initial commit / add all books

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diff --git a/539/CH12/EX12.1/Example_12_1.sce b/539/CH12/EX12.1/Example_12_1.sce
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+//Computation of Minimum Caion-to-Anion Radius Ratio forCo-ordination No. of 3

+

+clear;

+clc;

+

+printf("\tExample 12.1\n");

+

+printf("\nFor equilateral triangle after joining centres of the atoms \nAngle = 30\n");

+

+a=30;

+

+ratio=(1-cos(30*%pi/180))/cos(30*%pi/180);

+

+printf("\nCation to anion raio is : %.3f\n",ratio);

+

+//End
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diff --git a/539/CH12/EX12.2/Example_12_2.sce b/539/CH12/EX12.2/Example_12_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3d1070ca2
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+++ b/539/CH12/EX12.2/Example_12_2.sce
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+//Ceramic Crystal structure prediction

+

+clear;

+clc;

+

+printf("\tExample 12.2\n");

+

+r_Fe=0.077;  // in nm Radius of iron cation Fe++

+

+r_O=0.140;  //in nm  Radius of Oxygen anion O--

+

+ratio=r_Fe/r_O;

+

+printf("\nRatio is : %0.3f",ratio);

+

+if ratio>0.414 & ratio<0.732 then

+    printf("\nCo-ordinaton no. is 6");

+    printf("\nStructure is Rock Salt type\n");

+end
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diff --git a/539/CH12/EX12.3/Example_12_3.sce b/539/CH12/EX12.3/Example_12_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6b2c383a3
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+++ b/539/CH12/EX12.3/Example_12_3.sce
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+//Theoretical Density Determination for NaCl

+

+clear;

+clc;

+

+printf("\tExample12.3\n");

+

+A_Na=22.99;  // in g/mol

+A_Cl=35.45;  //in g/mol

+

+r_Na=0.102*10^-7;  //in cm Radius of Na+ ion

+r_Cl=0.181*10^-7;  //in cm Radius of Cl- ion

+

+a=2*(r_Na+r_Cl);

+V=a^3;

+

+n=4;  //For FCC, no. of atoms are 4 per crystal

+

+Na=6.023*10^23;  //Avogadro number

+

+density=n*(A_Na+A_Cl)/(V*Na);

+

+printf("\nDensity is : %0.2f g/cm^3\n",density);

+

+//End
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diff --git a/539/CH12/EX12.4/Example_12_4.sce b/539/CH12/EX12.4/Example_12_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..874891e57
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+++ b/539/CH12/EX12.4/Example_12_4.sce
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+//Computation of the No. of Schottky Defects in KCl

+

+clear;

+clc;

+

+printf("\tExample 12.4\n");

+

+Na=6.023*10^23;  //Avogadro number

+density=1.955;  //in g/cm^3

+

+A_K=39.1;  //in g/mol

+A_Cl=35.45;  //in g/mol

+

+N=Na*density*10^6/(A_K+A_Cl);

+

+printf("\nNo. of lattice points are : %0.2f * 10 ^ 28 /m^3\n",N/10^28);

+

+Qs=2.6;  // in eV

+k=8.62*10^-5;  // in eV/K  Boltzmann Constant

+T=500+273;  // in K

+

+Ns=N*%e^(-Qs/(2*k*T));

+

+printf("\nSchottky Defects are : %0.2f * 10 ^ 19 /m^3\n",Ns/10^19);

+

+//End
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diff --git a/539/CH12/EX12.5/Example_12_5.sce b/539/CH12/EX12.5/Example_12_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ad53f44bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/539/CH12/EX12.5/Example_12_5.sce
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+//Determination of Possible Point Defect Types

+

+clear;

+clc;

+

+printf("\tExample 12.5\n");

+

+disp("Replacement of Na+ by a Ca++ ion introduces one extra positive charge");

+

+disp("Removal of a positive charge is accomplished by the formation of one Na+ vacancy");

+

+disp("Alternatively, a Cl- interstitial will supply an additional negative charge, negating the effect of each Ca++ ion.");

+

+disp("The formation of this defect is highly unlikely.");

+

+//End
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