From b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: priyanka Date: Wed, 24 Jun 2015 15:03:17 +0530 Subject: initial commit / add all books --- 2780/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce | 10 ++++++++ 2780/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce | 8 +++++++ 2780/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce | 8 +++++++ 2780/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce | 8 +++++++ 2780/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce | 16 +++++++++++++ 2780/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce | 13 ++++++++++ 2780/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce | 18 ++++++++++++++ 2780/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce | 10 ++++++++ 2780/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce | 9 +++++++ 2780/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce | 12 ++++++++++ 2780/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.sce | 12 ++++++++++ 2780/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce | 11 +++++++++ 2780/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.sce | 10 ++++++++ 2780/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce | 16 +++++++++++++ 2780/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce | 13 ++++++++++ 2780/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce | 12 ++++++++++ 2780/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce | 9 +++++++ 2780/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce | 13 ++++++++++ 2780/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce | 12 ++++++++++ 2780/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce | 11 +++++++++ 2780/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce | 16 +++++++++++++ 2780/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce | 9 +++++++ 2780/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce | 13 ++++++++++ 2780/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce | 12 ++++++++++ 2780/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce | 11 +++++++++ 2780/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce | 13 ++++++++++ 2780/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce | 16 +++++++++++++ 2780/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce | 15 ++++++++++++ 2780/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce | 12 ++++++++++ 2780/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce | 13 ++++++++++ 2780/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce | 10 ++++++++ 2780/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce | 11 +++++++++ 2780/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce | 13 ++++++++++ 2780/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce | 8 +++++++ 2780/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce | 17 +++++++++++++ 2780/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce | 17 +++++++++++++ 2780/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce | 8 +++++++ 2780/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce | 11 +++++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce | 8 +++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce | 22 +++++++++++++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce | 6 +++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce | 18 ++++++++++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce | 56 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce | 9 +++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce | 11 +++++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce | 15 ++++++++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce | 9 +++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce | 12 ++++++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce | 10 ++++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce | 8 +++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce | 11 +++++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce | 12 ++++++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.sce | 11 +++++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.28/Ex2_28.sce | 13 ++++++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.29/Ex2_29.sce | 13 ++++++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce | 15 ++++++++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.sce | 18 ++++++++++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce | 8 +++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce | 9 +++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce | 11 +++++++++ 2780/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce | 8 +++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce | 16 +++++++++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce | 13 ++++++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce | 9 +++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce | 10 ++++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce | 15 ++++++++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce | 11 +++++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce | 10 ++++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce | 12 ++++++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce | 11 +++++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce | 12 ++++++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce | 13 ++++++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce | 10 ++++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce | 10 ++++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.24/Ex3_24.sce | 10 ++++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.sce | 11 +++++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.26/Ex3_26.sce | 6 +++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.27/Ex3_27.sce | 8 +++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.28/Ex3_28.sce | 6 +++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29.sce | 6 +++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.30/Ex3_30.sce | 10 ++++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.31/Ex3_31.sce | 11 +++++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.32/Ex3_32.sce | 12 ++++++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.33/Ex3_33.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.34/Ex3_34.sce | 6 +++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.35/Ex3_35.sce | 6 +++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.36/Ex3_36.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.37/Ex3_37.sce | 6 +++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.38/Ex3_38.sce | 10 ++++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.39/Ex3_39.sce | 11 +++++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce | 11 +++++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce | 16 +++++++++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce | 6 +++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce | 9 +++++++ 2780/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce | 14 +++++++++++ 2780/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce | 11 +++++++++ 2780/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce | 9 +++++++ 2780/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce | 12 ++++++++++ 2780/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce | 10 ++++++++ 2780/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce | 9 +++++++ 2780/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce | 9 +++++++ 2780/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce | 9 +++++++ 2780/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce | 8 +++++++ 2780/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce | 8 +++++++ 2780/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce | 8 +++++++ 2780/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce | 10 ++++++++ 2780/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce | 10 ++++++++ 2780/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce | 11 +++++++++ 2780/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce | 18 ++++++++++++++ 2780/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce | 10 ++++++++ 2780/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce | 18 ++++++++++++++ 2780/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce | 9 +++++++ 2780/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce | 10 ++++++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce | 14 +++++++++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce | 12 ++++++++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce | 8 +++++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce | 16 +++++++++++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce | 8 +++++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.sce | 6 +++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.sce | 10 ++++++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18.sce | 10 ++++++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce | 9 +++++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20.sce | 11 +++++++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.22/Ex7_22.sce | 8 +++++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.24/Ex7_24.sce | 9 +++++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.26/Ex7_26.sce | 15 ++++++++++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.28/Ex7_28.sce | 11 +++++++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.29/Ex7_29.sce | 6 +++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.30/Ex7_30.sce | 6 +++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.31/Ex7_31.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce | 11 +++++++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce | 5 ++++ 2780/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce | 8 +++++++ 2780/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce | 11 +++++++++ 2780/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce | 6 +++++ 2780/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce | 18 ++++++++++++++ 2780/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce | 15 ++++++++++++ 2780/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce | 12 ++++++++++ 2780/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce | 11 +++++++++ 2780/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce | 14 +++++++++++ 2780/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce | 9 +++++++ 2780/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce | 11 +++++++++ 2780/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce | 12 ++++++++++ 2780/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce | 8 +++++++ 2780/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce | 10 ++++++++ 2780/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce | 10 ++++++++ 2780/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce | 7 ++++++ 2780/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce | 11 +++++++++ 2780/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce | 9 +++++++ 2780/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce | 9 +++++++ 178 files changed, 1868 insertions(+) create mode 100755 2780/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.28/Ex2_28.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.29/Ex2_29.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.24/Ex3_24.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.26/Ex3_26.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.27/Ex3_27.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.28/Ex3_28.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.30/Ex3_30.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.31/Ex3_31.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.32/Ex3_32.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.33/Ex3_33.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.34/Ex3_34.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.35/Ex3_35.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.36/Ex3_36.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.37/Ex3_37.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.38/Ex3_38.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.39/Ex3_39.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.22/Ex7_22.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.24/Ex7_24.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.26/Ex7_26.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.28/Ex7_28.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.29/Ex7_29.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.30/Ex7_30.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.31/Ex7_31.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce create mode 100755 2780/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce (limited to '2780') diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0482e91ac --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate length of the bar measured by the ststionary observer +lo =1 //length in metre +v=0.75*3*10^8 //speed (m/s) +c=3*10^8 //light speed(m/s) +l=lo*sqrt(1-(v^2/c^2)) +disp("length of bar in is l="+string(l)+"m") diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..902b7e7e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.10/Ex1_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//to calculate distance travelled by the particle +deltat0=2*10^-8 //proper half life to of the particle in (s) +c=3*10^8 //light speed (m/s) +v=0.96*c //speed of the particle (m/s) +deltat=(deltat0)/(sqrt(1-(v/c)^2)) //half life in the laboratory frame t in (s) +//t=deltat (flux of the beam falls to (1/2) times initial flux) +d=v*deltat //d=vt +disp("distance travelled by the particle in this time is d="+string(d)+"m") +//answer is given wrong in the textbook =20.45 m diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..55e972e38 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.11/Ex1_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +//to calculate speed +deltat0=1440 //proper time interval measured by an observer moving with the clock (min) +deltat=1444 //time interval measured by a stationary observer (min) +c=3*10^8 //light speed (m/s) +v=c*sqrt(1-(deltat0/deltat)^2) +disp(" moving clock appears to lose 4min in 24 hours from the stationary observer is v="+string(v)+"m/s") +//answer is given wrong in the book =2.32*10^7 m/s diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f0a047b6d --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.12/Ex1_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +//to calculate velocity of beta particle +c=3*10^8 //light velocity(m/s) +u1=0.9*c //velocity of the beta particle relative to the atom in the direction of motion +v=0.25*c //velocity of the radioactive atom relative to an experimenter +u=(u1+v)/(1+u1*v/c^2) +disp(" velocity of the beta particle as observed by the experimenter is u="+string(u)+"m/s") +//answer is given in terms of c in the book =0.94c diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f6a1fc145 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.13/Ex1_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +//to calculate velocity +c=3*10^8 // light velocity +v=0.75*c //speed of A +ux=-0.85*c //speed of B +ux1=(ux-v)/(1-ux*v/c^2) +disp(ux1,'velocity of B with respect to A (m/s) is :') +//answer is given in terms of c in the book=-0.9771c diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d6a7a1795 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.14/Ex1_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +//to calculate velocity in the laboratory frame +c=3*10^8 //light speed (m/s) +v=0.8*c //velocity relative to laboratory along positive direction of x-axis +//given that u'=3 i+4 j+12 k (m/s) +ux1=3 //in (m/s) +uy1=4 //in (m/s) +uz1=12 //in (m/s) +ux=(ux1+v)/(1+v*ux1/c^2) +uy=(uy1*sqrt(1-(v/c)^2))/(1+v*ux1/c^2) +uz=(uz1*sqrt(1-(v/c)^2))/(1+v*ux1/c^2) +disp("u=ux i+uy j+uz k") +disp("where") +disp("ux="+string(ux)+"m/s") +disp("uy="+string(uy)+"m/s") +disp("uz="+string(uz)+"m/s") diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9a3c21891 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.17/Ex1_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +// to calculate velocity of the particle +c=3*10^8 //light speed (m/s) +v=0.4*c //velocity of frame s' relative to s along axis x +ux=0.8*c*(1/2) //component of velocity u(=0.8 c) of the particle along x axis ux=0.8 c cos60 +uy=0.8*c*sin (%pi/3) //component of the velocity u of the particle along y axis +ux1=(ux-v)/(1-ux*v/c^2) +uy1=uy*sqrt(1-(v/c)^2)/(1-(ux*v/c^2)) +disp("resultant velocity as observed by a person in frame s1 is u1=ux1 i+uy1 j") +disp("where") +disp("ux1="+string(ux1)+"m/s") +disp("uy1="+string(uy1)+"m/s") +//answer is given in terms of c in the book i.e. uy1=0.756c m/s diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..80fa36cba --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.18/Ex1_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +//to calculate mass, momentum,total energy,kinetic energy +c=3*10^8 //light speed (m/s) +v=c/sqrt (2) //velocity (m/s) +//let mo be the rest mass of the particle +//relativistic mass m of the particle is m=mo/sqrt(1-(v/c)^2) +m=1/sqrt (1-v^2/c^2) //in kg +disp("mass m="+string(m)+" mo") +//momentum p of the particle is p=mv +p=m*v //in kg-m/s +disp("momentum p="+string(p)+" mo") +//total energy E of the particle +E=m*c^2 //in J +disp("energy E="+string(E)+" mo") +//kinetic energy K=E-mo c^2 +K=E-c^2 //in J +disp("kinetic energy K="+string(K)+" mo") +//answer is given in terms of m0 and c in the book diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..24ec280b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.19/Ex1_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//to calculate velocity of the parcticle +c=3*10^8 //light speed(m/s) +// we know that E(energy)=mc^2 +// mo=rest mass +//E=3 moc^2=mc^2 or m=3 mo (given that total energy of the particle is thrice its rest energy) +m=3 // relativistic mass +//formula is v=c sqrt(1-(mo/m)^2) +v=sqrt(c^2*(1-(1/m)^2)) +disp("velocity of the particle is v="+string(v)+"m/s") diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d08a8c591 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate velocity of rocket +//lo be the length at rest +l=99/100 //length is 99 per cent of its length at rest is l=(99/100)lo +c=3*10^8 //light speed(m/s) +v=sqrt(c^2*(1-l^2)) //formula is v=c sqrt(1-(l/lo)^2) +disp("velocity of rocket is v="+string(v)+"m/s") diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5fca4d8fc --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.20/Ex1_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +//to calculate mass(m),speed(v) of an electron +K=1.5*10^6*1.6*10^-19 //kinetic energy(J) +m0=9.11*10^-31 //rest mass of an electron(kg) +c=3*10^8 // velocity of light in vacuum(m/s) +m=(K/c^2)+m0 //relativistic kinetic energy(k=(m-mo)c^2) +disp("mass is m="+string(m)+"kg ") +v=c*sqrt(1-m0^2/m^2) +disp("speed of an electron is v="+string(v)+"m/s") diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..51cd592df --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.21/Ex1_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +//to calculate work to be done +E=0.5*10^6 //rest energy of electron (MeV) E=m0*c^2 +v1=0.6*3*10^8 //speed of electron in (m/s) +v2=0.8*3*10^8 +c=3*10^8 //speed of light in (m/s) +K1=E*((1/sqrt(1-v1^2/c^2))-1) //kinetic energy in (eV) +K2=E*((1/sqrt(1-v2^2/c^2))-1) +w=(K2-K1)*1.6*10^-19 +disp("amount of work to be done is w="+string(w)+"J") + + diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8ba6a90e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.22/Ex1_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate speed +c=3*10^8 //light speed (m/s) +m=2.25 //mass m of a body be 2.25 times its rest mass mo i.e. m=2.25m0 +//formula is v=c sqrt(1-(m0/m)^2) +v=c*sqrt(1-(1/m)^2) +disp(" speed is v="+string(v)+"m/s") diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1c364e3e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.23/Ex1_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +//to calculate speed of the rocket +m0=50 //weight of man on the earth(kg) +m=50.5 //weight of man in rocket ship (kg) +c=3*10^8 //speed of light(m/s) +v=c*sqrt(1-m0^2/m^2) +disp("speed of the rocket is v="+string(v)+"m/s" ) +//to calculate speed of electron +m0=9.11*10^-31 //mass of electron =rest mass of proton +m=1.67*10^-27 +v=c*sqrt(1-m0^2/m^2) +disp("speed of an electron is v="+string(v)+"m/s") diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a260413e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.24/Ex1_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//to calculate velocity +c=3*10^8 //light speed (m/s) +//K(kinetic energy)=(m-mo(rest mass))c^2 +//it can also be written as mc^2=K+m0c^2 +//given that K=2m0c^2(rest mass energy) +//m=3m0 +m=3 //relativistic mass +//formula is v=c sqrt(1-(m0/m)^2) +v=c*sqrt(1-(1/m)^2) +disp("velocity of a body is v="+string(v)+"m/s") diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..775d9d1e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.25/Ex1_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//to calculate kinetic energy ,momentum of electron +m0=9.11*10^-31 //its rest mass (kg) +c=3*10^8 //light velocity in (m/s) +m=11*m0 //mass of moving electron is 11 times its rest mass +K=(m-m0)*c^2/(1.6*10^-19) // kinetic energy +disp("kinetic energy is K="+string(K)+"eV") +v=c*sqrt(1-(m0/m)^2) //velocity(m/s) +p=m*v //momentum +disp("momentum is p="+string(p)+"kg m/s") diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..dda3f1874 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.26/Ex1_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate proton gain in mass +c=3*10^8 //light speed(m/s) +K=500*10^6*1.6*10^-19 //kinetic energy (J) +deltam=K/c^2 +disp("proton gain in mass is delm="+string(deltam)+"kg") +//answer is given wrong in the book=8.89*10^28 kg diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9ae6765c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.27/Ex1_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +//to calculate speed of 0.1MeV electron +E=0.512*10^6 //rest mass energy E=m0*c^2 +c=3*10^8 //velocity of light (m/s) +K=0.1*10^6 //kinetic energy (MeV) +v=c*sqrt(1-(E/(K+E))^2) +disp("speed of electron is v="+string(v)+"m/s" ) +//to calculate mass and speed of 2MeV electron +E=2*10^6*1.6*10^-19 //in (J) +m=E/c^2 +disp("mass is m="+string(m)+"kg") +m0=9.11*10^-31 //electron mass (kg) +v=c*sqrt(1-m0^2/m^2) +disp("speed is v="+string(v)+"m/s") + + diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fb8f73de9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +//to percentage contraction of a rod +c=3*10^8 //light speed(m/s) +v=0.8*c //velocity(m/s) +//let lo be the length of the rod in the frame in which it is at rest +//s' is the frame which is moving with a speed 0.8c in a direction making an angle 60 with x-axis +//components of lo along perpendicular to the direction of motion are lo cos60 and lo sin60 respectively +l1=cos(%pi/3)*sqrt(1-(v/c)^2) //length of the rod alond the direction of motion =lo cos(pi/3)sqrt(1-(v/c)^2) +l2=sin(%pi/3) //length of the rod perpendicular to the direction of motion =lo sin60 +l=sqrt(l1^2+l2^2) // length of the moving rod +per=(1-l)*100/1 +disp("percentage contraction of a rod is per="+string(per)+"%") + diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..99e2413bf --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.7/Ex1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +//to calculate velocity of the circular lamina +c=3*10^8 //light speed (m/s) +//R'=R/2 (radius) +//R'=R sqrt(1-(v/c)^2) +v=(sqrt(3)/2)*c +disp("velocity of the circular lamina relative to frame s is v="+string(v)+"m/s") +//answer is given in terms of c in the textbook + + + + diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c2cdbeb31 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.8/Ex1_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +//to calculate speed of the clock +//clock should record l=59 minutes for each hour recorded by clocks stationary with respect to the observer +l=59 +lo=60 +c=3*10^8 //light speed (m/s) +v=sqrt(c^2*(1-l^2/lo^2)) +disp("speed of the clock is ="+string(v)+"m/s") + diff --git a/2780/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce b/2780/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c36a7b815 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH1/EX1.9/Ex1_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +//to calculate distance travelled by the beam +deltat0=2.5*10^-8 //proper half life of pi mesons in (s) +c=3*10^8 //light speed (m/s) +v=0.8*c //mesons velocity (m/s) +deltat=deltat0/sqrt(1-(v/c)^2) //half life (s) +//No=initial flux ,N=flux after time t +//N=N0 e^(-t/T) +//N=N0/e^2 (given)=No e(-t/T) +//t=2 deltat +d=2*deltat*v //d=vt +disp("distance travelled by the beam is d="+string(d)+"m") +//answer is given in the textbook=19.96 m diff --git a/2780/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/2780/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..937c30874 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +//to calculate permeability and susceptibility of the bar +phi=2.4*10^-5 //magnetic flux in weber +A=0.2*10^-4 //cross sectional area in m^2 +B=phi/A //magnetic induction in N/Am +H=1200 //magnetising field in A/m +mu=B/H +disp("permeability is mu="+string(mu)+"N/A^2") +muo=4*%pi*10^-7 +chim=(mu/muo)-1 +disp("susceptibility is chim="+string(chim)+"unitless") +//the answer is given wrong in the book (round off error) chim=737 diff --git a/2780/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/2780/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..65c72d7e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate current should be sent through the solenoid +l=.10 //length in m +N=50 //number of turns +H=5*10^3 //magnetising field in A/m +i=H*l/N +disp("current is i="+string(i)+"A") diff --git a/2780/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/2780/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9b44c4799 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//to calculate magnetic moment of the rod +//formula is B=muo*(H+I) +//where H=ni +n=500 //number of turns in turns/m +i=0.5 //current passed through the solenoid in A +mur=1200 //relative permeability +I=(mur-1)*n*i //intensity of magnetisation in A/m +V=10^-3 //volume in m^3 +M=I*V +disp("the magnetic moment of the rod is M="+string(M)+"A-m^2") diff --git a/2780/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/2780/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c7b446f5d --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +//to calculate flux density,magnetic intensity,permeability of iron +phi=2*10^-6 //flux in the ring in weber +A=10^-4 //cross-sectional area in m^2 +B=phi/A +disp("flux density is B="+string(B)+"weber/m^2") +N=200 //number of turns +i=0.30 //current flows in the windings in A +l=0.2 //length in m +H=N*i/l +disp("magnetic intensity is H="+string(H)+"A-turn/m") +mu=B/H +disp("permeability is mu="+string(mu)+"weber/A-m") +muo=4*%pi*10^-7 +mur=mu/muo +disp("relative permeability is mur="+string(mur)+"unitless") diff --git a/2780/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/2780/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0d5a6fe82 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +//to calculate number of ampere turns +l=0.5 //length in m +mu=6.5*10^-3 //permeability of iron in henry/m +A=2*10^-4 //area of cross-section in m^-4 +R=l/(mu*A) //reluctance in A-turns/weber +flux=4*10^-4 //in weber +mmf=flux*R +disp("the number of ampere turns is mmf="+string(mmf)+"ampere-turns") diff --git a/2780/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/2780/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..721d9c0f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +//to calculate relative permeability of the medium +phi=1.5*10^-3 //magnetic flux in weber +l=%pi*50*10^-2 //length in m +A=10*10^-4 //area of cross-section +N=1000 //number of turns +i=5 //current in A +muo=4*%pi*10^-7 +//phi(magnetic flux)=m.m.f/reluctance +//phi=N*i*muo*mur*A/l +//we get, +mur=phi*l/(N*i*A*muo) +disp("relative permeability of the medium is mur="+string(mur)+"unitless") diff --git a/2780/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce b/2780/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ebc625d35 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +//to calculate magnetising current +//formula is phi(magnetic flux)=m.m.f/reluctance +//phi=N*i*mu*A/l--------eq(1) +//phi=BA------------eq(2) +B=0.20 //magnetic flux density in weber/m^2 +l=1 //average length of the circuit in m +N=100 //number of turns +mu=7.3*10^-3 //in h.m +//from eq(1)and eq(2),we get +i=B*l/(N*mu) +disp("magnetising current is i="+string(i)+"A") diff --git a/2780/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce b/2780/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b6c4b2b87 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH11/EX11.1/Ex11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//to calculate fundemental frequency +Y=7.9*10^10 //Young modulus for quartz in Nm^-2 +rho=2.65*10^3 //density of quartz in kg/m^3 +//the velocity of longitudinal wave is given by +v=sqrt(Y/rho) //in m/s +//for fundamental mode of vibration ,thickness is given by lambda/2 +lambda=2*0.001 //wavelength in m +nu=v/lambda +disp("the fundamental frequency is nu="+string(nu)+"Hz") +//answer is given wrong in the book ,nu=2730 Hz diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b33820620 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +//to calculate electric flux +//electric flux through a surface is phi=vector(E)*vector(s) +//where vector E=2i+4j+7k,vector s=10j +E=4 //E=4j +s=10 //s=10j +phi=E*s +disp("electric flux is phi="+string(phi)+"units") +//to calculate flux coming out of any face of the cube +q=1 //charge in coulomb +epsilon0=8.85*10^-12 //permittivity in free space in coul^2/N-m^2 +phi1=q/(6*epsilon0) +disp("flux coming out of any face of the cube is phi1="+string(phi1)+"N-m^2/coul^2") diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..520fe1f7e --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.11/Ex12_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate skin depth +f=10^8 //frequency +sigma=3*10^7 //conductivity of the medium +muo=4*%pi*10^-7 //permeability of free space +del=sqrt(2/(2*%pi*f*sigma*muo)) +disp("skin depth is del="+string(del)+"m") diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..77a828413 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.12/Ex12_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +//to calculate frequency +muo=4*%pi*10^-7 //permeability of free space +sigma=4.3 // in mhos/m +del=0.1 //skin depth in m +f=2/(2*%pi*muo*del^2) +disp("frequency is f="+string(f)+"Hz") +//value of frequency is given incorrect in the book +//show that for frequencies less than 10^8 ,it can be considered as good conductor +epsilon=80*8.854*10^-12 +f=10^8 //frequency in Hz +sigma=4.3 +//formula is sigma/(omega*epsilon)>4.3/(2*%pi*10^8*80*epsilon) +sigma1=sigma/(2*%pi*f*epsilon) //where sigma1=sigma/(omega*epsilon) +disp("sigma1="+string(sigma1)+"unitless") +//the ocean water to be good conductor ,the value of sigma/(omega*epsilon) should be greater than 1 diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e07399806 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.13/Ex12_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +//to show that for frequency <10^9 Hz ,a sample of silicon will act like a good conductor +sigma=200 //in mhos/m +omega=2*%pi*10^9 +epsilon0=8.85*10^-12 //permittivity in free space +epsilon=12*epsilon0 +sigma1=sigma/(omega*epsilon) //sigma1=sigma/(omega*epsilon) +disp("sigma1="+string(sigma1)+"unitless") +//if sigma/(omega*epsilon) is greater than 1 , silicon is a good conductor at frequency <10^9 Hz +//to calculate penetration depth +f=10^6 //frequency in Hz +muo=4*%pi*10^-7 //permeability of free space +sigma=200 +del=sqrt(2/(2*%pi*f*muo*sigma)) +disp("penetration depth is del="+string(del)+"m") diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..26ad797bc --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.14/Ex12_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +//to calculate conduction current and displacement current densities +sigma=10^-3 //conductivity in mhos/m +E=4*10^-6 //where E=4*10^-6*sin(9*10^9t) v/m +J=sigma*E +disp("conduction current density is J="+string(J)+"sin(9*10^9t) A/m") +epsilon0=8.85*10^-12 //permittivity in free space +epsilonr=2.45 //relative permittivity +//formula is epsilon0*epsilonr*(delE/delt) +//delE/delt=4*10^-6*9*10^9*cos(9*10^9*t) +Jd=epsilon0*epsilonr*4*10^-6*9*10^9 +disp("displacement current density is Jd="+string(Jd)+"cos(9*10^9*t) A/m^2") diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a4f177cbe --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +//to calculate electric field at a point from centre of the shell +q=0.2*10^-6 //charge +r=3 //radius +epsilon0=8.85*10^-12 +E=q/(4*%pi*epsilon0*r^2) +disp("electric field at a point from centre of the shell is E="+string(E)+"N/coulomb") +//to calculate electric field at a point just outside the shell +R=0.25 //radius +E=q/(4*%pi*epsilon0*R^2) +disp("electric field at a point just outside the shell is E="+string(E)+"N/coulomb") +//to calculate the electric field at a point inside the shell +//when the point is situated inside the spherical shell,the electric field is zero diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2ae4fed33 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate electric field at a point on earth vertically below the wire +lambda=10^-4 //wavelength in coulomb/m +r=4 //radius in m +epsilon0=8.854*10^-12 +E=2*lambda/(4*%pi*epsilon0*r) +disp("electric field at a point on earth vertically below the wire is E="+string(E)+"N/coulomb") diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e05f85111 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//to calculate separation between those equipotential surfaces +V=5 //potential difference +epsilon0=8.85*10^-12 //permittivity of free space +sigma=1*10^-7 //in c/m^2 +//electric field due to an infinite sheet of surface charge density is given by E=sigma/(2*epsilon0) eq(1) +//E=V/d eq(2) +//from eq(1) and eq(2),we get +d=(2*epsilon0*V)/sigma +disp("separation between those equipotential surfaces is d="+string(d)+"m") diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..37c8dce99 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//to calculate force per unit area +//force of attraction per unit area is given by F=(epsilon0*E^2)/2 eq(1) +//E=V/d eq(2) +epsilon0=8.85*10^-12 //permittivity of free space +d=1*10^-3 //distance +V=100 //potential difference in volts +//from eq(1) and eq(2),we get +F=(epsilon0*V^2)/(2*d^2) +disp("force per unit area is F="+string(F)+"N/m^2") +//answer is given incorrect in the book ,F=4.425*10^-12 diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ce0443396 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.6/Ex12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +//to calculate charge +//let charge be q coulomb ,then the surface density of charge i.e. sigma=q/(4*%pi*r^2)..............eq(1) +//outward pull per unit area =sigma^2/(2*epsilon0)............eq(2) +//put eq(1) in eq(2),we get q^2/(4*%pi*r^2)^2*(2*epsilon0)..............eq(3) +//pressure due to surface tension =4*T/r............eq(4) +T=27 +r=1.5*10^-2 +epsilon0=8.85*10^-12 +//equate eq(3) and eq(4),we get +q=sqrt(4*T*((4*%pi*r^2)^2)*2*epsilon0/r) +disp("charge is q="+string(q)+"coulomb") +//answer is given wrong in the book,square of 4*%pi*r^2 is not taken in the solution. diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c0706a59c --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.7/Ex12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +//to calculate increase in radius +q=4.8*10^-8 //charge in coulomb +r=10*10^-2 //radius in m +epsilon0=8.85*10^-12 //C^2/N-m^2 +P=10^5 //N/m^2 +dr=(q^2)/(96*((%pi)^2)*(r^3)*epsilon0*P) +disp("increase in radius is dr="+string(dr)+"m") diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0a93694a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.8/Ex12_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//in page no.340,numbering is done wrongly,it should be like ex-8,ex-9,ex-10,ex-11,ex-12,ex-13,ex-14 +clc +//to calculate average values of intensities of electric and magnetic fields of radiation +//energy of lamp=1000 J/s +//area illuminated =4*%pi*r^2=16*%pi m^2 +//energy radiated per unit area per second =1000/16*%pi +//from poynting theorem |s|=|E*H|=E*H eq(1) +s=1000/(16*%pi) +muo=4*%pi*10^-7 //permeability of free space +epsilon0=8.85*10^-12 //permittivity in free space +//E/H=sqrt(muo/epsilon0) eq(2) +//from eq(1) and eq(2),we get +E=sqrt(s*sqrt(muo/epsilon0)) +H=s/E +disp("average value of intensity of electric fields of radiation is E="+string(E)+"V/m") +disp("average value of intensity of magnetic fields of radiation is H="+string(H)+"ampere-turn/m") +//answer is given wrong in the book E=48.87 V/m,solution of magnetic fields is not given in the book . diff --git a/2780/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce b/2780/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6abc1b8f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH12/EX12.9/Ex12_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc +//to calculate amplitudes of electric and magnetic fields of radiation +//energy received by an electromagnetic wave per sec per unit area is given by poynting vector |s|=|E*H|=E*H*sin 90 (becoz E is perpendicular to H) +//it is given that energy received by earth's surface is +s=1400 //|s|=2 cal min^-1 cm^-2 +muo=4*%pi*10^-7 //permittivity of free space +epsilon0=8.85*10^-12 //permeability of free space +//E*H=1400 eq(1) +//E/H=sqrt(muo/epsilon0) eq(2) +//from eq(1) and eq(2) ,we get +E=sqrt(sqrt(muo/epsilon0)*s) +//from eq(1) ,we get +H=1400/E +Eo=E*sqrt(2) +Ho=H*sqrt(2) +disp("amplitude of electric field is Eo="+string(Eo)+"V/m") +disp("amplitude of magnetic field is Ho="+string(Ho)+"amp-turn/m") diff --git a/2780/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/2780/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8f70b8f10 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +//to calculate value of Temperature +Bc=105*10^3 //magnetic field in amp/m +Bo=150*10^3 //critical field of the metal in amp/m +Tc=9.2 //critical temperature of the metal in K +T=Tc*sqrt(1-(Bc/Bo)) +disp("value of temperature is T="+string(T)+"K") + diff --git a/2780/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce b/2780/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2e551cd99 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH13/EX13.2/Ex13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//to calculate temperature +Tc=7.18 //critical temperature in K +Bc=4.5*10^3 //critical field in A/m +Bo=6.5*10^3 //critical magnetic field in A/m +T=Tc*sqrt(1-(Bc/Bo)) +disp("temperature is T="+string(T)+"K") +//to calculate critical current density at that temperature +r=1*10^-3 //diameter of the wire in mm +TJc=(Bc*2*%pi*r)/(%pi*r^2) +disp("the critical current density at that temperature is TJc="+string(TJc)+"A/m^2") diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5e1c4a42f --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.10/Ex2_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate thickness of glass plate +n=3 +mu=1.5 //refractive index (unitless) +lambda=5450*10^-10 //wavelength in m +t=n*lambda/(mu-1) +disp("the thickness of glass plate is t="+string(t)+"m") diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c84b90f51 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.11/Ex2_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate refractive index of the sheet +t=6.3*10^-6 //thickness of thin sheet of transparent material in m +lambda=5460*10^-10 //wavelength in m +n=6 +mu=(n*lambda/t)+1 +disp("the refractive index of the sheet is mu="+string(mu)+"unitless") diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fa94c2392 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.12/Ex2_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +//to calculate refractive index of mica +t=1.2*10^-8 //thickness of thin sheet of mica in m +n=1 +lambda=6*10^-7 //wavelength in m +mu=(n*lambda/t)+1 +disp("the refractive index of mica is mu="+string(mu)+"unitless") +//answer is given wrong in the book=1.50 diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..220d870bc --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.13/Ex2_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc +//to calculate intensity +mu=1.5 //refractive index(unitless) +t=1.5*10^-6 //thickness of thin glass plate in m +pathdifference=(mu-1)*t // in m +lambda=5*10^-7 //wavelength in m +//del=2*%pi*pathdifference/lambda +del=3*%pi +a1=1 + //where a1=a2=a +a2=1 +//formula is I=a1^2+a2^2+2*a1*a2*cos del +// where cos 3%pi=-1 +I=a1^2+a2^2+2*a1*a2*(-1) +disp("the intensity at the centre of the screen is I="+string(I)+"unitless" ) +//to calculate lateral shift +D=1 //distance in m +twod=5*10^-4 //distance between two slits in m +mu=1.5 //refractive index (unitless) +t=1.5*10^-6 //thickness of thin glass plate in m +x0=D*(mu-1)*t/twod +disp("the lateral shift of the central maximum is x0="+string(x0)+"m") diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4313f1ac8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.14/Ex2_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc +//to calculate spacing between the slits +lambda=6*10^-5 //wavelength in cm +omegatheta=0.1*%pi/180 //angular width of a fringe in radians +twod=lambda/omegatheta +disp("the spacing between the slits is twod="+string(twod)+"cm") diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a5ab5be0c --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.15/Ex2_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +//to calculate distance of the third bright fringe on the screen from the central maximum +lambda=6.5*10^-5 //wavelength in cm +twod=0.2 //distance between the slits in cm +D=120 //distance between the plane of the slits and the screen in cm +n=3 +X3=D*n*lambda/twod +disp("the distance of the third bright fringe from the central maximum is X3="+string(X3)+"cm") +//to calculate the least distance from the central maximum +lambda1=6.5*10^-5 //wavelength in cm +lambda2=5.2*10^-5 //wavelength in cm +//Xn=Dnlambda1/2d=D(n+1)lambda2/2d +//we get, +n=lambda2/(lambda1-lambda2) +disp("n="+string(n)+"unitless") +Xn=D*n*lambda1/twod +disp("the distance from the central maximum when the bright fringes due to both wavelengths coincide is Xn="+string(Xn)+"cm") + diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..84e90800d --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.16/Ex2_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +clc +//to calculate refractive index +D=10 //distance in cm +twod=0.2 //distance detween the slits in cm +t=0.05 //thickness of transparent plate in cm +deltaX=0.5 //in cm +mu=(deltaX*twod/(D*t))+1 +disp("the refractive index of the transparent plate is mu="+string(mu)+"unitless") +//to calculate order +n=10 +lambda=7000*10^-8 //wavelength in cm +//path difference =n*lambda +n1=n*lambda/(5000*10^-8) +disp("the order will be visible is n1="+string(n1)+"unitless") +//to calculate distance between the two coherent sources +D=100 //distance in m +lambda=6000*10^-8 //wavelength in cm +omega=0.05 //distance between two consecutive bright fringes on the screen in cm +twod=D*lambda/omega +disp("the distance between the coherent sources is twod="+string(twod)+"cm") +//to calculate wavelength +Xn=1 //distance of fourth bright fringe from the central fringe in cm +twod=0.02 //distance between the two coherent sources in cm +n=4 +D=100 //distance in cm +lambda=Xn*twod/(n*D) +disp("the wavelength of light is lambda="+string(lambda)+"cm") +//to calculate wavelength +//position of nth bright fringe from the centre of the central fringe is Xn=D*n*lambda/2d----eq(1) +//fringe width umega=D*lambda/2d---------------------eq(2) +//from eq(1) and eq(2) we get, Xn=n*omega +//for 11th bright fringe X11=11*omega +//position for nth dark fringe Xn'=(2n+1)D*lambda/4d +//X4'=(7/2)*omega +//distance between 11th and 4th dark fringe =0.8835 cm +//we get +omega=0.1178 //in cm +twod=0.05 //distance between slis in cm +D=100 // distance in cm +lambda=omega*twod/D +disp("the wavelength of light is lambda="+string(lambda)+"cm") +//to calculate changed fringe width +//X10-X0=10*omega +//given that X10-X0=14.73-12.34=2.39mm +omega=0.239 //in mm +lambda=6000 //wavelength in angstrom +lambda1=5000 //lambda'=5000 angstrom +omega1=omega*lambda1/lambda +disp("the changed fringe width is omega1="+string(omega1)+"mm") +//to calculate thickness of mica sheet +n=3 +mu=1.6 //refractive index(unitless) +lambda=5.89*10^-5 //wavelength in cm +t=n*lambda/(mu-1) +disp("the thickness of mica sheet is t="+string(t)+"cm") +//answer of thickness is given wrong in the book =0.002945 cm diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e49b73e16 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.17/Ex2_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +//to calculate the smallest thickness of the plate +mu=1.5 //refractive index(unitless) +r=60*%pi/180 //angle of refraction in radians +lambda=5890*10^-10 //wavelength in m +n=1 +//formula is t=n*lambda/(2*mu*cosr) where cosr=0.5 +t=n*lambda/(2*mu*0.5) +disp("the smallest thickness of the plate which will appear dark by reflection is t="+string(t)+"m") diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cf282b1df --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.18/Ex2_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//to calculate least thickness of the film +lambda=5893*10^-10//wavelength in m +r=0 //in degree +mu=1.42 //refractive index +n=1 +//the formula is t=n*lambda/(2*mu*cosr), where cos0=1 +t=n*lambda/(2*mu*1) +disp("the least thickness of the film that will appear black is t="+string(t)+"m") +t=(2*n-1)*lambda/(2*mu*1*2) +disp("the least thickness of the film that will appear bright is t="+string(t)+"m") diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..01fe6bf65 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.19/Ex2_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +//to calculate thickness of the film +lambda1=6.1*10^-7 //wavelength in m +lambda2=6*10^-7 // wavelength in m +//the two dark consecutive fringes are overlapping for the wavelength lambda1 and lambda2 respectively +//then, n*lambda1=(n+1)*lambda2 +//we get, +n=lambda2/(lambda1-lambda2) +sini=4/5 +mu=4/3 +//formula is mu=sini/sinr +sinr=0.6 +cosr=sqrt(1-(sinr)^2) +t=n*lambda1/(2*mu*cosr) +disp("the thickness of the film is t="+string(t)+"m") diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2cecc7b32 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +//to calculate ratio of intensity +//I1/I2=1/25 +//formula is a1/a2=sqrt(I1/I2)=1/5 +a2=5 //a2=5*a1 +a1=1 +I=((1+5)^2)/((1-5)^2) +disp("ratio of intensity at the maxima and minima in the interference pattern is Imax/Imin=((a1+a2)^2)/((a1-a2)^2)="+string(((a1+a2)^2)/((a1-a2)^2))+"unitless") +//answer is given in terms of ratio diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4b13f89cc --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.20/Ex2_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +//to calculate thickness of the film +mu=1.33 //refractive index of soap film (unitless) +i=45*%pi/180 +//the formula is mu=sini/sinr +sinr=0.5317 +cosr=sqrt(1-(sinr)^2) +//for destructive interference +lambda=5890*10^-10 //wavelength in m +n=1 +t=n*lambda/(2*mu*cosr) +disp("the thickness of the film is t="+string(t)+"m") diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..90b9f60e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.21/Ex2_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate angle of the wedge +lambda=6000*10^-10 //wavelength in m +mu=1.4 //refractive index in unitless +omega=2*10^-3 //distance in m +theta=lambda/(2*mu*omega) +disp("the angle of the wedge is theta ="+string(theta)+"radians") diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..666bc054a --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.22/Ex2_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate wavelength of light +theta=10*%pi/(60*60*180) //angle of wedge in radians +omega=5*10^-3 //distance between the successive fringes in cm +mu=1.4 //refractive index +lambda=2*mu*theta*omega +disp("the wavelength of light is lambda="+string(lambda)+"m") diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4fe4a4447 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.23/Ex2_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//to calculate wavelength of the light +D15=0.590*10^-2 //diamater of 15th ring in m +D5=0.336*10^-2 //diameter of 5th ring in m +p=10 +R=1 //radius of plano convex lens in m +//formula is lambda=Dn+p^2-Dn^2/4pR +lambda=((D15^2)-(D5^2))/(4*p*R) +disp("the wavelength of the monochromatic light is lambda="+string(lambda)+"m") + diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..255578be2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.24/Ex2_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +//to calculate refractive index of the liquid +n=6 +lambda=6000*10^-10 //wavelength in m +R=1 //radius of curvature of the curved surface in m +Dn=3.1*10^-3 //diameter of 6th bright ring in m +mu=2*(2*n-1)*lambda*R/Dn^2 +disp("the refractive index of the liquid is mu="+string(mu)+"unitless") diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..657da51b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.25/Ex2_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//to calculate radius of curvature +lambda=5900*10^-10 //wavelength in m +n=10 +Dn=5*10^-3 // diameter of 10th dark ring in m +R=Dn^2/(4*n*lambda) +disp("the radius of curvature of the lens is R="+string(R)+"m") +//to calculate thichness +t=n*lambda/2 +disp("the thickness of the air film is t="+string(t)+"m") + diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..50e49d3c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.26/Ex2_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +//to calculate the distance from the apex of the wedge at which the maximum due to the two wavelengths first coincide +//condition for maxima for normal incidence air film is 2t=(2n+1)lambda/2 +//let nth order maximum due to lambda1 coincides with (n+1)th order maximum due to lambda2 +//we get , n=(3lambda2-lambda1)/2(lambda1-lambda2) +// we also get, 2t=lambda1*lambda2/(lambda1-lambda2) +//t=X*theta +lambda1=5896*10^-8 //wavelength in cm +lambda2=5890*10^-8 //wavelength in cm +theta=0.3*%pi/180 //angle of wedge +X=lambda1*lambda2/(2*(lambda1-lambda2)*theta) +disp("the distance from the apex of the wedge is X="+string(X)+"cm") diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..069416289 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.27/Ex2_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//to calculate radius of curvature +n=10 +Dn=0.50 //diameter of 10th ring in cm +lambda=6000*10^-8 //wavelength in cm +R=Dn^2/(4*n*lambda) +disp("the radius of curvature of the lens is R="+string(R)+"cm") +//answer is given wrong in the book =106 cm +//to calculate thickness of the film +t=Dn^2/(8*R) +disp("the thickness of the film is t="+string(t)+"cm") diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.28/Ex2_28.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.28/Ex2_28.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..07d3d45d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.28/Ex2_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +//to calculate diameter +//the difference of (n+p)th and nth dark ring is Dn+p^2-Dn^2=4nRlambda +N=12 //where N=n+p +n=4 +D12=0.7 //diameter of 12th dark ring in cm +D4=0.4 //diameter of 4th dark ring in cm +//D12^2-D4^2=4pRlambda where p=8 ----eq(1) +//D20^2-D4^2=4pRlambda where p=16 -----eq(2) +//divide eq(2) by eq(1) ,we get +D20=sqrt((2*D12^2)-D4^2) +disp("the diameter of 20th dark ring is D20="+string(D20)+"cm") + diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.29/Ex2_29.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.29/Ex2_29.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9d889a2e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.29/Ex2_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +//to calculate diameter +lambda1=6*10^-5 //wavelength in cm +lambda2=4.5*10^-5 //wavelength in cm +R=90 //radius of curvature of the curved surface in cm +//Dn^2=4nRlambda1 -------eq(1) +//Dn+1^2=4(n+1)Rlambda2-------eq(2) +//the nth dark ring due to lambda1 coincides with (n+1)th dark ring due to lambda2 +//from eq(1) and eq(2)-4nRlambda1=4(n+1)Rlambda2 +// we get, +n=lambda2/(lambda1-lambda2) +Dn=sqrt(4*n*R*lambda1) +disp("the diameter of nth dark ring for lambda1 is Dn="+string(Dn)+"cm") diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..16eed67fb --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +//to calculate ratio of intensity at this point to that at the centre of a bright fringe +//the intensity at any pont is I=a1^2+a2^2+2*a1*a2*cos del +//let a1=a2=a +//phase difference del is 0 +//then I0=a^2+a^2+2*a*a*cos 0 +//we get I0=4a^2 +I0=4 //intensity +//path difference is lemda/8 +//phase difference =2*%pi/lemda*path difference=%pi/4 +//I1=a^2+a^2+2a*a*cos %pi/4 +//I1=3.414a^2 +I1=3.414 +intensity=I1/I0 +disp(" ratio of intensity ="+string(intensity)+"unitless") diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d2e0cb7e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.30/Ex2_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +//to calculate the difference of square of diameters for nth and (n+p)th ring when light of wavelength lambda is changed to lambda' +lambda=6*10^-5 //wavelength in cm +lambda1=4.5*10^-5 //wavelength in cm +//Let D=(D^2-Dn^2)=0.125 cm^2 +D=0.125 +//formula is D'(n+p)^2-D'n^2=lambda'*(D(n+p)^2-Dn^2)/lambda +disp("the difference of square of diameters is D1(n+p)^2-D1n^2=(lambda1*D)/lambda="+string((lambda1*D)/lambda)+"cm^2") +//to calculate difference of square of diamaters when liqquid of refractive index mu' is introduced +mu=1 //refractive index (unitless) +mu1=1.33 // mu'=1.33 +//formula is D'(n+p)^2-D'n^2=(mu/mu')*(D(n+p)^2-Dn^2) +disp("the difference of square of diameters is D1(n+p)^2-D1n^2=(mu*D)/mu1="+string((mu*D)/mu1)+"cm^2") +//to calculate difference of square of diameters when radius of curvature of convex surface of the plano convex lens is doubled +R1=2 //radius of curvature is R'=2R +R=1 +//formula is D'(n+p)^2-D'n^2=(R'/R)*(D(n+p)^2-Dn^2) +disp("the difference of square of diameters is D1(n+p)^2-D1n^2=(R1*D)/R="+string((R1*D)/R)+"cm^2") diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e6801b420 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.4/Ex2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +//to calculate ratio of maximum intensity to minimum intensity +//formula is I1/I2=a1^2/a2^2=100/1 +//a1/a2=10/1 +a1=10 //a1=10*a2 +a2=1 +disp("the ratio of maximum intensity to minmum intensity in the interference pattern Imax/Imin=((a1+a2)^2)/((a1-a2)^2)="+string(((a1+a2)^2)/((a1-a2)^2))+"unitless") +//answer is given in terms of ratio in the book diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..95a439521 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.5/Ex2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +//to calculate relative intensities +//Imax/Imin=(a1+a2)^2/(a1-a2)^2+105/95 +//(a1+a2)/(a1-a2)=1.051 +//we get a1/a2=40 +a1=40 //a1=40*a2 +a2=1 +disp("the ratio of the intensities of interfering sources is I1/I2=a1^2/a2^2="+string(a1^2/a2^2)+"unitless") +//answer is given in terms of ratio in the book diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0ecc6586a --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.7/Ex2_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate distance between the two coherent sources +lambda=5890*10^-10 //wavelength in m +omega=9.424*10^-4 //width of the fringes in m +D=.80 //distance in m +twod=D*lambda/omega +disp("the distance between two coherent sources is twod="+string(twod)+"m") diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5845b08a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.8/Ex2_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//to calculate fringe width +mu=1.5 //refractive index (unitless) +alpha=%pi/180 //refracting angle in radian +Y1=20*10^-2 //distance between the source and the biprism in m +Y2=80*10^-2 //distance in m +D=Y1+Y2 // distance in m +lambda=6900*10^-10 //wavelength in m +twod=2*(mu-1)*alpha*Y1 +omega=D*lambda/twod +disp("the fringe width is omega="+string(omega)+"m") diff --git a/2780/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce b/2780/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..96fa37f88 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH2/EX2.9/Ex2_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +//to calculate wavelength of light +omega=1.888*10^-2/20 //in (m) +D=1.20 //distance of eye piece from the source in m +twod=0.00075 //distance between two virtual sources in m +lambda=omega*twod/D +disp("the wavelength of light is lambda="+string(lambda)+"m") + diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6a742a9e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.1/Ex3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +//to calculate angular width and linear width +lambda=6*10^-5 +e=0.01 //width of slit in cm +//position of minima is given by +sintheta=lambda/e //sintheta=m*lambda/e ,where m=1,2,3,...... +disp("sintheta="+string(sintheta)+" m") +//since theta is very small,so sintheta is approximately equal to theta +theta=sintheta +theta1=2*theta +disp("total angular width of central maximum is theta1="+string(theta1)+" m radians ") +d=100 //distance in cm +Y=theta*d +Y1=2*Y +disp("linear width of central maximum on the screen is Y1="+string(Y1)+" m cm") +disp("values of m =1,2,3,............ gives the directions of first, second .............minima") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..564b679d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +//to calculate wavelength of light and missing orders +omega=0.25 //fringe width in cm +D=170 //distance in cm +twod=0.04 // distance in cm +lambda=omega*twod/D +disp("wavelength of light is lambda="+string(lambda)+"cm") +e=0.08 //width of slit in mm +d=0.4 //in mm +m=1 +n=m*(e+d)/e +disp("missing order is n="+string(n)+"unitless") +//we can also find order for m=2,3,.... diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..42527cc8c --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.11/Ex3_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate wavelength +n=2 //order of spectrum +theta=%pi/6 //in radians +E=1/5000 //let (e+d)=E +lambda=E*sin(%pi/6)/n +disp("the wavelength of the spectral line is lambda="+string(lambda)+"cm") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6d1d24660 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.12/Ex3_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +//to calculate difference in deviations +lambda=5*10^-5 //wavelength of light in cm +eplusd=1/6000 //where eplusd=e+d +theta1=asind(lambda/eplusd) //for first order spectrum +theta3=asind(3*lambda/eplusd) //for second order spectrum +difference=theta3-theta1 +disp("difference in deviations in first and third order spectra is difference ="+string(difference)+"degree") + diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8a243b545 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//to calculate orders +//let E=(e+d) +//formula is (e+d)*sin thita=n*lambda +//for maximum order to be possible thita=90 degree +//sin theta=1 +E=2.54/2620 //in cm +lambda=5*10^-5 //wavelength of the incident light in cm +n=E/lambda +disp("the orders will be visible is n="+string(n)+"unitless") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e974aa3a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +//to calculate number of lines in the grating +//theta1=theta2=30 degree +//sin theta1=sin theta2=1/2 +lambda1=6*10^-5 + //wavelength in cm +lambda2=4.5*10^-5 +//let (e+d)=E +//formula is (e+d)*sin theta1=n*lambda1----------eq(1) +//(e+d)*sin theta2=(n+1)*lambda2----------eq(2) +//we get, +n=lambda2/(lambda1-lambda2) //order of spectrum +E=n*lambda1/sin(%pi/6) +number=1/E +disp("number of lines is number="+string(number)+"unitless") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..457c2fcbc --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//to calculate order when visible light of wavelength in the range 4000 to 7500 angstrom +//let E=(e+d) +E=1/4000 //in cm +lambda1=4*10^-5 + //wavelength in cm +lambda2=7.5*10^-5 +n1=E*sin(%pi/2)/lambda1 +n2=E*sin(%pi/2)/lambda2 +disp("order when wavelength of 4000 angstrom is n1="+string(n1)+"unitless") +disp("order when wavelength of 7500 angstrom is n2="+string(n2)+"unitless") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..43f1b6dd2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate angle of diffraction +n=1 //order +lambda=5000*10^-8 //wavelength of light in cm +eplusd=1/5000 // in cm +theta=asind(n*lambda/(eplusd)) +disp("angle of diffraction for maximum intensity in the first order is theta="+string(theta)+"degree") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0915750f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//to calculate number of lines in one centimeter of the grating +//let E=(e+d) +//formula for grating equation for principal maxima is (e+d)*sin theta=n*lambda +n=2 //order of spectrum +lambda=5*10^-5 //wavelength in cm +E=n*lambda/sin(%pi/6) +number=1/E +disp("number of lines is number="+string(number)+"unitless") +//answer is given wrong in the book ,number of lines=1000 diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9844e9764 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.19/Ex3_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +//to calculate which spectral line in 5th order will overlap with 4th order line of 5890 angstrom +//the grating equation for principal maxima is (e+d)*sin theta =n*lambda +n1=5 + //order of spectrum +n2=4 +lambda2=5890*10^-8 //wavelength of 4th order spectrum in cm +//(e+d)*sin theta=5*lambda-------------eq(1) +//(e+d)*sin theta=4*5890*10^-8-----------------eq(2) +//from eq(1) and eq(2) ,we get +lambda1=n2*lambda2/n1 +disp("wavelength of 5th order spectrum is lambda1="+string(lambda1)+"cm") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4dc0683d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.2/Ex3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//to calculate wavelength of light +//in a diffraction pattern due to single slit, minima is given by e*sintheta=m*lambda +//since theta is very small, sintheta is approximately equal to theta +//theta=Y/d +e=0.014 //width of slit in cm +d=200 //distance in cm +m=2 +Y=1.6 //in cm +lambda=Y*e/(d*m) +disp("wavelength of light is lambda="+string(lambda)+"cm") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d5aa37d94 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.20/Ex3_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +//to calculate grating element +//grating equation for principal maxima is given by (e+d)*sintheta=n*lambda +//let nth order spectrum for yellow line (lambda=6000 angstrom) coincide with (n+1)th order spectrum for blue line (lambda=4800 angstrom) +//(e+d)*sintheta=n*6000*10^-8..eq(1) +//(e+d)*sintheta=(n+1)*4800*10^-8.....eq(2) +//from eq(1) and eq(2),we get n=4 +n=4 +lambda=6000*10^-8 //wavelength in cm +sintheta=3/4 +eplusd=n*lambda/sintheta +disp("grating element is eplusd="+string(eplusd)+"cm") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..758dfd3e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.21/Ex3_21.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc +//to calculate angle of diffraction for third order spectrum and absent spectra if any +n=3 +lambda=6000*10^-8 +eplusd=1/200 +theta=asind(n*lambda/eplusd) +disp("angle of refraction is theta="+string(theta)+"degree") +d=0.0025 +e=eplusd-d //width of wire in cm +m=1 +n=eplusd*m/e +disp("order of absent spectrum is n="+string(n)+"unitless") +disp("here,m=1 is considered because the higher values of m result the order of absent spectrum more than the given order 3") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1b56e2b62 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.22/Ex3_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//to calculate difference in the two wavelengths +//grating equation for principal maxima is (e+d)*sintheta=n*lambda...............eq(1) +//differentiate both sides ,we get dtheta=n*dlambda/((e+d)*costheta)...........eq(2) +lambda=5000 //mean value of wavelengths in angstrom +cottheta=1.732 //cot30degree=1.732 +dtheta=0.01 //in radian +//put the value of n from eq(2),we can write eq(2) +dlambda=lambda*dtheta*cottheta +disp("difference in two wavelengths is dlambda="+string(dlambda)+"angstrom") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9100eabea --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.23/Ex3_23.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//to calculate dispersive power +//differentiate grating equation ,we get dtheta/dlambda=n/((e+d)*costheta) +n=2 //order +eplusd=1/4000 +lambda=5000*10^-8 //wavelength in cm +sintheta=n*lambda/(eplusd) +costheta=sqrt(1-(sintheta)^2) +dtheta=n/((eplusd)*costheta) //where dispersive power dtheta/dlambda=dtheta +disp("dispersive power of he grating in the second order spectrum is dtheta="+string(dtheta)+"unitless") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.24/Ex3_24.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.24/Ex3_24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9b8226759 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.24/Ex3_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//to calculate orders +eplusd=1/4000 +lambda1=5*10^-5 + //wavelengh in cm +lambda2=7.5*10^-5 +nmax1=eplusd/lambda1 +nmax2=eplusd/lambda2 +disp("orders will be observed by a grating ,if it is illuminated by light of wavelength of 5000 angstrom is nmax1="+string(nmax1)+"unitless ") +disp("orders will be observed ,if it is illuminated by light of wavelength of 7500 angstrom is nmax2='+string(nmax2)+"unitless") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2aaf66163 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.25/Ex3_25.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//to calculate difference in wavelengths of two lines +//let E=(e+d)=1/5000 +//we get +E=2*10^-4 //in cm +n=2 //order of spectrum +lambda=5893*10^-8 //wavelength in cm +//dtheta=2.5'=(2.5/60)*(3.14/180),we get +dtheta=7.27*10^-4 //in radian +dlambda=sqrt(((E/n)^2)-lambda^2)*dtheta +disp("the difference in wavelengths of two lines is dlambda="+string(dlambda)+"cm") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.26/Ex3_26.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.26/Ex3_26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..86d6a3bc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.26/Ex3_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc +//to calculate aperture of the objective of a telescope +lambda=6*10^-5 //wavelength of light in cm +dtheta=4.88*10^-6 // in radians +a=1.22*lambda/dtheta +disp("the aperture of the objective of a telescope is a="+string(a)+"cm") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.27/Ex3_27.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.27/Ex3_27.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..164f6351a --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.27/Ex3_27.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +//to calculate separation of two points on the moon +lambda=5.5*10^-5 //wavelength of light in cm +a=500 //diameter in cm +dtheta=1.22*lambda/a //limit of resolution of telescope in radians +R=3.8*10^8 //distance between earth and moon in m +X=R*dtheta +disp("the separation of two points on the moon is X="+string(X)+"m") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.28/Ex3_28.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.28/Ex3_28.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..81426eb7e --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.28/Ex3_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc +//to calculate numerical aperture of the objective +lambda=5.461*10^-5 //wavelength in cm +S=5.55*10^-5 //distance in cm +NA=1.22*lambda/(2*S) +disp("the numerical aperture of the objective is NA="+string(NA)+"unitless") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c2c46ae20 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.29/Ex3_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc +//to calculate resolving power of microscope +NA=0.12 //numerical aperture +lambda=6*10^-5 //wavelength of light in cm +RP=2*NA/lambda //RP=resolving power +disp("the resolving power of microscope is RP="+string(RP)+"unitless") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..028baf7df --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate width of slit +//direction of minima in fraunhofer diffraction due to single slit is given by %pi/lambda*e*siuntheta=+m*%pi,where m=1,2,3 +//angular spread of the central maximum on either side of the incident light is sintheta=lambda/e,where m=1,position of first minima +lambda=5000*10^-8 +e=lambda/sin(%pi/6) +disp("width of slit is e="+string(e)+"cm") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.30/Ex3_30.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.30/Ex3_30.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..50e707371 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.30/Ex3_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//to calculate maximum resolving power +lambda=5*10^-5 //wavelength of light in cm +N=40000 //total number of lines on grating +//(e+d)=12.5*10^-5 cm +//formula is nmax=(e+d)/lambda +//we get +nmax=2 //order of spectrum +RP=nmax*N //RP=resolving power +disp("the maximum resolving power is RP="+string(RP)+"unitless") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.31/Ex3_31.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.31/Ex3_31.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..13e11a5e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.31/Ex3_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//to calculate minimum number of lines in a grating +lambda1=5890 + //wavelengh in angstrom +lambda2=5896 +dlambda=6 //smallest wavelength difference in angstrom +n=2 //order of spectrum +lambda=(lambda1+lambda2)/2 //average wavelength in angstrom +RP=lambda/dlambda //RP=resolving power +N=RP/n +disp("minimum number of lines in a grating is N="+string(N)+"unitless") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.32/Ex3_32.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.32/Ex3_32.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f82252368 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.32/Ex3_32.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +//will the telescope be able to observe the wiremesh +a=3 //aperture in cm +lambda=5.5*10^-5 //wavelength of light in cm +//limit of resolution of telescope is given by +theta=1.22*lambda/a +//alpha=spacing of wire-mesh/distance of objective from wire-mesh +alpha=0.2/(80*10^2) +disp("theta="+string(theta)+"radian") +disp("alpha="+string(alpha)+"radian") +disp("if alpha>theta then telescope will be able to observe the wire-mesh") +//value of alpha is given wrong in the book 2.25*10^-5 radian diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.33/Ex3_33.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.33/Ex3_33.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cb8e73d45 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.33/Ex3_33.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//distance between the centres of images of two stars +lambda=5500*10^-8 //wavelength of light in cm +f=4*10^2 //focal length of telescope objective in cm +a=0.01*10^2 //diameter in cm +X=1.22*lambda*f/a +disp("distance between the centres of images of two stars is X="+string(X)+"cm ") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.34/Ex3_34.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.34/Ex3_34.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8935c88dd --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.34/Ex3_34.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc +//to calculate diameter of a telescope +lambda=5*10^-5 //wavelength in cm +theta=(%pi/180)*(1/1000) //in radians +a=1.22*lambda/theta +disp("the diameter of a telescope is a="+string(a)+"cm") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.35/Ex3_35.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.35/Ex3_35.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1eab6bc84 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.35/Ex3_35.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc +//to calculate smallest angle between two stars +lambda=5*10^-5 //wavelength in cm +a=100*2.54 //diameter in cm +theta=1.22*lambda/a +disp("the smallest angle between two stars is thita="+string(theta)+"radians") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.36/Ex3_36.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.36/Ex3_36.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ec56327a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.36/Ex3_36.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate limit of resolution of the telescope +lambda=5890*10^-8 //wavelength in cm +a=1 //diameter in cm +theta=1.22*lambda/a +disp("the limit of resolution of the telescope is theta="+string(theta)+"radians ") + diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.37/Ex3_37.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.37/Ex3_37.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f19c72e1a --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.37/Ex3_37.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc +//to calculate resolving limit of microscope +lambda=5.5*10^-5 //wavelengh in cm +theta=%pi/6 //in radians +s=1.22*lambda/(2*sin(%pi/6)) +disp("resolving limit of microscope is s="+string(s)+"cm") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.38/Ex3_38.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.38/Ex3_38.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..deb8bf540 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.38/Ex3_38.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//to calculate resolving power of grating +N=15000 //total number of lines on grating +lambda=6*10^-5 //wavelength in cm +n=2 //order of spectrum +RP=n*N +disp("resolving power is RP ="+string(RP)+"unitless") +//to calculate smallest wavelength difference that can be resolved with a light of wavelength 6000angstrom in the second order +dlambda=lambda/(n*N) +disp("smallest wavelength difference dlambda="+string(dlambda)+"cm") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.39/Ex3_39.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.39/Ex3_39.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..68015b87e --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.39/Ex3_39.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//to calculate resolving power in the second order +N=6*10^4 //N=total number of lines on grating +n=2 //order of spectrum +RP=n*N //RP=resoling power +disp("the resolving power is RP="+string(RP)+"unitless") +//to calculate smallest wavelength +lambda=6000*10^-8 //wavelength in cm +n=3 //order of spectrum +dlambda=lambda/(n*N) +disp("smallest wavelength that can be resolved in the third order in 6000angstrom wavelength region is dlambda="+string(dlambda)+"cm") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0470048f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//to calculate wavelength of incident light +//direction of minima is given by e*sintheta=+m*lambda +//for first minima m=1,i.e. e*sintheta=lambda,sintheta is approximately equal to theta,then we can write it as e*theta=lambda ...........eq(1) +//theta=Y/d........................eq(2) +e=0.02 //in cm +Y=0.5 //position of first minima from the central maxima in cm +d=200 //distance of screen from the slit in cm +//from eq(1) and eq(2),we get +lambda=e*Y/d +disp("wavelength of incident light is lambda="+string(lambda)+"cm") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1f564fca7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +//to calculate values of lambda1 and lambda2 +//in fraunhofer diffraction pattern ,the direction of minima is given by e*sintheta=+m*lambda,where m=1,2,....... +//direction of fourth minima (m=4) for wavelength lambda1 is given by e*sintheta1=4*lambda1..........eq(1) +//similarly, e*sintheta2=5*lambda2..........eq(2) +//from eq(1) and eq(2),we get e*sintheta=4*lambda1=5*lambda2....eq(3) +y=0.5 //in cm +f=100 //in cm +theta=y/f //in radian +sintheta=theta //theta is very small +e=0.05 //width of slit in cm +lambda1=e*sintheta/4 +disp("lambda1="+string(lambda1)+"cm") +//from eq(3) we get, +lambda2=4*lambda1/5 +disp("lambda2="+string(lambda2)+"cm") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c6526d866 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.7/Ex3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc +//to calculate half angular width +e=1.2*10^-4 //width of slit in cm +y=6*10^-5 //wavelength of monochromatic light in cm +theta=y/e +disp("half angular width of central bright maxima is theta="+string(theta)+"radian") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6333c0dc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +//to calculate angle +lambda=6000*10^-8 //wavelength of light in cm +e=0.03 //width of slit in cm +//e*sintheta=m*lambda,where m=1 +theta=asind(lambda/e) +disp("angle at which the first dark band are formed in the fraunhofer diffraction pattern is theta="+string(theta)+"degree") +theta1=asind(3*lambda/(2*e)) +disp("angle at which the next bright band are formed in the fraunhofer diffraction pattern is theta1="+string(theta1)+"degree") diff --git a/2780/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/2780/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..97256a692 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +//to calculate distances of first dark band and of next bright band on either side of the central maximum +//formula is e*sintheta=m*lambda,where m=1 +lambda=5890*10^-8 //wavelength of light in cm +e=0.03 //width of slit in cm +sintheta=lambda/e +theta=sintheta //becoz theta is very small,so sintheta is approximately equal to theta +f=50 +y=f*theta +disp("linear distance of first minimum from the central maximum is y="+string(y)+"cm") +sintheta1=3*lambda/(2*e) +theta1=sintheta1 +y1=f*theta1 +disp("linear distance of first secondary maxima is y1="+string(y1)+"cm") diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f36c1a590 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.1/Ex4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +// compare the intensities of ordinary and extraordinary rays +//intensity of ordinary rays is given by Io=a^2 *(sin theta)^2 +//where theta=30 degree +//we get Io=a^2/4 +Io=1/4 +//intensity of extraordinary ray is given by IE=(a*cos theta)^2 +//we get IE=3*a^2/4 +IE=3/4 +I=IE/Io +disp("the intensities of ordinary and extraordinary rays is I="+string(I)+"unitless") diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..37e322c70 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +//to calculate difference in the refractive indices +//specific rotation is theta/d=29.73 degree/mm +theta=29.73 //where theta=theta/d +lambda=5.086*10^-4 //wavelength in mm +//optical rotation is given by theta=%pi*d*(mul-mur)/lambda +//where mul and mur are refractive indices for anti-clockwise and clockwise polarised lights +mu=theta*lambda/180 //where mu=mul-mur +disp("difference in refractive indices is mu="+string(mu)+"unitless") diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b2c9595c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +//to calculate optical rotation +//let theta' be the optical rotation by a solution of strength c' in a tube of length l' then +//we get 10*theta'/l'*c'=10*theta/l*c +c=1/3 //it is given that solution is 1/3 of its previous concentration i.e. c'/c=1/3,where c=c'/c +l1=30 //where l1=l' + //length in cm +l=20 +theta=13 //degree +//formula is theta'=l'*c'*theta/(l*c) +theta1=l1*c*theta/l +disp("optical rotation is theta1="+string(theta1)+"degree") diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a2887320f --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.12/Ex4_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate specific rotation +theta=52.8 //optical rotation in degree +l=20 //length of the solution in cm +c=20/50 //concentration of the solution in gm/cc +alpha=10*theta/(l*c) +disp("the specific rotation is alpha="+string(alpha)+"degree") diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d46cb8420 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.13/Ex4_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//to calculate length +l=40 //length in cm +c=5/100 //concentration in percentage +theta1=35 //optical rotation in degree ,where theta1=theta' +c1=10/100 //concentration in % ,where c1=c' +theta=20 +//formula of specific rotation is alpha=10*theta/l*c +l1=l*c*theta1/(c1*theta) +disp("length is l1="+string(l1)+"cm") diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9bc373890 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.14/Ex4_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +//to calculate rotation of plane of polarisation of light +mur=1.53914 + //refractive index +mul=1.53920 +lambda=6.5*10^-5 //wavelength in cm +d=0.02 //distance in cm +thetaR=180*(mul-mur)*d/lambda +disp("rotation of plane of polarisation of light is thetaR="+string(thetaR)+"degree") diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8f7a81362 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.15/Ex4_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +//to calculate % purity of the sugar sample +theta=9.9 //optical rotation in degree +alpha=66 //specific roation of pure sugar solution in dm^-1(gm/cc)^-1 +l=20 //length of tube in cm +c=10*theta/(l*alpha) //concentration of solution in gm/c.c +//it is given that 80 gm of impure sugar is dissolved in a litre of water +per=(c*100*10^3)/80 //here c is in gm/litre +disp("percentage of the sugar sample is per="+string(per)+"%") diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..006910bf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.2/Ex4_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate angle of refraction +//according to brewster's law mu=tan ip +mu=1.732 //refractive index +ip=atand(mu) //polarising angle in degree +r=90-ip +disp("angle of refraction of ray is r="+string(r)+"degree") diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9101c7ce5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.3/Ex4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate polarising angle and angle of refraction +mu=1.345 //refractive index, mu=1/sinc=1/sin48degree=1/0.7431 +ip=atand(mu) +r=90-ip +disp("polarising angle is ip="+string(ip)+"degree") +disp("angle of refraction is r="+string(r)+"degree") diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c9516f04a --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +//to calculate thickness of a half wave plate of quartz +lambda=5*10^-5 //wavelength in cm +mue=1.553 + //refractive index (unitless) +muo=1.544 +//for a half plate of positive crystal +t=lambda/(2*(mue-muo)) +disp("thickness of a half wave plate of quartz is t="+string(t)+"cm") diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..98b1e07bd --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.5/Ex4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +//to calculate thickness of quarter wave plate +lambda=5.890*10^-5 //wavelength of light in cm +mue=1.553 + //refractive index +muo=1.544 +t=lambda/(4*(mue-muo)) +disp("thickness of quarter wave plate is t="+string(t)+"cm") diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6ef1a4d43 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +//to calculate thickness of a doubly refracting plate +lambda=5.890*10^-5 //wavelength in cm +muo=1.53 + //refractive index +mue=1.54 +t=lambda/(4*(mue-muo)) +disp("thickness of a plate is t="+string(t)+"cm") diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..781cac885 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.7/Ex4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate angle of rotation +alpha=66 //specific rotation of cane sugar in degree +c=15/100 //concentration of the solution in gm/cc +l=20 //length of tube in cm +theta=alpha*l*c/10 +disp("the angle of rotation of the plane of polarisation is theta="+string(theta)+"degree") diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e87489ddf --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate specific rotation +theta=26.4 //in degree +l=20 //length in cm +c=0.2 //gm/cm^3 +alpha=10*theta/(l*c) +disp("the specific rotation is alpha="+string(alpha)+"degree") diff --git a/2780/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/2780/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f887bbc91 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate strength of solution +theta=11 //degree +l=20 //length in cm +alpha=66 //specific rotation of sugar in degree +c=10*theta/(l*alpha) +disp("strength of solution is c="+string(c)+"gm/cm^3") diff --git a/2780/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce b/2780/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..faa758eab --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH5/EX5.1/Ex5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +//to calculate area of the spot on the moon +lambda=6*10^-7 //wavelength in m +d=2 //diameter in m +dtheta=lambda/d //angular spread in radian +D=4*10^8 //distance of the moon +A=(D*dtheta)^2 +disp("the areal spread is A="+string(A)+"m^2") diff --git a/2780/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce b/2780/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..13a3ba2ab --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH5/EX5.2/Ex5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//to calculate angular spread of the beam +lambda=8*10^-7 //wavelength in m +d=5*10^-3 //aperture in m +dtheta=lambda/d +disp("the angular spread of the beam is dtheta="+string(dtheta)+"radian") +//to calculate the areal spread when it reaches the moon +D=4*10^8 //distance of the moon in m +A=(D*dtheta)^2 +disp("the areal spread is A="+string(A)+"m^2") diff --git a/2780/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce b/2780/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1496c046a --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH5/EX5.3/Ex5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//to calculate number of oscillations corresponding to the coherence length +L=2.945*10^-2 //coherence length in m +lambda=5890*10^-10 //wavelength of sodium light in m +n=L/lambda +disp("the number of oscillations is n="+string(n)+"unitless") +//to calculate coherence time +c=3*10^8 //light speed in m +Time=L/c //coherence time +disp("the coherence Time="+string(Time)+"s") diff --git a/2780/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/2780/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7d1c7ddd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//to calculate area and intensity of the image +lambda=7200*10^-10 //wavelength in m +d=5*10^-3 //aperture in m +dtheta=lambda/d //angular spread in radian +f=0.1 //focal length in m +arealspread=(dtheta*f)^2 +disp("areal spread ="+string(arealspread)+"m^2") +power=50*10^-3 +I=power/arealspread +disp("intensity of the image is I="+string(I)+"watts/m^2") diff --git a/2780/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/2780/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ca1de6c58 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +//to calculate critical angle for core-cladding interface +n1=1.5 +n2=1.45 +thetac=asind(n2/n1) +theta1=90-thetac +disp("critical angle for core-cladding interface is theta1="+string(theta1)+"degree") +//to calculate acceptance angle in air for fibre and corresponding angle of obliquences +na=1 +thetaa=asind(n1*0.26/na) +disp("acceptance angle thetaa="+string(thetaa)+"degree") +//to calculate numerical aperture +NA=((n1+n2)*(n1-n2))^(1/2) +disp("numerical aperture of fibre is NA="+string(NA)+"unitless") +//to calculate % of light +per=(NA)^2*100 +disp("% of light collected is per="+string(per)+"%") + diff --git a/2780/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/2780/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c6d57b588 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//to calculate numerical aperture +del=0.02 //relative refractive index difference between the core and the cladding of the fibre i.e. del=(n1-n2)/n1 +n1=1.46 //refractive index of core of W-step index fibre +n2=n1-del*n1 +NA=((n1+n2)*(n1-n2))^(1/2) +disp("numerical aperture is NA="+string(NA)+"unitless") +//to calculate critical angle at the core cladding interface within the fibre +thetac=asind(n2/n1) +disp("thetac="+string(thetac)+"degree") diff --git a/2780/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/2780/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..730ccb6e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +//to calculate refractive index of the cladding +a=35*10^-6 //core diameter in micrometre +//formula is del=(n1-n2)/n1 +//we get +del=1.5/100 +n1=1.46 //refractive index of the fibre +lambda=0.85*10^-6 //wavelength in micrometer +n2=n1-del*n1 +disp("refractive index is n2="+string(n2)+"unitless") +//to calculate normalised frequency V number of the fibre +V=(2*%pi*a*n1*0.173)/lambda +disp("normalised frequency V number of the fibre is V="+string(V)+"unitless") +//to calculate total number of guided modes in the fibre +M=(V^2)/2 +disp("total number of guided modes in the fibre is M="+string(M)+"modes") + + diff --git a/2780/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/2780/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..90b091c79 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +//to calculate cut-off wavelength of the fibre +//(2*del)^(1/2)=(2*(n1-n2)/n1)^(1/2)=(0.005)^(1/2)=0.071 +a=5*10^-6 //radius in micrometre +n1=1.46 //core refractive index in micrometre +Vc=2.405 //cut-off value of V parametre for single mode operation +//formula is LAMBDAc=(2*%pi*a*n1*(2*del)^(1/2))/Vc +lambdac=(2*%pi*a*n1*0.071)/Vc +disp("cut-off wavelength is LAMBDAc="+string(lambdac)+"metre") diff --git a/2780/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/2780/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..abad1528f --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//to calculate maximum and minimum value of phase constant +lambda=0.8*10^-6 //wavelength in micrometre +n1=1.6*10^-6 + //refractive indices in micrometre +n2=1.44*10^-6 +maximum=(2*%pi*n1)/lambda +minimum=(2*%pi*n2)/lambda +disp("maximum value of phase constant is maximum="+string(maximum)+"radian/micrometre") +disp("minimum value of phase constant is minimum="+string(minimum)+"radian/micrametre") diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..44f17509f --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate de Broglie wavelength +v=1.5*10^7 //velocity of proton =(1/20)*velocity of light i.e.3*10^8 in m/s +m=1.67*10^-27 //mass of the proton in kg +h=6.6*10^-34 //plank's constant +lambda=h/(m*v) +disp("the de Broglie wavelength is lambda="+string(lambda)+"m") diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9d871e800 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.10/Ex7_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +//to calculate wavelength +h=6.6*10^-34 //plank's constant in J/sec +m=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg +c=3*10^8 //light speed in m/s +lambda=h/(m*c) +disp("wavelength of quantum of radiant energy is lambda="+string(lambda)+"m") +//to calculate number of photons +power=12 //power emitted by the lamp =150*(8/100) in watts +E=12 //energy emitted per second +lambda=4500*10^-10 +energy=(h*c)/lambda //energy contained in one photon in J +number=E/energy +disp("number of photons emitted per sec is number="+string(number)+"unitless") diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..098e0c084 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.11/Ex7_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +//to calculate uncertainity in position +//actual formula is (delx)min*(delp)max=h/2*%pi-------------eq(1) +//(delp)max=p(momentum of the electron) +//mv=mov/sqrt(1-(v/c)^2)---------------------eq(2) +mo=9*10^-31 //mass of an electron in m/s +c=3*10^8 //light speed in m/s +v=3*10^7 //velocity in m/s +h=6.6*10^-34 //plank's constant in J/s +//from eq(1) and eq(2),we get +delxmin=(h*sqrt(1-(v/c)^2))/(2*%pi*mo*v) +disp("smallest possible uncertainity in the position of an electron is delxmin="+string(delxmin)+"m") diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..616e12198 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.12/Ex7_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +//to calculate minimum uncertainity in the velocity +delxmax=10^-8 //maximum uncertainity in position in m +h=6.626*10^-34 //planck's constant +delpmin=h/(2*%pi*delxmax) //minimum uncertainity in momentum in kg-m/s^2 +m=9*10^-31 //mass of an electron in kg +delvmin=delpmin/m +disp("minimum uncertainity in the velocity is delvmin="+string(delvmin)+"m/s") diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9cc8c30a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.13/Ex7_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc +//to calculate uncertainity in the momentum of the parcticle +h=6.626*10^-34 //planck's constant J-s +delx=0.01*10^-2 //uncertainity in position in m +delp=h/(2*%pi*delx) +disp("uncertainity in the momentum of the parcticle is delp="+string(delp)+"kg-m/s^2") +//to calculate uncertainity in the velocity of an electron +m=9*10^-31 //mass of an electron in kg +delx=5*10^-10 +delv=h/(2*%pi*m*delx) +disp("uncertainity in the velocity of an electron is delv="+string(delv)+"m/s") +//to calculate uncertainity in the velocity of alpha particle +m=4*1.67*10^-27 //mass of alpha particle in kg +delx=5*10^-10 +delv=h/(2*%pi*m*delx) +disp("uncertainity in the velocity of an electron is delv="+string(delv)+"m/s") diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5510edddf --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.14/Ex7_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate uncertainity in position +m=9.11*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg +delv=40 //uncertainity in velocity in m/s +h=6.6*10^-34 //plank's constant +delx=h/(2*%pi*m*delv) +disp("uncertainity in the position of the electron is delx="+string(delx)+"m") diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a526dd990 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.15/Ex7_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +//to calculate uncertainity in frequency +//delE*delt=h/2*%pi----eq(1) +//delE=h*delv-----------eq(2) +delt=10^-8 //uncertainity in time in s +//from eq(1) and eq(2),we get +delnu=1/(2*%pi*delt) +disp("minimum uncertainity in the frequency of the photon is delv="+string(delnu)+"sec^-1") diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2ec858d23 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.16/Ex7_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc +//to calculate uncertainity in the energy +h=6.63*10^-34 //plank's constant in J-s +delt=2.5*10^-14 //uncertainity in time in s +delE=h/(2*%pi*delt*1.6*10^-19) +disp("minimum error with which the energy of the state can be measured is delE="+string(delE)+"ev") diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..422c18446 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.17/Ex7_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//to calculate time required for the atomic system +//delE=h*c*dellambda/lambda^2 -----eq(1) +//delE*delt=h/2*%pi----------eq(2) +dellambda=10^-14 +c=3*10^8 +lambda=6*10^-7 +//from eq(1)and eq(2),we get +delt=(lambda^2)/(2*%pi*c*dellambda) +disp("time required for the atomic system to retain rotational energy is delt="+string(delt)+"s") diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c4607056d --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.18/Ex7_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//to calculate minimum uncertainity in the momentum +delxmax=5*10^-14 //uncertainity in position in m +h=6.626*10^-34 //plank's constant in Js +delpmin=h/(2*%pi*delxmax) +disp("minimum uncertainity in the momentum of the nucleon is delpmin="+string(delpmin)+"kg m/s") +m=1.675*10^-27 //mass in kg +Emin=(delpmin^2)/(2*m*1.6*10^-19) +disp("minimum kinetic energy of the nucleon is Emin="+string(Emin)+"eV") +//the answer is given wrong in the book Emin=0.039 eV diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..63f2f853a --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.19/Ex7_19.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate uncertainity in velocity +delx=1.1*10^-8 //uncertainity in velocity in m +h=6.626*10^-34 //plank's constant +m=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg +delv=h/(2*%pi*m*delx) +disp("minimum uncertainity in velocity is delv="+string(delv)+"m/s") diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ead1e14d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +//to calculate de Broglie wavelength +//mo*c^2=1.507*10^-10/1.6*10^-19=941.87 Mev +//since 12.8 Mev is very small compared to rest mass energy hence relavistic consideration may be ignored +m=1.67*10^-27 //mass in kg +h=6.62*10^-34 //plank's constant +E=12.8*10^6 //energy in Mev +lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*E*1.6*10^-19) +disp("thede Broglie wavelength is lambda="+string(lambda)+"angstrom") diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e427ce4c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.20/Ex7_20.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//to calculate uncertainity in frequency +delt=10^-8 //uncertainity in time +delnu=1/(2*%pi*delt) +disp("minimum uncertainity in the frequency of a photon is delnu="+string(delnu)+"sec^-1") +//to use the uncertainity principle to place a lower limit on the energy an electron must have if it is to be part of a nucleus +delx=5*10^-15 //uncertainity in position +delp=h/(2*2*%pi*delx) //uncertainbity in momentum +c=3*10^8 ///speed of light in m/s +E=delp*c +disp("energy of an electron is E="+string(E)+"J") diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.22/Ex7_22.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.22/Ex7_22.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..be93a8a7f --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.22/Ex7_22.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +//to calculate probability of finding the particle +a=25*10^-10//width in angstrom +//wave function of the particle is chi(x)=sqrt(2/a)*sin(n*%pi*x/a),for the particle in the least energy state n=1 +chix=sqrt(2/a)*sin(%pi*(a/2)/a) +delx=5*10^-10 //interval in angstrom +P=delx*chix^2 +disp("probability of finding the particle is P="+string(P)+"unitless") diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.24/Ex7_24.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.24/Ex7_24.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3b36a8460 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.24/Ex7_24.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +//to calculate energy of an electron +n=1 //least energy of the particle +h=6.63*10^-34 //planck's constant in Js +m=9.11*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg +a=10^-10 //width in angstrom +E=(n^2)*(h^2)/(8*m*(1.602*10^-19)*a^2) +disp("energy of an electron moving in one dimension in an infinitely high potential box is E="+string(E)+"eV") +//the answer is given wrong in the book E=5.68 eV diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.26/Ex7_26.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.26/Ex7_26.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8e9c2fc23 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.26/Ex7_26.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +//to calculate probability +x1=0.45 //x1=0.45*L +x2=0.55 //x2=0.55*L +n=1 //for ground state +//formula is P=integrate('(2/L)*sin(n*%pi*x)^2),'x',x1,x2) +P1=integrate('2*(sin(n*%pi*x)^2)','x',x1,x2) +disp("P1="+string(P1)+"unitless") +probability1=P1*100 +disp("probability for the ground states is probability1 ="+string(probability1)+"%") +n=2 //for first excited state +P2=integrate('2*(sin(n*%pi*x)^2)','x',x1,x2) +disp("P2="+string(P2)+"unitless") +probability2=P2*100 +disp("probability for first excited states is probability2="+string(probability2)+"%") diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.28/Ex7_28.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.28/Ex7_28.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0eb5dcba4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.28/Ex7_28.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//to calculate energy of a neutron +//consider nucleus as a cubical box of size 10^-14m +//x=y=z=a=10^-14=l +//for neutron to be in the lowest energy state nx=ny=nz=1 +//formula is E=(%pi^2*h^2/8*%pi^2*m)*((nx/lx)^2+(ny/ly)^2+(nz/lz)^2) +h=6.626*10^-34 //planck's constant in Js +m=1.6*10^-27 //mass in kg +l=10^-14 //in m +E=(%pi^2)*(h^2)*3/(4*(%pi^2)*2*m*(1.6*10^-19)*l^2) +disp("lowest energy of a neutron is E="+string(E)+"eV") diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.29/Ex7_29.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.29/Ex7_29.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..45fed80e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.29/Ex7_29.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc +//to calculate zero point energy of a linear harmonic oscillator +h=6.63*10^-34 //planck's constant in Js +nu=50 //frequency in Hz +zeropointenergy=(h*nu)/2 +disp("zeropointenergy="+string(zeropointenergy)+"J") diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.30/Ex7_30.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.30/Ex7_30.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c7d9bd444 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.30/Ex7_30.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc +//to calculate zero point energy +nu=1 //frequency in Hz +h=6.63*10^-34 //planck's constant in Js +zeropointenergy=(h*nu)/2 +disp("zeropointenergy="+string(zeropointenergy)+"J") diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.31/Ex7_31.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.31/Ex7_31.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ace63e168 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.31/Ex7_31.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate frequency of vibration +En=0.1*1.6*10^-19 //energy of a linear harmonic oscillator in eV +n=3 //third excited state +h=6.63*10^-34 //planck's constant +nu=En/((n+(1/2))*h) +disp("the frequency of vibration is nu="+string(nu)+"Hz") diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8c5e1b14e --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate wavelength +h=6.6*10^-34 //plank's constant +m=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg +E=1.25*10^3 //pottential difference keV +lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*E*1.6*10^-19) +disp("the wavelength is lambda="+string(lambda)+"angstrom") diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9bb3aa917 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.5/Ex7_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate kinetic energy of an electron +h=6.63*10^-34 //plank's constant +mo=9.1*10^-31 //rest mass of an electron in kg +lambda=5896*10^-10 //wavelength in angstrom +K=(h^2)/(2*mo*(lambda^2)*1.6*10^-19) +disp("kinetic energy of an electron is K="+string(K)+"eV") diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c2252d815 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.6/Ex7_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//to calculate the wavelength of an electron of kinetic energy +mo=9.1*10^-31 //mass of an electron in kg +c=3*10^8 //speed of light in m/s +K=1*10^6//kinetic energy in eV +h=6.62*10^-34 //planck's constant in J-s +//E=moc^2=81.9*10^-15/1.6*10^-19 eV=0.51MeV +E=0.51*10^6 +lambda=(h*c)/(sqrt(K*(K+2*E))*1.6*10^-19) +disp("wavelength of an electron of kinetic energy is lambda="+string(lambda)+"m") + diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..64f355e55 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.7/Ex7_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +clc +//to calculate de Broglie wavelength +V=100 //potential difference in volts +lambda=12.25/sqrt(V) +disp("de Broglie wavelength of any electron is lambda="+string(lambda)+"angstrom") diff --git a/2780/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce b/2780/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c0826be0b --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH7/EX7.9/Ex7_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate energy of the neutron +h=6.60*10^-34 //plank's constant in J/s +m=1.674*10^-27 //mass of the neutron in kg +lambda=10^-10 //de Broglie wavelength in m +E=(h^2)/(2*m*(lambda^2)*1.6*10^-19) +disp("energy of the neutron is E="+string(E)+"eV") diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..46570338c --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +//to calculate value of planck's constant +e=1.6*10^-19 //in C +V=100*10^3 //voltage in KV +c=3*10^8 //light speed in m/s +lambdamin=12.35*10^-12 //wavelength in m +h=e*V*lambdamin/c +disp("the value of plancks constant is h="+string(h)+"J-s") diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a37e73d07 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//to calculate wavelength of second X-ray beam +//from bragg's law +//lambda=(d*sin(%pi/3))/n eq(1) +//it is given that,theta=60,n=3,lambda=1.97 angstrom +//from eq(1) we get,2*d*sin60degree=3*0.97 eq(2) +//let lambda' be the second X-ray beam +//we get 2*d'*sin theta'=n'*lambda' eq(3) +//from eq(2) and eq(3),we get +lambda1=sin(%pi/6)*3*0.97/sin(%pi/3) //where lambda1=lambda' +disp("wavelength of X-ray is lambda1="+string(lambda1)+"angstrom") diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..df7c34431 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc +//to calculate wavelength +d=2.82*10^-10 //spacing in m +n=1 +lambda=2*d*sin(10*%pi/180)/n +disp("wavelength of X-ray is lambda="+string(lambda)+"m") diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..597341fd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc +//deduce possible spacing of the set of planes +//for first order , 2*d*sintheta1=1*lambda...eq(1) +//for second order ,2*d*sintheta2=2*lambda..eq(2) +//for third order, 2*d*sintheta3=3*lambda......eq(3) +//for fourth order, 2*d*sintheta4=4*lambda..............eq(4) +//divide eq(2) by eq(1),we get sintheta2=2*sintheta1 +//similarly,sintheta3=3*sintheta1,sintheta4=4*sintheta1 +lambda=1.32*10^-10 +sintheta1=0.1650 +d1=lambda/(2*sintheta1)//for first order n=1,d1=d/n +d2=lambda/(2*2*sintheta1) //for second order n=2,d2=d/n +d3=lambda/(2*3*sintheta1) //for third order n=3,d3=d/n +d4=lambda/(2*4*sintheta1) //for fourth order n=4,d4=d/n +disp("d1="+string(d1)+"m") +disp("d2="+string(d2)+"m") +disp("d3="+string(d3)+"m") +disp("d4="+string(d4)+"m") diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7835e6fe6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc +//to calculate compton shift and wavelength +h=6.63*10^-34 //planck's constant in J-s +m0=9.11*10^-31 //mass of electron +c=3*10^8 //light speed in m/s +dellambda=h*(1-(1/sqrt(2)))/(m0*c) +lambda0=2*10^-10 +lambda=dellambda+lambda0 +disp("compton shift is dellambda="+string(dellambda)+"m") +disp("wavelength of the scattered X-rays is lambda="+string(lambda)+"m") +//to calculate fraction of energy lost by the photon in the collision +//energy lost =E0-E/E0=(hc/lambda0)-(hc/lambda)/(ha/lambda0) +//we get, +energylost=dellambda/lambda +disp("energylost ="+string(energylost)+"unitless") diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fe51fd767 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.14/Ex8_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +//to calculate wavelength and energy +//formula is lambda'-lambda=h*(1-cos phi)/(m0*c),where phi=90 degree, lambda'=2lambda ---------------eq(1) +//dellambda=2lambda-lambda=lambda ----------------------------eq(2) +h=6.62*10^-34 //planck's constant +c=3*10^8 //light speed in m.s +m0=9*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg +//from eq(1) and eq(2) ,we get +lambda=h/(m0*c) +disp("wavelength is lambda="+string(lambda)+"m") +E=h*c/lambda +disp("energy of the incident photon is E="+string(E)+"J") diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b57b7582d --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.15/Ex8_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//to calculate wavelength of radiation and direction of emission +h=6.6*10^-34 //planck's constant in J-s +c=3*10^8 //speed of light in m/s +energy=510*10^3 //energy of photon in eV +lambda=h*c/(energy*1.6*10^-19) +mo=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron in Kg +lambda1=lambda+h*(1-cos(%pi/2))/(mo*c) +disp("wavelength of radiation is lambda1="+string(lambda1)+"m") +theta=atand(lambda*sin(%pi/2)/(lambda1-lambda*cos(%pi/2))) +disp("direction of emission of electron is theta="+string(theta)+"degree") diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..49d98b45f --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.16/Ex8_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc +//to calculate wavelength of two X-rays +h=6.6*10^-34 //planck's constant in J-s +c=3*10^8 //light speed in m/s +mo=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg +lambda=10*10^-12 //wavelength in pm +lambda1=lambda+((h/(mo*c))*(1-(1/sqrt(2)))) +disp("wavelength of two X-rays is lambda1="+string(lambda1)+"m") +//to calculate maximum wavelength +lambda2=lambda+((2*h)/(mo*c)) +disp("maximum wavelength present in the scattered X-rays is lambda2="+string(lambda2)+"m") +//to calculate maximum kinetic energy +Kmax=(h*c)*((1/lambda)-(1/lambda2))/(1.6*10^-19) +disp("maximum kinetic energy of the recoil electrons is Kmax="+string(Kmax)+"eV") diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..63c28fedd --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +//to calculate maximum frequency +h=6.6*10^-34 //planck's constant in J-s +c=3*10^8 //light speed in m/s +Ve=50000 //accelerating potential in V +lambdamin=h*c/Ve //wavelength in m +numax=c/lambdamin +disp("maximum frequency present in the radiation from an X-ray tube is numax="+string(numax)+"Hz") +//answer is given in thec book is incorrect =1.2*10^19 Hz diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a240277c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//to calculate number of electrons +I=2*10^-3 //current in mA +e=1.6*10^-19 +n=I/e +disp("number of electrons striking the target per second is n="+string(n)+"unitless") +//to calculate speed +m=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg +V=12.4*10^3 //potential difference in V +v=sqrt(2*V*e/m) +disp("the speed with which electrons strike the target is v="+string(v)+"m/s") diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6a71b78e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate wavelength +n=2 //second order for longest wavelength +d=2.82*10^-10 // spacing in angstrom +sintheta=1 +lambdamax=2*d*sintheta/n +disp("the longest wavelength that can be analysed by a rock salt crystal is lambdamax="+string(lambdamax)+"m") diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fc099e7e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc +//to calculate spacing of the crystal +h=6.62*10^-34 //planck's constant in J-s +m=9.1*10^-31 //mass of electron in kg +V=344 //voltage in V +e=1.6*10^-19 +lambda=h/sqrt(2*m*e*V) //wavelength in m +//according to Bragg's law +n=1 +//formula is 2*d*sintheta=n*lambda +d=n*lambda/(2*sin(%pi/6)) +disp("the spacing of the crystal is d="+string(d)+"m") diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..77e86958d --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc +//to calculate wavelength of Kalpha line for an atom +R=1.1*10^5 +z=92 +//Ka line is emitted when electron jumps from l shell(n2=2) to k shell(n1=1) +//formula is 1/alphaa=R*(z-b)*((1/n1^2)-(1/n2)^2) +alphaa=4/(3*R*(z-1)^2) +disp("wavelength of Kalpha line for an atom is alphaa="+string(alphaa)+"cm") diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6db4378e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//to calculate thickness +//mass absorption coefficient mum of an absorber is related with linear absorption coefficient mu and density of the material rho is given by +//mu=rho*mum=2.7*0.6=1.62 cm^-1 +mu=1.62 +//if initial intensity Io of the X-ray beam is reduced to I in traversing a distance x in absorber I=Io*e^-mu*x +//where I/Io=20 +//put above values in the below equation , we get +x=(2.3026*(log(20)/log(10)))/1.62 +disp("thickness is x="+string(x)+"cm") diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..eb820de04 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc +//to calculate atomic number of the element +//equation for balmer series in hydrogen spectrum is 1/lambda=R*((1/2^2)-(1/n^2)) +//for series limit n=infinity ,R=4/lambdainfinity i.e. R=4/364.6nm +//X-ray wavelength of K series is 1/lambda=R*(z-1)^2*((1/1^2)-(1/n^2)) +lambda=0.1*10^-9 +R=4/(364.6*10^-9) +//for n=infinity ,minimum wavelength of k series is given by +z=sqrt(1/(lambda*R))+1 +disp("atomic number is z="+string(z)+"unitless") diff --git a/2780/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce b/2780/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..434d28df1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc +//to calculate wavelength +d=1.87*10^-10 //spacing in angstrom +n=2 +//formula is lambda=2*d*sintheta/n +lambda=2*d*sin(%pi/6)/n +disp("the waelength of X-rays is lambda="+string(lambda)+"m") diff --git a/2780/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce b/2780/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5a7da634f --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH9/EX9.1/Ex9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc +//to calculate dielectric constant of the liquid +//capacitance of the air filled dielectric Cair=Q/Vo-----------eq(1) +//when dielectric is filled between the plates ,Cliquid=Q/V +//then Cliquid=epsilonr*Q/Vo------eq(2) +Vo=60 + //voltage in volts +V=30 +//from eq(1) and eq(2),we get +epsilon0=Vo/V +disp("the dielectric constant of the liquid is epsilon0="+string(epsilon0)+"unitless") diff --git a/2780/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce b/2780/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ed96d618c --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH9/EX9.2/Ex9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +//to calculate charge on the capacitance +epsilon0=8.854*10^-12 //permittivity +epsilonr=6 //relative permittivity +V=100 //voltage in volts +d=1.5*10^-3 //distance in m +A=4*10^-4//area in m^2 +Q=epsilon0*epsilonr*A*V/d +disp("the charge on the capacitance is Q="+string(Q)+"Coulomb") diff --git a/2780/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/2780/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c312fa40e --- /dev/null +++ b/2780/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc +//to calculate voltage +A=6.50*10^-4 //area in m^2 +Q=2*10^-10 //charge in C +d=4*10^-3 //plate separation in m +epsilon0=8.854*10^-12 +epsilonr=3.5 //dielectric constant +V=Q*d/(epsilon0*epsilonr*A) +disp("the resultant voltage across the capacitor is V="+string(V)+"volt") -- cgit