode D2 is in ON state
+// From Fig. 2.16(C)
+I=(5-0.6)/(4.7e3+300); // Current flowing through the diode D2 in amperes
+Vo=5-I*4.7e3; // Output voltage in volts
+disp(Vo,"Output voltage (V) = ");
+
+disp("Part (c)");
+// Since both diodes are in ON state
+// Applying KVL in Fig. 2.16(d)
+I=(5-0.6)/(2*4.7e3+300); // Current flowing through diode D1 or diode D2 in amperes
+Vo=5-2*I*4.7e3; // Output voltage in volts
+disp(Vo,"Output voltage (V) = ");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH2/EX2.9/EX9.sce b/135/CH2/EX2.9/EX9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..720dfd87f --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH2/EX2.9/EX9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 2.9 (a) Output voltage, Diode currents
+// (b) Output voltage, Diode currents
+clc, clear
+Vy=0.7; // Cut-in voltage in volts
+// In the Fig. 2.17
+R1=5e3;
+R2=10e3;
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+// Since diode D1 is OFF and diode D2 is ON
+ID2=(5-Vy-(-5))/(R1+R2); // Current through diode D2 in amperes
+Vo=5-ID2*R1; // Output voltage
+ID2=ID2*1e3; // Current through diode D2 in miliamperes
+disp(Vo,"Output voltage (V) =");
+disp(0,"Current through diode D1 =");
+disp(ID2,"Current through diode D2 (mA) =");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+// Since both the diodes are ON
+VA=4-Vy; // In the fig.
+Vo=VA+Vy; // Output voltage
+ID2=(5-Vo)/R1; // Current through diode D2 in amperes
+IR2=(VA-(-5))/R2; // Current through diode R2 in amperes
+ID1=IR2-ID2; // Current through diode D1 in amperes
+ID1=ID1*1e3; // Current through diode D1 in miliamperes
+ID2=ID2*1e3; // Current through diode D2 in miliamperes
+disp(Vo,"Output voltage (V) =");
+disp(ID1,"Current through diode D1 (mA) =");
+disp(ID2,"Current through diode D2 (mA) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.10/EX10.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.10/EX10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..479805441 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.10/EX10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 3.10: Minimum and maximum value of zener diode current
+clc, clear
+// From the Fig. 3.33
+Vsmin=120; // in volts
+Vsmax=170; // in volts
+Vz=50; // in volts
+Rs=5e3; // in ohms
+RLmin=5e3; // in ohms
+RLmax=10e3; // in ohms
+ILmin=Vz/RLmax; // in amperes
+ILmax=Vz/RLmin; // in amperes
+Izmin=((Vsmin-Vz)/Rs)-ILmax; // Minimum value of zener diode current in amperes
+Izmin=Izmin*1e3; // Minimum value of zener diode current in miliamperes
+Izmax=((Vsmax-Vz)/Rs)-ILmin; // Maximum value of zener diode current in amperes
+Izmax=Izmax*1e3; // Maximum value of zener diode current in miliamperes
+disp(Izmin,"Minimum value of zener diode current (mA) =");
+disp(Izmax,"Maximum value of zener diode current (mA) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.11/EX11.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.11/EX11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ae0583ffc --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.11/EX11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 3.11: (a) V
+// (b) Voltage range of V
+clc, clear
+Vz=50; // Zener voltage in volts
+Izmin=1e-3; // in amperes
+Izmax=5e-3; // in amperes
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+ILmin=0;
+Rs=5e3; // in ohms
+V=Vz+Rs*(Izmax+ILmin); // in volts
+disp(V,"V (V) =");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+IL=(50/15)*1e-3; // in amperes
+Vmin=Vz+Rs*(Izmin+IL); // in volts
+Vmax=Vz+Rs*(Izmax+IL); // in volts
+disp(Vmin,"Vmin (V) =");
+disp(Vmax,"Vmax (V) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.12/EX12.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.12/EX12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2c99f8f53 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.12/EX12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +// Example 3.12: Zener diode current, Power dissipation in zener diode and resistor
+clc, clear
+// In the Fig. 3.35
+Vz=6.8; // in volts
+R=100; // in ohms
+
+disp("Normal situation");
+Vs=9; // in volts
+I=(Vs-Vz)/R; // in amperes
+Pzener=I*Vz; // in watts
+Presistor=I^2*R; // in watts
+I=I*1e3; // in miliamperes
+Pzener=Pzener*1e3; // in miliwatts
+Presistor=Presistor*1e3; // in miliwatts
+disp(I,"Zener diode current (mA) =");
+disp(Pzener,"Power dissipation in zener diode (mW) =");
+disp(Presistor,"Power dissipation in resistor (mW) =");
+
+disp("Aberrant situation");
+Vs=15; // in volts
+I=(Vs-Vz)/R; // in amperes
+Pzener=I*Vz; // in watts
+Presistor=I^2*R; // in watts
+I=I*1e3; // in miliamperes
+Pzener=Pzener*1e3; // in miliwatts
+Presistor=Presistor*1e3; // in miliwatts
+disp(I,"Zener diode current (mA) =");
+disp(Pzener,"Power dissipation in zener diode (mW) =");
+disp(Presistor,"Power dissipation in resistor (mW) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.13/EX13.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.13/EX13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..abe23809f --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.13/EX13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 3.13: Range of load current
+clc, clear
+Vz=5; // in volts
+Izmin=50e-3; // in amperes
+Izmax=1; // in amperes
+Vmin=7.5; // in volts
+Vmax=10; // in volts
+Rs=4.75; // in ohms
+ILmin=((Vmax-Vz)/Rs)-Izmax; // in amperes
+ILmin=ILmin*1e3; // in miliamperes
+ILmax=((Vmin-Vz)/Rs)-Izmin; // in amperes
+ILmax=ILmax*1e3; // in miliamperes
+disp(ILmin,"ILmin (mA) =");
+disp(ILmax,"ILmax (mA) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.14/EX14.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.14/EX14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e305bb80d --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.14/EX14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Exmaple 3.14: Load-current range, Series resistance in redesigned circuit
+clc, clear
+// In Fig. 3.37
+Vz=6.8; // in volts
+Izk=0.1e-3; // in amperes
+Vs=10; // in volts
+Rs=1e3; // in ohms
+ILmax=((Vs-Vz)/Rs)-Izk; // in amperes
+ILmax=ILmax*1e3; // in miliamperes
+disp(0,"ILmin =");
+disp(ILmax,"ILmax (mA) =");
+
+disp("Redesigned Part")
+RL=1e3; // in ohms
+Izk=Izk*10; // in amperes
+I=Izk+(Vz/RL); // in amperes
+R=(Vs-Vz)/I; // in ohms
+disp(R,"Series resistance (Ω) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.15/EX15.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.15/EX15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3700cbb13 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.15/EX15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 3.15: (a) Series resistance
+// (b) Power dissipation rating of zener diode
+clc, clear
+// In Fig. 3.38
+Vz=6; // in volts
+ILmin=0;
+ILmax=0.5; // in amperes
+Vmin=8; // in volts
+Vmax=10; // in volts
+Izmin=0;
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+Rs=(Vmin-Vz)/(ILmax+Izmin); // Series resistance in ohms
+disp(Rs,"Series resistance (Ω) =");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+Izmax=((Vmax-Vz)/Rs)-ILmin; // in amperes
+Pzmax=Vz*Izmax; // in watts
+disp(Pzmax,"Power dissipation rating of zener diode (W) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.16/EX16.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.16/EX16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..82ccf9132 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.16/EX16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 3.16: Series resistance R, Maximum zener current
+clc, clear
+// In Fig. 3.39
+Vz=7.2; // in volts
+ILmin=12e-3; // in amperes
+ILmax=100e-3; // in amperes
+Vs=20; // in volts
+Izmin=10e-3; // in amperes
+Rs=(Vs-Vz)/(ILmax+Izmin); // Series resistance in ohms
+disp(Rs,"Series resistance (Ω) =");
+// For ILmin=0
+Izmax=((Vs-Vz)/Rs); // in amperes
+Izmax=Izmax*1e3; // in miliamperes
+disp(Izmax,"Maximum zener current (mA) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.17/EX17.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.17/EX17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e99672835 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.17/EX17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 3.17: (a) R, maximum possible value of load current
+// (b) Range of V
+clc, clear
+Vz=50; // Diode voltage in volts
+Izmin=5e-3; // in amperes
+Izmax=40e-3; // in amperes
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+ILmin=0;
+V=200; // Input voltage in volts
+R=(V-Vz)/(Izmax-ILmin); // in ohms
+ILmax=((V-Vz)/R)-Izmin; // in amperes
+Rk=R*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+ILmax=ILmax*1e3; // in miliamperes
+disp(Rk,"R(kΩ) =");
+disp(ILmax,"Maximum possible value of load current (mA) =");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+IL=25e-3;
+Vmin=Vz+R*(Izmin+IL); // in volts
+Vmax=Vz+R*(Izmax+IL); // in volts
+disp(Vmin,"Minimum value of V (V) =");
+disp(Vmax,"Maximum value of V (V) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.18/EX18.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.18/EX18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d261e5020 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.18/EX18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 3.18: R, ILmax, Power rating of zener diode
+clc, clear
+// In Fig. 3.41
+Vz=6; // in volts
+V=22; // in volts
+Izmin=10e-3; // in amperes
+Izmax=40e-3; // in amperes
+ILmin=0;
+R=(V-Vz)/(Izmax-ILmin); // in ohms
+ILmax=((V-Vz)/R)-Izmin; // in amperes
+P=Izmax*Vz; // Power rating of zener diode in watts
+ILmax=ILmax*1e3; // in miliamperes
+P=P*1e3; // Power rating of zener diode in mili-watts
+disp(R,"R(Ω) =");
+disp(ILmax,"ILmax (mA) =");
+disp(P,"Power rating of zener diode (mW) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.19/EX19.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.19/EX19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..925f5de62 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.19/EX19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Example 3.19: (a) VL,IL,Iz,IR
+// (b) RL for maximum power dissipation for zener diode
+// (c) Maximum value of RL for zener diode to remain ON
+clc, clear
+// From Fig. 3.42
+Vs=25; // in volts
+Rs=220; // in ohms
+Vz=10; // in volts
+Pzmax=400; // in mili-watts
+Izmax=Pzmax/Vz; // in miliamperes
+Izmin=Izmax*10/100; // in miliamperes
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+RL=180; // in ohms
+VL=Vz; // in volts
+IL=Vz/RL; // in amperes
+IL=IL*1e3; // in miliamperes
+IR=(Vs-Vz)/Rs; // in amperes
+IR=IR*1e3; // in miliamperes
+Iz=IR-IL; // in miliamperes
+disp(VL,"VL (V) =");
+disp(IL,"IL (mA) =");
+disp(Iz,"Iz (mA) =");
+disp(IR,"IR (mA) =");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+RL=Vz*1e3/(IR-Izmax); // in ohms
+disp(RL,"RL for maximum power dissipation for zener diode (Ω) =");
+
+disp("Part (c)");
+RL=Vz*1e3/(IR-Izmin); // in ohms
+disp(RL,"Maximum value of RL for zener diode to remain ON (Ω) =");
+disp("If Izmin=0");
+RL=Vz*1e3/IR; // in ohms
+disp(RL,"Maximum value of RL for zener diode to remain ON (Ω) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.20/EX20.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.20/EX20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ec21383ab --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.20/EX20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Example 3.20: Range and average watage of Rs
+clc, clear
+// From Fig. 3.43
+Vsmin=20; // in volts
+Vsmax=30; // in volts
+RLmin=1; // in ohms
+RLmax=10; // in ohms
+Izmin=10e-3; // in amperes
+Pzmax=50; // in watts
+Vz=10; // in volts
+ILmin=Vz/RLmax; // in amperes
+ILmax=Vz/RLmin; // in amperes
+Izmax=Pzmax/Vz; // in amperes
+Rs1=(Vsmin-Vz)/(ILmax+Izmin); // in ohms
+Rs2=(Vsmax-Vz)/(ILmin+Izmax); // in ohms
+disp(Rs1,"Rs <= ");
+disp(Rs2,"Rs >= ");
+disp("To meet the load current variation from 1 A to 10 A a zener of specification Izmin = 0.01 A to Izmax = 5 A cannot meet the requirement for any value of Rs")
+// Let
+RLmin=1e3; // in ohms
+RLmax=10e3; // in ohms
+ILmin=Vz/RLmax; // in amperes
+ILmax=Vz/RLmin; // in amperes
+Rsmin=(Vsmax-Vz)/(ILmin+Izmax); // in ohms
+Rsmax=(Vsmin-Vz)/(ILmax+Izmin); // in ohms
+disp(Rsmin,"Minimum value of Rs (Ω) =");
+disp(Rsmax,"Maximum value of Rs (Ω) =");
+Rs=4; // in ohms
+W=Rs*(ILmax+Izmax)^2; // in watts
+disp(W,"Average wattage of Rs (W) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.21.a/3_21_a_1.JPG b/135/CH3/EX3.21.a/3_21_a_1.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..edd8cc232 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.21.a/3_21_a_1.JPG diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.21.a/3_21_a_2.JPG b/135/CH3/EX3.21.a/3_21_a_2.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..1c9002d81 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.21.a/3_21_a_2.JPG diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.21.a/EX21.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.21.a/EX21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c12f580ba --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.21.a/EX21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// Example 3.21: (a) Transfer characteristics and output
+// (b) Transfer characteristics and output
+clc, clear
+Vy=0.6; // in volts
+Rf=100; // in ohms
+t=[-40:0.001:40];
+vin=40*sin(2*%pi*t/80); // Input voltage in volts
+
+// Part (a)
+// From Fig. 3.49(a)
+// Sketching of transfer characteristics
+for i=1:length(vin)
+ if vin(i)<5.6 then
+ vo(i)=vin(i); // in volts
+ else
+ ID=(vin(i)-5.6)/(4.9e3+Rf); // in amperes
+ vo(i)=vin(i)-ID*4.9e3; // in volts
+ end
+end
+plot(vin,vo);
+xtitle("Part (a) - Transfer characteristics","vin","vo");
+// Sketching of output
+scf(1);
+plot(t,vin,"--");
+plot(t,vo);
+xtitle("Part (a) - Output voltage and input voltage","ωt","vo,vin");
+legend("vin","vo");
+
+// Part (b)
+// From Fig. 3.49(b)
+// Sketching of transfer characteristics
+for i=1:length(vin)
+ if vin(i)>-0.6 then
+ vo(i)=vin(i); // in volts
+ else
+ ID=(vin(i)+0.6)/(9.9e3+Rf); // in amperes
+ vo(i)=vin(i)-ID*9.9e3; // in volts
+ end
+end
+scf(2);
+plot(vin,vo);
+xtitle("Part (b) - Transfer characteristics","vin","vo");
+// Sketching of output
+scf(3);
+plot(t,vin,"--");
+plot(t,vo);
+xtitle("Part (b) - Output voltage and input voltage","ωt","vo,vin");
+legend("vin","vo");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.21.b/3_21_b_1.JPG b/135/CH3/EX3.21.b/3_21_b_1.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..7d47d2466 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.21.b/3_21_b_1.JPG diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.21.b/3_21_b_2.JPG b/135/CH3/EX3.21.b/3_21_b_2.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..c6503d160 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.21.b/3_21_b_2.JPG diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.21.b/EX21.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.21.b/EX21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c12f580ba --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.21.b/EX21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +// Example 3.21: (a) Transfer characteristics and output
+// (b) Transfer characteristics and output
+clc, clear
+Vy=0.6; // in volts
+Rf=100; // in ohms
+t=[-40:0.001:40];
+vin=40*sin(2*%pi*t/80); // Input voltage in volts
+
+// Part (a)
+// From Fig. 3.49(a)
+// Sketching of transfer characteristics
+for i=1:length(vin)
+ if vin(i)<5.6 then
+ vo(i)=vin(i); // in volts
+ else
+ ID=(vin(i)-5.6)/(4.9e3+Rf); // in amperes
+ vo(i)=vin(i)-ID*4.9e3; // in volts
+ end
+end
+plot(vin,vo);
+xtitle("Part (a) - Transfer characteristics","vin","vo");
+// Sketching of output
+scf(1);
+plot(t,vin,"--");
+plot(t,vo);
+xtitle("Part (a) - Output voltage and input voltage","ωt","vo,vin");
+legend("vin","vo");
+
+// Part (b)
+// From Fig. 3.49(b)
+// Sketching of transfer characteristics
+for i=1:length(vin)
+ if vin(i)>-0.6 then
+ vo(i)=vin(i); // in volts
+ else
+ ID=(vin(i)+0.6)/(9.9e3+Rf); // in amperes
+ vo(i)=vin(i)-ID*9.9e3; // in volts
+ end
+end
+scf(2);
+plot(vin,vo);
+xtitle("Part (b) - Transfer characteristics","vin","vo");
+// Sketching of output
+scf(3);
+plot(t,vin,"--");
+plot(t,vo);
+xtitle("Part (b) - Output voltage and input voltage","ωt","vo,vin");
+legend("vin","vo");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.22/3_22_a.JPG b/135/CH3/EX3.22/3_22_a.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..8f0e6e3cd --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.22/3_22_a.JPG diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.22/3_22_b.JPG b/135/CH3/EX3.22/3_22_b.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..5b861a300 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.22/3_22_b.JPG diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.22/EX22.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.22/EX22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2082ba6ef --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.22/EX22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +// Example 3.22: (a) Transfer characteristics
+// (b) Transfer characteristics
+clc, clear
+t=[0:0.1:20]; // in mili-seconds
+vin=30*t/10; // Input voltage in volts
+// From Fig. 3.52(b)
+
+// Part {a}
+// Sketching of transfer characteristics
+for i=1:length(vin)
+ if vin(i)>25 then
+ vo(i)=5; // in volts
+ else
+ IL=vin(i)/(200+50); // in amperes
+ vo(i)=IL*50; // in volts
+ end
+end
+plot2d(vin,vo,rect=[0,0,60,6]);
+xtitle("Part (a) - Transfer characteristics","vin","vo");
+
+// Part (b)
+// Sketching of transfer characteristics
+Vy=0.5; // in volts
+Rf=40; // in ohms
+VA=5+0.5; // in volts
+for i=1:length(vin)
+ if vin(i)<27.5 then
+ IL=vin(i)/(200+50); // in amperes
+ vo(i)=IL*50; // in volts
+ else
+ IL=(vin(i)+27.5)/500; // in amperes
+ vo(i)=IL*50; // in volts
+ end
+end
+scf(1);
+plot2d(vin,vo);
+xtitle("Part (b) - Transfer characteristics","vin","vo");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.23/3_23_1.JPG b/135/CH3/EX3.23/3_23_1.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..3d201cc21 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.23/3_23_1.JPG diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.23/3_23_2.JPG b/135/CH3/EX3.23/3_23_2.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..b486950c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.23/3_23_2.JPG diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.23/EX23.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.23/EX23.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..15ea763c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.23/EX23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 3.23: Output voltage and transfer characteristic curve
+clc, clear
+t=[-6:0.001:6];
+vin=6*sin(2*%pi*t/12); // Input voltage in volts
+// Sketching of output voltage
+for i=1:length(vin)
+ if vin(i)>=2 then
+ // From Fig. 3.54(b), D1 ON and D2 OFF
+ I1=(vin(i)-2)/(10e3+10e3); // in amperes
+ vo(i)=vin(i)-I1*10e3; // in volts
+ elseif vin(i)>=-4 then
+ // both D1 and D2 OFF
+ vo(i)=vin(i);
+ else
+ // From Fig. 3.54(c), D1 OFF and D2 ON
+ vo(i)=-4; // in volts
+ end
+end
+plot(t,vin,"--");
+plot(t,vo);
+xtitle("Output voltage and input voltage","ωt","vo,vin");
+legend("vin","vo");
+// Sketching of transfer characteristic curve
+scf(1);
+plot2d(vin,vo,rect=[-6,-6,6,6]);
+xtitle("Transfer characteristic curve","vin","vo");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.24/3_24.JPG b/135/CH3/EX3.24/3_24.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..64af07c70 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.24/3_24.JPG diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.24/EX24.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.24/EX24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e6cc9bdd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.24/EX24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 3.24: Voltage transfer characteristics
+clc, clear
+vin=[-2.5:2.5]; // Input voltage in volts
+// Obtaining thevnin's equivalent circuit on LHS of XX'
+V_th=vin*7.5e3/(7.5e3+15e3); // in volts
+R_th=15e3*7.5e3/(15e3+7.5e3); // in ohms
+// Sketching of voltage transfer characteristics
+// From thevnin's equivalent circuit in Fig. 3.55(b)
+for i=1:length(vin)
+ if vin(i)>1.8 then
+ I1=(V_th(i)-0.6)/(5e3+R_th); // in amperes
+ vo(i)=I1*5e3; // in volts
+ elseif vin(i)>-1.8 then
+ vo(i)=0;
+ else
+ I2=(V_th(i)+0.6)/(4e3+R_th); // in amperes
+ vo(i)=I2*5e3; // in volts
+ end
+end
+plot(vin,vo);
+xtitle("Voltage transfer characteristics","vin","vo");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.25/3_25_1.JPG b/135/CH3/EX3.25/3_25_1.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..12340e130 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.25/3_25_1.JPG diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.25/3_25_2.JPG b/135/CH3/EX3.25/3_25_2.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..99218e297 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.25/3_25_2.JPG diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.25/EX25.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.25/EX25.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2284531b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.25/EX25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 3.25: (a) Output voltage waveform
+// (b) Transfer curve
+clc, clear
+t=[0:0.001:12];
+vin=15*sin(2*%pi*t/12); // Input voltage in volts
+// From Fig. 3.56(a)
+// Sketching of output voltage waveform
+for i=1:length(vin)
+ if vin(i)<16/3 then
+ // D1 OFF and D2 ON
+ I2=(10-3)/(20e3+10e3); // in amperes
+ vo(i)=10-I2*20e3; // in volts
+ elseif vin(i)<=10 then
+ // both D1 and D2 ON
+ vo(i)=vin(i);
+ else
+ // D1 ON and D2 OFF
+ vo(i)=10; // in volts
+ end
+end
+plot(t,vin,"--");
+plot(t,vo);
+xtitle("Output voltage and input voltage","ωt","vo,vin");
+legend("vin","vo");
+// Sketching of transfer curve
+scf(1);
+plot2d(vin,vo,rect=[0,0,15,12]);
+xtitle("Transfer characteristic curve","vin","vo");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.26/3_26_1.JPG b/135/CH3/EX3.26/3_26_1.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..2c0c2ed0d --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.26/3_26_1.JPG diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.26/3_26_2.JPG b/135/CH3/EX3.26/3_26_2.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..b905b15a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.26/3_26_2.JPG diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.26/EX26.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.26/EX26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..403791c99 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.26/EX26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 3.26: Transfer characteristics and output and input voltage
+clc, clear
+T=60; // Let T = 60 seconds
+t=[0:T];
+vin=120*t/T; // Input voltage in volts
+// From Fig. 3.57(a)
+// Sketching of transfer characteristics
+for i=1:length(vin)
+ if vin(i)<=15 then
+ // Both D1 and D2 OFF
+ vo(i)=15; // in volts
+ elseif vin(i)<=105 then
+ // D1 OFF and D2 ON
+ I2=(vin(i)-15)/(100e3+200e3); // in amperes
+ vo(i)=vin(i)-I2*100e3; // in volts
+ else
+ // Both D1 and D2 ON
+ vo(i)=75; // in volts
+ end
+end
+plot(vin,vo);
+xtitle("Transfer characteristics","vin","vo");
+// Sketching of output
+scf(1);
+plot(t,vin,"--");
+plot(t,vo);
+xtitle("Output voltage and input voltage","ωt","vo,vin");
+legend("vin","vo");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.27/3_27.JPG b/135/CH3/EX3.27/3_27.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..52de5af88 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.27/3_27.JPG diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.27/EX27.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.27/EX27.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a104c5809 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.27/EX27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 3.27: vo vs vin
+clc, clear
+vin=[0:50]; // Input voltage in volts
+// Sketching of vo vs vin
+for i=1:length(vin)
+ if vin(i)<3 then
+ // From Fig. 3.58(b), D1 ON, D2 and D3 OFF
+ I1=6/(5e3+5e3); // in amperes
+ vo(i)=I1*5e3; // in volts
+ elseif vin(i)<9 then
+ // From Fig. 3.58(c), D1 and D3 ON, D2 OFF
+ // Applying Kirchoff's laws
+ vo(i)=0.5*vin(i)+1.5; // in volts
+ elseif vin(i)<30 then
+ // From Fig. 3.58(d), D3 ON, D1 and D2 OFF
+ I3=vin(i)/(2.5e3+5e3); // in amperes
+ vo(i)=I3*5e3; // in volts
+ else
+ // From Fig. 3.58(e), D2 and D3 ON, D1 OFF
+ // Applying Kirchoff's laws
+ vo(i)=4*vin(i)/7+20/7; // in volts
+ end
+end
+plot(vin,vo);
+xtitle("Voltage transfer characteristics","vin","vo");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.28/3_28.JPG b/135/CH3/EX3.28/3_28.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..f4c3e63e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.28/3_28.JPG diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.28/EX28.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.28/EX28.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8be0749e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.28/EX28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 3.28: Output voltage
+clc, clear
+t=[0:5]; // in seconds
+vs=10*t/5; // Input voltage in volts
+// Output voltage
+for i=1:length(vs)
+ if vs(i)<6 then
+ // Diode is OFF
+ vo(i)=6; // in volts
+ else
+ // From Fig. 3.65(c), Diode is ON
+ I=(vs(i)-6)/(200+200); // in amperes
+ vo(i)=6+I*200; // in volts
+ end
+end
+plot2d(t,vo,rect=[0,0,5,8]);
+xtitle("Output voltage","t,ms","vo(t)");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.29/3_29.JPG b/135/CH3/EX3.29/3_29.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..4c6734a71 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.29/3_29.JPG diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.29/EX29.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.29/EX29.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..27f8e6bd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.29/EX29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 3.29: Output voltage
+clc, clear
+Vy=0.5; // in volts
+Rf=50; // in ohms
+t=[0:5]; // in seconds
+vs=10*t/5; // Input voltage in volts
+// Output voltage
+for i=1:length(vs)
+ if vs(i)<6.5 then
+ // Diode is OFF
+ vo(i)=6; // in volts
+ else
+ // From Fig. 3.66(a), Diode is ON
+ I=(vs(i)-6.5)/(200+Rf+200); // in amperes
+ vo(i)=6+I*200; // in volts
+ end
+end
+plot2d(t,vo,rect=[0,0,5,8]);
+xtitle("Output voltage","t,ms","vo(t)");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.30/3_30_a.JPG b/135/CH3/EX3.30/3_30_a.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..3a0276773 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.30/3_30_a.JPG diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.30/3_30_b.JPG b/135/CH3/EX3.30/3_30_b.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..1f6180bc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.30/3_30_b.JPG diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.30/EX30.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.30/EX30.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5851e6a0f --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.30/EX30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 3.30: (a) Output waveform
+// (b) Output waveform
+clc, clear
+t=[0:0.001:12];
+vin=15*sin(2*%pi*t/12); // Input voltage in volts
+
+// Part (a), From Fig. 3.67(a)
+vo=vin-15; // in volts
+plot(t,vo);
+xtitle("Part (a) - Output voltage","t","vo");
+
+// Part(b), From Fig. 3.67(b)
+vo=vin-10; // in volts
+scf(1);
+plot(t,vo);
+xtitle("Part (b) - Output voltage","t","vo");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.31/3_31.JPG b/135/CH3/EX3.31/3_31.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..1bc99ed35 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.31/3_31.JPG diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.31/EX31.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.31/EX31.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d56637e56 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.31/EX31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +// Example 3.31: Output voltage
+clc, clear
+t=[0:0.1:9*%pi];
+vin=15*squarewave(t)-5; // Input wave in volts
+vo=vin+25; // in volts
+plot2d(t,vo,rect=[0,0,9*%pi,40]);
+xtitle("Output voltage","t","vo");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.32/3_32.JPG b/135/CH3/EX3.32/3_32.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..1af4a9e51 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.32/3_32.JPG diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.32/EX32.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.32/EX32.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..126643a26 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.32/EX32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 3.32: Output voltage
+clc, clear
+t1=[0:20];
+vin1=t1;
+t2=[20:60];
+vin2=40-t2;
+t3=[60:80];
+vin3=-80+t3;
+t=[t1 t2 t3];
+vin=[vin1 vin2 vin3]; // Input wave in volts
+vo=vin+25; // in volts
+plot(t,vo);
+xtitle("Output voltage","t","vo");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.33/3_33.JPG b/135/CH3/EX3.33/3_33.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..f9425d904 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.33/3_33.JPG diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.33/EX33.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.33/EX33.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..70560a316 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.33/EX33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +// Example 3.33: vo
+clc, clear
+t=[0:0.001:12];
+vin=10*sin(2*%pi*t/4); // Input voltage in volts
+// From Fig. 3.73
+vint=vin+5;
+for i=1:length(vint)
+ if vint(i)>0 then
+ // Diode is OFF
+ vo(i)=vint(i); // in volts
+ else
+ break;
+ end
+end
+for i=i:length(vint)
+ if vint(i)==-5 then
+ break;
+ else
+ // Diode is ON
+ vo(i)=0;
+ end
+end
+for i=i:length(vint)
+ // Capacitor is charged to 5 V
+ vo(i)=vint(i)+5; // in volts
+end
+plot2d(t,vo,rect=[0,-5,12,25]);
+xtitle("Output voltage","t","vo");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.4/EX4.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.4/EX4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f5555db2b --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.4/EX4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Example 3.4: (a) DC load current
+// (b) DC power in load
+// (c) Rectification efficiency
+// (d) Percentage regulation
+// (e) PIV of each diode
+clc, clear
+Vrms=40; // Input in volts
+Rf=1; // Forward conduction resistance of diodes in ohms
+RL=29; // Load resistance in ohms
+Vmax=Vrms*sqrt(2); // in volts
+Imax=Vmax/(Rf+RL); // in amperes
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+Idc=2*Imax/%pi; // DC load current in amperes
+disp(Idc,"DC load current (A) =");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+Pdc=Idc^2*RL; // DC power in load in watts
+disp(Pdc,"DC power in load (W) =");
+
+disp("Part (c)");
+Pac=Vrms^2/(Rf+RL); // AC power in load
+eta=Pdc/Pac; // Rectification efficiency
+disp(eta,"Rectification efficiency =");
+
+disp("Part (d)");
+reg=Rf*100/RL; // Percentage regulation
+disp(reg,"Percentage regulation (%) =");
+
+disp("Part (e)");
+PIV=2*Vmax; // in volts
+disp(PIV,"PIV for each diode (V) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.5/EX5.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.5/EX5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..064fdb2f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.5/EX5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 3.5: (a) DC voltage at load
+// (b) PIV rating of each diode
+// (c) Maximum current through each diode
+// (d) Required power rating
+clc, clear
+Vrms=120; // Input voltage in volts
+RL=1e3; // Load resistance in ohms
+Vy=0.7; // Cut-in voltage in volts
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+Vmax=Vrms*sqrt(2); // in volts
+Imax=(Vmax-2*Vy)/RL; // in amperes
+Idc=2*Imax/%pi; // in amperes
+Vdc=Idc*RL; // in volts
+disp(Vdc,"DC voltage at load (V) =");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+disp(Vmax,"PIV rating of each diode (V) =");
+
+disp("Part (c)");
+Imax=Imax*1e3; // in miliamperes
+disp(Imax,"Maximum current through each diode (mA) =");
+
+disp("Part (d)");
+Pmax=Vy*Imax; // Required power rating in mili-watts
+disp(Pmax,"Required power rating (mW) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.6/EX6.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.6/EX6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..76dd8daef --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.6/EX6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 3.6: (a) Peak value of current
+// (b) DC value of current
+// (c) Ripple factor
+// (d) Rectification efficiency
+clc, clear
+// From the Fig. 2.16
+RL=1e3; // Load resistance in ohms
+rd=10; // Forward bias dynamic resistance of diodes in ohms
+Vmax=220; // Amplitude of input voltage in volts
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+Imax=Vmax/(rd+RL); // Peak value of current in amperes
+disp(Imax,"Peak value of current (A) =");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+Idc=2*Imax/%pi; // DC value of current in amperes
+disp(Idc,"DC value of current (A) =");
+
+disp("Part (C)");
+ripl=sqrt((Imax/(Idc*sqrt(2)))^2-1);
+disp(ripl,"Ripple factor =");
+
+disp("Part (d)");
+eta=8/(%pi^2*(1+(rd/RL))); // Rectification efficiency
+disp(eta,"Rectification efficiency =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.7/EX7.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.7/EX7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d8c1b0b45 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.7/EX7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +// Example 3.7: Full scale reading
+clc, clear
+Idc=1e-3; // in amperes
+Rf=10; // in ohms
+RL=5e3; // in ohms
+Vrms=Idc*(RL+Rf)*%pi/(2*sqrt(2)); // Full-scale deflection in volts
+disp(Vrms,"Full-scale deflection (V) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH3/EX3.8/EX8.sce b/135/CH3/EX3.8/EX8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a957ff435 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH3/EX3.8/EX8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +// Example 3.8: Full-scale reading
+clc, clear
+Idc=5e-3; // in amperes
+Rf=40; // in ohms
+RL=20e3; // in ohms
+Vrms=Idc*(RL+Rf)*%pi/(2*sqrt(2)); // Full-scale deflection in volts
+disp(Vrms,"Full-scale deflection (V) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH4/EX4.1/EX1.sce b/135/CH4/EX4.1/EX1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e0301e4f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH4/EX4.1/EX1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 4.1: New value of Ic
+clc, clear
+VA=100; // Early voltage in volts
+VCE_old=1; // in volts
+Ic_old=1e-3; // in amperes
+VCE_new=11; // in volts
+ro=VA/Ic_old; // Output resistance in ohms
+Ic_new=(VCE_new-VCE_old+Ic_old*ro)/ro; // in amperes
+Ic_new=Ic_new*1e3; // in miliamperes
+disp(Ic_new,"New value of Ic (mA) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH4/EX4.2/EX2.sce b/135/CH4/EX4.2/EX2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7152d6535 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH4/EX4.2/EX2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example 4.2: Region of operation, All the node voltages and currents
+clc, clear
+betaf=100; // Current gain
+disp("Let us assume that the transistor is in active region.");
+VBE_active=0.7; // in volts
+// From the equivalent circuit in Fig. 4.18(b)
+VCC=10; // in volts
+VBB=4; // in volts
+RE=3.3e3; // in ohms
+RC=5e3; // in ohms
+VE=VBB-VBE_active; // in volts
+// Writing KVL for base emitter loop and putting Ic= βF*Ib
+IB=VE/((1+betaf)*RE); // in amperes
+IB=IB*1e3; // in miliamperes
+IC=betaf*IB; // in miliamperes
+IE=IB+IC; // in miliamperes
+VC=VCC-IC*RC*1e-3; // in volts
+disp(VC,"VC (V) =");
+disp(VE,"VE (V) =");
+disp(VBB,"VB (V) =");
+disp(IC,"IC (mA) =");
+disp(IE,"IE (mA) =");
+disp(IB,"IB (mA) =");
+disp("Since the base is at 4 V and the collector is at 5.05 V, so the collector junction is reverse biased by 1.05 V. The transistor is indeed in forward active region as assumed.")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH4/EX4.3/EX3.sce b/135/CH4/EX4.3/EX3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d363d25d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH4/EX4.3/EX3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 4.3: Region of operation, Node currents and voltages
+clc, clear
+betaf=100; // Current gain
+disp("Let us assume that the transistor is in active region.");
+VBE_active=0.7; // in volts
+// From Fig. 4.19
+VCC=10; // in volts
+VBB=5; // in volts
+RB=100e3; // in ohms
+RE=2e3; // in ohms
+RC=2e3; // in ohms
+// Writing KVL to the base circuit and putting Ic= βF*Ib
+IB=(VBB-VBE_active)/(RB+(1+betaf)*RE); // in amperes
+IB=IB*1e3; // in miliamperes
+IC=betaf*IB; // in miliamperes
+IE=IB+IC; // in miliamperes
+VB=VBB-IB*RB*1e-3; // in volts
+VE=IE*RE*1e-3; // in volts
+VC=VCC-IC*RC*1e-3; // in volts
+disp(VC,"VC (V) =");
+disp(VE,"VE (V) =");
+disp(VB,"VB (V) =");
+disp(IC,"IC (mA) =");
+disp(IE,"IE (mA) =");
+disp(IB,"IB (mA) =");
+disp("Since base voltage VB is 3.6 V and collector is at 7.2 V, so collector-base junction is reverse biased by 3.6 V. Thus our assumption that the transistor is in active region is valid.")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH4/EX4.4/EX4.sce b/135/CH4/EX4.4/EX4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..14d762203 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH4/EX4.4/EX4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 4.4: Region of operation
+clc, clear
+betaf=100; // Current gain
+disp("Let us assume that the transistor is in saturation region.");
+VBE_sat=0.8; // in volts
+VCE_sat=0.2; // in volts
+// From Fig. 4.21
+VCC=10; // in volts
+VBB=5; // in volts
+RB=50e3; // in ohms
+RC=2e3; // in ohms
+// From the base loop
+IB=(VBB-VBE_sat)/RB; // in amperes
+IB=IB*1e3; // in miliamperes
+IC_sat=(VCC-VCE_sat)/RC; // in amperes
+IC_sat=IC_sat*1e3; // in miliamperes
+IB_min=IC_sat/betaf; // in miliamperes
+disp(IB_min,"Minimum IB required to saturate the transistor (mA) =");
+disp(IB,"IB in the circuit (mA) =");
+disp("Since IB in the circuit is calculated as 0.084 mA, so it is greater than IB,min. Thus the transistor is indeed in saturation mode.")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH4/EX4.5/EX5.sce b/135/CH4/EX4.5/EX5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..45b6f5a2e --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH4/EX4.5/EX5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 4.5: Value of RB so as to drive the transistor into saturation
+clc, clear
+bta=50; // Current gain
+VBE_sat=0.8; // in volts
+VCE_sat=0.2; // in volts
+// From Fig. 4.22
+VCC=10; // in volts
+VBB=5; // in volts
+RC=1e3; // in ohms
+IC_sat=(VCC-VCE_sat)/RC; // in amperes
+IB_min=IC_sat/bta; // Minimum base current in amperes to saturate the transistor
+// Then base current can be taken as
+IB=10*IB_min; // in amperes
+RB=(VBB-VBE_sat)/IB; // in ohms
+RB=RB*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(RB,"Value of RB so as to drive the transistor into saturation (kΩ) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH4/EX4.6/EX6.sce b/135/CH4/EX4.6/EX6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1b20d9c76 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH4/EX4.6/EX6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example 4.6: Vo1, Vo2
+clc, clear
+betaf=100; // Current gain
+disp("Let us assume that the transistor is in active region.");
+VBE_active=-0.7; // in volts
+// From Fig. 4.23
+VCC=-10; // in volts
+VEE=10; // in volts
+VBB=2.5; // in volts
+RE=6.8e3; // in ohms
+RB=100e3; // in ohms
+RC=10e3; // in ohms
+// Writing KVL for base-emitter circuit and putting Ic= βF*Ib
+IB=(VEE-VBB+VBE_active)/(RB+(1+betaf)*RE); // in amperes
+
+IC=betaf*IB; // in amperes
+IE=IB+IC; // in amperes
+Vo1=VCC+IC*RC; // in volts
+Vo2=VEE-IE*RE; // in volts
+VB=VBB+IB*RB; // in volts
+disp(Vo1,"Vo1 (V) =");
+disp(Vo2,"Vo2 (V) =");
+disp(VB,"Voltage at base (V) =")
+disp("As base voltage, VB is 3.36 V and voltage at collector is -1.4 V, collector base junction is reverse biased. Thus the transistor is indeed in active region as assumed.")
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH4/EX4.7/EX7.sce b/135/CH4/EX4.7/EX7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ccdaa3a75 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH4/EX4.7/EX7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Example 4.7: Value of RC to obtain VC = +5 V
+clc, clear
+betaf=50; // Current gain
+disp("Let us assume that the transistor is in active region.");
+disp("When current gain = 50")
+VBE_active=-0.7; // in volts
+// From Fig. 4.24
+VC=5; // in volts
+VEE=10; // in volts
+RB=100e3; // in ohms
+// Writing KVL for base circuit and putting Ic= βF*Ib
+IB=(VEE+VBE_active)/RB; // in amperes
+IC=IB*betaf; // in amperes
+RC=VC/IC; // in ohms
+RC=RC*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(RC,"Value of RC to obtain VC = +5 V (kΩ) =");
+disp("When current gain = 100");
+IC=IB*100; // in amperes
+VC=IC*RC*1e3; // in volts
+disp(VC,"Collector voltage (V) =");
+disp("Since collector voltage is greater than the base voltage, the transistor goes into saturation as collector junction gets forward biased.");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH4/EX4.8/EX8.sce b/135/CH4/EX4.8/EX8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5737ff3e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH4/EX4.8/EX8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Example 4.8: :Labelled voltages and currents
+clc, clear
+betaf=100; // Current gain
+disp("Let us assume that the transistor is in active region.");
+VBE_active=-0.7; // in volts
+// From Fig. 4.25(a)
+VCC=-10; // in volts
+VEE=10; // in volts
+RE=6.8e3; // in ohms
+RC=10e3; // in ohms
+R1=300e3; // in ohms
+R2=180e3; // in ohms
+// Applying Thevnin's theorem at point B
+R_th=R1*R2/(R1+R2); // in ohms
+V_th=VEE-(R2*(VEE-VCC)/(R1+R2)); // in volts
+// From the Thevnin equivalent circuit in Fig. 4.25(b)
+// Writing KVL for base-emitter circuit and putting Ic= βF*Ib
+IB=(VEE-V_th+VBE_active)/(R_th+(1+betaf)*RE); // in amperes
+IB=IB*1e3; // in miliamperes
+IC=betaf*IB; // in miliamperes
+IE=IB+IC; // in miliamperes
+VC=VCC+IC*RC*1e-3; // in volts
+VE=VEE-IE*RE*1e-3; // in volts
+VB=V_th+IB*R_th*1e-3; // in volts
+I1=(VEE-VB)/R2; // in amperes
+I1=I1*1e3; // in miliamperes
+I2=I1+IB; // in miliamperes
+disp(IC,"IC (mA) =");
+disp(IE,"IE (mA) =");
+disp(IB,"IB (mA) =");
+disp(I1,"I1 (mA) =");
+disp(I2,"I2 (mA) =");
+disp(VC,"VC (V) =");
+disp(VE,"VE (V) =");
+disp(VB,"VB (V) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH5/EX5.1/EX1.sce b/135/CH5/EX5.1/EX1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..eb43cead9 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH5/EX5.1/EX1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Example 5.1: RB, RC
+clc, clear
+IB=40e-6; // in amperes
+VCE=6; // in volts
+VCC=12; // in volts
+betaf=80;
+VBE=0.7; // in volts
+RB=(VCC-VBE)/IB; // in ohms
+RC=(VCC-VCE)/(betaf*IB); // in ohms
+RB=RB*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+RC=RC*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(RB,"RB (kΩ) =");
+disp(RC,"RC (kΩ) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH5/EX5.10/EX10.sce b/135/CH5/EX5.10/EX10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..47532ea14 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH5/EX5.10/EX10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 5.10: (i) S(ICO) for RB/RE=10 and change in IC
+// (ii) S(VBE) for RB = 240 kΩ, RE = 1 kΩ and change in IC
+clc, clear
+bta=100;
+
+disp("Part (i)");
+RB_RE=10; // RB/RE
+S_ICO=(1+bta)*(1+RB_RE)/(1+bta+RB_RE);
+// From Table 5.1
+del_ICO=(20-0.1)*1e-9; // in amperes
+del_IC=S_ICO*del_ICO; // in amperes
+del_IC=del_IC*1e6; // in micro-amperes
+disp(S_ICO,"S(ICO) for RB/RE=10");
+disp(del_IC,"Change in IC (μA) =");
+
+disp("Part (ii)");
+RB=240e3; // in kilo-ohms
+RE=1e3; // in kilo-ohms
+S_VBE=-bta/(RB+(1+bta)*RE);
+// From Table 5.1
+del_VBE=0.48-0.65; // in volts
+del_IC=S_VBE*del_VBE; // in amperes
+del_IC=del_IC*1e6; // in micro-amperes
+disp(S_VBE,"S(VBE) for (RB = 240 kΩ, RE = 1 kΩ) =");
+disp(del_IC,"Change in IC (μA) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH5/EX5.11/EX11.sce b/135/CH5/EX5.11/EX11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..afe713711 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH5/EX5.11/EX11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 5.11: S(β), IC at 100°C
+clc, clear
+IC=2e-3; // at 25°C in amperes
+// From Table 5.1
+bta1=50; // at 25°C
+bta2=80; // at 100°C
+RB_RE=10; // RB/RE
+S=IC*(1+RB_RE)/(bta1*(1+bta2+RB_RE));
+del_bta=bta2-bta1;
+del_IC=S*del_bta; // in amperes
+IC=IC+del_IC; // at 100°C in amperes
+IC=IC*1e3; // at 100°C in mili-amperes
+disp(S,"S(β) =");
+disp(IC,"IC at 100°C (mA) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH5/EX5.12/EX12.sce b/135/CH5/EX5.12/EX12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0a73faece --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH5/EX5.12/EX12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example 5.12: Variation of IC over the temperature range -65°C to 175°C
+clc, clear
+RB_RE=2; // RB/RE
+RE=4.7e3; // in ohms
+IC=2e-3; // at 25°C in amperes
+// From Table 5.1
+bta=50; // at 25°C
+S_ICO=(1+bta)*(1+RB_RE)/(1+bta+RB_RE);
+S_VBE=-bta/(RE*(1+bta+RB_RE));
+// From Table 5.1
+bta1=20; // at -65°C
+bta2=120; // at 175°C
+S_bta1=IC*(1+RB_RE)/(bta*(1+bta1+RB_RE)); // For 25°C to -65°C
+S_bta2=IC*(1+RB_RE)/(bta*(1+bta2+RB_RE)); // For 25°C to 175°C
+// From Table 5.1
+
+// For 25°C to -65°C
+del_ICO=(0.2e-3-0.1)*1e-9; // in amperes
+del_VBE=0.85-0.65; // in volts
+del_bta=bta1-bta;
+del_IC=S_ICO*del_ICO+S_VBE*del_VBE+S_bta1*del_bta; // in amperes
+IC1=IC+del_IC; // at -65°C in amperes
+IC1=IC1*1e3; // at -65°C in mili-amperes
+disp(IC1,"IC at -65°C (mA) =");
+
+// For 25°C to 175°C
+del_ICO=(3.3e3-0.1)*1e-9; // in amperes
+del_VBE=0.30-0.65; // in volts
+del_bta=bta2-bta;
+del_IC=S_ICO*del_ICO+S_VBE*del_VBE+S_bta2*del_bta; // in amperes
+IC2=IC+del_IC; // at 175°C in amperes
+IC2=IC2*1e3; // at 175°C in mili-amperes
+disp(IC2,"IC at 175°C (mA) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH5/EX5.13/EX13.sce b/135/CH5/EX5.13/EX13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a35eafd8e --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH5/EX5.13/EX13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 5.13: (i) R1
+// (ii) R1 for IC = 10 μA
+clc, clear
+IC=1e-3; // in amperes
+VCC=10; // in volts
+bta=125;
+VBE=0.7; // in volts
+
+disp("Part (i)");
+R1=bta*(VCC-VBE)/((bta+2)*IC); // in ohms
+R1=R1*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(R1,"R1 (kΩ) =");
+
+disp("Part (i)");
+IC=10e-6; // in amperes
+R1=bta*(VCC-VBE)/((bta+2)*IC); // in ohms
+R1=R1*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(R1,"R1 for (IC = 10 μA) (kΩ) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH5/EX5.14/EX14.sce b/135/CH5/EX5.14/EX14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..266e61439 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH5/EX5.14/EX14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 5.14: R1, RE
+clc, clear
+Io=10e-6; // in amperes
+VCC=10; // in volts
+bta=125;
+VBE=0.7; // in volts
+VT=25e-3; // in volts
+// Let
+I_ref=1e-3; // in amperes
+R1=(VCC-VBE)/I_ref; // in ohms
+R1=R1*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+RE=VT*log(I_ref/Io)/((1+1/bta)*Io); // in ohms
+RE=RE*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(R1,"R1 (kΩ) =");
+disp(RE,"RE (kΩ) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH5/EX5.15/EX15.sce b/135/CH5/EX5.15/EX15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..02c65cacf --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH5/EX5.15/EX15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 5.11: IC1, IC2, IC3
+clc, clear
+bta=125;
+VBE=0.7; // in volts
+VT=25e-3; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+// From Fig. 5.27
+VC=9; // in volts
+RC=30; // in kilo-ohms
+RE=1.94; // in kilo-ohms
+I_ref=(VC-VBE)/RC; // in mili-amperes
+IC=I_ref*bta/(3+bta); // in mili-amperes
+for i=0.01:0.001:0.5
+ if abs(VT*log(IC/i)/(i*(1+1/bta))-RE)<=0.1 then
+ break;
+ end
+end
+disp(IC,"IC1 (mA) =");
+disp(IC,"IC2 (mA) =");
+disp(i,"IC3 (mA) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH5/EX5.16/EX16.sce b/135/CH5/EX5.16/EX16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..84e10ffc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH5/EX5.16/EX16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Example 5.16: Io
+clc, clear
+bta=100;
+VBE=0.7; // in volts
+// From Fig. 5.30
+// Writing KVL for the indicated loop
+I_ref=(10-VBE)/10; // in mili-amperes
+Io=bta*I_ref/(2*(1+bta)); // in mili-amperes
+disp(Io,"Io (mA) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH5/EX5.17/EX17.sce b/135/CH5/EX5.17/EX17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..33ec5c408 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH5/EX5.17/EX17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Example 5.17: (i) IC1 and IC2
+// (ii) RC so that Vo = 6 V
+clc, clear
+bta=200;
+// From Fig. 5.31
+
+disp("Part (i)");
+I_ref=(12-0.7)/15; // in amperes
+I1=0.7/2.8; // in amperes
+IC=(I_ref-I1)*bta/(bta+2); // in mili-amperes
+disp(IC,"IC1 (mA) =");
+disp(IC,"IC2 (mA) =");
+
+disp("Part (ii)");
+Vo=6; // in volts
+RC=(12-Vo)/IC; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(RC,"RC so that (Vo = 6 V) (kΩ) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH5/EX5.18/EX18.sce b/135/CH5/EX5.18/EX18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..307dca50a --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH5/EX5.18/EX18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Example 5.18: Emitter current in transistor Q3
+clc, clear
+bta=100;
+VBE=0.75; // in volts
+// From Fig. 5.32
+I=(10-VBE)/4.7; // in mili-amperes
+IE=I/2; // in mili-amperes
+disp(IE,"Emitter current in transistor Q3 (mA) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH5/EX5.2/EX2.sce b/135/CH5/EX5.2/EX2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..809e572f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH5/EX5.2/EX2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 5.2: VCEQ, ICQ
+clc, clear
+VBE=0.7; // in volts
+betaf=50;
+// From Fig. 5.11(a)
+VCC=18; // in volts
+R1=82e3; // in ohms
+R2=22e3; // in ohms
+RC=5.6e3; // in ohms
+RE=1.2e3; // in ohms
+// Using Thevnin's theorem to obtain equivalent circuit given in Fig. 5.11(b)
+VBB=R2*VCC/(R1+R2); // in volts
+RB=R1*R2/(R1+R2); // in ohms
+IB=(VBB-VBE)/(RB+(1+betaf)*RE); // in amperes
+IC=betaf*IB; // in amperes
+VCE=VCC-IC*(RC+RE)-IB*RE; // in volts
+IC=IC*1e3; // in mili-amperes
+disp(VCE,"VCEQ (V) =");
+disp(IC,"ICQ (mA) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH5/EX5.3/EX3.sce b/135/CH5/EX5.3/EX3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..70ab60c54 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH5/EX5.3/EX3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example 5.3: R1, R2, RC, RE
+clc, clear
+IC=1e-3; // in amperes
+VCC=12; // in volts
+betaf=100;
+VBE=0.7; // in volts
+// As suggested in the design constraints, allocate 1/3VCC to RC, another 1/3VCC to R2 leaving 1/3VCC for VCEQ.
+VB=4; // in volts
+VE=VB-VBE; // in volts
+// Neglecting base current,
+RE=VE/IC; // in ohms
+// Select the current through R1R2 equal to 0.1IC
+R1_plus_R2=VCC/(0.1*IC); // in ohms
+R2=VB*R1_plus_R2/VCC; // in ohms
+R1=R1_plus_R2-R2; // in ohms
+RC=VCC/(3*IC); // in ohms
+R1=R1*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+R2=R2*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+RC=RC*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+RE=RE*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(R1,"R1 (kΩ) =");
+disp(R2,"R2 (kΩ) =");
+disp(RC,"RC (kΩ) =");
+disp(RE,"RE (kΩ) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH5/EX5.4/EX4.sce b/135/CH5/EX5.4/EX4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d94e263e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH5/EX5.4/EX4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Example 5.4: VCEQ, ICQ
+clc, clear
+VBE=0.7; // in volts
+betaf=45;
+// From Fig. 5.14
+VEE=9; // in volts
+RB=100e3; // in ohms
+RC=1.2e3; // in ohms
+// Applying KVL in the clockwise direction base emitter loop
+IB=(VEE-VBE)/RB; // in amperes
+IC=betaf*IB; // in amperes
+// Writing KVL for the collector loop
+VCE=VEE-IC*RC; // in volts
+IC=IC*1e3; // in mili-amperes
+disp(VCE,"VCEQ (V) =");
+disp(IC,"ICQ (mA) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH5/EX5.5/EX5.sce b/135/CH5/EX5.5/EX5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2ffaf877b --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH5/EX5.5/EX5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +// Example 5.5: VCEQ, ICQ
+clc, clear
+VBE=0.7; // in volts
+betaf=120;
+// From Fig. 5.15
+VCC=20; // in volts
+VEE=20; // in volts
+R1=8.2e3; // in ohms
+R2=2.2e3; // in ohms
+RC=2.7e3; // in ohms
+RE=1.8e3; // in ohms
+// Using Thevnin's theorem to obtain equivalent circuit given in Fig. 5.16(b)
+RB=R1*R2/(R1+R2); // in ohms
+// From Fig. 5.16(a)
+I=(VCC+VEE)/(R1+R2); // in amperes
+VBB=I*R2-VEE; // in volts
+// Writing KVL for the base emitter loop and putting Ic= βF*Ib gives
+IB=(VEE+VBB-VBE)/(RB+(1+betaf)*RE); // in amperes
+IC=betaf*IB; // in amperes
+// KVL for the collector loop gives
+VCE=VCC+VEE-IC*(RC+RE)-IB*RE; // in volts
+IC=IC*1e3; // in mili-amperes
+disp(VCE,"VCEQ (V) =");
+disp(IC,"ICQ (mA) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH5/EX5.6/EX6.sce b/135/CH5/EX5.6/EX6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e5f697da1 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH5/EX5.6/EX6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 5.6: RF so that IE=+2 mA
+clc, clear
+IE=2e-3; // in amperes
+VBE=0.7; // in volts
+betaf=49;
+// From Fig. 5.17
+VCC=12; // in volts
+RB=25e3; // in ohms
+RC=2e3; // in ohms
+I1=VBE/RB; // in amperes
+IB=IE/(1+betaf); // in amperes
+// KVL for the indicated loop gives
+RF=(VCC-RC*(I1+(1+betaf)*IB)-VBE)/(I1+IB); // in ohms
+RF=RF*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(RF,"RF so that IE=+2 mA (kΩ) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH5/EX5.7/EX7.sce b/135/CH5/EX5.7/EX7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ec8557af7 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH5/EX5.7/EX7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 5.7: RCQ, RE
+clc, clear
+VCEQ=3; // in volts
+VBE=0.7; // in volts
+betaf=200;
+// From Fig. 5.18(a)
+VCC=6; // in volts
+VEE=6; // in volts
+R1=90e3; // in ohms
+R2=90e3; // in ohms
+// Using Thevnin's theorem to obtain equivalent circuit given in Fig. 5.18(b)
+RB=R1*R2/(R1+R2); // in ohms
+VBB=R2*(VCC+VEE)/(R1+R2); // in volts
+// In the output loop
+x=VEE-VCEQ; // x = (IC+IB)RE in volts
+// Applying KVL in the base emitter loop
+IB=(VEE-VBE-x)/RB; // in amperes
+IC=betaf*IB; // in amperes
+// In the output loop
+RC=VCC/IC; // in ohms
+RE=x/(IC+IB); // in ohms
+RC=RC*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+RE=RE*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(RC,"RC (kΩ) =");
+disp(RE,"RE (kΩ) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH5/EX5.8/EX8.sce b/135/CH5/EX5.8/EX8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..413d2c377 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH5/EX5.8/EX8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 5.8: VCEQ
+clc, clear
+VBE=-0.7; // in volts
+betaf=120;
+// From Fig. 5.19(a)
+VCC=18; // in volts
+R1=47e3; // in ohms
+R2=10e3; // in ohms
+RC=2.4e3; // in ohms
+RE=1.1e3; // in ohms
+// Using Thevnin's theorem to obtain equivalent circuit given in Fig. 5.19(b)
+VBB=R2*VCC/(R1+R2); // in volts
+RB=R1*R2/(R1+R2); // in ohms
+// Applying KVL in the base emitter loop and putting Ic= βF*Ib
+IB=(VBB+VBE)/(RB+(1+betaf)*RE); // in amperes
+IC=betaf*IB; // in amperes
+// In the collector emitter loop
+VCE=-VCC+IC*(RC+RE)+IB*RE; // in volts
+disp(VCE,"VCEQ (V) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH5/EX5.9/EX9.sce b/135/CH5/EX5.9/EX9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2796beb59 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH5/EX5.9/EX9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Example 5.9 :(i) RB
+// (ii) Stability factor
+// (iii) IC at 100°C
+clc, clear
+bta=50;
+VBE=0.7; // in volts
+VCE=5; // in volts
+// From Fig. 5.21
+VCC=24; // in volts
+RC=10e3; // in ohms
+RE=500; // in ohms
+
+disp("Part (i)");
+// Applying KVL to the collector emitter circuit and putting Ic= βF*Ib
+IB=(VCC-VCE)/((RC+RE)*(bta+1)); // in amperes
+IC=bta*IB; // at 25°C in amperes
+RB=(VCE-VBE)/IB; // in ohms
+RB=RB*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(RB,"RB (kΩ) =")
+
+disp("Part (ii)");
+S=(1+bta)/(1+bta*(RC+RE)/(RC+RE+RB*1e3)); // Stability factor
+disp(S,"Stability factor =");
+
+disp("Part (iii)");
+// From Table 5.1
+del_ICO=(20-0.1)*1e-9; // in amperes
+del_IC=S*del_ICO; // in amperes
+IC=IC+del_IC; // at 100°C in amperes
+IC=IC*1e3; // at 100°C in mili-amperes
+disp(IC,"IC at 100°C (mA) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH6/EX6.10/EX10.sce b/135/CH6/EX6.10/EX10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7028e9803 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH6/EX6.10/EX10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +// Example 6.10: Ri,eff, Ro, AV, AI
+clc, clear
+bta=200;
+ro=50e3; // in ohms
+VBE=0.7; // Cut-in voltage in volts
+VT=25e-3; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+// From Fig. 6.44
+VCC=16; // in volts
+R1=90e3; // in ohms
+R2=10e3; // in ohms
+RC=2.2e3; // in ohms
+RE=0.68e3; // in ohms
+
+// DC analysis
+// From the Thevnin's equivalent circuit in Fig. 6.45(a)
+RB=R1*R2/(R1+R2); // in ohms
+VBB=VCC*R2/(R1+R2); // in volts
+// From the base loop
+IB=(VBB-VBE)/(RB+(1+bta)*RE); // in amperes
+IE=(1+bta)*IB; // in amperes
+re=VT/IE; // in ohms
+
+// AC analysis
+Ri=bta*re+(1+bta)*RE; // in ohms
+Ri_eff=RB*Ri/(RB+Ri); // in ohms
+AI=-bta*RB/(RB+bta*(re+RE));
+AV=-RC/RE;
+Ri_eff=Ri_eff*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(Ri_eff,"Ri,eff (kΩ) =");
+disp(%inf,"Ro =");
+disp(AI,"AI =");
+disp(AV,"AVs =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH6/EX6.2/EX2.sce b/135/CH6/EX6.2/EX2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a127712a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH6/EX6.2/EX2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Example 6.2: rπ, gm
+clc, clear
+IBQ=7.6e-6; // in amperes
+bta=104;
+VT=25e-3; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+ICQ=IBQ*bta; // in amperes
+gm=ICQ/VT; // in ampere per volt
+gm=gm*1e3; // in mili-ampere per volt
+r_pi=bta/gm; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(r_pi,"rπ (kΩ) =");
+disp(gm,"gm (mA/V) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH6/EX6.3/EX3.sce b/135/CH6/EX6.3/EX3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..35f5108f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH6/EX6.3/EX3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +// Example 6.3: AI, Ri, AV, AVs, Ro, Ro'
+clc, clear
+hie=1e3; // in ohms
+hfe=100;
+hre=2e-4;
+hoe=20e-6; // in amperes per volt
+RC=5e3; // in ohms
+Rs=1e3; // in ohms
+// From Table 6.3
+AI=-hfe/(1+hoe*RC);
+Ri=hie+hre*AI*RC; // in ohms
+AV=AI*RC/Ri;
+AVs=AV*Ri/(Ri+Rs);
+Yo=hoe-hfe*hre/(hie+Rs); // in ohms inverse
+Ro=1/Yo; // in ohms
+Ro_dash=Ro*RC/(Ro+RC); // in ohms
+Ri=Ri*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+Ro=Ro*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+Ro_dash=Ro_dash*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(AI,"AI =");
+disp(Ri,"Ri (kΩ) =");
+disp(AV,"AV =");
+disp(AVs,"AVs =");
+disp(Ro,"Ro (kΩ) =");
+disp(Ro_dash,"Ro'' (kΩ) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH6/EX6.4/EX4.sce b/135/CH6/EX6.4/EX4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e73fb5a66 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH6/EX6.4/EX4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Example 6.4: AI', AVs, Ri,eff, Ro, Ro'
+clc, clear
+hie=2e3; // in ohms
+hfe=50;
+hre=2e-4;
+hoe=20e-6; // in amperes per volt
+// From Fig. 6.22(a)
+Rs=2e3; // in ohms
+R1=90e3; // in ohms
+R2=10e3; // in ohms
+RC=5e3; // in ohms
+// From the Table 6.3
+RB=R1*R2/(R1+R2); // in ohms
+AI=-hfe/(1+hoe*RC);
+Ri=hie+hre*AI*RC; // in ohms
+Ri_eff=RB*Ri/(RB+Ri); // in ohms
+AI_dash=AI*RB/(RB+Ri);
+AVs=AI*RC*Ri_eff/(Ri*(Rs+Ri_eff));
+Rs_eff=Rs*RB/(Rs+RB); // in ohms
+Yo=hoe-hfe*hre/(hie+Rs_eff); // in ohms inverse
+Ro=1/Yo; // in ohms
+Ro_dash=Ro*RC/(Ro+RC); // in ohms
+Ri_eff=Ri_eff*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+Ro=Ro*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+Ro_dash=Ro_dash*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(AI_dash,"AI'' =");
+disp(AVs,"AVs =");
+disp(Ri_eff,"Ri,eff (kΩ) =");
+disp(Ro,"Ro (kΩ) =");
+disp(Ro_dash,"Ro'' (kΩ) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH6/EX6.5/EX5.sce b/135/CH6/EX6.5/EX5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9b3307861 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH6/EX6.5/EX5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 6.5: AI, AVs, Ri, Ro'
+clc, clear
+hie=4e3; // in ohms
+hfe=200;
+// From Fig. 6.27(a)
+Rs=5e3; // in ohms
+R1=90e3; // in ohms
+R2=10e3; // in ohms
+RC=5e3; // in ohms
+RE=1e3; // in ohms
+// From Fig 6.27(b)
+RB=R1*R2/(R1+R2); // in ohms
+Ri=hie+(1+hfe)*RE; // in ohms
+Ri_eff=RB*Ri/(RB+Ri); // in ohms
+AI=-hfe*RB/(RB+Ri);
+AVs=-hfe*RC*Ri_eff/(Ri*(Rs+Ri_eff));
+Ro_dash=RC; // in ohms
+Ri=Ri*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+Ro_dash=Ro_dash*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(AI,"AI =");
+disp(AVs,"AVs =");
+disp(Ri,"Ri (kΩ) =");
+disp(Ro_dash,"Ro'' (kΩ) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH6/EX6.6/EX6.sce b/135/CH6/EX6.6/EX6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7b1901a44 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH6/EX6.6/EX6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +// Example 6.6: AI, Ri, AVs
+clc, clear
+bta=100;
+VBE=0.7; // Cut-in voltage in volts
+VT=25e-3; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+// From Fig. 6.33
+RB=100e3; // in ohms
+RC=3e3; // in ohms
+VBB=3; // in volts
+
+// DC analysis
+// From dc equivalent circuit in Fig. 6.34(a)
+IBQ=(VBB-VBE)/RB; // in amperes
+ICQ=bta*IBQ; // in amperes
+gm=ICQ/VT; // in ampere per volt
+r_pi=bta/gm; // in ohms
+
+// AC analysis
+// From ac equivalent circuit using approximate hybrid-π model in Fig. 6.34(b)
+AI=-bta;
+Ri=RB+r_pi; // in ohms
+AVs=-bta*RC/(RB+r_pi);
+Ri=Ri*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(AI,"AI =");
+disp(Ri,"Ri (kΩ) =");
+disp(AVs,"AVs =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH6/EX6.7/EX7.sce b/135/CH6/EX6.7/EX7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5554ae821 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH6/EX6.7/EX7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 6.7: (a) Load resistance RE to make Ri ≥ 500 kΩ
+// (b) AV, Ro, Ro'
+clc, clear
+IC=2e-3; // in amperes
+Rs=5e3; // Source resistance in ohms
+bta=125;
+VT=25e-3; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+Ri=500e3; // in ohms
+gm=IC/VT; // in mho
+r_pi=bta/gm; // in ohms
+RE=(Ri-r_pi)/(1+bta); // in ohms
+REk=RE*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(REk,"RE (kΩ) =");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+AV=(1+bta)*RE/(Rs+Ri);
+Ro=(Rs+r_pi)/(1+bta); // in ohms
+Ro_dash=Ro*RE/(Ro+RE); // in ohms
+disp(Ro,"Ro (Ω) =");
+disp(Ro_dash,"Ro'' (Ω) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH6/EX6.8/EX8.sce b/135/CH6/EX6.8/EX8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2b820b39c --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH6/EX6.8/EX8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Example 6.8: Ri, AVs
+clc, clear
+IC=0.2e-3; // in amperes
+bta=125;
+Rs=2e3; // in ohms
+RE=100; // in ohms
+RC=5e3; // in ohms
+VT=25e-3; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+gm=IC/VT; // in mho
+r_pi=bta/gm; // in ohms
+Ri=r_pi+(1+bta)*RE; // in ohms
+AVs=-bta*RC/(Rs+r_pi+(1+bta)*RE);
+Ri=Ri*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(Ri,"Ri (kΩ) =");
+disp(AVs,"AVs =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH6/EX6.9/EX9.sce b/135/CH6/EX6.9/EX9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..50c735afc --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH6/EX6.9/EX9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +// Example 6.9: rπ, AI, Ri, AVs, Ro, Ro'
+clc, clear
+bta=200;
+VT=25e-3; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+// From Fig. 6.39
+VBE=0.7; // Cut-in voltage in volts
+VCC=9; // in volts
+RB=200e3; // in ohms
+RC=2e3; // in ohms
+
+// DC analysis
+// From dc equivalent circuit in Fig. 6.40(a)
+// Writing KVL from collector to base loop
+IB=(VCC-VBE)/(RB+(1+bta)*RC); // in amperes
+ICQ=bta*IB; // in amperes
+gm=ICQ/VT; // in mho
+r_pi=bta/gm; // in ohms
+
+// AC analysis
+// From ac equivalent circuit using Miller's theorem in Fig. 6.40(b)
+// Assuming AV >> 1
+RL=RB*RC/(RB+RC); // Effective load resistance in ohms
+// Using hybrid-π model and approximate resulta given in Table 6.5 for CE amplifier stage, we have
+AI=-bta;
+AV=-bta*RL/r_pi;
+Ro=%inf;
+r_pi=r_pi*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+RL=RL*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(r_pi,"rπ (kΩ) =");
+disp(AI,"AI =");
+disp(AV,"AVs =");
+disp(Ro,"Ro =");
+disp(RL,"Ro'' (kΩ) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.JPG b/135/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..ddd0f0967 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH7/EX7.1/7_1.JPG diff --git a/135/CH7/EX7.1/EX1.sce b/135/CH7/EX7.1/EX1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e96969d94 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH7/EX7.1/EX1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Example 7.1: Transfer curve
+clc, clear
+IDSS=12; // in mili-amperes
+VP=-5; // in volts
+// Plotting transfer curve
+VGS=[0:-0.01:VP]; // Gate source voltage in volts
+// Using Shockley's equation
+ID=IDSS*(1-VGS/VP)^2; // Drain current in mili-amperes
+plot(VGS,ID);
+xtitle("Transfer Curve","VGS (V)","ID (mA)");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH7/EX7.2/EX2.sce b/135/CH7/EX7.2/EX2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..caab35349 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH7/EX7.2/EX2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 7.2: (a) Region of operation
+// (b) Region of operation
+// (c) Region of operation
+clc, clear
+VT=2; // in volts
+VGS=3; // in volts
+disp(VGS-VT,"VGS - VT (V)");
+
+disp("Part (a)");
+disp(0.5,"VDS (V) =");
+disp("Since VDS < VGS - VT, therefore transistor is in ohmic region.");
+
+disp("Part (b)");
+disp(1,"VDS (V) =");
+disp("Since VDS = VGS - VT, therefore transistor is in saturation region.");
+
+disp("Part (c)");
+disp(5,"VDS (V) =");
+disp("Since VDS > VGS - VT, therefore transistor is in saturation region.");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH7/EX7.3/EX3.sce b/135/CH7/EX7.3/EX3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..81775c5e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH7/EX7.3/EX3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 7.3: IDQ, VDSQ
+clc, clear
+IDSS=12; // in mili-amperes
+VP=-4; // in volts
+// From Fig. 7.28
+VDD=12; // in volts
+RD=1.2; // in kilo-ohms
+// Since IG=0
+VGS=-1.5; // in volts
+// Using Shockley's equation
+ID=IDSS*(1-VGS/VP)^2; // Drain current in mili-amperes
+VDS=VDD-ID*RD; // in volts
+disp(ID,"IDQ (mA) =");
+disp(VDS,"VDSQ (V) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.JPG b/135/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..c1eb0021f --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH7/EX7.4/7_4.JPG diff --git a/135/CH7/EX7.4/EX4.sce b/135/CH7/EX7.4/EX4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6405c498f --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH7/EX7.4/EX4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +// Example 7.4: VDSQ, IDSQ, VD, VS
+clc, clear
+IDSS=6e-3; // in amperes
+VP=-6; // in volts
+// From Fig. 7.31
+VDD=12; // in volts
+RD=2.2e3; // in ohms
+RS=1.6e3; // in ohms
+// Plotting transfer characteristics
+VGS=[0:-0.01:VP]; // Gate source voltage in volts
+// Using Shockley's equation
+ID=IDSS*(1-VGS/VP)^2; // Drain current in amperes
+ID=ID*1e3; // Drain current in mili-amperes
+plot(VGS,ID);
+xtitle("Transfer Characteristics","VGS (V)","ID (mA)");
+// Plotting bias line
+// From gate source circuit
+ID=-VGS/RS; // Source current in amperes
+ID=ID*1e3; // Source current in mili-amperes
+plot(VGS,ID,"RED");
+// Intersection of transfer characteristics with the bias curve
+// Putting VGS = -ID*RS in Shockley's equation and solving, we get ID^2*RS^2 + (2*RS*VP - VP^2/IDSS)*ID + VP^2
+// Solving the equation
+p_eq = poly([VP^2 (2*RS*VP-VP^2/IDSS) RS^2],"x","coeff");
+p_roots= roots(p_eq);
+IDQ=p_roots(1); // in amperes
+// Writing the KVL for the output loop
+VDSQ=VDD-IDQ*(RD+RS); // in volts
+VS=IDQ*RS; // in volts
+VD=VDSQ+VS; // in volts
+IDQ=IDQ*1e3; // in mili-amperes
+disp(VDSQ,"VDSQ (V) =");
+disp(IDQ,"IDQ (mA) =");
+disp(VD,"VD (V) =");
+disp(VS,"VS (V) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.JPG b/135/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..2d7128229 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH7/EX7.5/7_5.JPG diff --git a/135/CH7/EX7.5/EX5.sce b/135/CH7/EX7.5/EX5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..63041bc53 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH7/EX7.5/EX5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +// Example 7.5: Operating point
+clc, clear
+VP=-5; // in volts
+IDSS=12e-3; // in amperes
+// From Fig. 7.34(a)
+VDD=18; // in volts
+R1=400; // in kilo-ohms
+R2=90; // in kilo-ohms
+RD=2e3; // in ohms
+RS=2e3; // in ohms
+// Applying Thevnin's theorem to obtain simplified circuit in Fig. 7.34(b)
+VGG=VDD*R2/(R1+R2); // in volts
+// Plotting transfer characteristics
+VGS=[VGG:-0.01:VP]; // Gate source voltage in volts
+// Using Shockley's equation
+ID=IDSS*(1-VGS/VP)^2; // Drain current in amperes
+ID=ID*1e3; // Drain current in mili-amperes
+plot2d(VGS,ID,rect=[-5,0,3,12]);
+xtitle("Transfer Characteristics","VGS (V)","ID (mA)");
+// Plotting bias line
+// From the KVL for the gate-loop
+ID=(-VGS+VGG)/RS; // Source current in amperes
+ID=ID*1e3; // Source current in mili-amperes
+plot(VGS,ID,"RED");
+// Intersection of transfer curve with the bias curve
+// Putting VGS = VGG-ID*RS in Shockley's equation and solving, we get
+// ID^2*RS^2 + (2*RS*VP - 2*VGG*RS - VP^2/IDSS)*ID + (VGG-VP)^2
+// Solving the equation
+p_eq = poly([(VGG-VP)^2 (2*RS*VP-2*VGG*RS-VP^2/IDSS) RS^2],"x","coeff");
+p_roots= roots(p_eq);
+IDQ=p_roots(1); // in amperes
+// Writing the KVL for the drain source loop
+VDSQ=VDD-IDQ*(RD+RS); // in volts
+IDQ=IDQ*1e3; // in mili-amperes
+disp(VDSQ,"VDSQ (V) =");
+disp(IDQ,"IDQ (mA) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.JPG b/135/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..149ce8ae2 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH7/EX7.6/7_6.JPG diff --git a/135/CH7/EX7.6/EX6.sce b/135/CH7/EX7.6/EX6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b573fbb8c --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH7/EX7.6/EX6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +// Example 7.6: VDSQ, IDQ
+clc, clear
+ID=6e-3; // in amperes
+VGS=8; // in volts
+VT=3; // in volts
+// From Fig. 7.37(a)
+VDD=12; // in volts
+RD=2e3; // in ohms
+// Plotting transfer curve
+k=ID/(VGS-VT)^2; // in amperes per volt square
+VGS=[3:0.01:VDD]; // Gate source voltage in volts
+ID=k*(VGS-VT)^2; // Drain current in amperes ............ (i)
+ID=ID*1e3; // Drain current in mili-amperes
+plot(VGS,ID);
+xtitle("Transfer Curve","VGS (V)","ID (mA)");
+// Plotting bias line
+// From the simplified dc equivalent circuit in Fig. 7.37(b)
+VGS=[0:0.01:VDD]; // Gate source voltage in volts
+ID=(VDD-VGS)/RD; // Source current in amperes
+ID=ID*1e3; // Source current in mili-amperes
+plot(VGS,ID,"RED");
+// Intersection of transfer curve with the bias curve
+// Putting VGS = VDD-ID*RD in equation (i) and solving, we get ID^2*RD^2 + (2*RD*VT - 2*VDD*RD - 1/k)*ID + (VDD-VT)^2
+// Solving the equation
+p_eq = poly([(VDD-VT)^2 (2*RD*VT-2*VDD*RD-1/k) RD^2],"x","coeff");
+p_roots= roots(p_eq);
+IDQ=p_roots(1); // in amperes
+VGSQ=VDD-IDQ*RD; // in volts
+IDQ=IDQ*1e3; // in mili-amperes
+disp(VGSQ,"VDSQ (V) =");
+disp(IDQ,"IDQ (mA) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.JPG b/135/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.JPG Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..59e4a3a53 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH7/EX7.7/7_7.JPG diff --git a/135/CH7/EX7.7/EX7.sce b/135/CH7/EX7.7/EX7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5a41039cb --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH7/EX7.7/EX7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +// Example 7.7: IDQ, VDSQ, VGSQ
+clc, clear
+ID=5e-3; // in amperes
+VGS=6; // in volts
+VT=3; // in volts
+// From Fig. 7.39(a)
+VDD=24; // in volts
+R1=10; // in mega-ohms
+R2=6.8; // in mega-ohms
+RD=2.2e3; // in ohms
+RS=0.75e3; // in ohms
+// Applying Thevnin's theorem to obtain simplified circuit in Fig. 7.39(b)
+VGG=VDD*R2/(R1+R2); // in volts
+// Plotting transfer characteristics
+k=ID/(VGS-VT)^2; // in amperes per volt square
+VGS=[3:0.01:VGG]; // Gate source voltage in volts
+ID=k*(VGS-VT)^2; // Drain current in amperes ............ (i)
+ID=ID*1e3; // Drain current in mili-amperes
+plot(VGS,ID);
+xtitle("Transfer Characteristics","VGS (V)","ID (mA)");
+// Plotting bias line
+VGS=[0:0.01:VGG]; // Gate source voltage in volts
+// Writing KVL for the gate-source loop
+ID=(VGG-VGS)/RS; // Source current in amperes
+ID=ID*1e3; // Source current in mili-amperes
+plot(VGS,ID,"RED");
+// Intersection of transfer curve with the bias curve
+// Putting VGS = VGG-ID*RD in equation (i) and solving, we get ID^2*RS^2 + (2*RS*VT - 2*VGG*RS - 1/k)*ID + (VGG-VT)^2
+// Solving the equation
+p_eq = poly([(VGG-VT)^2 (2*RS*VT-2*VGG*RS-1/k) RS^2],"x","coeff");
+p_roots= roots(p_eq);
+IDQ=p_roots(1); // in amperes
+VGSQ=VGG-IDQ*RS; // in volts
+// From the output circuit
+VDSQ=VDD-IDQ*(RD+RS); // in volts
+IDQ=IDQ*1e3; // in mili-amperes
+disp(IDQ,"IDQ (mA) =");
+disp(VDSQ,"VDSQ (V) =");
+disp(VGSQ,"VGSQ (V) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH8/EX8.1/EX1.sce b/135/CH8/EX8.1/EX1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ca96ae8cf --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH8/EX8.1/EX1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Example 8.1: gm
+clc, clear
+IDSS=12; // in mili-amperes
+Vp=-5; // in volts
+VGS=-1.5; // in volts
+gmo=2*IDSS/abs(Vp); // in mili-Siemens
+gm=gmo*(1-VGS/Vp); // in mili-Siemens
+disp(gm,"gm (mS) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH8/EX8.2/EX2.sce b/135/CH8/EX8.2/EX2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0c7c34f71 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH8/EX8.2/EX2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Example 8.2: Voltage gain
+clc, clear
+gm=2; // in mili-ampere per volt
+rd=10; // in kilo-ohms
+// From Fig. 8.7
+RD_eff=10*10/(10+10); // in kilo-ohms
+AV=-gm*rd*RD_eff/(rd+RD_eff); // Voltage gain
+disp(AV,"Voltage gain =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH8/EX8.3/EX3.sce b/135/CH8/EX8.3/EX3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3b7aa6f72 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH8/EX8.3/EX3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Example 8.3: gm, µ, Ri, Ro, AV
+clc, clear
+VGSQ=-2.6; // in volts
+IDSS=8; // in mili-amperes
+Vp=-6; // in volts
+rd=50; // in kilo-ohms
+// From Fig. 8.11
+RD=3.3; // in kilo-ohms
+RG=1; // in mega-ohms
+RS=1; // in kilo-ohms
+gmo=2*IDSS/abs(Vp); // in mili-ampere per volt
+gm=gmo*(1-VGSQ/Vp); // in mili-ampere per volt
+mu=rd*gm; // µ
+Ro=(rd+(1+mu)*RS)*RD/(RD+rd+(1+mu)*RS); // in kilo-ohms
+AV=-mu*RD/(RD+rd+(1+mu)*RS);
+disp(gm,"gm (mA/V) =");
+disp(mu,"µ =");
+disp(RG,"Ri (MΩ) =");
+disp(Ro,"Ro (kΩ) =");
+disp(AV,"AV =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH8/EX8.4/EX4.sce b/135/CH8/EX8.4/EX4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..245d48f87 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH8/EX8.4/EX4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Example 8.4: AV, Ri, Ro
+clc, clear
+IDSS=16; // in mili-amperes
+Vp=-4; // in volts
+rd=40; // in kilo-ohms
+// From Fig. 8.14
+RS=2.2; // in kilo-ohms
+// Using dc analysis
+VGSQ=-2.8; // in volts
+gmo=2*IDSS/abs(Vp); // in mili-ampere per volt
+gm=gmo*(1-VGSQ/Vp); // in mili-ampere per volt
+mu=rd*gm; // Amplification factor
+AV=mu*RS/(rd+(1+mu)*RS);
+Ri=10; // in mega-ohms
+Ro=rd*RS/(rd+(1+mu)*RS); // in kilo-ohms
+disp(AV,"AV =");
+disp(Ri,"Ri (MΩ) =");
+disp(Ro,"Ro (kΩ) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH8/EX8.5/EX5.sce b/135/CH8/EX8.5/EX5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..00952c8f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH8/EX8.5/EX5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 8.5: AV, Ri, Ro
+clc, clear
+VGSQ=-1.8; // in volts
+rd=40; // in kilo-ohms
+IDSS=8; // in mili-amperes
+Vp=-2.8; // in volts
+// From Fig. 8.16
+RD=3.3; // in kilo-ohms
+RS=1.5; // in kilo-ohms
+gmo=2*IDSS/abs(Vp); // in mili-Siemens
+gm=gmo*(1-VGSQ/Vp); // in mili-Siemens
+mu=rd*gm; // Amplification factor
+AV=(1+mu)*RD/(rd+RD);
+Ri_dash=(RD+rd)/(1+mu); // in kilo-ohms
+Ri=Ri_dash*RS/(Ri_dash+RS); // in kilo-ohms
+Ro=rd*RD/(rd+RD);
+disp(AV,"AV =");
+disp(Ri,"Ri (kΩ) =");
+disp(Ro,"Ro (kΩ) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH8/EX8.6/EX6.sce b/135/CH8/EX8.6/EX6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2adf53463 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH8/EX8.6/EX6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Example 8.6: gm, Ri, Ro, AV
+clc, clear
+VGSQ=8; // in volts
+VT=3; // in volts
+k=0.3e-3;
+// From Fig. 8.18
+RF=10e6; // in ohms
+RD=2.2e3; // in ohms
+gm=2*k*(VGSQ-VT); // in Siemens
+Ri=RF/(1+gm*RD); // in ohms
+Ro=RF*RD/(RF+RD); // in ohms
+AV=-gm*Ro;
+gm=gm*1e3; // in mili-Siemens
+Ri=Ri*1e-6; // in mega-ohms
+Ro=Ro*1e-3; // in kilo-ohms
+disp(gm,"gm (mS) =");
+disp(AV,"AV =");
+disp(Ri,"Ri (MΩ) =");
+disp(Ro,"Ro (kΩ) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH9/EX9.1/EX1.sce b/135/CH9/EX9.1/EX1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..25daa0ffa --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH9/EX9.1/EX1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Exmaple 9.1: Overall voltage gain, Overall current gain
+clc, clear
+bta=100;
+r_pi=0.5; // in kilo-ohms
+// From Fig. 9.4
+Rs=2; // in kilo-ohms
+RC=2; // in kilo-ohms
+RE=5; // in kilo-ohms
+// As the first stage ia a CE amplifier stage
+AV1=-bta*RC/(Rs+r_pi); // Voltage gain of first amplifier
+// The second stage is a CC amplifier
+AV2=(1+bta)*RE/(Rs+r_pi+(1+bta)*RE); // Voltage gain of second amplifier
+AV=AV1*AV2; // Overall voltage gain
+AI=Rs*AV/RE; // Overall current gain
+disp(AV,"Overall voltage gain =");
+disp(AI,"Overall current gain =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH9/EX9.2/EX2.sce b/135/CH9/EX9.2/EX2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5aeb20b17 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH9/EX9.2/EX2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +// Example 9.2: Overall voltage gain, Current gain, Input impedance, Output impedance
+clc, clear
+bta=100;
+VBE=0.7; // in volts
+VT=25e-3; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+// From Fig. 9.7
+R1=22; // in kilo-ohms
+R2=3.3; // in kilo-ohms
+RC1=6; // in kilo-ohms
+RE1=0.5; // in kilo-ohms
+R3=16; // in kilo-ohms
+R4=6.2; // in kilo-ohms
+RC2=2; // in kilo-ohms
+RE2=1; // in kilo-ohms
+RL=10; // in kilo-ohms
+
+
+// DC analysis
+
+// From simplified dc equivalent circuit for stage 1 in Fig. 9.8(a)
+RB1=R1*R2/(R1+R2); // in kilo-ohms
+VBB1=15*R2/(R1+R2); // in volts
+IB1=(VBB1-VBE)/(RB1+(1+bta)*RE1); // in mili-amperes
+IC1=bta*IB1; // in mili-amperes
+gm1=IC1/VT; // in mili-Siemens
+r_pi1=bta/gm1; // in kilo-ohms
+
+// From simplified dc equivalent circuit for stage 2 in Fig. 9.8(b)
+RB2=R3*R4/(R3+R4); // in kilo-ohms
+VBB2=15*R4/(R3+R4); // in volts
+IB2=(VBB2-VBE)/(RB2+(1+bta)*RE2); // in mili-amperes
+IC2=bta*IB2; // in mili-amperes
+gm2=IC2/VT; // in mili-Siemens
+r_pi2=bta/gm2; // in kilo-ohms
+
+
+// AC analysis
+
+// Applying Thevnin theorem at 1-1' in ac equivalent circuit in Fig. 9.9 to obtain equivalent circuit of stage 1 in Fig. 9.10(a)
+RL1=RC1*RB2/(RC1+RB2); // Effective load for first stage in kilo-ohms
+AV1=-bta*RL1/r_pi1; // Voltage gain of first stage
+
+// Using the Thevnin's equivalent of first stage the equivalent circuit of second stage is shown in Fig. 9.10(b)
+RL2=RC2*RL/(RC2+RL); // Effective load for second stage in kilo-ohms
+AV2=-bta*RL2/(RL1+r_pi2); // Voltage gain of second stage
+
+Io_Ic2=-RC2/(RC2+RL); // Io/Ic2
+Ic2_Ib2=-bta; // Ic2/Ib2
+//From simplified diagram in Fig. 9.11
+Ib2_Ic1=-RL1/(RL1+r_pi2); // Ib2/Ic1
+Ic1_Ib1=-bta; // Ic1/Ib1
+Ib1_Ii=RB1/(RB1+r_pi1); // Ib1/Ii
+
+AV=AV1*AV2; // Overall voltage gain
+AI=Io_Ic2*Ic2_Ib2*Ib2_Ic1*Ic1_Ib1*Ib1_Ii; // Overall current gain
+Ri=RB1*r_pi1/(RB1+r_pi1); // Input impedance in kilo-ohms
+Ro=RC2*RL/(RC2+RL); // Output impedance in kilo-ohms
+disp(AV,"Overall voltage gain =");
+disp(AI,"Overall current gain =");
+disp(Ri,"Imput impedance (kΩ) =");
+disp(Ro,"Output impedance (kΩ) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH9/EX9.3/EX3.sce b/135/CH9/EX9.3/EX3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f43437d36 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH9/EX9.3/EX3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Example 9.3: Voltage gain
+clc, clear
+bta=150;
+VA=130; // in volts
+IC=100; // in micro-amperes
+Rs=50; // in kilo-ohms
+RC=250; // in kilo-ohms
+VT=25; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in mili-volts
+gm=IC/VT; // in mili-Siemens
+ro=VA/IC; // in Megaohms
+ro=ro*1e3; // in kilo-ohms
+r_pi=bta/gm; // in kilo-ohms
+// From ac equivalent circuit of the first CC stage using hybrid-π model in Fig. 9.13(a)
+// Voltage gain of CC stage
+AV1=(1+bta)*ro/(Rs+r_pi+(1+bta)*ro); // Voltage gain of first stage
+Ro1=(Rs+r_pi)/(1+bta); // in kilo-ohms
+Ro1_dash=ro*Ro1/(ro+Ro1); // in kilo-ohms
+// From the ac equivalent circuit of second stage in Fig. 9.13(b)
+RL=ro*RC/(ro+RC); // Effective load for second stage in kilo-ohms
+AV2=-bta*RL/(Ro1_dash+r_pi); // Voltage gain of second stage
+AV=AV1*AV2; // Overall voltage gain
+disp(AV,"Voltage gain =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH9/EX9.4/EX4.sce b/135/CH9/EX9.4/EX4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fe95afdf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH9/EX9.4/EX4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +// Example 9.4: (i) Voltage gain, Input impedance, Output impedance
+// (ii) Output voltage
+clc, clear
+gm=2.5; // in mili-Siemens
+// From Fig. 9.14(a)
+RG=3; // in Mega-ohms
+RD=2.2; // in kilo-ohms
+
+disp("Part (i)");
+AV1=-gm*RD; // Voltage gain of both individual stages
+AV=AV1^2; // Overall voltage gain
+disp(AV,"Voltage gain =");
+disp(RG,"Input impedance (MΩ) =");
+disp(RD,"Output impedance (kΩ) =");
+
+disp("Part (ii)");
+Vi=10; // in mili-volts
+RD_dash=RD*10/(RD+10); // Effective load of secong stage in kilo-ohms
+// Now the gain of second stage
+AV2=-gm*RD_dash;
+AV=AV1*AV2; // Overall voltage gain
+Vo=Vi*AV; // Output voltage in mili-volts
+disp(Vo,"Output voltage (mV) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH9/EX9.5/EX5.sce b/135/CH9/EX9.5/EX5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f53cf6ded --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH9/EX9.5/EX5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Example 9.5: (i) Gain of each stage
+// (ii) Overall voltage gain
+// (iii) Output resistance Ro'
+clc, clear
+gm=1 // in mili-mho
+rd=40; // in kilo-ohms
+// From Fig. 9.14(b)
+RD1=40 // in kilo-ohms
+RS1=2 // in kilo-ohms
+RD2=10 // in kilo-ohms
+RS3=5 // in kilo-ohms
+mu=rd*gm; // Amplification factor
+
+disp("Part (i)");
+AV1=-mu*RD1/(rd+RD1+(1+mu)*RS1); // Voltage gain of first stage (CS amplifier with RS1)
+AV2=-mu*RD2/(rd+RD2); // Voltage gain of second stage (CS amplifier stage)
+AV3=mu*RS3/(rd+(1+mu)*RS3); // Voltage gain of third stage (CD amplifier stage)
+disp(AV1,"Voltage gain of first stage (CS amplifier with RS1) =");
+disp(AV2,"Voltage gain of second stage (CS amplifier stage) =");
+disp(AV3,"Voltage gain of third stage (CD amplifier stage) =");
+
+disp("Part (ii)");
+AV=AV1*AV2*AV3; // Overall voltage gain
+disp(AV,"Overall voltage gain =");
+
+disp("Part (iii)");
+// Last stage is a CD amplifier, therefore
+Ro=rd/(1+mu); // in kilo-ohms
+Ro_dash=Ro*RS3/(Ro+RS3); // in kilo-ohms
+disp(Ro_dash,"Output resistance (kΩ) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH9/EX9.6/EX6.sce b/135/CH9/EX9.6/EX6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..537ad4531 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH9/EX9.6/EX6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Example 9.6: Input impedance, Output impedance, Voltage gain
+clc, clear
+gm=2.5; // in mili-Siemens
+r_pi=1.3; // in kilo-ohms
+bta=200;
+// From Fig. 9.14(c)
+Ri2=15*4.7*1.3/(15*4.7+15*1.3+4.7*1.3); // Input impedance of second stage in kilo-ohms
+RD_dash=1.8*Ri2/(1.8+Ri2); // Effective load for the first stage in kilo-ohms
+AV1=-gm*RD_dash; // Voltage gain of the loaded 1st stage
+AV2=-bta*2.7/r_pi; // Voltage gain of the 2nd stage
+AV=AV1*AV2; // Overall voltage gain
+disp(10,"Input impedance (MΩ) =");
+disp(2.7,"Output impedance (kΩ) =");
+disp(AV,"Voltage gain =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH9/EX9.7/EX7.sce b/135/CH9/EX9.7/EX7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..db4c26d9a --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH9/EX9.7/EX7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +// Example 9.7: AV, Ri, Ro
+clc, clear
+RE=0.5; // in kilo-ohms
+Rs=50; // in kilo-ohms
+Ic1=15e-3; // in mili-amperes
+Ic2=1; // in mili-amperes
+VA=100; // in volts
+bta=150;
+VT=25e-3; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+// For Q1
+gm1=Ic1/VT; // in mili-mho
+r_pi1=bta/gm1; // in kilo-ohms
+ro1=VA/Ic1; // in kilo-ohms
+// For Q2
+gm2=Ic2/VT; // in mili-mho
+r_pi2=bta/gm2; // in kilo-ohms
+ro2=VA/Ic2; // in kilo-ohms
+// From ac equivalent circuit in Fig. 9.17
+RE2=ro2*RE/(ro2+RE); // Effective load for stage Q2 in kilo-ohms
+Ri2=r_pi2+(1+bta)*RE2; // Input resistance for second stage in kilo-ohms
+AV2=(1+bta)*RE2/Ri2; // Voltage gain of the second stage
+RE1=ro1*Ri2/(ro1+Ri2); // Effective load for the first stage in kilo-ohms
+Ri1=r_pi1+(1+bta)*RE1; // Input resistance for first stage in kilo-ohms
+AV1=(1+bta)*RE1/Ri1; // Voltage gain of first stage
+AV=AV1*AV2; // Overall voltage gain
+Ro=ro2*(r_pi2+ro1)/(ro2*(1+bta)+r_pi2+ro1); // Output resistance in kilo-ohms
+Ri1=Ri1*1e-3; // in Mega-ohms
+disp(AV,"AV =");
+disp(Ri1,"Ri (MΩ) =");
+disp(Ro,"Ro (kΩ) =");
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/135/CH9/EX9.8/EX8.sce b/135/CH9/EX9.8/EX8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8d4a9f821 --- /dev/null +++ b/135/CH9/EX9.8/EX8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Example 9.8:Gain
+clc, clear
+IC=1; // in mili-amperes
+bta=120;
+VT=25e-3; // Voltage equivalent to temperatue at room temperature in volts
+// From Fig. 9.20
+RC=6; // in kilo-ohms
+AV1=-1; // Voltage gain of CE stage (from Eqn. 9.35)
+gm=IC/VT; // in mili-mho
+AV2=gm*RC; // Voltage gain of CB stage
+AV=AV1*AV2; // Overall voltage gain
+disp(AV,"Gain =");
\ No newline at end of file |
