initial commit / add all books

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diff --git a/68/CH1/EX1.1/ex1.sce b/68/CH1/EX1.1/ex1.sce
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+// Example1.1: Amplifier gain, power and eficiency

+// Amplifier operates at +10-V/-10-V power supply.

+A_v=9/1; // sinusoidal voltage input of 1V peak and sinusoidal output voltage of 9V peak

+I_o=9/1000; // 1 kilo ohms load

+disp(A_v,"Voltage gain (V/V) =") 

+disp(20*log10(A_v),"Voltage gain (dB) =") 

+I_i=0.0001 // sinusoidal current input of 0.1mA peak

+A_i=I_o/I_i;

+disp(A_i,"Current gain (A/A) =")

+disp(20*log10(A_i),"Current gain (dB) =")

+V_orms = 9/sqrt(2);

+I_orms = 9/sqrt(2);

+P_L=V_orms*I_orms; // output power in mW

+V_irms=1/sqrt(2);

+I_irms=0.1/sqrt(2);

+P_I=V_irms*I_irms; // input power in mW

+A_p=P_L/P_I; 

+disp(A_p,"Power gain (W/W) =")

+disp(10*log10(A_p),"Power gain (dB) =")

+P_dc=10*9.5+10*9.5; // amplifier draws a current of 9.5mA from each of its two power supplies

+disp(P_dc,"Power drawn from the dc supplies (mW) =")

+P_dissipated=P_dc+P_I-P_L;

+disp(P_dissipated,"Power dissipated in the amplifier (mW)")

+n=P_L/P_dc*100;

+disp(n,"Amplifier efficiency in percentage")
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diff --git a/68/CH1/EX1.2/ex2.sce b/68/CH1/EX1.2/ex2.sce
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+// Example 1.2: Gain of transistor amplifier

+// Amplifier has transfer characteristics v_O=10-(10^-11)*(exp^40*v_1) applies for v_1 is greater than or equal 0V and v_o is greater than or equal to 0.3V

+L_l = 0.3; // limit L_-

+disp(L_l,"The limit L_- (V) =")

+v_I=1/40*log((10-0.3)/10^-11); // from the transfer characteristics and v_o=0.3V

+disp(v_I,"v_I in volts =")

+L_u=10-10^-11; // obtained by v_I=0 in transfer characteristics

+disp(L_u,"the limit L_+ (V) =")

+V_I=1/40*log((10-5)/10^-11); // V_O=5V

+disp(V_I,"The value of the dc bias voltage that results in V_O=5V (V)=")

+A_v=-10^-11*exp(40*V_I)*40; // A_v=dv_O/dv_I

+disp(A_v,"Gain at the operating point (V/V) =")

+disp("NOTE the gain is negative that implies the amplifier is an inverting amplifier")

diff --git a/68/CH1/EX1.3/ex3.sce b/68/CH1/EX1.3/ex3.sce
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+// Example 1.3 : Overall voltage gain of cthree-stage amplifier

+gainloss_in=10^6/(1*10^6+100*10^3); // fraction of input signal is obtained using voltage divider rule , gainloss_in= v_i1/v_s

+A_v1=10*100000/(100000+1000); // A_v1 = v_i2/v_i1 is the voltage gain at first stage

+A_v2=100*10000/(10000+1000); // A_v2 = v_i3/v_i2 is the voltage gain at second stage

+A_v3=100/(100+10); // A_v3 = v_L/v_i3 is the voltage gain at the output stage

+A_v=A_v1*A_v2*A_v3; // A_v is the total voltage gain 

+disp(A_v,"The overall voltage gain (V/V) =")

+disp(20*log10(A_v),"The overall voltage gain (dB) =")

+gain_src_ld=A_v*gainloss_in;

+disp(gain_src_ld,"The voltage gain from source to gain (V/V) =")

+disp(20*log10(gain_src_ld),"The voltage gain from source to load (dB) =")

+A_i=10^4*A_v; // A_i=i_o/i_i=(v_L/100)/(v_i1/10^6)

+disp(A_i,"The current gain (A/A)=")

+disp(20*log10(A_i),"The current gain (dB) =")

+A_p=818*818*10^4; // A_p=P_L/P_I=v_L*i_o/v_i1*i_i

+disp(A_p,"The power gain (W/W) =")

+disp(10*log10(A_p),"The power gain (dB) =")
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diff --git a/68/CH1/EX1.4/ex4.sce b/68/CH1/EX1.4/ex4.sce
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+// Example1.4 : Bipolar junction transistor

+

+// 1,4a

+// using voltage divider rule the fraction of input signal v_be=v_s*r_pi/(r_pi+R_s)

+// output voltage v_o=-g_mv_be(R_L||r_o)

+r_pi=2.5*10^3; // (ohm)

+R_s=5*10^3; // (ohm)

+R_L=5*10^3 // (ohm)

+g_m=40*10^-3; // (mho)

+r_o=100*10^3; // (ohm)

+gain=-(r_pi*g_m*(R_L*r_o/(R_L+r_o)))/(r_pi+R_s); // gain=v_o/v_s

+disp(gain,"The voltage gain (V/V) =")

+gain_negl_r_o=-r_pi*g_m*R_L/(r_pi+R_s);

+disp(gain_negl_r_o,"Gain neglecting the effect of r_o (V/V) =")

+

+// 1.4b

+// Bi_b=g_m*v_be

+// B is short circuit gain

+B=g_m*r_pi;

+disp(B,"The short circuit gain (A/A) =")
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diff --git a/68/CH1/EX1.5/ex5.sce b/68/CH1/EX1.5/ex5.sce
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+// Example 1.5 :  DC gain, 3dB frequency and frequency at which gain=0 of voltage amplifier

+

+// 1.5b

+R_s =20*10^3; // (ohm)

+R_i =100*10^3; // (ohm)

+C_i =60*10^-12; // (ohm)

+u = 144; // (V/V)

+R_o = 200; // (ohm)

+R_L = 1000; // (ohm)

+K=u/((1+R_s/R_i)*(1+R_o/R_L));

+disp(K,"The dc gain (V/V)= ")

+disp(20*log10(K)," The dc gain (dB) =")

+w_o=1/(C_i*R_s*R_i/(R_s+R_i));

+disp(w_o,"The 3-dB frequency (rad/s) =")

+f_o= w_o/2/%pi;

+disp(f_o,"Frequency (Hz) =")

+disp(100*w_o,"unity gain frequency (rad/s)=",100*f_o,"Unity gain frequency (Hz)")
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diff --git a/68/CH1/EX1.6/ex6.sce b/68/CH1/EX1.6/ex6.sce
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+// Example 1.6: Time for the output to reach (V_OH+V_OL)/2

+V_DD=5; // (V)

+R=1000; // (ohm)

+R_on=100; // (ohm)

+V_offset=0.1; // (V)

+C=10*10^-12; // (F)

+V_OH=5; // (V)

+V_OL=V_offset+(V_DD-V_offset)*R_on/(R+R_on);

+T=R*C;

+v_o_t_PLH=(V_OH+V_OL)/2; //to find t_PLH 

+t_PLH=0.69*T;// t_PLH is low to high propogtion delay

+disp(t_PLH,"time required for he output to reach (V_OH+V_OL)/2 (seconds) =")
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