initial commit / add all books

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diff --git a/2870/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/2870/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce
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+clc;clear;

+//Example  13.1

+

+//given data

+mO2=3;

+mN2=5;

+mCH4=12;

+//molecular masses

+MO2=32;

+MN2=28;

+MCH4=16;

+

+//constants used

+Ru=8.314;//in kJ/kg - K

+

+//calculations

+

+//part - a

+mm=mO2+mN2+mCH4;

+mfO2=mO2/mm;

+mfN2=mN2/mm;

+mfCH4=mCH4/mm;

+disp(mfO2,'mass fraction of oxygen is');

+disp(mfN2,'mass fraction of nitrogen is');

+disp(mfCH4,'mass fraction of methane is');

+

+//part - b

+NO2=mO2/MO2;

+NN2=mN2/MN2;

+NCH4=mCH4/MCH4;

+Nm=NO2+NN2+NCH4;

+yO2=NO2/Nm;

+yN2=NN2/Nm;

+yCH4=NCH4/Nm;

+disp(yO2,'mole fraction of oxygen is');

+disp(yN2,'mole fraction of nitrogen is');

+disp(yCH4,'mole fraction of methane is');

+

+//part - c

+Mm=mm/Nm;

+disp(Mm,'average molecular mass in kg/kmol');

+Rm=Ru/Mm;

+disp(Rm,'gas constant of mixture in kJ/kg - K')

diff --git a/2870/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/2870/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce
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index 000000000..e6f0d69d9
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+clc;clear;

+//Example 13.2

+

+//given data

+NN2=2;

+NCO2=6;

+Tm=300;

+Pm=15000;

+

+//constants used

+Ru=8.314;//in kJ/kmol - K

+

+//calculations

+

+//part - a

+Nm=NN2+NCO2;

+Vm=Nm*Ru*Tm/Pm;

+disp(Vm,'the volume of the tank on the basis of the ideal-gas equation of state in m^3');

+

+//part - b

+//from Table A-1

+//for nitrogen

+TcrN=126.2;

+PcrN=3390;

+//for Carbondioxide

+TcrC=304.2;

+PcrC=7390;

+yN2=NN2/Nm;

+yCO2=NCO2/Nm;

+Tcr=yN2*TcrN+yCO2*TcrC;

+Pcr=yN2*PcrN+yCO2*PcrC;

+Tr=Tm/Tcr;

+Pr=Pm/Pcr;

+//from Fig A-15b

+Zm=0.49;

+Vm=Zm*Nm*Ru*Tm/Pm;

+disp(Vm,'the volume of the tank on the basis Kay’s rule in m^3');

+

+//part - c

+//for nitrogen

+TrN=Tm/TcrN;

+PrN=Pm/PcrN;

+//from Fig A-15b

+Zn=1.02;

+//for Carbondioxide

+TrC=Tm/TcrC;

+PcrC=Pm/PcrC;

+//from Fig A-15b

+Zc=0.3;

+Zm=yN2*Zn+yCO2*Zc;

+Vm=Zm*Nm*Ru*Tm/Pm;

+disp(Vm,'the volume of the tank on the basis compressibility factors and Amagat’s law in m^3');

+

+//part - d

+VRN=(Vm/NN2)/(Ru*TcrN/PcrN);

+VRC=(Vm/NCO2)/(Ru*TcrC/PcrC);

+//from Fig A-15b

+Zn=0.99;

+Zc=0.56;

+Zm=yN2*Zn+yCO2*Zc;

+Vm=Zm*Nm*Ru*Tm/Pm;

+//When the calculations are repeated we obtain 0.738 m3 after the second iteration, 0.678 m3 after the third iteration, and 0.648 m3 after the fourth iteration.

+Vm=0.648;

+disp(Vm,'compressibility factors and Dalton’s law the volume of the tank on the basis in m^3');

diff --git a/2870/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce b/2870/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..109bb61d0
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+++ b/2870/CH13/EX13.3/Ex13_3.sce
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+clc;clear;

+//Example 13.3

+

+//given data

+mN=4;

+T1N=20;

+P1N=150;

+mO=7;

+T1O=40;

+P1O=100;

+//molecular masses

+MO=32;

+MN=28;

+

+//constants used

+Ru=8.314;//in kJ/kg - K

+

+

+//from Table A-2a

+CvN=0.743;

+CvO=0.658;

+

+//calculations

+

+//part - a

+//Ein - Eout = dEsystem

+// (m*cv*dT)N2 + (m*cv*dT)= 0;

+Tm= (mN*CvN*T1N+ mO*CvO*T1O)/(mN*CvN+mO*CvO);

+disp(Tm,'the mixture temperature in C');

+

+//part - b

+NO=mO/MO;

+NN=mN/MN;

+Nm=NO+NN;

+VO=NO*Ru*(T1O+273)/P1O;

+VN=NN*Ru*(T1N+273)/P1N;

+Vm=VO+VN;

+Pm=Nm*Ru*(Tm+273)/Vm;  

+disp(Pm,'the mixture pressure after equilibrium has been established in kPa')

diff --git a/2870/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce b/2870/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fb49a2d00
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+++ b/2870/CH13/EX13.4/Ex13_4.sce
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+clc;clear;

+//Example 13.4

+

+//given data

+NO=3;

+NC=5;//moles of oxygen and carbondioxide repesctively

+T0=25+273;//in K

+

+//constants used

+Ru=8.314;//in kJ/kg - K

+

+//calculations

+Nm=NO+NC;

+yO=NO/Nm;

+yC=NC/Nm;

+//dSm= -Ru*(NO*log(yO)+NC*log(yC))

+Sm=-Ru*(NO*log(yO)+NC*log(yC));

+disp(Sm,'the entropy change in kJ/K');

+Xdestroyed=T0*Sm/1000;

+disp(Xdestroyed,'exergy destruction associated in MJ')

diff --git a/2870/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce b/2870/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5e5da2d15
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+++ b/2870/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce
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+clc;clear;

+//Example 13.5

+

+//given data

+T1=220;

+T2=160;

+Pm=10;

+yN=0.79;

+yO=0.21;//mole fractions of nitrogen and oxygen repesctively

+//critical properties

+//for Nitrogen

+TcrN=126.2;

+PcrN=3.39;

+//for Oxygen

+TcrO=154.8;

+PcrO=5.08;

+

+//constants used

+Ru=8.314;//in kJ/kg - K

+

+//from Tables A-18 & 19

+//at T1

+h1N=6391;

+h1O=6404;

+//for T2

+h2N=4648;

+h2O=4657;

+

+//calculations

+//part - a

+qouti=yN*(h1N-h2N)+yO*(h1O-h2O);

+qouti=ceil(qouti);

+disp(qouti,'the heat transfer during this process using the ideal-gas approximation in kJ/kmol');

+

+//part - b

+Tcrm=yN*TcrN+yO*TcrO;

+Pcrm=yN*PcrN+yO*PcrO;

+Tr1=T1/Tcrm;

+Tr2=T2/Tcrm;

+Pr=Pm/Pcrm;

+//at these values we get

+Zh1=1;

+Zh2=2.6;

+qout=qouti-Ru*Tcrm*(Zh1-Zh2);

+qout=ceil(qout);

+disp(qout,'the heat transfer during this process using Kay’s rule in kJ/kmol');

+

+//part - c

+//for nitrogen

+TrN1=T1/TcrN;

+TrN2=T2/TcrN;

+PrN=Pm/PcrN;

+//from Fig A-15b

+Zh1n=0.9;

+Zh2n=2.4;

+//for Oxygen

+TrO1=T1/TcrO;

+TrO2=T2/TcrO;

+PcrO=Pm/PcrO;

+//from Fig A-15b

+Zh1O=1.3;

+Zh2O=4.0;

+//from Eq 12-58

+h12N=h1N-h2N-Ru*TcrN*(Zh1n-Zh2n);// h1 - h2 for nitrogen

+h12O=h1O-h2O-Ru*TcrO*(Zh1O-Zh2O);// h1 - h2 for oxygen

+qout=yN*h12N+yO*h12O;

+qout=ceil(qout);

+disp(qout,'the heat transfer during this process using Amagat’s law in kJ/kmol');

diff --git a/2870/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce b/2870/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a1dd47006
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2870/CH13/EX13.6/Ex13_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+clc;clear;

+//Example 13.6

+//13.6 (d) answer not matching as float datatype is giving more accurate answer in comparison to textbook that has given approximate due to rounding off to two decimal places

+

+//given data

+mfs=0.0348;

+mfw=0.9652;

+T0=288.15;

+

+//constants used

+Mw=18;

+Ms=58.44;

+Rw=0.4615;

+pm=1028;

+Ru=8.314;

+

+//calculations

+//part - a

+Mm=1/((mfs/Ms)+(mfw/Mw));

+yw=mfw*Mm/Mw;

+ys=1-yw;

+disp(yw,'the mole fraction of the water');

+disp(ys,'the mole fraction of the saltwater');

+

+//part - b

+wmin=-Ru*T0*(ys*log(ys)+yw*log(yw));

+wm=wmin/Mm;

+disp(wm,'the minimum work input required to separate 1 kg of seawater completely into pure water and pure salts in kJ');

+

+//part - c

+wmin=Rw*T0*log(1/yw);

+disp(wmin,'the minimum work input required to obtain 1 kg of fresh water from the sea in kJ');

+

+//part - d

+Pmin=pm*Rw*T0*log(1/yw);

+disp(Pmin,'the minimum gauge pressure that the seawater must be raised if fresh water is to be obtained by reverse osmosis using semipermeable membranes in kPa')