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| author | priyanka | 2015-06-24 15:03:17 +0530 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | priyanka | 2015-06-24 15:03:17 +0530 |
| commit | b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b (patch) | |
| tree | ab291cffc65280e58ac82470ba63fbcca7805165 /2780 | |
| download | Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.tar.gz Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.tar.bz2 Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.zip | |
initial commit / add all books
Diffstat (limited to '2780')
178 files changed, 1868 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0482e91ac --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate length of the bar measured by the ststionary observer
+lo =1 //length in metre
+v=0.75*3*10^8 //speed (m/s)
+c=3*10^8 //light speed(m/s)
+l=lo*sqrt(1-(v^2/c^2))
+disp("length of bar in is l="+string(l)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..902b7e7e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc
+//to calculate distance travelled by the particle
+deltat0=2*10^-8 //proper half life to of the particle in (s)
+c=3*10^8 //light speed (m/s)
+v=0.96*c //speed of the particle (m/s)
+deltat=(deltat0)/(sqrt(1-(v/c)^2)) //half life in the laboratory frame t in (s)
+//t=deltat (flux of the beam falls to (1/2) times initial flux)
+d=v*deltat //d=vt
+disp("distance travelled by the particle in this time is d="+string(d)+"m")
+//answer is given wrong in the textbook =20.45 m
diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..55e972e38 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc
+//to calculate speed
+deltat0=1440 //proper time interval measured by an observer moving with the clock (min)
+deltat=1444 //time interval measured by a stationary observer (min)
+c=3*10^8 //light speed (m/s)
+v=c*sqrt(1-(deltat0/deltat)^2)
+disp(" moving clock appears to lose 4min in 24 hours from the stationary observer is v="+string(v)+"m/s")
+//answer is given wrong in the book =2.32*10^7 m/s
diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f0a047b6d --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc
+//to calculate velocity of beta particle
+c=3*10^8 //light velocity(m/s)
+u1=0.9*c //velocity of the beta particle relative to the atom in the direction of motion
+v=0.25*c //velocity of the radioactive atom relative to an experimenter
+u=(u1+v)/(1+u1*v/c^2)
+disp(" velocity of the beta particle as observed by the experimenter is u="+string(u)+"m/s")
+//answer is given in terms of c in the book =0.94c
diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f6a1fc145 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc
+//to calculate velocity
+c=3*10^8 // light velocity
+v=0.75*c //speed of A
+ux=-0.85*c //speed of B
+ux1=(ux-v)/(1-ux*v/c^2)
+disp(ux1,'velocity of B with respect to A (m/s) is :')
+//answer is given in terms of c in the book=-0.9771c
diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d6a7a1795 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+//to calculate velocity in the laboratory frame
+c=3*10^8 //light speed (m/s)
+v=0.8*c //velocity relative to laboratory along positive direction of x-axis
+//given that u'=3 i+4 j+12 k (m/s)
+ux1=3 //in (m/s)
+uy1=4 //in (m/s)
+uz1=12 //in (m/s)
+ux=(ux1+v)/(1+v*ux1/c^2)
+uy=(uy1*sqrt(1-(v/c)^2))/(1+v*ux1/c^2)
+uz=(uz1*sqrt(1-(v/c)^2))/(1+v*ux1/c^2)
+disp("u=ux i+uy j+uz k")
+disp("where")
+disp("ux="+string(ux)+"m/s")
+disp("uy="+string(uy)+"m/s")
+disp("uz="+string(uz)+"m/s")
diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9a3c21891 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc
+// to calculate velocity of the particle
+c=3*10^8 //light speed (m/s)
+v=0.4*c //velocity of frame s' relative to s along axis x
+ux=0.8*c*(1/2) //component of velocity u(=0.8 c) of the particle along x axis ux=0.8 c cos60
+uy=0.8*c*sin (%pi/3) //component of the velocity u of the particle along y axis
+ux1=(ux-v)/(1-ux*v/c^2)
+uy1=uy*sqrt(1-(v/c)^2)/(1-(ux*v/c^2))
+disp("resultant velocity as observed by a person in frame s1 is u1=ux1 i+uy1 j")
+disp("where")
+disp("ux1="+string(ux1)+"m/s")
+disp("uy1="+string(uy1)+"m/s")
+//answer is given in terms of c in the book i.e. uy1=0.756c m/s
diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..80fa36cba --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc
+//to calculate mass, momentum,total energy,kinetic energy
+c=3*10^8 //light speed (m/s)
+v=c/sqrt (2) //velocity (m/s)
+//let mo be the rest mass of the particle
+//relativistic mass m of the particle is m=mo/sqrt(1-(v/c)^2)
+m=1/sqrt (1-v^2/c^2) //in kg
+disp("mass m="+string(m)+" mo")
+//momentum p of the particle is p=mv
+p=m*v //in kg-m/s
+disp("momentum p="+string(p)+" mo")
+//total energy E of the particle
+E=m*c^2 //in J
+disp("energy E="+string(E)+" mo")
+//kinetic energy K=E-mo c^2
+K=E-c^2 //in J
+disp("kinetic energy K="+string(K)+" mo")
+//answer is given in terms of m0 and c in the book
diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..24ec280b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc
+//to calculate velocity of the parcticle
+c=3*10^8 //light speed(m/s)
+// we know that E(energy)=mc^2
+// mo=rest mass
+//E=3 moc^2=mc^2 or m=3 mo (given that total energy of the particle is thrice its rest energy)
+m=3 // relativistic mass
+//formula is v=c sqrt(1-(mo/m)^2)
+v=sqrt(c^2*(1-(1/m)^2))
+disp("velocity of the particle is v="+string(v)+"m/s")
diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d08a8c591 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate velocity of rocket
+//lo be the length at rest
+l=99/100 //length is 99 per cent of its length at rest is l=(99/100)lo
+c=3*10^8 //light speed(m/s)
+v=sqrt(c^2*(1-l^2)) //formula is v=c sqrt(1-(l/lo)^2)
+disp("velocity of rocket is v="+string(v)+"m/s")
diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5fca4d8fc --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc
+//to calculate mass(m),speed(v) of an electron
+K=1.5*10^6*1.6*10^-19 //kinetic energy(J)
+m0=9.11*10^-31 //rest mass of an electron(kg)
+c=3*10^8 // velocity of light in vacuum(m/s)
+m=(K/c^2)+m0 //relativistic kinetic energy(k=(m-mo)c^2)
+disp("mass is m="+string(m)+"kg ")
+v=c*sqrt(1-m0^2/m^2)
+disp("speed of an electron is v="+string(v)+"m/s")
diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..51cd592df --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc
+//to calculate work to be done
+E=0.5*10^6 //rest energy of electron (MeV) E=m0*c^2
+v1=0.6*3*10^8 //speed of electron in (m/s)
+v2=0.8*3*10^8
+c=3*10^8 //speed of light in (m/s)
+K1=E*((1/sqrt(1-v1^2/c^2))-1) //kinetic energy in (eV)
+K2=E*((1/sqrt(1-v2^2/c^2))-1)
+w=(K2-K1)*1.6*10^-19
+disp("amount of work to be done is w="+string(w)+"J")
+
+
diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8ba6a90e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate speed
+c=3*10^8 //light speed (m/s)
+m=2.25 //mass m of a body be 2.25 times its rest mass mo i.e. m=2.25m0
+//formula is v=c sqrt(1-(m0/m)^2)
+v=c*sqrt(1-(1/m)^2)
+disp(" speed is v="+string(v)+"m/s")
diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1c364e3e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc
+//to calculate speed of the rocket
+m0=50 //weight of man on the earth(kg)
+m=50.5 //weight of man in rocket ship (kg)
+c=3*10^8 //speed of light(m/s)
+v=c*sqrt(1-m0^2/m^2)
+disp("speed of the rocket is v="+string(v)+"m/s" )
+//to calculate speed of electron
+m0=9.11*10^-31 //mass of electron =rest mass of proton
+m=1.67*10^-27
+v=c*sqrt(1-m0^2/m^2)
+disp("speed of an electron is v="+string(v)+"m/s")
diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a260413e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate velocity
+c=3*10^8 //light speed (m/s)
+//K(kinetic energy)=(m-mo(rest mass))c^2
+//it can also be written as mc^2=K+m0c^2
+//given that K=2m0c^2(rest mass energy)
+//m=3m0
+m=3 //relativistic mass
+//formula is v=c sqrt(1-(m0/m)^2)
+v=c*sqrt(1-(1/m)^2)
+disp("velocity of a body is v="+string(v)+"m/s")
diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..775d9d1e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc
+//to calculate kinetic energy ,momentum of electron
+m0=9.11*10^-31 //its rest mass (kg)
+c=3*10^8 //light velocity in (m/s)
+m=11*m0 //mass of moving electron is 11 times its rest mass
+K=(m-m0)*c^2/(1.6*10^-19) // kinetic energy
+disp("kinetic energy is K="+string(K)+"eV")
+v=c*sqrt(1-(m0/m)^2) //velocity(m/s)
+p=m*v //momentum
+disp("momentum is p="+string(p)+"kg m/s")
diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..dda3f1874 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate proton gain in mass
+c=3*10^8 //light speed(m/s)
+K=500*10^6*1.6*10^-19 //kinetic energy (J)
+deltam=K/c^2
+disp("proton gain in mass is delm="+string(deltam)+"kg")
+//answer is given wrong in the book=8.89*10^28 kg
diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9ae6765c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+//to calculate speed of 0.1MeV electron
+E=0.512*10^6 //rest mass energy E=m0*c^2
+c=3*10^8 //velocity of light (m/s)
+K=0.1*10^6 //kinetic energy (MeV)
+v=c*sqrt(1-(E/(K+E))^2)
+disp("speed of electron is v="+string(v)+"m/s" )
+//to calculate mass and speed of 2MeV electron
+E=2*10^6*1.6*10^-19 //in (J)
+m=E/c^2
+disp("mass is m="+string(m)+"kg")
+m0=9.11*10^-31 //electron mass (kg)
+v=c*sqrt(1-m0^2/m^2)
+disp("speed is v="+string(v)+"m/s")
+
+
diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fb8f73de9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc
+//to percentage contraction of a rod
+c=3*10^8 //light speed(m/s)
+v=0.8*c //velocity(m/s)
+//let lo be the length of the rod in the frame in which it is at rest
+//s' is the frame which is moving with a speed 0.8c in a direction making an angle 60 with x-axis
+//components of lo along perpendicular to the direction of motion are lo cos60 and lo sin60 respectively
+l1=cos(%pi/3)*sqrt(1-(v/c)^2) //length of the rod alond the direction of motion =lo cos(pi/3)sqrt(1-(v/c)^2)
+l2=sin(%pi/3) //length of the rod perpendicular to the direction of motion =lo sin60
+l=sqrt(l1^2+l2^2) // length of the moving rod
+per=(1-l)*100/1
+disp("percentage contraction of a rod is per="+string(per)+"%")
+
diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..99e2413bf --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc
+//to calculate velocity of the circular lamina
+c=3*10^8 //light speed (m/s)
+//R'=R/2 (radius)
+//R'=R sqrt(1-(v/c)^2)
+v=(sqrt(3)/2)*c
+disp("velocity of the circular lamina relative to frame s is v="+string(v)+"m/s")
+//answer is given in terms of c in the textbook
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c2cdbeb31 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc
+//to calculate speed of the clock
+//clock should record l=59 minutes for each hour recorded by clocks stationary with respect to the observer
+l=59
+lo=60
+c=3*10^8 //light speed (m/s)
+v=sqrt(c^2*(1-l^2/lo^2))
+disp("speed of the clock is ="+string(v)+"m/s")
+
diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c36a7b815 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc
+//to calculate distance travelled by the beam
+deltat0=2.5*10^-8 //proper half life of pi mesons in (s)
+c=3*10^8 //light speed (m/s)
+v=0.8*c //mesons velocity (m/s)
+deltat=deltat0/sqrt(1-(v/c)^2) //half life (s)
+//No=initial flux ,N=flux after time t
+//N=N0 e^(-t/T)
+//N=N0/e^2 (given)=No e(-t/T)
+//t=2 deltat
+d=2*deltat*v //d=vt
+disp("distance travelled by the beam is d="+string(d)+"m")
+//answer is given in the textbook=19.96 m
diff --git a/2780/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/2780/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..937c30874 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc
+//to calculate permeability and susceptibility of the bar
+phi=2.4*10^-5 //magnetic flux in weber
+A=0.2*10^-4 //cross sectional area in m^2
+B=phi/A //magnetic induction in N/Am
+H=1200 //magnetising field in A/m
+mu=B/H
+disp("permeability is mu="+string(mu)+"N/A^2")
+muo=4*%pi*10^-7
+chim=(mu/muo)-1
+disp("susceptibility is chim="+string(chim)+"unitless")
+//the answer is given wrong in the book (round off error) chim=737
diff --git a/2780/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/2780/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..65c72d7e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate current should be sent through the solenoid
+l=.10 //length in m
+N=50 //number of turns
+H=5*10^3 //magnetising field in A/m
+i=H*l/N
+disp("current is i="+string(i)+"A")
diff --git a/2780/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/2780/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9b44c4799 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate magnetic moment of the rod
+//formula is B=muo*(H+I)
+//where H=ni
+n=500 //number of turns in turns/m
+i=0.5 //current passed through the solenoid in A
+mur=1200 //relative permeability
+I=(mur-1)*n*i //intensity of magnetisation in A/m
+V=10^-3 //volume in m^3
+M=I*V
+disp("the magnetic moment of the rod is M="+string(M)+"A-m^2")
diff --git a/2780/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/2780/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c7b446f5d --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+//to calculate flux density,magnetic intensity,permeability of iron
+phi=2*10^-6 //flux in the ring in weber
+A=10^-4 //cross-sectional area in m^2
+B=phi/A
+disp("flux density is B="+string(B)+"weber/m^2")
+N=200 //number of turns
+i=0.30 //current flows in the windings in A
+l=0.2 //length in m
+H=N*i/l
+disp("magnetic intensity is H="+string(H)+"A-turn/m")
+mu=B/H
+disp("permeability is mu="+string(mu)+"weber/A-m")
+muo=4*%pi*10^-7
+mur=mu/muo
+disp("relative permeability is mur="+string(mur)+"unitless")
diff --git a/2780/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/2780/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0d5a6fe82 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc
+//to calculate number of ampere turns
+l=0.5 //length in m
+mu=6.5*10^-3 //permeability of iron in henry/m
+A=2*10^-4 //area of cross-section in m^-4
+R=l/(mu*A) //reluctance in A-turns/weber
+flux=4*10^-4 //in weber
+mmf=flux*R
+disp("the number of ampere turns is mmf="+string(mmf)+"ampere-turns")
diff --git a/2780/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/2780/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..721d9c0f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc
+//to calculate relative permeability of the medium
+phi=1.5*10^-3 //magnetic flux in weber
+l=%pi*50*10^-2 //length in m
+A=10*10^-4 //area of cross-section
+N=1000 //number of turns
+i=5 //current in A
+muo=4*%pi*10^-7
+//phi(magnetic flux)=m.m.f/reluctance
+//phi=N*i*muo*mur*A/l
+//we get,
+mur=phi*l/(N*i*A*muo)
+disp("relative permeability of the medium is mur="+string(mur)+"unitless")
diff --git a/2780/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce b/2780/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ebc625d35 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc
+//to calculate magnetising current
+//formula is phi(magnetic flux)=m.m.f/reluctance
+//phi=N*i*mu*A/l--------eq(1)
+//phi=BA------------eq(2)
+B=0.20 //magnetic flux density in weber/m^2
+l=1 //average length of the circuit in m
+N=100 //number of turns
+mu=7.3*10^-3 //in h.m
+//from eq(1)and eq(2),we get
+i=B*l/(N*mu)
+disp("magnetising current is i="+string(i)+"A")
diff --git a/2780/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/2780/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b6c4b2b87 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate fundemental frequency
+Y=7.9*10^10 //Young modulus for quartz in Nm^-2
+rho=2.65*10^3 //density of quartz in kg/m^3
+//the velocity of longitudinal wave is given by
+v=sqrt(Y/rho) //in m/s
+//for fundamental mode of vibration ,thickness is given by lambda/2
+lambda=2*0.001 //wavelength in m
+nu=v/lambda
+disp("the fundamental frequency is nu="+string(nu)+"Hz")
+//answer is given wrong in the book ,nu=2730 Hz
diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b33820620 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc
+//to calculate electric flux
+//electric flux through a surface is phi=vector(E)*vector(s)
+//where vector E=2i+4j+7k,vector s=10j
+E=4 //E=4j
+s=10 //s=10j
+phi=E*s
+disp("electric flux is phi="+string(phi)+"units")
+//to calculate flux coming out of any face of the cube
+q=1 //charge in coulomb
+epsilon0=8.85*10^-12 //permittivity in free space in coul^2/N-m^2
+phi1=q/(6*epsilon0)
+disp("flux coming out of any face of the cube is phi1="+string(phi1)+"N-m^2/coul^2")
diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..520fe1f7e --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate skin depth
+f=10^8 //frequency
+sigma=3*10^7 //conductivity of the medium
+muo=4*%pi*10^-7 //permeability of free space
+del=sqrt(2/(2*%pi*f*sigma*muo))
+disp("skin depth is del="+string(del)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..77a828413 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+//to calculate frequency
+muo=4*%pi*10^-7 //permeability of free space
+sigma=4.3 // in mhos/m
+del=0.1 //skin depth in m
+f=2/(2*%pi*muo*del^2)
+disp("frequency is f="+string(f)+"Hz")
+//value of frequency is given incorrect in the book
+//show that for frequencies less than 10^8 ,it can be considered as good conductor
+epsilon=80*8.854*10^-12
+f=10^8 //frequency in Hz
+sigma=4.3
+//formula is sigma/(omega*epsilon)>4.3/(2*%pi*10^8*80*epsilon)
+sigma1=sigma/(2*%pi*f*epsilon) //where sigma1=sigma/(omega*epsilon)
+disp("sigma1="+string(sigma1)+"unitless")
+//the ocean water to be good conductor ,the value of sigma/(omega*epsilon) should be greater than 1
diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e07399806 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc
+//to show that for frequency <10^9 Hz ,a sample of silicon will act like a good conductor
+sigma=200 //in mhos/m
+omega=2*%pi*10^9
+epsilon0=8.85*10^-12 //permittivity in free space
+epsilon=12*epsilon0
+sigma1=sigma/(omega*epsilon) //sigma1=sigma/(omega*epsilon)
+disp("sigma1="+string(sigma1)+"unitless")
+//if sigma/(omega*epsilon) is greater than 1 , silicon is a good conductor at frequency <10^9 Hz
+//to calculate penetration depth
+f=10^6 //frequency in Hz
+muo=4*%pi*10^-7 //permeability of free space
+sigma=200
+del=sqrt(2/(2*%pi*f*muo*sigma))
+disp("penetration depth is del="+string(del)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..26ad797bc --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc
+//to calculate conduction current and displacement current densities
+sigma=10^-3 //conductivity in mhos/m
+E=4*10^-6 //where E=4*10^-6*sin(9*10^9t) v/m
+J=sigma*E
+disp("conduction current density is J="+string(J)+"sin(9*10^9t) A/m")
+epsilon0=8.85*10^-12 //permittivity in free space
+epsilonr=2.45 //relative permittivity
+//formula is epsilon0*epsilonr*(delE/delt)
+//delE/delt=4*10^-6*9*10^9*cos(9*10^9*t)
+Jd=epsilon0*epsilonr*4*10^-6*9*10^9
+disp("displacement current density is Jd="+string(Jd)+"cos(9*10^9*t) A/m^2")
diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a4f177cbe --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc
+//to calculate electric field at a point from centre of the shell
+q=0.2*10^-6 //charge
+r=3 //radius
+epsilon0=8.85*10^-12
+E=q/(4*%pi*epsilon0*r^2)
+disp("electric field at a point from centre of the shell is E="+string(E)+"N/coulomb")
+//to calculate electric field at a point just outside the shell
+R=0.25 //radius
+E=q/(4*%pi*epsilon0*R^2)
+disp("electric field at a point just outside the shell is E="+string(E)+"N/coulomb")
+//to calculate the electric field at a point inside the shell
+//when the point is situated inside the spherical shell,the electric field is zero
diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2ae4fed33 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate electric field at a point on earth vertically below the wire
+lambda=10^-4 //wavelength in coulomb/m
+r=4 //radius in m
+epsilon0=8.854*10^-12
+E=2*lambda/(4*%pi*epsilon0*r)
+disp("electric field at a point on earth vertically below the wire is E="+string(E)+"N/coulomb")
diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e05f85111 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc
+//to calculate separation between those equipotential surfaces
+V=5 //potential difference
+epsilon0=8.85*10^-12 //permittivity of free space
+sigma=1*10^-7 //in c/m^2
+//electric field due to an infinite sheet of surface charge density is given by E=sigma/(2*epsilon0) eq(1)
+//E=V/d eq(2)
+//from eq(1) and eq(2),we get
+d=(2*epsilon0*V)/sigma
+disp("separation between those equipotential surfaces is d="+string(d)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..37c8dce99 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate force per unit area
+//force of attraction per unit area is given by F=(epsilon0*E^2)/2 eq(1)
+//E=V/d eq(2)
+epsilon0=8.85*10^-12 //permittivity of free space
+d=1*10^-3 //distance
+V=100 //potential difference in volts
+//from eq(1) and eq(2),we get
+F=(epsilon0*V^2)/(2*d^2)
+disp("force per unit area is F="+string(F)+"N/m^2")
+//answer is given incorrect in the book ,F=4.425*10^-12
diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ce0443396 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc
+//to calculate charge
+//let charge be q coulomb ,then the surface density of charge i.e. sigma=q/(4*%pi*r^2)..............eq(1)
+//outward pull per unit area =sigma^2/(2*epsilon0)............eq(2)
+//put eq(1) in eq(2),we get q^2/(4*%pi*r^2)^2*(2*epsilon0)..............eq(3)
+//pressure due to surface tension =4*T/r............eq(4)
+T=27
+r=1.5*10^-2
+epsilon0=8.85*10^-12
+//equate eq(3) and eq(4),we get
+q=sqrt(4*T*((4*%pi*r^2)^2)*2*epsilon0/r)
+disp("charge is q="+string(q)+"coulomb")
+//answer is given wrong in the book,square of 4*%pi*r^2 is not taken in the solution.
diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c0706a59c --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc
+//to calculate increase in radius
+q=4.8*10^-8 //charge in coulomb
+r=10*10^-2 //radius in m
+epsilon0=8.85*10^-12 //C^2/N-m^2
+P=10^5 //N/m^2
+dr=(q^2)/(96*((%pi)^2)*(r^3)*epsilon0*P)
+disp("increase in radius is dr="+string(dr)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0a93694a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//in page no.340,numbering is done wrongly,it should be like ex-8,ex-9,ex-10,ex-11,ex-12,ex-13,ex-14
+clc
+//to calculate average values of intensities of electric and magnetic fields of radiation
+//energy of lamp=1000 J/s
+//area illuminated =4*%pi*r^2=16*%pi m^2
+//energy radiated per unit area per second =1000/16*%pi
+//from poynting theorem |s|=|E*H|=E*H eq(1)
+s=1000/(16*%pi)
+muo=4*%pi*10^-7 //permeability of free space
+epsilon0=8.85*10^-12 //permittivity in free space
+//E/H=sqrt(muo/epsilon0) eq(2)
+//from eq(1) and eq(2),we get
+E=sqrt(s*sqrt(muo/epsilon0))
+H=s/E
+disp("average value of intensity of electric fields of radiation is E="+string(E)+"V/m")
+disp("average value of intensity of magnetic fields of radiation is H="+string(H)+"ampere-turn/m")
+//answer is given wrong in the book E=48.87 V/m,solution of magnetic fields is not given in the book .
diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6abc1b8f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc
+//to calculate amplitudes of electric and magnetic fields of radiation
+//energy received by an electromagnetic wave per sec per unit area is given by poynting vector |s|=|E*H|=E*H*sin 90 (becoz E is perpendicular to H)
+//it is given that energy received by earth's surface is
+s=1400 //|s|=2 cal min^-1 cm^-2
+muo=4*%pi*10^-7 //permittivity of free space
+epsilon0=8.85*10^-12 //permeability of free space
+//E*H=1400 eq(1)
+//E/H=sqrt(muo/epsilon0) eq(2)
+//from eq(1) and eq(2) ,we get
+E=sqrt(sqrt(muo/epsilon0)*s)
+//from eq(1) ,we get
+H=1400/E
+Eo=E*sqrt(2)
+Ho=H*sqrt(2)
+disp("amplitude of electric field is Eo="+string(Eo)+"V/m")
+disp("amplitude of magnetic field is Ho="+string(Ho)+"amp-turn/m")
diff --git a/2780/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/2780/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8f70b8f10 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc
+//to calculate value of Temperature
+Bc=105*10^3 //magnetic field in amp/m
+Bo=150*10^3 //critical field of the metal in amp/m
+Tc=9.2 //critical temperature of the metal in K
+T=Tc*sqrt(1-(Bc/Bo))
+disp("value of temperature is T="+string(T)+"K")
+
diff --git a/2780/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/2780/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2e551cd99 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate temperature
+Tc=7.18 //critical temperature in K
+Bc=4.5*10^3 //critical field in A/m
+Bo=6.5*10^3 //critical magnetic field in A/m
+T=Tc*sqrt(1-(Bc/Bo))
+disp("temperature is T="+string(T)+"K")
+//to calculate critical current density at that temperature
+r=1*10^-3 //diameter of the wire in mm
+TJc=(Bc*2*%pi*r)/(%pi*r^2)
+disp("the critical current density at that temperature is TJc="+string(TJc)+"A/m^2")
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5e1c4a42f --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate thickness of glass plate
+n=3
+mu=1.5 //refractive index (unitless)
+lambda=5450*10^-10 //wavelength in m
+t=n*lambda/(mu-1)
+disp("the thickness of glass plate is t="+string(t)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c84b90f51 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate refractive index of the sheet
+t=6.3*10^-6 //thickness of thin sheet of transparent material in m
+lambda=5460*10^-10 //wavelength in m
+n=6
+mu=(n*lambda/t)+1
+disp("the refractive index of the sheet is mu="+string(mu)+"unitless")
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fa94c2392 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc
+//to calculate refractive index of mica
+t=1.2*10^-8 //thickness of thin sheet of mica in m
+n=1
+lambda=6*10^-7 //wavelength in m
+mu=(n*lambda/t)+1
+disp("the refractive index of mica is mu="+string(mu)+"unitless")
+//answer is given wrong in the book=1.50
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..220d870bc --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc
+//to calculate intensity
+mu=1.5 //refractive index(unitless)
+t=1.5*10^-6 //thickness of thin glass plate in m
+pathdifference=(mu-1)*t // in m
+lambda=5*10^-7 //wavelength in m
+//del=2*%pi*pathdifference/lambda
+del=3*%pi
+a1=1
+ //where a1=a2=a
+a2=1
+//formula is I=a1^2+a2^2+2*a1*a2*cos del
+// where cos 3%pi=-1
+I=a1^2+a2^2+2*a1*a2*(-1)
+disp("the intensity at the centre of the screen is I="+string(I)+"unitless" )
+//to calculate lateral shift
+D=1 //distance in m
+twod=5*10^-4 //distance between two slits in m
+mu=1.5 //refractive index (unitless)
+t=1.5*10^-6 //thickness of thin glass plate in m
+x0=D*(mu-1)*t/twod
+disp("the lateral shift of the central maximum is x0="+string(x0)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4313f1ac8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc
+//to calculate spacing between the slits
+lambda=6*10^-5 //wavelength in cm
+omegatheta=0.1*%pi/180 //angular width of a fringe in radians
+twod=lambda/omegatheta
+disp("the spacing between the slits is twod="+string(twod)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a5ab5be0c --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc
+//to calculate distance of the third bright fringe on the screen from the central maximum
+lambda=6.5*10^-5 //wavelength in cm
+twod=0.2 //distance between the slits in cm
+D=120 //distance between the plane of the slits and the screen in cm
+n=3
+X3=D*n*lambda/twod
+disp("the distance of the third bright fringe from the central maximum is X3="+string(X3)+"cm")
+//to calculate the least distance from the central maximum
+lambda1=6.5*10^-5 //wavelength in cm
+lambda2=5.2*10^-5 //wavelength in cm
+//Xn=Dnlambda1/2d=D(n+1)lambda2/2d
+//we get,
+n=lambda2/(lambda1-lambda2)
+disp("n="+string(n)+"unitless")
+Xn=D*n*lambda1/twod
+disp("the distance from the central maximum when the bright fringes due to both wavelengths coincide is Xn="+string(Xn)+"cm")
+
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..84e90800d --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +clc
+//to calculate refractive index
+D=10 //distance in cm
+twod=0.2 //distance detween the slits in cm
+t=0.05 //thickness of transparent plate in cm
+deltaX=0.5 //in cm
+mu=(deltaX*twod/(D*t))+1
+disp("the refractive index of the transparent plate is mu="+string(mu)+"unitless")
+//to calculate order
+n=10
+lambda=7000*10^-8 //wavelength in cm
+//path difference =n*lambda
+n1=n*lambda/(5000*10^-8)
+disp("the order will be visible is n1="+string(n1)+"unitless")
+//to calculate distance between the two coherent sources
+D=100 //distance in m
+lambda=6000*10^-8 //wavelength in cm
+omega=0.05 //distance between two consecutive bright fringes on the screen in cm
+twod=D*lambda/omega
+disp("the distance between the coherent sources is twod="+string(twod)+"cm")
+//to calculate wavelength
+Xn=1 //distance of fourth bright fringe from the central fringe in cm
+twod=0.02 //distance between the two coherent sources in cm
+n=4
+D=100 //distance in cm
+lambda=Xn*twod/(n*D)
+disp("the wavelength of light is lambda="+string(lambda)+"cm")
+//to calculate wavelength
+//position of nth bright fringe from the centre of the central fringe is Xn=D*n*lambda/2d----eq(1)
+//fringe width umega=D*lambda/2d---------------------eq(2)
+//from eq(1) and eq(2) we get, Xn=n*omega
+//for 11th bright fringe X11=11*omega
+//position for nth dark fringe Xn'=(2n+1)D*lambda/4d
+//X4'=(7/2)*omega
+//distance between 11th and 4th dark fringe =0.8835 cm
+//we get
+omega=0.1178 //in cm
+twod=0.05 //distance between slis in cm
+D=100 // distance in cm
+lambda=omega*twod/D
+disp("the wavelength of light is lambda="+string(lambda)+"cm")
+//to calculate changed fringe width
+//X10-X0=10*omega
+//given that X10-X0=14.73-12.34=2.39mm
+omega=0.239 //in mm
+lambda=6000 //wavelength in angstrom
+lambda1=5000 //lambda'=5000 angstrom
+omega1=omega*lambda1/lambda
+disp("the changed fringe width is omega1="+string(omega1)+"mm")
+//to calculate thickness of mica sheet
+n=3
+mu=1.6 //refractive index(unitless)
+lambda=5.89*10^-5 //wavelength in cm
+t=n*lambda/(mu-1)
+disp("the thickness of mica sheet is t="+string(t)+"cm")
+//answer of thickness is given wrong in the book =0.002945 cm
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e49b73e16 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc
+//to calculate the smallest thickness of the plate
+mu=1.5 //refractive index(unitless)
+r=60*%pi/180 //angle of refraction in radians
+lambda=5890*10^-10 //wavelength in m
+n=1
+//formula is t=n*lambda/(2*mu*cosr) where cosr=0.5
+t=n*lambda/(2*mu*0.5)
+disp("the smallest thickness of the plate which will appear dark by reflection is t="+string(t)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cf282b1df --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate least thickness of the film
+lambda=5893*10^-10//wavelength in m
+r=0 //in degree
+mu=1.42 //refractive index
+n=1
+//the formula is t=n*lambda/(2*mu*cosr), where cos0=1
+t=n*lambda/(2*mu*1)
+disp("the least thickness of the film that will appear black is t="+string(t)+"m")
+t=(2*n-1)*lambda/(2*mu*1*2)
+disp("the least thickness of the film that will appear bright is t="+string(t)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..01fe6bf65 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc
+//to calculate thickness of the film
+lambda1=6.1*10^-7 //wavelength in m
+lambda2=6*10^-7 // wavelength in m
+//the two dark consecutive fringes are overlapping for the wavelength lambda1 and lambda2 respectively
+//then, n*lambda1=(n+1)*lambda2
+//we get,
+n=lambda2/(lambda1-lambda2)
+sini=4/5
+mu=4/3
+//formula is mu=sini/sinr
+sinr=0.6
+cosr=sqrt(1-(sinr)^2)
+t=n*lambda1/(2*mu*cosr)
+disp("the thickness of the film is t="+string(t)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2cecc7b32 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc
+//to calculate ratio of intensity
+//I1/I2=1/25
+//formula is a1/a2=sqrt(I1/I2)=1/5
+a2=5 //a2=5*a1
+a1=1
+I=((1+5)^2)/((1-5)^2)
+disp("ratio of intensity at the maxima and minima in the interference pattern is Imax/Imin=((a1+a2)^2)/((a1-a2)^2)="+string(((a1+a2)^2)/((a1-a2)^2))+"unitless")
+//answer is given in terms of ratio
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4b13f89cc --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc
+//to calculate thickness of the film
+mu=1.33 //refractive index of soap film (unitless)
+i=45*%pi/180
+//the formula is mu=sini/sinr
+sinr=0.5317
+cosr=sqrt(1-(sinr)^2)
+//for destructive interference
+lambda=5890*10^-10 //wavelength in m
+n=1
+t=n*lambda/(2*mu*cosr)
+disp("the thickness of the film is t="+string(t)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..90b9f60e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate angle of the wedge
+lambda=6000*10^-10 //wavelength in m
+mu=1.4 //refractive index in unitless
+omega=2*10^-3 //distance in m
+theta=lambda/(2*mu*omega)
+disp("the angle of the wedge is theta ="+string(theta)+"radians")
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..666bc054a --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength of light
+theta=10*%pi/(60*60*180) //angle of wedge in radians
+omega=5*10^-3 //distance between the successive fringes in cm
+mu=1.4 //refractive index
+lambda=2*mu*theta*omega
+disp("the wavelength of light is lambda="+string(lambda)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4fe4a4447 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength of the light
+D15=0.590*10^-2 //diamater of 15th ring in m
+D5=0.336*10^-2 //diameter of 5th ring in m
+p=10
+R=1 //radius of plano convex lens in m
+//formula is lambda=Dn+p^2-Dn^2/4pR
+lambda=((D15^2)-(D5^2))/(4*p*R)
+disp("the wavelength of the monochromatic light is lambda="+string(lambda)+"m")
+
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..255578be2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc
+//to calculate refractive index of the liquid
+n=6
+lambda=6000*10^-10 //wavelength in m
+R=1 //radius of curvature of the curved surface in m
+Dn=3.1*10^-3 //diameter of 6th bright ring in m
+mu=2*(2*n-1)*lambda*R/Dn^2
+disp("the refractive index of the liquid is mu="+string(mu)+"unitless")
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..657da51b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate radius of curvature
+lambda=5900*10^-10 //wavelength in m
+n=10
+Dn=5*10^-3 // diameter of 10th dark ring in m
+R=Dn^2/(4*n*lambda)
+disp("the radius of curvature of the lens is R="+string(R)+"m")
+//to calculate thichness
+t=n*lambda/2
+disp("the thickness of the air film is t="+string(t)+"m")
+
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..50e49d3c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc
+//to calculate the distance from the apex of the wedge at which the maximum due to the two wavelengths first coincide
+//condition for maxima for normal incidence air film is 2t=(2n+1)lambda/2
+//let nth order maximum due to lambda1 coincides with (n+1)th order maximum due to lambda2
+//we get , n=(3lambda2-lambda1)/2(lambda1-lambda2)
+// we also get, 2t=lambda1*lambda2/(lambda1-lambda2)
+//t=X*theta
+lambda1=5896*10^-8 //wavelength in cm
+lambda2=5890*10^-8 //wavelength in cm
+theta=0.3*%pi/180 //angle of wedge
+X=lambda1*lambda2/(2*(lambda1-lambda2)*theta)
+disp("the distance from the apex of the wedge is X="+string(X)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..069416289 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate radius of curvature
+n=10
+Dn=0.50 //diameter of 10th ring in cm
+lambda=6000*10^-8 //wavelength in cm
+R=Dn^2/(4*n*lambda)
+disp("the radius of curvature of the lens is R="+string(R)+"cm")
+//answer is given wrong in the book =106 cm
+//to calculate thickness of the film
+t=Dn^2/(8*R)
+disp("the thickness of the film is t="+string(t)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.28/Ex2_28.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.28/Ex2_28.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..07d3d45d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.28/Ex2_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc
+//to calculate diameter
+//the difference of (n+p)th and nth dark ring is Dn+p^2-Dn^2=4nRlambda
+N=12 //where N=n+p
+n=4
+D12=0.7 //diameter of 12th dark ring in cm
+D4=0.4 //diameter of 4th dark ring in cm
+//D12^2-D4^2=4pRlambda where p=8 ----eq(1)
+//D20^2-D4^2=4pRlambda where p=16 -----eq(2)
+//divide eq(2) by eq(1) ,we get
+D20=sqrt((2*D12^2)-D4^2)
+disp("the diameter of 20th dark ring is D20="+string(D20)+"cm")
+
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.29/Ex2_29.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.29/Ex2_29.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9d889a2e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.29/Ex2_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc
+//to calculate diameter
+lambda1=6*10^-5 //wavelength in cm
+lambda2=4.5*10^-5 //wavelength in cm
+R=90 //radius of curvature of the curved surface in cm
+//Dn^2=4nRlambda1 -------eq(1)
+//Dn+1^2=4(n+1)Rlambda2-------eq(2)
+//the nth dark ring due to lambda1 coincides with (n+1)th dark ring due to lambda2
+//from eq(1) and eq(2)-4nRlambda1=4(n+1)Rlambda2
+// we get,
+n=lambda2/(lambda1-lambda2)
+Dn=sqrt(4*n*R*lambda1)
+disp("the diameter of nth dark ring for lambda1 is Dn="+string(Dn)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..16eed67fb --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc
+//to calculate ratio of intensity at this point to that at the centre of a bright fringe
+//the intensity at any pont is I=a1^2+a2^2+2*a1*a2*cos del
+//let a1=a2=a
+//phase difference del is 0
+//then I0=a^2+a^2+2*a*a*cos 0
+//we get I0=4a^2
+I0=4 //intensity
+//path difference is lemda/8
+//phase difference =2*%pi/lemda*path difference=%pi/4
+//I1=a^2+a^2+2a*a*cos %pi/4
+//I1=3.414a^2
+I1=3.414
+intensity=I1/I0
+disp(" ratio of intensity ="+string(intensity)+"unitless")
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d2e0cb7e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc
+//to calculate the difference of square of diameters for nth and (n+p)th ring when light of wavelength lambda is changed to lambda'
+lambda=6*10^-5 //wavelength in cm
+lambda1=4.5*10^-5 //wavelength in cm
+//Let D=(D^2-Dn^2)=0.125 cm^2
+D=0.125
+//formula is D'(n+p)^2-D'n^2=lambda'*(D(n+p)^2-Dn^2)/lambda
+disp("the difference of square of diameters is D1(n+p)^2-D1n^2=(lambda1*D)/lambda="+string((lambda1*D)/lambda)+"cm^2")
+//to calculate difference of square of diamaters when liqquid of refractive index mu' is introduced
+mu=1 //refractive index (unitless)
+mu1=1.33 // mu'=1.33
+//formula is D'(n+p)^2-D'n^2=(mu/mu')*(D(n+p)^2-Dn^2)
+disp("the difference of square of diameters is D1(n+p)^2-D1n^2=(mu*D)/mu1="+string((mu*D)/mu1)+"cm^2")
+//to calculate difference of square of diameters when radius of curvature of convex surface of the plano convex lens is doubled
+R1=2 //radius of curvature is R'=2R
+R=1
+//formula is D'(n+p)^2-D'n^2=(R'/R)*(D(n+p)^2-Dn^2)
+disp("the difference of square of diameters is D1(n+p)^2-D1n^2=(R1*D)/R="+string((R1*D)/R)+"cm^2")
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e6801b420 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc
+//to calculate ratio of maximum intensity to minimum intensity
+//formula is I1/I2=a1^2/a2^2=100/1
+//a1/a2=10/1
+a1=10 //a1=10*a2
+a2=1
+disp("the ratio of maximum intensity to minmum intensity in the interference pattern Imax/Imin=((a1+a2)^2)/((a1-a2)^2)="+string(((a1+a2)^2)/((a1-a2)^2))+"unitless")
+//answer is given in terms of ratio in the book
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..95a439521 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc
+//to calculate relative intensities
+//Imax/Imin=(a1+a2)^2/(a1-a2)^2+105/95
+//(a1+a2)/(a1-a2)=1.051
+//we get a1/a2=40
+a1=40 //a1=40*a2
+a2=1
+disp("the ratio of the intensities of interfering sources is I1/I2=a1^2/a2^2="+string(a1^2/a2^2)+"unitless")
+//answer is given in terms of ratio in the book
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0ecc6586a --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate distance between the two coherent sources
+lambda=5890*10^-10 //wavelength in m
+omega=9.424*10^-4 //width of the fringes in m
+D=.80 //distance in m
+twod=D*lambda/omega
+disp("the distance between two coherent sources is twod="+string(twod)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5845b08a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate fringe width
+mu=1.5 //refractive index (unitless)
+alpha=%pi/180 //refracting angle in radian
+Y1=20*10^-2 //distance between the source and the biprism in m
+Y2=80*10^-2 //distance in m
+D=Y1+Y2 // distance in m
+lambda=6900*10^-10 //wavelength in m
+twod=2*(mu-1)*alpha*Y1
+omega=D*lambda/twod
+disp("the fringe width is omega="+string(omega)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..96fa37f88 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength of light
+omega=1.888*10^-2/20 //in (m)
+D=1.20 //distance of eye piece from the source in m
+twod=0.00075 //distance between two virtual sources in m
+lambda=omega*twod/D
+disp("the wavelength of light is lambda="+string(lambda)+"m")
+
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6a742a9e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+//to calculate angular width and linear width
+lambda=6*10^-5
+e=0.01 //width of slit in cm
+//position of minima is given by
+sintheta=lambda/e //sintheta=m*lambda/e ,where m=1,2,3,......
+disp("sintheta="+string(sintheta)+" m")
+//since theta is very small,so sintheta is approximately equal to theta
+theta=sintheta
+theta1=2*theta
+disp("total angular width of central maximum is theta1="+string(theta1)+" m radians ")
+d=100 //distance in cm
+Y=theta*d
+Y1=2*Y
+disp("linear width of central maximum on the screen is Y1="+string(Y1)+" m cm")
+disp("values of m =1,2,3,............ gives the directions of first, second .............minima")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..564b679d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength of light and missing orders
+omega=0.25 //fringe width in cm
+D=170 //distance in cm
+twod=0.04 // distance in cm
+lambda=omega*twod/D
+disp("wavelength of light is lambda="+string(lambda)+"cm")
+e=0.08 //width of slit in mm
+d=0.4 //in mm
+m=1
+n=m*(e+d)/e
+disp("missing order is n="+string(n)+"unitless")
+//we can also find order for m=2,3,....
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..42527cc8c --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength
+n=2 //order of spectrum
+theta=%pi/6 //in radians
+E=1/5000 //let (e+d)=E
+lambda=E*sin(%pi/6)/n
+disp("the wavelength of the spectral line is lambda="+string(lambda)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6d1d24660 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc
+//to calculate difference in deviations
+lambda=5*10^-5 //wavelength of light in cm
+eplusd=1/6000 //where eplusd=e+d
+theta1=asind(lambda/eplusd) //for first order spectrum
+theta3=asind(3*lambda/eplusd) //for second order spectrum
+difference=theta3-theta1
+disp("difference in deviations in first and third order spectra is difference ="+string(difference)+"degree")
+
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8a243b545 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc
+//to calculate orders
+//let E=(e+d)
+//formula is (e+d)*sin thita=n*lambda
+//for maximum order to be possible thita=90 degree
+//sin theta=1
+E=2.54/2620 //in cm
+lambda=5*10^-5 //wavelength of the incident light in cm
+n=E/lambda
+disp("the orders will be visible is n="+string(n)+"unitless")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e974aa3a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc
+//to calculate number of lines in the grating
+//theta1=theta2=30 degree
+//sin theta1=sin theta2=1/2
+lambda1=6*10^-5
+ //wavelength in cm
+lambda2=4.5*10^-5
+//let (e+d)=E
+//formula is (e+d)*sin theta1=n*lambda1----------eq(1)
+//(e+d)*sin theta2=(n+1)*lambda2----------eq(2)
+//we get,
+n=lambda2/(lambda1-lambda2) //order of spectrum
+E=n*lambda1/sin(%pi/6)
+number=1/E
+disp("number of lines is number="+string(number)+"unitless")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..457c2fcbc --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate order when visible light of wavelength in the range 4000 to 7500 angstrom
+//let E=(e+d)
+E=1/4000 //in cm
+lambda1=4*10^-5
+ //wavelength in cm
+lambda2=7.5*10^-5
+n1=E*sin(%pi/2)/lambda1
+n2=E*sin(%pi/2)/lambda2
+disp("order when wavelength of 4000 angstrom is n1="+string(n1)+"unitless")
+disp("order when wavelength of 7500 angstrom is n2="+string(n2)+"unitless")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..43f1b6dd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate angle of diffraction
+n=1 //order
+lambda=5000*10^-8 //wavelength of light in cm
+eplusd=1/5000 // in cm
+theta=asind(n*lambda/(eplusd))
+disp("angle of diffraction for maximum intensity in the first order is theta="+string(theta)+"degree")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0915750f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc
+//to calculate number of lines in one centimeter of the grating
+//let E=(e+d)
+//formula for grating equation for principal maxima is (e+d)*sin theta=n*lambda
+n=2 //order of spectrum
+lambda=5*10^-5 //wavelength in cm
+E=n*lambda/sin(%pi/6)
+number=1/E
+disp("number of lines is number="+string(number)+"unitless")
+//answer is given wrong in the book ,number of lines=1000
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9844e9764 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc
+//to calculate which spectral line in 5th order will overlap with 4th order line of 5890 angstrom
+//the grating equation for principal maxima is (e+d)*sin theta =n*lambda
+n1=5
+ //order of spectrum
+n2=4
+lambda2=5890*10^-8 //wavelength of 4th order spectrum in cm
+//(e+d)*sin theta=5*lambda-------------eq(1)
+//(e+d)*sin theta=4*5890*10^-8-----------------eq(2)
+//from eq(1) and eq(2) ,we get
+lambda1=n2*lambda2/n1
+disp("wavelength of 5th order spectrum is lambda1="+string(lambda1)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4dc0683d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength of light
+//in a diffraction pattern due to single slit, minima is given by e*sintheta=m*lambda
+//since theta is very small, sintheta is approximately equal to theta
+//theta=Y/d
+e=0.014 //width of slit in cm
+d=200 //distance in cm
+m=2
+Y=1.6 //in cm
+lambda=Y*e/(d*m)
+disp("wavelength of light is lambda="+string(lambda)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d5aa37d94 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc
+//to calculate grating element
+//grating equation for principal maxima is given by (e+d)*sintheta=n*lambda
+//let nth order spectrum for yellow line (lambda=6000 angstrom) coincide with (n+1)th order spectrum for blue line (lambda=4800 angstrom)
+//(e+d)*sintheta=n*6000*10^-8..eq(1)
+//(e+d)*sintheta=(n+1)*4800*10^-8.....eq(2)
+//from eq(1) and eq(2),we get n=4
+n=4
+lambda=6000*10^-8 //wavelength in cm
+sintheta=3/4
+eplusd=n*lambda/sintheta
+disp("grating element is eplusd="+string(eplusd)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..758dfd3e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc
+//to calculate angle of diffraction for third order spectrum and absent spectra if any
+n=3
+lambda=6000*10^-8
+eplusd=1/200
+theta=asind(n*lambda/eplusd)
+disp("angle of refraction is theta="+string(theta)+"degree")
+d=0.0025
+e=eplusd-d //width of wire in cm
+m=1
+n=eplusd*m/e
+disp("order of absent spectrum is n="+string(n)+"unitless")
+disp("here,m=1 is considered because the higher values of m result the order of absent spectrum more than the given order 3")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1b56e2b62 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc
+//to calculate difference in the two wavelengths
+//grating equation for principal maxima is (e+d)*sintheta=n*lambda...............eq(1)
+//differentiate both sides ,we get dtheta=n*dlambda/((e+d)*costheta)...........eq(2)
+lambda=5000 //mean value of wavelengths in angstrom
+cottheta=1.732 //cot30degree=1.732
+dtheta=0.01 //in radian
+//put the value of n from eq(2),we can write eq(2)
+dlambda=lambda*dtheta*cottheta
+disp("difference in two wavelengths is dlambda="+string(dlambda)+"angstrom")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9100eabea --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc
+//to calculate dispersive power
+//differentiate grating equation ,we get dtheta/dlambda=n/((e+d)*costheta)
+n=2 //order
+eplusd=1/4000
+lambda=5000*10^-8 //wavelength in cm
+sintheta=n*lambda/(eplusd)
+costheta=sqrt(1-(sintheta)^2)
+dtheta=n/((eplusd)*costheta) //where dispersive power dtheta/dlambda=dtheta
+disp("dispersive power of he grating in the second order spectrum is dtheta="+string(dtheta)+"unitless")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.24/Ex3_24.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.24/Ex3_24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9b8226759 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.24/Ex3_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc
+//to calculate orders
+eplusd=1/4000
+lambda1=5*10^-5
+ //wavelengh in cm
+lambda2=7.5*10^-5
+nmax1=eplusd/lambda1
+nmax2=eplusd/lambda2
+disp("orders will be observed by a grating ,if it is illuminated by light of wavelength of 5000 angstrom is nmax1="+string(nmax1)+"unitless ")
+disp("orders will be observed ,if it is illuminated by light of wavelength of 7500 angstrom is nmax2='+string(nmax2)+"unitless")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2aaf66163 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate difference in wavelengths of two lines
+//let E=(e+d)=1/5000
+//we get
+E=2*10^-4 //in cm
+n=2 //order of spectrum
+lambda=5893*10^-8 //wavelength in cm
+//dtheta=2.5'=(2.5/60)*(3.14/180),we get
+dtheta=7.27*10^-4 //in radian
+dlambda=sqrt(((E/n)^2)-lambda^2)*dtheta
+disp("the difference in wavelengths of two lines is dlambda="+string(dlambda)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.26/Ex3_26.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.26/Ex3_26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..86d6a3bc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.26/Ex3_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc
+//to calculate aperture of the objective of a telescope
+lambda=6*10^-5 //wavelength of light in cm
+dtheta=4.88*10^-6 // in radians
+a=1.22*lambda/dtheta
+disp("the aperture of the objective of a telescope is a="+string(a)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.27/Ex3_27.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.27/Ex3_27.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..164f6351a --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.27/Ex3_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc
+//to calculate separation of two points on the moon
+lambda=5.5*10^-5 //wavelength of light in cm
+a=500 //diameter in cm
+dtheta=1.22*lambda/a //limit of resolution of telescope in radians
+R=3.8*10^8 //distance between earth and moon in m
+X=R*dtheta
+disp("the separation of two points on the moon is X="+string(X)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.28/Ex3_28.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.28/Ex3_28.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..81426eb7e --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.28/Ex3_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc
+//to calculate numerical aperture of the objective
+lambda=5.461*10^-5 //wavelength in cm
+S=5.55*10^-5 //distance in cm
+NA=1.22*lambda/(2*S)
+disp("the numerical aperture of the objective is NA="+string(NA)+"unitless")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c2c46ae20 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc
+//to calculate resolving power of microscope
+NA=0.12 //numerical aperture
+lambda=6*10^-5 //wavelength of light in cm
+RP=2*NA/lambda //RP=resolving power
+disp("the resolving power of microscope is RP="+string(RP)+"unitless")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..028baf7df --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate width of slit
+//direction of minima in fraunhofer diffraction due to single slit is given by %pi/lambda*e*siuntheta=+m*%pi,where m=1,2,3
+//angular spread of the central maximum on either side of the incident light is sintheta=lambda/e,where m=1,position of first minima
+lambda=5000*10^-8
+e=lambda/sin(%pi/6)
+disp("width of slit is e="+string(e)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.30/Ex3_30.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.30/Ex3_30.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..50e707371 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.30/Ex3_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc
+//to calculate maximum resolving power
+lambda=5*10^-5 //wavelength of light in cm
+N=40000 //total number of lines on grating
+//(e+d)=12.5*10^-5 cm
+//formula is nmax=(e+d)/lambda
+//we get
+nmax=2 //order of spectrum
+RP=nmax*N //RP=resolving power
+disp("the maximum resolving power is RP="+string(RP)+"unitless")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.31/Ex3_31.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.31/Ex3_31.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..13e11a5e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.31/Ex3_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate minimum number of lines in a grating
+lambda1=5890
+ //wavelengh in angstrom
+lambda2=5896
+dlambda=6 //smallest wavelength difference in angstrom
+n=2 //order of spectrum
+lambda=(lambda1+lambda2)/2 //average wavelength in angstrom
+RP=lambda/dlambda //RP=resolving power
+N=RP/n
+disp("minimum number of lines in a grating is N="+string(N)+"unitless")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.32/Ex3_32.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.32/Ex3_32.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f82252368 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.32/Ex3_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc
+//will the telescope be able to observe the wiremesh
+a=3 //aperture in cm
+lambda=5.5*10^-5 //wavelength of light in cm
+//limit of resolution of telescope is given by
+theta=1.22*lambda/a
+//alpha=spacing of wire-mesh/distance of objective from wire-mesh
+alpha=0.2/(80*10^2)
+disp("theta="+string(theta)+"radian")
+disp("alpha="+string(alpha)+"radian")
+disp("if alpha>theta then telescope will be able to observe the wire-mesh")
+//value of alpha is given wrong in the book 2.25*10^-5 radian
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.33/Ex3_33.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.33/Ex3_33.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cb8e73d45 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.33/Ex3_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//distance between the centres of images of two stars
+lambda=5500*10^-8 //wavelength of light in cm
+f=4*10^2 //focal length of telescope objective in cm
+a=0.01*10^2 //diameter in cm
+X=1.22*lambda*f/a
+disp("distance between the centres of images of two stars is X="+string(X)+"cm ")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.34/Ex3_34.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.34/Ex3_34.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8935c88dd --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.34/Ex3_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc
+//to calculate diameter of a telescope
+lambda=5*10^-5 //wavelength in cm
+theta=(%pi/180)*(1/1000) //in radians
+a=1.22*lambda/theta
+disp("the diameter of a telescope is a="+string(a)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.35/Ex3_35.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.35/Ex3_35.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1eab6bc84 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.35/Ex3_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc
+//to calculate smallest angle between two stars
+lambda=5*10^-5 //wavelength in cm
+a=100*2.54 //diameter in cm
+theta=1.22*lambda/a
+disp("the smallest angle between two stars is thita="+string(theta)+"radians")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.36/Ex3_36.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.36/Ex3_36.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ec56327a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.36/Ex3_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate limit of resolution of the telescope
+lambda=5890*10^-8 //wavelength in cm
+a=1 //diameter in cm
+theta=1.22*lambda/a
+disp("the limit of resolution of the telescope is theta="+string(theta)+"radians ")
+
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.37/Ex3_37.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.37/Ex3_37.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f19c72e1a --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.37/Ex3_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc
+//to calculate resolving limit of microscope
+lambda=5.5*10^-5 //wavelengh in cm
+theta=%pi/6 //in radians
+s=1.22*lambda/(2*sin(%pi/6))
+disp("resolving limit of microscope is s="+string(s)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.38/Ex3_38.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.38/Ex3_38.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..deb8bf540 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.38/Ex3_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc
+//to calculate resolving power of grating
+N=15000 //total number of lines on grating
+lambda=6*10^-5 //wavelength in cm
+n=2 //order of spectrum
+RP=n*N
+disp("resolving power is RP ="+string(RP)+"unitless")
+//to calculate smallest wavelength difference that can be resolved with a light of wavelength 6000angstrom in the second order
+dlambda=lambda/(n*N)
+disp("smallest wavelength difference dlambda="+string(dlambda)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.39/Ex3_39.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.39/Ex3_39.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..68015b87e --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.39/Ex3_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate resolving power in the second order
+N=6*10^4 //N=total number of lines on grating
+n=2 //order of spectrum
+RP=n*N //RP=resoling power
+disp("the resolving power is RP="+string(RP)+"unitless")
+//to calculate smallest wavelength
+lambda=6000*10^-8 //wavelength in cm
+n=3 //order of spectrum
+dlambda=lambda/(n*N)
+disp("smallest wavelength that can be resolved in the third order in 6000angstrom wavelength region is dlambda="+string(dlambda)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0470048f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength of incident light
+//direction of minima is given by e*sintheta=+m*lambda
+//for first minima m=1,i.e. e*sintheta=lambda,sintheta is approximately equal to theta,then we can write it as e*theta=lambda ...........eq(1)
+//theta=Y/d........................eq(2)
+e=0.02 //in cm
+Y=0.5 //position of first minima from the central maxima in cm
+d=200 //distance of screen from the slit in cm
+//from eq(1) and eq(2),we get
+lambda=e*Y/d
+disp("wavelength of incident light is lambda="+string(lambda)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1f564fca7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+//to calculate values of lambda1 and lambda2
+//in fraunhofer diffraction pattern ,the direction of minima is given by e*sintheta=+m*lambda,where m=1,2,.......
+//direction of fourth minima (m=4) for wavelength lambda1 is given by e*sintheta1=4*lambda1..........eq(1)
+//similarly, e*sintheta2=5*lambda2..........eq(2)
+//from eq(1) and eq(2),we get e*sintheta=4*lambda1=5*lambda2....eq(3)
+y=0.5 //in cm
+f=100 //in cm
+theta=y/f //in radian
+sintheta=theta //theta is very small
+e=0.05 //width of slit in cm
+lambda1=e*sintheta/4
+disp("lambda1="+string(lambda1)+"cm")
+//from eq(3) we get,
+lambda2=4*lambda1/5
+disp("lambda2="+string(lambda2)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c6526d866 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc
+//to calculate half angular width
+e=1.2*10^-4 //width of slit in cm
+y=6*10^-5 //wavelength of monochromatic light in cm
+theta=y/e
+disp("half angular width of central bright maxima is theta="+string(theta)+"radian")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6333c0dc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc
+//to calculate angle
+lambda=6000*10^-8 //wavelength of light in cm
+e=0.03 //width of slit in cm
+//e*sintheta=m*lambda,where m=1
+theta=asind(lambda/e)
+disp("angle at which the first dark band are formed in the fraunhofer diffraction pattern is theta="+string(theta)+"degree")
+theta1=asind(3*lambda/(2*e))
+disp("angle at which the next bright band are formed in the fraunhofer diffraction pattern is theta1="+string(theta1)+"degree")
diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..97256a692 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc
+//to calculate distances of first dark band and of next bright band on either side of the central maximum
+//formula is e*sintheta=m*lambda,where m=1
+lambda=5890*10^-8 //wavelength of light in cm
+e=0.03 //width of slit in cm
+sintheta=lambda/e
+theta=sintheta //becoz theta is very small,so sintheta is approximately equal to theta
+f=50
+y=f*theta
+disp("linear distance of first minimum from the central maximum is y="+string(y)+"cm")
+sintheta1=3*lambda/(2*e)
+theta1=sintheta1
+y1=f*theta1
+disp("linear distance of first secondary maxima is y1="+string(y1)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f36c1a590 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+// compare the intensities of ordinary and extraordinary rays
+//intensity of ordinary rays is given by Io=a^2 *(sin theta)^2
+//where theta=30 degree
+//we get Io=a^2/4
+Io=1/4
+//intensity of extraordinary ray is given by IE=(a*cos theta)^2
+//we get IE=3*a^2/4
+IE=3/4
+I=IE/Io
+disp("the intensities of ordinary and extraordinary rays is I="+string(I)+"unitless")
diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..37e322c70 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc
+//to calculate difference in the refractive indices
+//specific rotation is theta/d=29.73 degree/mm
+theta=29.73 //where theta=theta/d
+lambda=5.086*10^-4 //wavelength in mm
+//optical rotation is given by theta=%pi*d*(mul-mur)/lambda
+//where mul and mur are refractive indices for anti-clockwise and clockwise polarised lights
+mu=theta*lambda/180 //where mu=mul-mur
+disp("difference in refractive indices is mu="+string(mu)+"unitless")
diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b2c9595c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc
+//to calculate optical rotation
+//let theta' be the optical rotation by a solution of strength c' in a tube of length l' then
+//we get 10*theta'/l'*c'=10*theta/l*c
+c=1/3 //it is given that solution is 1/3 of its previous concentration i.e. c'/c=1/3,where c=c'/c
+l1=30 //where l1=l'
+ //length in cm
+l=20
+theta=13 //degree
+//formula is theta'=l'*c'*theta/(l*c)
+theta1=l1*c*theta/l
+disp("optical rotation is theta1="+string(theta1)+"degree")
diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a2887320f --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate specific rotation
+theta=52.8 //optical rotation in degree
+l=20 //length of the solution in cm
+c=20/50 //concentration of the solution in gm/cc
+alpha=10*theta/(l*c)
+disp("the specific rotation is alpha="+string(alpha)+"degree")
diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d46cb8420 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc
+//to calculate length
+l=40 //length in cm
+c=5/100 //concentration in percentage
+theta1=35 //optical rotation in degree ,where theta1=theta'
+c1=10/100 //concentration in % ,where c1=c'
+theta=20
+//formula of specific rotation is alpha=10*theta/l*c
+l1=l*c*theta1/(c1*theta)
+disp("length is l1="+string(l1)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9bc373890 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc
+//to calculate rotation of plane of polarisation of light
+mur=1.53914
+ //refractive index
+mul=1.53920
+lambda=6.5*10^-5 //wavelength in cm
+d=0.02 //distance in cm
+thetaR=180*(mul-mur)*d/lambda
+disp("rotation of plane of polarisation of light is thetaR="+string(thetaR)+"degree")
diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8f7a81362 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc
+//to calculate % purity of the sugar sample
+theta=9.9 //optical rotation in degree
+alpha=66 //specific roation of pure sugar solution in dm^-1(gm/cc)^-1
+l=20 //length of tube in cm
+c=10*theta/(l*alpha) //concentration of solution in gm/c.c
+//it is given that 80 gm of impure sugar is dissolved in a litre of water
+per=(c*100*10^3)/80 //here c is in gm/litre
+disp("percentage of the sugar sample is per="+string(per)+"%")
diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..006910bf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate angle of refraction
+//according to brewster's law mu=tan ip
+mu=1.732 //refractive index
+ip=atand(mu) //polarising angle in degree
+r=90-ip
+disp("angle of refraction of ray is r="+string(r)+"degree")
diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9101c7ce5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate polarising angle and angle of refraction
+mu=1.345 //refractive index, mu=1/sinc=1/sin48degree=1/0.7431
+ip=atand(mu)
+r=90-ip
+disp("polarising angle is ip="+string(ip)+"degree")
+disp("angle of refraction is r="+string(r)+"degree")
diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c9516f04a --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc
+//to calculate thickness of a half wave plate of quartz
+lambda=5*10^-5 //wavelength in cm
+mue=1.553
+ //refractive index (unitless)
+muo=1.544
+//for a half plate of positive crystal
+t=lambda/(2*(mue-muo))
+disp("thickness of a half wave plate of quartz is t="+string(t)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..98b1e07bd --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc
+//to calculate thickness of quarter wave plate
+lambda=5.890*10^-5 //wavelength of light in cm
+mue=1.553
+ //refractive index
+muo=1.544
+t=lambda/(4*(mue-muo))
+disp("thickness of quarter wave plate is t="+string(t)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6ef1a4d43 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc
+//to calculate thickness of a doubly refracting plate
+lambda=5.890*10^-5 //wavelength in cm
+muo=1.53
+ //refractive index
+mue=1.54
+t=lambda/(4*(mue-muo))
+disp("thickness of a plate is t="+string(t)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..781cac885 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate angle of rotation
+alpha=66 //specific rotation of cane sugar in degree
+c=15/100 //concentration of the solution in gm/cc
+l=20 //length of tube in cm
+theta=alpha*l*c/10
+disp("the angle of rotation of the plane of polarisation is theta="+string(theta)+"degree")
diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e87489ddf --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate specific rotation
+theta=26.4 //in degree
+l=20 //length in cm
+c=0.2 //gm/cm^3
+alpha=10*theta/(l*c)
+disp("the specific rotation is alpha="+string(alpha)+"degree")
diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f887bbc91 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate strength of solution
+theta=11 //degree
+l=20 //length in cm
+alpha=66 //specific rotation of sugar in degree
+c=10*theta/(l*alpha)
+disp("strength of solution is c="+string(c)+"gm/cm^3")
diff --git a/2780/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/2780/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..faa758eab --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc
+//to calculate area of the spot on the moon
+lambda=6*10^-7 //wavelength in m
+d=2 //diameter in m
+dtheta=lambda/d //angular spread in radian
+D=4*10^8 //distance of the moon
+A=(D*dtheta)^2
+disp("the areal spread is A="+string(A)+"m^2")
diff --git a/2780/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/2780/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..13a3ba2ab --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc
+//to calculate angular spread of the beam
+lambda=8*10^-7 //wavelength in m
+d=5*10^-3 //aperture in m
+dtheta=lambda/d
+disp("the angular spread of the beam is dtheta="+string(dtheta)+"radian")
+//to calculate the areal spread when it reaches the moon
+D=4*10^8 //distance of the moon in m
+A=(D*dtheta)^2
+disp("the areal spread is A="+string(A)+"m^2")
diff --git a/2780/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/2780/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1496c046a --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc
+//to calculate number of oscillations corresponding to the coherence length
+L=2.945*10^-2 //coherence length in m
+lambda=5890*10^-10 //wavelength of sodium light in m
+n=L/lambda
+disp("the number of oscillations is n="+string(n)+"unitless")
+//to calculate coherence time
+c=3*10^8 //light speed in m
+Time=L/c //coherence time
+disp("the coherence Time="+string(Time)+"s")
diff --git a/2780/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/2780/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7d1c7ddd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate area and intensity of the image
+lambda=7200*10^-10 //wavelength in m
+d=5*10^-3 //aperture in m
+dtheta=lambda/d //angular spread in radian
+f=0.1 //focal length in m
+arealspread=(dtheta*f)^2
+disp("areal spread ="+string(arealspread)+"m^2")
+power=50*10^-3
+I=power/arealspread
+disp("intensity of the image is I="+string(I)+"watts/m^2")
diff --git a/2780/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/2780/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ca1de6c58 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc
+//to calculate critical angle for core-cladding interface
+n1=1.5
+n2=1.45
+thetac=asind(n2/n1)
+theta1=90-thetac
+disp("critical angle for core-cladding interface is theta1="+string(theta1)+"degree")
+//to calculate acceptance angle in air for fibre and corresponding angle of obliquences
+na=1
+thetaa=asind(n1*0.26/na)
+disp("acceptance angle thetaa="+string(thetaa)+"degree")
+//to calculate numerical aperture
+NA=((n1+n2)*(n1-n2))^(1/2)
+disp("numerical aperture of fibre is NA="+string(NA)+"unitless")
+//to calculate % of light
+per=(NA)^2*100
+disp("% of light collected is per="+string(per)+"%")
+
diff --git a/2780/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/2780/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c6d57b588 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc
+//to calculate numerical aperture
+del=0.02 //relative refractive index difference between the core and the cladding of the fibre i.e. del=(n1-n2)/n1
+n1=1.46 //refractive index of core of W-step index fibre
+n2=n1-del*n1
+NA=((n1+n2)*(n1-n2))^(1/2)
+disp("numerical aperture is NA="+string(NA)+"unitless")
+//to calculate critical angle at the core cladding interface within the fibre
+thetac=asind(n2/n1)
+disp("thetac="+string(thetac)+"degree")
diff --git a/2780/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/2780/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..730ccb6e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc
+//to calculate refractive index of the cladding
+a=35*10^-6 //core diameter in micrometre
+//formula is del=(n1-n2)/n1
+//we get
+del=1.5/100
+n1=1.46 //refractive index of the fibre
+lambda=0.85*10^-6 //wavelength in micrometer
+n2=n1-del*n1
+disp("refractive index is n2="+string(n2)+"unitless")
+//to calculate normalised frequency V number of the fibre
+V=(2*%pi*a*n1*0.173)/lambda
+disp("normalised frequency V number of the fibre is V="+string(V)+"unitless")
+//to calculate total number of guided modes in the fibre
+M=(V^2)/2
+disp("total number of guided modes in the fibre is M="+string(M)+"modes")
+
+
diff --git a/2780/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/2780/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..90b091c79 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc
+//to calculate cut-off wavelength of the fibre
+//(2*del)^(1/2)=(2*(n1-n2)/n1)^(1/2)=(0.005)^(1/2)=0.071
+a=5*10^-6 //radius in micrometre
+n1=1.46 //core refractive index in micrometre
+Vc=2.405 //cut-off value of V parametre for single mode operation
+//formula is LAMBDAc=(2*%pi*a*n1*(2*del)^(1/2))/Vc
+lambdac=(2*%pi*a*n1*0.071)/Vc
+disp("cut-off wavelength is LAMBDAc="+string(lambdac)+"metre")
diff --git a/2780/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/2780/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..abad1528f --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc
+//to calculate maximum and minimum value of phase constant
+lambda=0.8*10^-6 //wavelength in micrometre
+n1=1.6*10^-6
+ //refractive indices in micrometre
+n2=1.44*10^-6
+maximum=(2*%pi*n1)/lambda
+minimum=(2*%pi*n2)/lambda
+disp("maximum value of phase constant is maximum="+string(maximum)+"radian/micrometre")
+disp("minimum value of phase constant is minimum="+string(minimum)+"radian/micrametre")
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..44f17509f --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate de Broglie wavelength
+v=1.5*10^7 //velocity of proton =(1/20)*velocity of light i.e.3*10^8 in m/s
+m=1.67*10^-27 //mass of the proton in kg
+h=6.6*10^-34 //plank's constant
+lambda=h/(m*v)
+disp("the de Broglie wavelength is lambda="+string(lambda)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9d871e800 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength
+h=6.6*10^-34 //plank's constant in J/sec
+m=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg
+c=3*10^8 //light speed in m/s
+lambda=h/(m*c)
+disp("wavelength of quantum of radiant energy is lambda="+string(lambda)+"m")
+//to calculate number of photons
+power=12 //power emitted by the lamp =150*(8/100) in watts
+E=12 //energy emitted per second
+lambda=4500*10^-10
+energy=(h*c)/lambda //energy contained in one photon in J
+number=E/energy
+disp("number of photons emitted per sec is number="+string(number)+"unitless")
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..098e0c084 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc
+//to calculate uncertainity in position
+//actual formula is (delx)min*(delp)max=h/2*%pi-------------eq(1)
+//(delp)max=p(momentum of the electron)
+//mv=mov/sqrt(1-(v/c)^2)---------------------eq(2)
+mo=9*10^-31 //mass of an electron in m/s
+c=3*10^8 //light speed in m/s
+v=3*10^7 //velocity in m/s
+h=6.6*10^-34 //plank's constant in J/s
+//from eq(1) and eq(2),we get
+delxmin=(h*sqrt(1-(v/c)^2))/(2*%pi*mo*v)
+disp("smallest possible uncertainity in the position of an electron is delxmin="+string(delxmin)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..616e12198 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc
+//to calculate minimum uncertainity in the velocity
+delxmax=10^-8 //maximum uncertainity in position in m
+h=6.626*10^-34 //planck's constant
+delpmin=h/(2*%pi*delxmax) //minimum uncertainity in momentum in kg-m/s^2
+m=9*10^-31 //mass of an electron in kg
+delvmin=delpmin/m
+disp("minimum uncertainity in the velocity is delvmin="+string(delvmin)+"m/s")
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9cc8c30a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc
+//to calculate uncertainity in the momentum of the parcticle
+h=6.626*10^-34 //planck's constant J-s
+delx=0.01*10^-2 //uncertainity in position in m
+delp=h/(2*%pi*delx)
+disp("uncertainity in the momentum of the parcticle is delp="+string(delp)+"kg-m/s^2")
+//to calculate uncertainity in the velocity of an electron
+m=9*10^-31 //mass of an electron in kg
+delx=5*10^-10
+delv=h/(2*%pi*m*delx)
+disp("uncertainity in the velocity of an electron is delv="+string(delv)+"m/s")
+//to calculate uncertainity in the velocity of alpha particle
+m=4*1.67*10^-27 //mass of alpha particle in kg
+delx=5*10^-10
+delv=h/(2*%pi*m*delx)
+disp("uncertainity in the velocity of an electron is delv="+string(delv)+"m/s")
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5510edddf --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate uncertainity in position
+m=9.11*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg
+delv=40 //uncertainity in velocity in m/s
+h=6.6*10^-34 //plank's constant
+delx=h/(2*%pi*m*delv)
+disp("uncertainity in the position of the electron is delx="+string(delx)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a526dd990 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc
+//to calculate uncertainity in frequency
+//delE*delt=h/2*%pi----eq(1)
+//delE=h*delv-----------eq(2)
+delt=10^-8 //uncertainity in time in s
+//from eq(1) and eq(2),we get
+delnu=1/(2*%pi*delt)
+disp("minimum uncertainity in the frequency of the photon is delv="+string(delnu)+"sec^-1")
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2ec858d23 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc
+//to calculate uncertainity in the energy
+h=6.63*10^-34 //plank's constant in J-s
+delt=2.5*10^-14 //uncertainity in time in s
+delE=h/(2*%pi*delt*1.6*10^-19)
+disp("minimum error with which the energy of the state can be measured is delE="+string(delE)+"ev")
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..422c18446 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc
+//to calculate time required for the atomic system
+//delE=h*c*dellambda/lambda^2 -----eq(1)
+//delE*delt=h/2*%pi----------eq(2)
+dellambda=10^-14
+c=3*10^8
+lambda=6*10^-7
+//from eq(1)and eq(2),we get
+delt=(lambda^2)/(2*%pi*c*dellambda)
+disp("time required for the atomic system to retain rotational energy is delt="+string(delt)+"s")
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c4607056d --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc
+//to calculate minimum uncertainity in the momentum
+delxmax=5*10^-14 //uncertainity in position in m
+h=6.626*10^-34 //plank's constant in Js
+delpmin=h/(2*%pi*delxmax)
+disp("minimum uncertainity in the momentum of the nucleon is delpmin="+string(delpmin)+"kg m/s")
+m=1.675*10^-27 //mass in kg
+Emin=(delpmin^2)/(2*m*1.6*10^-19)
+disp("minimum kinetic energy of the nucleon is Emin="+string(Emin)+"eV")
+//the answer is given wrong in the book Emin=0.039 eV
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..63f2f853a --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate uncertainity in velocity
+delx=1.1*10^-8 //uncertainity in velocity in m
+h=6.626*10^-34 //plank's constant
+m=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg
+delv=h/(2*%pi*m*delx)
+disp("minimum uncertainity in velocity is delv="+string(delv)+"m/s")
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ead1e14d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc
+//to calculate de Broglie wavelength
+//mo*c^2=1.507*10^-10/1.6*10^-19=941.87 Mev
+//since 12.8 Mev is very small compared to rest mass energy hence relavistic consideration may be ignored
+m=1.67*10^-27 //mass in kg
+h=6.62*10^-34 //plank's constant
+E=12.8*10^6 //energy in Mev
+lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*E*1.6*10^-19)
+disp("thede Broglie wavelength is lambda="+string(lambda)+"angstrom")
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e427ce4c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate uncertainity in frequency
+delt=10^-8 //uncertainity in time
+delnu=1/(2*%pi*delt)
+disp("minimum uncertainity in the frequency of a photon is delnu="+string(delnu)+"sec^-1")
+//to use the uncertainity principle to place a lower limit on the energy an electron must have if it is to be part of a nucleus
+delx=5*10^-15 //uncertainity in position
+delp=h/(2*2*%pi*delx) //uncertainbity in momentum
+c=3*10^8 ///speed of light in m/s
+E=delp*c
+disp("energy of an electron is E="+string(E)+"J")
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.22/Ex7_22.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.22/Ex7_22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..be93a8a7f --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.22/Ex7_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc
+//to calculate probability of finding the particle
+a=25*10^-10//width in angstrom
+//wave function of the particle is chi(x)=sqrt(2/a)*sin(n*%pi*x/a),for the particle in the least energy state n=1
+chix=sqrt(2/a)*sin(%pi*(a/2)/a)
+delx=5*10^-10 //interval in angstrom
+P=delx*chix^2
+disp("probability of finding the particle is P="+string(P)+"unitless")
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.24/Ex7_24.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.24/Ex7_24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3b36a8460 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.24/Ex7_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc
+//to calculate energy of an electron
+n=1 //least energy of the particle
+h=6.63*10^-34 //planck's constant in Js
+m=9.11*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg
+a=10^-10 //width in angstrom
+E=(n^2)*(h^2)/(8*m*(1.602*10^-19)*a^2)
+disp("energy of an electron moving in one dimension in an infinitely high potential box is E="+string(E)+"eV")
+//the answer is given wrong in the book E=5.68 eV
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.26/Ex7_26.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.26/Ex7_26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8e9c2fc23 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.26/Ex7_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc
+//to calculate probability
+x1=0.45 //x1=0.45*L
+x2=0.55 //x2=0.55*L
+n=1 //for ground state
+//formula is P=integrate('(2/L)*sin(n*%pi*x)^2),'x',x1,x2)
+P1=integrate('2*(sin(n*%pi*x)^2)','x',x1,x2)
+disp("P1="+string(P1)+"unitless")
+probability1=P1*100
+disp("probability for the ground states is probability1 ="+string(probability1)+"%")
+n=2 //for first excited state
+P2=integrate('2*(sin(n*%pi*x)^2)','x',x1,x2)
+disp("P2="+string(P2)+"unitless")
+probability2=P2*100
+disp("probability for first excited states is probability2="+string(probability2)+"%")
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.28/Ex7_28.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.28/Ex7_28.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0eb5dcba4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.28/Ex7_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate energy of a neutron
+//consider nucleus as a cubical box of size 10^-14m
+//x=y=z=a=10^-14=l
+//for neutron to be in the lowest energy state nx=ny=nz=1
+//formula is E=(%pi^2*h^2/8*%pi^2*m)*((nx/lx)^2+(ny/ly)^2+(nz/lz)^2)
+h=6.626*10^-34 //planck's constant in Js
+m=1.6*10^-27 //mass in kg
+l=10^-14 //in m
+E=(%pi^2)*(h^2)*3/(4*(%pi^2)*2*m*(1.6*10^-19)*l^2)
+disp("lowest energy of a neutron is E="+string(E)+"eV")
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.29/Ex7_29.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.29/Ex7_29.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..45fed80e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.29/Ex7_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc
+//to calculate zero point energy of a linear harmonic oscillator
+h=6.63*10^-34 //planck's constant in Js
+nu=50 //frequency in Hz
+zeropointenergy=(h*nu)/2
+disp("zeropointenergy="+string(zeropointenergy)+"J")
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.30/Ex7_30.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.30/Ex7_30.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c7d9bd444 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.30/Ex7_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc
+//to calculate zero point energy
+nu=1 //frequency in Hz
+h=6.63*10^-34 //planck's constant in Js
+zeropointenergy=(h*nu)/2
+disp("zeropointenergy="+string(zeropointenergy)+"J")
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.31/Ex7_31.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.31/Ex7_31.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ace63e168 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.31/Ex7_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate frequency of vibration
+En=0.1*1.6*10^-19 //energy of a linear harmonic oscillator in eV
+n=3 //third excited state
+h=6.63*10^-34 //planck's constant
+nu=En/((n+(1/2))*h)
+disp("the frequency of vibration is nu="+string(nu)+"Hz")
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8c5e1b14e --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength
+h=6.6*10^-34 //plank's constant
+m=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg
+E=1.25*10^3 //pottential difference keV
+lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*E*1.6*10^-19)
+disp("the wavelength is lambda="+string(lambda)+"angstrom")
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9bb3aa917 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate kinetic energy of an electron
+h=6.63*10^-34 //plank's constant
+mo=9.1*10^-31 //rest mass of an electron in kg
+lambda=5896*10^-10 //wavelength in angstrom
+K=(h^2)/(2*mo*(lambda^2)*1.6*10^-19)
+disp("kinetic energy of an electron is K="+string(K)+"eV")
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c2252d815 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate the wavelength of an electron of kinetic energy
+mo=9.1*10^-31 //mass of an electron in kg
+c=3*10^8 //speed of light in m/s
+K=1*10^6//kinetic energy in eV
+h=6.62*10^-34 //planck's constant in J-s
+//E=moc^2=81.9*10^-15/1.6*10^-19 eV=0.51MeV
+E=0.51*10^6
+lambda=(h*c)/(sqrt(K*(K+2*E))*1.6*10^-19)
+disp("wavelength of an electron of kinetic energy is lambda="+string(lambda)+"m")
+
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..64f355e55 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc
+//to calculate de Broglie wavelength
+V=100 //potential difference in volts
+lambda=12.25/sqrt(V)
+disp("de Broglie wavelength of any electron is lambda="+string(lambda)+"angstrom")
diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c0826be0b --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate energy of the neutron
+h=6.60*10^-34 //plank's constant in J/s
+m=1.674*10^-27 //mass of the neutron in kg
+lambda=10^-10 //de Broglie wavelength in m
+E=(h^2)/(2*m*(lambda^2)*1.6*10^-19)
+disp("energy of the neutron is E="+string(E)+"eV")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..46570338c --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc
+//to calculate value of planck's constant
+e=1.6*10^-19 //in C
+V=100*10^3 //voltage in KV
+c=3*10^8 //light speed in m/s
+lambdamin=12.35*10^-12 //wavelength in m
+h=e*V*lambdamin/c
+disp("the value of plancks constant is h="+string(h)+"J-s")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a37e73d07 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength of second X-ray beam
+//from bragg's law
+//lambda=(d*sin(%pi/3))/n eq(1)
+//it is given that,theta=60,n=3,lambda=1.97 angstrom
+//from eq(1) we get,2*d*sin60degree=3*0.97 eq(2)
+//let lambda' be the second X-ray beam
+//we get 2*d'*sin theta'=n'*lambda' eq(3)
+//from eq(2) and eq(3),we get
+lambda1=sin(%pi/6)*3*0.97/sin(%pi/3) //where lambda1=lambda'
+disp("wavelength of X-ray is lambda1="+string(lambda1)+"angstrom")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..df7c34431 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength
+d=2.82*10^-10 //spacing in m
+n=1
+lambda=2*d*sin(10*%pi/180)/n
+disp("wavelength of X-ray is lambda="+string(lambda)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..597341fd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc
+//deduce possible spacing of the set of planes
+//for first order , 2*d*sintheta1=1*lambda...eq(1)
+//for second order ,2*d*sintheta2=2*lambda..eq(2)
+//for third order, 2*d*sintheta3=3*lambda......eq(3)
+//for fourth order, 2*d*sintheta4=4*lambda..............eq(4)
+//divide eq(2) by eq(1),we get sintheta2=2*sintheta1
+//similarly,sintheta3=3*sintheta1,sintheta4=4*sintheta1
+lambda=1.32*10^-10
+sintheta1=0.1650
+d1=lambda/(2*sintheta1)//for first order n=1,d1=d/n
+d2=lambda/(2*2*sintheta1) //for second order n=2,d2=d/n
+d3=lambda/(2*3*sintheta1) //for third order n=3,d3=d/n
+d4=lambda/(2*4*sintheta1) //for fourth order n=4,d4=d/n
+disp("d1="+string(d1)+"m")
+disp("d2="+string(d2)+"m")
+disp("d3="+string(d3)+"m")
+disp("d4="+string(d4)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7835e6fe6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc
+//to calculate compton shift and wavelength
+h=6.63*10^-34 //planck's constant in J-s
+m0=9.11*10^-31 //mass of electron
+c=3*10^8 //light speed in m/s
+dellambda=h*(1-(1/sqrt(2)))/(m0*c)
+lambda0=2*10^-10
+lambda=dellambda+lambda0
+disp("compton shift is dellambda="+string(dellambda)+"m")
+disp("wavelength of the scattered X-rays is lambda="+string(lambda)+"m")
+//to calculate fraction of energy lost by the photon in the collision
+//energy lost =E0-E/E0=(hc/lambda0)-(hc/lambda)/(ha/lambda0)
+//we get,
+energylost=dellambda/lambda
+disp("energylost ="+string(energylost)+"unitless")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fe51fd767 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength and energy
+//formula is lambda'-lambda=h*(1-cos phi)/(m0*c),where phi=90 degree, lambda'=2lambda ---------------eq(1)
+//dellambda=2lambda-lambda=lambda ----------------------------eq(2)
+h=6.62*10^-34 //planck's constant
+c=3*10^8 //light speed in m.s
+m0=9*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg
+//from eq(1) and eq(2) ,we get
+lambda=h/(m0*c)
+disp("wavelength is lambda="+string(lambda)+"m")
+E=h*c/lambda
+disp("energy of the incident photon is E="+string(E)+"J")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b57b7582d --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength of radiation and direction of emission
+h=6.6*10^-34 //planck's constant in J-s
+c=3*10^8 //speed of light in m/s
+energy=510*10^3 //energy of photon in eV
+lambda=h*c/(energy*1.6*10^-19)
+mo=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron in Kg
+lambda1=lambda+h*(1-cos(%pi/2))/(mo*c)
+disp("wavelength of radiation is lambda1="+string(lambda1)+"m")
+theta=atand(lambda*sin(%pi/2)/(lambda1-lambda*cos(%pi/2)))
+disp("direction of emission of electron is theta="+string(theta)+"degree")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..49d98b45f --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength of two X-rays
+h=6.6*10^-34 //planck's constant in J-s
+c=3*10^8 //light speed in m/s
+mo=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg
+lambda=10*10^-12 //wavelength in pm
+lambda1=lambda+((h/(mo*c))*(1-(1/sqrt(2))))
+disp("wavelength of two X-rays is lambda1="+string(lambda1)+"m")
+//to calculate maximum wavelength
+lambda2=lambda+((2*h)/(mo*c))
+disp("maximum wavelength present in the scattered X-rays is lambda2="+string(lambda2)+"m")
+//to calculate maximum kinetic energy
+Kmax=(h*c)*((1/lambda)-(1/lambda2))/(1.6*10^-19)
+disp("maximum kinetic energy of the recoil electrons is Kmax="+string(Kmax)+"eV")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..63c28fedd --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc
+//to calculate maximum frequency
+h=6.6*10^-34 //planck's constant in J-s
+c=3*10^8 //light speed in m/s
+Ve=50000 //accelerating potential in V
+lambdamin=h*c/Ve //wavelength in m
+numax=c/lambdamin
+disp("maximum frequency present in the radiation from an X-ray tube is numax="+string(numax)+"Hz")
+//answer is given in thec book is incorrect =1.2*10^19 Hz
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a240277c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate number of electrons
+I=2*10^-3 //current in mA
+e=1.6*10^-19
+n=I/e
+disp("number of electrons striking the target per second is n="+string(n)+"unitless")
+//to calculate speed
+m=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg
+V=12.4*10^3 //potential difference in V
+v=sqrt(2*V*e/m)
+disp("the speed with which electrons strike the target is v="+string(v)+"m/s")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6a71b78e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength
+n=2 //second order for longest wavelength
+d=2.82*10^-10 // spacing in angstrom
+sintheta=1
+lambdamax=2*d*sintheta/n
+disp("the longest wavelength that can be analysed by a rock salt crystal is lambdamax="+string(lambdamax)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fc099e7e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc
+//to calculate spacing of the crystal
+h=6.62*10^-34 //planck's constant in J-s
+m=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg
+V=344 //voltage in V
+e=1.6*10^-19
+lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*e*V) //wavelength in m
+//according to Bragg's law
+n=1
+//formula is 2*d*sintheta=n*lambda
+d=n*lambda/(2*sin(%pi/6))
+disp("the spacing of the crystal is d="+string(d)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..77e86958d --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength of Kalpha line for an atom
+R=1.1*10^5
+z=92
+//Ka line is emitted when electron jumps from l shell(n2=2) to k shell(n1=1)
+//formula is 1/alphaa=R*(z-b)*((1/n1^2)-(1/n2)^2)
+alphaa=4/(3*R*(z-1)^2)
+disp("wavelength of Kalpha line for an atom is alphaa="+string(alphaa)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6db4378e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc
+//to calculate thickness
+//mass absorption coefficient mum of an absorber is related with linear absorption coefficient mu and density of the material rho is given by
+//mu=rho*mum=2.7*0.6=1.62 cm^-1
+mu=1.62
+//if initial intensity Io of the X-ray beam is reduced to I in traversing a distance x in absorber I=Io*e^-mu*x
+//where I/Io=20
+//put above values in the below equation , we get
+x=(2.3026*(log(20)/log(10)))/1.62
+disp("thickness is x="+string(x)+"cm")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..eb820de04 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc
+//to calculate atomic number of the element
+//equation for balmer series in hydrogen spectrum is 1/lambda=R*((1/2^2)-(1/n^2))
+//for series limit n=infinity ,R=4/lambdainfinity i.e. R=4/364.6nm
+//X-ray wavelength of K series is 1/lambda=R*(z-1)^2*((1/1^2)-(1/n^2))
+lambda=0.1*10^-9
+R=4/(364.6*10^-9)
+//for n=infinity ,minimum wavelength of k series is given by
+z=sqrt(1/(lambda*R))+1
+disp("atomic number is z="+string(z)+"unitless")
diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..434d28df1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc
+//to calculate wavelength
+d=1.87*10^-10 //spacing in angstrom
+n=2
+//formula is lambda=2*d*sintheta/n
+lambda=2*d*sin(%pi/6)/n
+disp("the waelength of X-rays is lambda="+string(lambda)+"m")
diff --git a/2780/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/2780/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5a7da634f --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc
+//to calculate dielectric constant of the liquid
+//capacitance of the air filled dielectric Cair=Q/Vo-----------eq(1)
+//when dielectric is filled between the plates ,Cliquid=Q/V
+//then Cliquid=epsilonr*Q/Vo------eq(2)
+Vo=60
+ //voltage in volts
+V=30
+//from eq(1) and eq(2),we get
+epsilon0=Vo/V
+disp("the dielectric constant of the liquid is epsilon0="+string(epsilon0)+"unitless")
diff --git a/2780/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/2780/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ed96d618c --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc
+//to calculate charge on the capacitance
+epsilon0=8.854*10^-12 //permittivity
+epsilonr=6 //relative permittivity
+V=100 //voltage in volts
+d=1.5*10^-3 //distance in m
+A=4*10^-4//area in m^2
+Q=epsilon0*epsilonr*A*V/d
+disp("the charge on the capacitance is Q="+string(Q)+"Coulomb")
diff --git a/2780/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/2780/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c312fa40e --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc
+//to calculate voltage
+A=6.50*10^-4 //area in m^2
+Q=2*10^-10 //charge in C
+d=4*10^-3 //plate separation in m
+epsilon0=8.854*10^-12
+epsilonr=3.5 //dielectric constant
+V=Q*d/(epsilon0*epsilonr*A)
+disp("the resultant voltage across the capacitor is V="+string(V)+"volt")
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