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| author | priyanka | 2015-06-24 15:03:17 +0530 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | priyanka | 2015-06-24 15:03:17 +0530 |
| commit | b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b (patch) | |
| tree | ab291cffc65280e58ac82470ba63fbcca7805165 /2243 | |
| download | Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.tar.gz Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.tar.bz2 Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.zip | |
initial commit / add all books
Diffstat (limited to '2243')
231 files changed, 2305 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/2243/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce b/2243/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9dc6c898d --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH1/EX1.1/Ex1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clear;
+clc();
+//Given:
+l=9.3; // length in cm
+b=8.5;// breadth in cm
+h=5.4;// height in cm
+V= l*b*h; // Volume in cm^3
+delta_l = 0.1; delta_b = 0.1; delta_h = 0.1; // scale has a least count = 0.1 cm
+// absolute error
+delta_V = (b*h*delta_l + l*h*delta_b +l*b*delta_h); // in cm^3
+//relative error
+re = delta_V/V;
+p= re*100; // Evaluating percentage error
+printf("Percentage Error = %d percentage.",p);
diff --git a/2243/CH1/EX1.1/Res1_1.txt b/2243/CH1/EX1.1/Res1_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..963a6ea48 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH1/EX1.1/Res1_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Percentage error = 4 percentage.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce b/2243/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9bd09758e --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH1/EX1.2/Ex1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clear;
+clc();
+//Given :
+M= 10.0; //weight in g
+V= 5.80;//volume in cm^3
+Rho = M/V; // Density in g/cm^3
+delta_M= 0.2 // apparatus has a least count of 0.2 g
+delta_V= 0.05// apparatus has a least count of 0.05 cm^3
+delta_Rho = (delta_M/V) +((M*delta_V)/V^2);// absolute error in g/cm^3
+re = delta_Rho/Rho ; //Evaluating Relative Error
+p = re*100;// Evaluating Percentage Error
+printf("Percentage error = %.1f percentage.",p);
+//Result obtained differs from that in textbook, because delta_M walue is taken 0.1 g , instead of 0.2 g as mentioned in the problem statement.
diff --git a/2243/CH1/EX1.2/Res1_2.txt b/2243/CH1/EX1.2/Res1_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7655dd467 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH1/EX1.2/Res1_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Percentage error = 2.9 percentage.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce b/2243/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..000a360b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH1/EX1.3/Ex1_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given:
+//(a)
+lc = 0.1// least count in cm
+c = 6.9 //Circumference c in cm
+r= 1.1 // radius of circle in cm
+val =2*%pi;
+// Circumference,c= 2*pi*r or c/r = 2*pi
+// Error in c/r is , delta(c/r)= [(c/r^2)+(1/r)](LC/2) , LC is Least Count .
+E= ((c/r^2)+(1/r))*(lc/2);//Error in c/r is delta(c/r)
+ob = c/r; // Observed Value
+//Actual Value of c/r ranges between
+ac1 = ob-E;// Evaluating Minimum value for c/r
+ac2 = ob+E;// Evaluating Maximum value for c/r
+p = (E/ob)*100; //Evaluating percentage error
+printf("(a)Actual Value of c/r ranges between %.2f - %.2f and Percentage error = %.2f percentage.\n ",ac1,ac2,p);
+//(b)
+lc1 = 0.001;//Now the least count is 0.001 cm
+c1 = 6.316;//Circumference in cm
+r1=1.005;//Circle radius in cm
+E1 =((c1/r1^2) + (1/r1))*(lc1/2); // Error in c/r is delta(c/r)
+ob1= c1/r1; //Observed Value
+p1=(E1/ob1)*100;//Evaluating percentage error
+//Actual Value of c/r ranges between
+a1= ob1-E1;//Evaluating Minimum value for c/r
+a2= ob1+E1;//Evaluating Maximum value for c/r
+printf("(b)Actual Value of c/r ranges between %.3f - %.3f and Percentage error = %.2f percentage.\n",a1,a2,p1);
+
diff --git a/2243/CH1/EX1.3/Res1_3.txt b/2243/CH1/EX1.3/Res1_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5f7f3755b --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH1/EX1.3/Res1_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +(a)Actual Value of c/r ranges between 5.94 - 6.60 and Percentage error = 5.27 percentage.
+ (b)Actual Value of c/r ranges between 6.281 - 6.288 and Percentage error = 0.06 percentage.
+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce b/2243/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..db6cd56c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH1/EX1.4/Ex1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given
+// (a) Newton's Theory
+// v= (P/rho)^2 , P= Pressure , rho = density
+P = 76; // 76 cm of Hg pressure
+V= 330 ; // velocity of sound in m/s
+rho = 0.001293; // density for dry air at 0 degrees celsius in g/cm^3
+g = 980;//gravitational acceleration in cm/s^2
+//Density of mercury at room temperature is 13.6 g/cm^3
+// 1 cm^2 = 1.0*10^-4 m^2
+v = sqrt(((P*13.6*g)/rho)*10^-4); // velocity of sound in m/s
+p= ((V-v)/V)*100; // % lower than the experimental value
+printf("(a) It is is %d percentage lower than the experimental value.\n\n",p);
+
+// (b) Laplace's Theory
+// v= ((gama*P)/rho)^2., gamma = adiabatic index Thus,
+//Given :
+gama = 1.41 // Adiabatic index
+//Density of mercury at room temperature is 13.6 g/cm^3
+// 1 cm^2 = 1.0*10^-4 m^2
+v1 = sqrt(((gama*P*13.6*g)/rho)*10^-4);// velocity of sound in m/s
+p1 = ((V-round(v1))/V)*100;// % higher than the eperimental value
+printf("(b) It is %.1f percantage higher than the experimental value.\n",abs(p1));
+
diff --git a/2243/CH1/EX1.4/Res1_4.txt b/2243/CH1/EX1.4/Res1_4.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4ed339290 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH1/EX1.4/Res1_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +(a) It is is 15 percentage lower than the experimental value.
+
+(b) It is 0.6 percantage higher than the experimental value.
+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce b/2243/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..897ec248c --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH10/EX10.1/Ex10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given:
+er = 1.0000684; // relative dielectric constant
+N = 2.7*10^25; // atoms/m^3
+//We know, er - 1 = 4*pi*N*R^3
+R = ((er-1)/(4*%pi*N))^(1/3) ; // in m
+printf("R : %.1f x 10^-10 m",R*10^10);
diff --git a/2243/CH10/EX10.1/Res10_1.txt b/2243/CH10/EX10.1/Res10_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2a9a7a7e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH10/EX10.1/Res10_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + R : 0.6 x 10^-10 m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce b/2243/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5e3f94b66 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH10/EX10.10/Ex10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+er = 6.75 ; // relative dielectric constant for glass
+f = 10^9 ;// frequency in Hz
+n = 1.5;// refractive index of glass
+e0 = 8.85*10^-12; // dielectric constant in farad/m
+//Pe = e0*(n^2 - 1)*E , Pi = e0*(er - n^2)*E , P = Pi + Pe = e0*(er - 1)*E
+//Percentage = [(e0*(er - n^2)*E)/(e0*(er -1)*E)]*100 , both the E's cancel each other
+per = [(e0*(er - n^2))/(e0*(er -1))]*100;// percentage
+printf("Percentage = %.1f",per);
diff --git a/2243/CH10/EX10.10/Res10_10.txt b/2243/CH10/EX10.10/Res10_10.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..57318ea75 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH10/EX10.10/Res10_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Percentage = 78.3
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce b/2243/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b7190aa56 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH10/EX10.2/Ex10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+R = 1; // radius in A
+N = 5*10^28 ; // atoms/m^3
+mu_0 = 4*%pi*10^-7; // permiability of free space in H/m
+mu_r = 1;//relative permiability
+m = 9.1*10^-31 // electron mass in kg
+e = 1.6*10^-19 ; // charge of an electron in C
+// R = 1*10^-10 m because 1 A = 1.0*10^-10 m
+chi = -(N*e^2*(R*10^-10)^2*mu_0*mu_r)/(4*m); //Susceptibility of diamagnetic material
+printf("Susceptibility of diamagnetic materials is %.2f x 10^-5",chi*10^5);
+//Result obtained differs from that in textbook, because in textbook only the order of 10 is considered .
diff --git a/2243/CH10/EX10.2/Res10_2.txt b/2243/CH10/EX10.2/Res10_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..71913f83b --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH10/EX10.2/Res10_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Susceptibility of diamagnetic materials is -0.44 x 10^-5
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce b/2243/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..13f38e429 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH10/EX10.3/Ex10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+e0 = 8.85*10^-12 ; // dielectric constant in farad/m
+er1 = 1.006715 ; //relative dielectric constant
+er2 = 1.005970;// relative dielectric constant
+T1 = 300 ; // Temperature in K (273+27 = 300 K)
+T2 = 450; // Temperature in K (273 + 177 = 450 K)
+k = 1.38*10^-23; // in J/K
+N = 2.44*10^25 ; // molecules/m^3
+//e0*(er1 - er2)= ((N*mu_p^2)/(3*k))*((1/T1)- (1/T2))
+mu_p = sqrt((e0*(er1 - er2)*3*k)/(((1/T1)-(1/T2))* N)); //dipole moment in C m
+D = 3.3*10^-30; // dipole of 1 Debye is equal to 3.33 x 10^-30 C m
+printf("Dipole moment = %.2f debye \n",mu_p/D);
+//e0*(er1 - 1) = N*(alpha_e + alpha_i + (mu_p^2/3*k*T1))
+Sum = ((e0*(er1 - 1))/N) - ((mu_p)^2/(3*k*T1)); // alpha_e + alpha_i in farad m^2
+printf("Sum = %.1f x 10^-39 farad m^2",Sum*10^39);
diff --git a/2243/CH10/EX10.3/Res10_3.txt b/2243/CH10/EX10.3/Res10_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5ae1f0a32 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH10/EX10.3/Res10_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Dipole moment = 0.96 debye
+Sum = 1.6 x 10^-39 farad m^2
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce b/2243/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d78af70a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH10/EX10.4/Ex10_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+mu_p = 1.2 ;// dipole moment in debye units
+T = 300 ; // Temperature in Kelvin ( 273+27 = 300 K)
+k = 1.38*10^-23 ; // in J/K
+per = 0.5/100 ; // percentage of saturated polarisation
+// 0.05*N*mu_p = (N*(mu_p)^2*E/(3*k*T))
+E = (3*k*T*per)/(mu_p*3.33*10^-30); // External field in V/m
+printf(" E = %.2f x 10^7 V/m",E*10^-7);
diff --git a/2243/CH10/EX10.4/Res10_4.txt b/2243/CH10/EX10.4/Res10_4.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7f0aaee12 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH10/EX10.4/Res10_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + E = 1.55 x 10^7 V/m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce b/2243/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d8c3f1f86 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH10/EX10.5/Ex10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+N = 5*10^28 ;// number of dipoles per m^3
+betaa = 1;// Bohr magneton
+T = 300 ; // Room temperature in k
+k = 1.38*10^-23 ; // in J/K
+mu_0 = 4*%pi*10^-7 ; //Magnetic permeability in H/m
+//1 Bohr magneton = 9.27 × 10^-24 Am^2.
+chi = (N*mu_0*betaa*(1*9.27*10^-24)^2)/(k*T);
+printf("Susceptibility = %.2f x 10^-3",chi*10^3);
+//Result obtained differs from that in textbook, because in textbook only the order is considered.
diff --git a/2243/CH10/EX10.5/Res10_5.txt b/2243/CH10/EX10.5/Res10_5.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..149982129 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH10/EX10.5/Res10_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Susceptibility = 1.30 x 10^-3
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce b/2243/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3e12a1cec --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH10/EX10.6/Ex10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+M = 32; // Atomic weight in kg/kmole
+Na =6.023*10^26 ; // Avogadro constant in atoms/kmole
+alpha_e = 3.28*10^-40; // electronic polarisability in farad/m^2
+rho = 2.08; //density in gm/cm^3
+e0 = 8.85*10^-12 ; // dielectric constant in farad/m
+// (er - 1)/(er + 2) = (N*alpha_e/3*e0)
+//1 gm = 1.0*10^-3 kg , 1 cm^3 = 1.0*10^-6 m^3
+N = (Na*(rho*10^3))/M; // atoms/m^3
+er =( 2*((N*alpha_e)/(3*e0)) + 1 )/(1 - ((N*alpha_e)/(3*e0)));
+printf("Relative dielectric constant = %.2f ",er);
+
+
diff --git a/2243/CH10/EX10.6/Res10_6.txt b/2243/CH10/EX10.6/Res10_6.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8fcea12d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH10/EX10.6/Res10_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Relative dielectric constant = 3.81
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce b/2243/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..83c48a9ec --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH10/EX10.7/Ex10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+area = 50000; // area of hysteresis on a graph
+axis1 = 10^-4 ; // units of scale in Wb/m^2
+axis2 = 10^2; // units of scale in A/m
+vol = 0.01; // volume in m^3
+F = 50; //frequency in Hz
+E1 = area*axis1*axis2; // Energy lost per cycle in J/m^3
+E2 = E1*vol ; // Energy lost in core per cycle in J
+P = E2*F; // Power loss in W
+printf("Power loss = %d W ",P);
+
+
diff --git a/2243/CH10/EX10.7/Res10_7.txt b/2243/CH10/EX10.7/Res10_7.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..783528800 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH10/EX10.7/Res10_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Power loss = 250 W
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce b/2243/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..26c62276f --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH10/EX10.8/Ex10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+mu_d = 9.27*10^-24; // Bhor magneton in Am^2
+mu_0 = 4*%pi*10^-7; // Magnetic permiability in H/m
+r = 2; // dipoles distance in A
+//U = mu_d*B = -( mu_0*mu_d^2)/(2*pi*r)
+//r = 2*10^-10 m , 1 A = 1.0*10^-10 m
+U = ( mu_0*mu_d^2)/(2*%pi*(r*10^-10)^3); // Energy
+printf("U = %.1f x 10^-25 ",U*10^25);
diff --git a/2243/CH10/EX10.8/Res10_8.txt b/2243/CH10/EX10.8/Res10_8.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..99b7ecd0b --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH10/EX10.8/Res10_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + U = 21.5 x 10^-25
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce b/2243/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..126b87b43 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH10/EX10.9/Ex10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+a = 2.87; // lattice constant in A
+mu = 4; // 4 Bohr magnetons/atom
+// BCC = 2 atoms/unit cell , 1 A = 1.0*10^-10 m
+N = 2/(2.87*10^-10)^3; // atoms/m^3
+//1 Bohr magneton = 9.27*10^-24 Am^2
+Msat = N*mu*9.27*10^-24;// Saturation in magnetisation in A/m
+printf(" Saturation Magnetisation = %.2f x 10^6 A/m",Msat*10^-6);
diff --git a/2243/CH10/EX10.9/Res10_9.txt b/2243/CH10/EX10.9/Res10_9.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..72e1213d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH10/EX10.9/Res10_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Saturation Magnetisation = 3.14 x 10^6 A/m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce b/2243/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..350ed47c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH11/EX11.10/Ex11_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+Ecd = 0.045; // Ec-Ed in eV
+Ecf = 0.035; // Ec-Ef in eV
+Efd = 0.01;// Ef-Ed in eV
+Ev = 0; // in eV
+Ef = 1.065; // in eV
+me = 9.1*10^-31;// electron mass in kg
+m_e = 0.31*me; // free electron mass
+m_h = 0.38*me;// hole mass
+kT = 0.026; // kT value at room temperature
+h = 6.625*10^-34; // planck's constant in Js
+Nc = 2*((2*%pi*m_e*kT*1.6*10^-19)/(h^2))^(3/2); // per m^3
+Nv = 2*((2*%pi*m_h*kT*1.6*10^-19)/(h^2))^(3/2); // per m^3
+//(a)
+// Nc*exp[-(Ec-Ef)/kT] = Nd*[1 - 1/(1+ exp[(Ed-Ef)/kT])]
+//Ed - Ef = -(Ef-Ed) = - Efd
+Nd = (Nc*exp(-Ecf/kT))/(1 - (1/(1+exp(-Efd/kT)))); // per m^3
+//(b)
+Nd_plus = Nd*(1 - (1/(1 + exp(-Efd/kT)))); // per m^3
+//(c)
+n = Nc*exp(-Ecf/kT); // per m^3
+//(d)
+p = Nv*exp((Ev-Ef)/kT);// per m^3
+printf("Nd = %.1f x 10^24 / m^3 \n",Nd*10^-24);
+printf("Nd_plus = %.2f x 10^24 / m^3 \n",Nd_plus*10^-24);
+printf("n = %.2f x 10^24 / m^3\n",n*10^-24);
+printf("p = %.1f x 10^6 / m^3",p*10^-6);
diff --git a/2243/CH11/EX11.10/Res11_10.txt b/2243/CH11/EX11.10/Res11_10.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cc525f3f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH11/EX11.10/Res11_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + Nd = 2.8 x 10^24 / m^3
+Nd_plus = 1.13 x 10^24 / m^3
+n = 1.13 x 10^24 / m^3
+p = 9.6 x 10^6 / m^3
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce b/2243/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b8adcf9df --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH11/EX11.11/Ex11_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+ni = 1.5*10^16; // ni for Si in m^-3
+mue = 0.135; // mobility of free electrons in m^2/Vs
+muh = 0.048; // mobility of holes in m^2/Vs
+Nd = 10^21; // phosphorus atoms/m^3
+e = 1.6*10^-19;// charge of an electron in C
+//(a)
+n = Nd; // electrons/m^3
+//(b)
+p = ni^2/Nd; // holes/m^3
+//(c)
+sigma = e*(n*mue + p*muh); // conductivity in mho m^-1
+rho = 1/sigma; // resistivity in ohm m
+
+printf("Major carrier concentration = %.1f x 10^21 electrons/m^3 \n",n*10^-21);
+printf("Minor carrier concentration = %.2f x 10^11 holes/m^3\n",p*10^-11);
+printf("Resistivity = %.3f ohm m",rho);
diff --git a/2243/CH11/EX11.11/Res11_11.txt b/2243/CH11/EX11.11/Res11_11.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c3c25f898 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH11/EX11.11/Res11_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + Major carrier concentration = 1.0 x 10^21 electrons/m^3
+Minor carrier concentration = 2.25 x 10^11 holes/m^3
+Resistivity = 0.046 ohm m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce b/2243/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4f8f4afc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH11/EX11.12/Ex11_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+Eg = 1.1;// Energy gap in eV
+T1 = 300 ;// Temperature in K
+T2 = 473; // Temperature in K (273+ 200 = 473 K)
+k = 8.62*10^-5 ; // in eV
+// sigma = A*exp(-Eg/(2*k*T))
+//Ratio = sigma_473/sigma_300
+Ratio = exp((-Eg/(2*k))*((1/T2)-(1/T1)));
+printf("Thus, sigma_473 is %d times sigma_300",Ratio);
diff --git a/2243/CH11/EX11.12/Res11_12.txt b/2243/CH11/EX11.12/Res11_12.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cbf73a5fb --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH11/EX11.12/Res11_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Thus, sigma_473 is 2389 times sigma_300
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.sce b/2243/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..26ea03983 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH11/EX11.13/Ex11_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+Eg1 = 0.72; // Energy gap for Ge in eV
+Eg2 = 1.1; // Energy gap for Si in eV
+Eg3 = 1.32; // Energy gap for GaAs in eV
+// lambda = c/v = (c*h)/Eg or lambda(A) = 12422/Eg (eV)
+lambda1 = 12422/Eg1; // wavelength in A (Ge)
+lambda2 = 12422/Eg2; // wavelength in A (Si)
+lambda3 = 12422/Eg3; // wavelength in A (GaAs)
+printf("Wavelength for Ge = %.1f A \n",lambda1);
+printf("Wavelength for Si = %.1f A \n",lambda2);
+printf("Wavelength for GaAs = %.2f A",lambda3);
diff --git a/2243/CH11/EX11.13/Res11_13.txt b/2243/CH11/EX11.13/Res11_13.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..86ce0e7c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH11/EX11.13/Res11_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + Wavelength for Ge = 17252.8 A
+Wavelength for Si = 11292.7 A
+Wavelength for GaAs = 9410.61 A
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH11/EX11.14/Ex11_14.sce b/2243/CH11/EX11.14/Ex11_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5a47365e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH11/EX11.14/Ex11_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+sigma = 4*10^-4; // conductivity at room temperature in ohm^-1 m^-1
+M = 28.1; // atomic weight in kg/kmole
+d = 2330; // density in kg/m^3
+dop = 10^8 ;// doping per 10^8 silicon atoms
+e = 1.6*10^-19; // charge of an electron in C
+mue = 0.135; // mobility of free electrons for silicon in m^2/Vs
+Na = 6.023*10^26 ; // Avagadro's constant in atoms/kmole
+N = (d*Na)/M; //atoms/m^3
+Nd = N/dop; // per m^3
+n = Nd; // electron concentration / m^3
+sigma1 = n*e*mue; // conductivity in ohm^-1 m^-1
+t = sigma1/sigma; // number of times the conductivity increased
+printf("Conductivity increased %d times .",t);
+//Result obtained differs from that in textbook, because approximate value for sigma1 was considered.
diff --git a/2243/CH11/EX11.14/Res11_14.txt b/2243/CH11/EX11.14/Res11_14.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d9f746e80 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH11/EX11.14/Res11_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Conductivity increased 26968 times .
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce b/2243/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..43b309cee --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH11/EX11.3/Ex11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+n =8.48*10^28; // number of conduction electrons / m^3
+Ef = 3.65*10^-19*(n^0.6667);//Fermi energy in eV
+printf("Fermi energy : %.2f eV ",Ef);
diff --git a/2243/CH11/EX11.3/Res11_3.txt b/2243/CH11/EX11.3/Res11_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3119dd98f --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH11/EX11.3/Res11_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Fermi energy : 7.06 eV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce b/2243/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5772185b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH11/EX11.4/Ex11_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+Ef = 7.04 ; // Ef for copper in eV
+kT = 0.026; // kT value at room temperature in eV
+F = (3/2)*(0.026/7.04); // Fraction of electrons
+printf("Fraction of electrons which are excited are %.4f or %.2f percentage.",F, F*100);
diff --git a/2243/CH11/EX11.4/Res11_4.txt b/2243/CH11/EX11.4/Res11_4.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b06d47e55 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH11/EX11.4/Res11_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Fraction of electrons which are excited are 0.0055 or 0.55 percentage.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce b/2243/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c36a9e618 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH11/EX11.6/Ex11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+ni1 = 2.5*10^19; // per m^3 for Ge
+ni2 = 1.5*10^16; // per m^3 for Si
+mu_e1 = 0.38; // mobility of free electrons for Ge in m^2/Vs
+mu_h1 = 0.18; //mobility of holes for Ge in m^2/Vs
+mu_e2 = 0.13;//mobility of free electrons for Si in m^2/Vs
+mu_h2 = 0.05;//mobility of holes for Si in m^2/Vs
+e = 1.6*10^-19; // charge of an electron in C
+sigma1 = ni1*e*(mu_e1 + mu_h1); // intrinsic conductivity in mho m^-1 for Ge
+sigma2 = ni2*e*(mu_e2 + mu_h2);// intrinsic conductivity in mho m^-1 for Si
+rho1 = 1/sigma1; //intrinsic resistivity in ohm m for Ge
+rho2 = 1/sigma2;//intrinsic resistivity in ohm m for Si
+printf("Resistivity of Ge %.3f ohm m \n",rho1);
+printf("Resistivity of Si %.3f x 10^3 ohm m",rho2*10^-3);
diff --git a/2243/CH11/EX11.6/Res11_6.txt b/2243/CH11/EX11.6/Res11_6.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b052d88d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH11/EX11.6/Res11_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Resistivity of Ge 0.446 ohm m
+Resistivity of Si 2.315 x 10^3 ohm m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce b/2243/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..09b804ace --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH11/EX11.7/Ex11_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+//Fraction F = n/N
+Eg = 0.72; // Energy gap in eV
+k = 0.026/300;// kT value at 300 K , so k = kT/T
+T1 = 30; // Temperature in K
+T2 = 300; //Temperature in K
+T3 = 1210;//Temperature in K
+//Fraction of electrons : n/N = exp(-Eg/2*k*T)
+F1 = exp(-Eg/(2*k*T1));
+F2 = exp(-Eg/(2*k*T2));
+F3 = exp(-Eg/(2*k*T3));
+printf(" For 30 K , n/N = %.1f x 10^-61\n",F1*10^61);
+printf(" For 300 K , n/N = %.1f x 10^-7\n",F2*10^7);
+printf(" For 1210 K , n/N = %.3f \n",F3);
diff --git a/2243/CH11/EX11.7/Res11_7.txt b/2243/CH11/EX11.7/Res11_7.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..465746176 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH11/EX11.7/Res11_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +For 30 K , n/N = 7.4 x 10^-61
+ For 300 K , n/N = 9.7 x 10^-7
+ For 1210 K , n/N = 0.032
+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce b/2243/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..328a3489d --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH11/EX11.8/Ex11_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+Eg1= 0.72; //Energy gap for Germanium in eV
+Eg2= 1.10; //Energy gap for Silicon in eV
+Eg3= 5.6; //Energy gap for diamond in eV
+//Fraction of electron : n/N = exp(-Eg/(2*k*T)) , k*T = 0.026 eV
+F1 = exp(-Eg1/(2*0.026)); // For Germanium
+F2 = exp(-Eg2/(2*0.026)); // For Silicon
+F3 = exp(-Eg3/(2*0.026)); // For diamond
+printf("For Germanium , n/N = %.1f x 10^-7\n",F1*10^7);
+printf("For Silicon , n/N = %.1f x 10^-10\n",F2*10^10);
+printf("For diamond, n/N = %.1f x 10^-47",F3*10^47);
diff --git a/2243/CH11/EX11.8/Res11_8.txt b/2243/CH11/EX11.8/Res11_8.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3777124bb --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH11/EX11.8/Res11_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + For Germanium , n/N = 9.7 x 10^-7
+For Silicon , n/N = 6.5 x 10^-10
+For diamond, n/N = 1.7 x 10^-47
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce b/2243/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..90050871a --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH11/EX11.9/Ex11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+D = 5*10^28; // density of atoms in silicon per m^3
+C = 2.0*10^8; //donor concentration
+ND = D/C; // donor atoms density per m^3
+// ND = 4.82*10^21*T^(3/2)
+T = (ND/(4.82*10^21))^(2/3);
+printf("Temperature = %.2f K",T);
diff --git a/2243/CH11/EX11.9/Res11_9.txt b/2243/CH11/EX11.9/Res11_9.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..645cc2c47 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH11/EX11.9/Res11_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Temperature = 0.14 K
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce b/2243/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..910ef4cf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH12/EX12.1/Ex12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given:
+sigma_n = 10^4; //conductivity in mho/m
+sigma_p = 10^2; // conductivity in mho/m
+e = 1.6*10^-19;// charge of an electron in C
+kT = 0.026 ;// k*T value at room temperature in eV
+ni = 2.5*10^19; // per m^3
+mue = 0.38; // mobility of free electrons in m^2/Vs
+muh = 0.18;// mobility of free electrons in m^2/Vs
+// sigma_n = e*n*mue and sigma_p = e*p*muh
+nn0 = sigma_n/(e*mue); // per m^3
+pp0 = sigma_p/(e*muh);// per m^3
+np0 =( ni^2)/pp0; // in m^-3
+// V0 = (kT/e)*log(nn0/np0) , but we consider only kT because kT/e = 0.026 eV/e , both the e's cancel each other.Finally we obtain the answer in Volts
+V0 = (kT)*log(nn0/np0); // in V
+printf("V0 = %.2f V",V0);
diff --git a/2243/CH12/EX12.1/Res12_1.txt b/2243/CH12/EX12.1/Res12_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7938234a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH12/EX12.1/Res12_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +V0 = 0.36 V
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce b/2243/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4f5ad2eaa --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH12/EX12.2/Ex12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+//(a)Forward bias of 0.1 V
+// np = np0*exp[eV/kT] , here we dont have np0 value, so we will calculate the remaining part.
+kT = 0.026; // in eV
+np = exp(0.1/kT);
+printf("(a) np = %.0f x np0 \n",np);
+//(b)Reverse bias of 1 V
+// np = np0*exp[-eV/kT] , here we dont have np0 value, so we will calculate the remaining part.
+np1 = exp(-1/kT);
+printf("(b) np = %.2f x 10^-17 x np0 \n",np1*10^17);
diff --git a/2243/CH12/EX12.2/Res12_2.txt b/2243/CH12/EX12.2/Res12_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c7f3bfb79 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH12/EX12.2/Res12_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + (a) np = 47 x np0
+(b) np = 1.98 x 10^-17 x np0
+
+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce b/2243/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..98317f369 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH12/EX12.3/Ex12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+I0 = 0.1; // muA
+kT = 0.026; // kT value at room temperature
+//Forward bias of 0.1 V
+// I = I0[exp(eV/kT) - 1]
+// since I = I0*(exp(0.1 eV/kT (eV))), both the eV's cancel each other , so it is only I = I0*(exp(0.1/kT) - 1) while evaluating.
+I = I0*(exp(0.1/kT) - 1) // in muA
+printf("Current = %.2f muA ",I);
diff --git a/2243/CH12/EX12.3/Res12_3.txt b/2243/CH12/EX12.3/Res12_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1a86983a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH12/EX12.3/Res12_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Current = 4.58 muA
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce b/2243/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4a88566fe --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH12/EX12.4/Ex12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+Vin = 36; // Input Voltage in V
+Vb = 6; // Zerner Breakdown Voltage in V
+Vr = Vin-Vb; // Volatge drop across resistor
+R = 5*10^3; // resistance in ohm
+Rl = 2*10^3; // load resistance in ohm
+I = Vr/R; // current in A
+Il = Vb/Rl; // current in A
+Iz = I - Il ;// current in A
+//(a)
+Vin1 = 41; // Input Voltage in V
+I1 = (Vin1-Vb)/R; // current in A
+Iz1 = I1-Iz; // current in A
+//(b)
+Rl1 = 4*10^3; //load resistance in ohm
+Il1 = Vb/Rl1; // current in A
+Iz2 = I - Il1; // current in A
+printf("Input volatge = 41 V , Iz = %.0f mA\n",Iz1*10^3);
+printf("Load resistance = 4k ohm , Iz = %.1f mA",Iz2*10^3);
+
diff --git a/2243/CH12/EX12.4/Res12_4.txt b/2243/CH12/EX12.4/Res12_4.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9ae246ee8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH12/EX12.4/Res12_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Input volatge = 41 V , Iz = 4 mA
+Load resistance = 4k ohm , Iz = 4.5 mA
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce b/2243/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3d8635324 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH12/EX12.5/Ex12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+deltaIE = 2; // in mA
+deltaIB = 5; // in mA
+Rl = 200*10^3; // load resistance in ohm
+ri = 200; // input resistance in ohm
+// IE= IB + IC , 1 muA = 1.0*10^-3 mA
+deltaIC = deltaIE - deltaIB*10^-3 ;// in mA
+alpha = deltaIC/deltaIE;
+A = alpha*(Rl/ri);
+printf("Voltage gain = %.1f ",A);
diff --git a/2243/CH12/EX12.5/Res12_5.txt b/2243/CH12/EX12.5/Res12_5.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1c2586a58 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH12/EX12.5/Res12_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Voltage gain = 997.5
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce b/2243/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..478dadc95 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH13/EX13.1/Ex13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+// E = 2*10^9*t V/m
+// a_x = e*E/m , where e = 1.6*10^-19 C , m = 9.12 × 10^-31 kg
+// a_x = 3.52*10^20*t m/s^2
+// v_x = integral of a_x dt
+//(a)
+function a_x = f(t),a_x = 3.530*10^20*t,endfunction
+v_x = intg(0,50*10^-9,f); // electron speed in m/s at time = 50 ns
+printf("v_x = %.1f x 10^5 m/s\n",v_x*10^-5);
+//(b)
+//v_x = 1.76*10^20*t^2 m/s
+function vx = v(t),vx = 1.76*10^20*t^2 ,endfunction
+x = intg(0,50*10^-9,v);// distance covered in m in 50 ns
+printf("x = %.2f mm\n",x*10^3);
+//(c)
+//x = 5.87*10^19*t^3 m
+X = 5*10^-2; //distance between plates in m
+t = (X/(5.87*10^19))^(1/3); // time required in s
+printf("t = %.2f x 10^-7 s",t*10^7);
+
+
diff --git a/2243/CH13/EX13.1/Res13_1.txt b/2243/CH13/EX13.1/Res13_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..571340212 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH13/EX13.1/Res13_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + v_x = 4.4 x 10^5 m/s
+x = 7.33 mm
+t = 0.95 x 10^-7 s
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce b/2243/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3de391bdf --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH13/EX13.11/Ex13_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+V1 = 250; // potential in V
+V2 = 500;// potential in V
+theta1 = 45;// angle in degrees
+//Law of electron refraction = sin(theta1)/sin(theta2) = (V2/V1)^0.5
+theta2 = asind(((V1/V2)^(1/2))*sind(45));
+printf("theta2 = %d degrees",theta2);
diff --git a/2243/CH13/EX13.11/Res13_11.txt b/2243/CH13/EX13.11/Res13_11.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..45b07bb0b --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH13/EX13.11/Res13_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +theta2 = 30 degrees
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce b/2243/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c4c60ccba --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH13/EX13.12/Ex13_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+M1 = 20; // neon isotope mass in amu
+M2 = 22;//neon isotope mass in amu
+E = 7*10^4; // Electric field in V/m
+e = 1.6*10^-19;// electron charge in C
+B = 0.5;// Magnetic field in Wb/m^2
+B1 = 0.75; // Magnetic field in Wb/m^2
+// Linear seperation = S2 - S1 = (2*E*(M2-M1))/(B*B1*e)
+// 1 amu = 1.66*10^-27 kg
+S2_S1 = (2*E*(M2-M1)*1.66*10^-27)/(B*B1*e) ; // linear seperation in m
+printf("S2-S1 = %.0f mm",S2_S1*10^3);
diff --git a/2243/CH13/EX13.12/Res13_12.txt b/2243/CH13/EX13.12/Res13_12.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8ea30d0e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH13/EX13.12/Res13_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + S2-S1 = 8 mm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce b/2243/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f8b05c6fb --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH13/EX13.13/Ex13_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given:
+m = 2.01*1.66*10^-27; // deuteron mass in kg
+q = 1.6*10^-19; // deuteron charge in C
+//We know , 1/2(m*v^2) = q*V
+//for a 5 MeV deuteron
+// 1 MeV = 10^6*1.6*10^-19 J
+v =((2*5*10^6*1.6*10^-19)/m)^(1/2) ; // velocity in m/s
+//(a)
+R = 15; // inches
+//1 inch = 2.54*10^-2 m
+B = (m*v)/(q*R*2.54*10^-2);// magnetic field intensity in Wb/m^2
+//(b)
+f = (q*B)/(2*%pi*m); // frequency in Hz
+//(c)
+t = 50/f; // time in s
+printf("B = %.1f Wb/m^2 \n",B);
+printf("f = %.2f MHz \n",f*10^-6);
+printf("t = %.2f mu s ",t*10^6);
diff --git a/2243/CH13/EX13.13/Res13_13.txt b/2243/CH13/EX13.13/Res13_13.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f6335b672 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH13/EX13.13/Res13_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +B = 1.2 Wb/m^2
+f = 9.15 MHz
+t = 5.47 mu s
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce b/2243/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..885ec5c34 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH13/EX13.5/Ex13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+u = 5*10^5; //horizontal velocity in m/s
+alpha = 35; // in degrees
+E = 200 ;// Electric field in V/m
+e = 1.6*10^-19; // electron charge in C
+m = 9.12*10^-31; // electron mass in kg
+a = (-e*E)/m; // horizontal range in m/s^2
+//(a);
+z_max = (-(u^2)*(sind(alpha))^2)/(2*a); // maximum penetration in m
+//(b)
+T = (-2*u*sind(alpha))/a; // Time of flight in s
+//(c)
+H = (-(u^2)*(sind(2*alpha)))/a; // horizontal range in m
+printf("z_max = %.1f mm \n",z_max*10^3);
+printf("T = %.2f x 10^-8 s \n",T*10^8);
+printf("H = %.1f mm",H*10^3);
diff --git a/2243/CH13/EX13.5/Res13_5.txt b/2243/CH13/EX13.5/Res13_5.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c5774af00 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH13/EX13.5/Res13_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + z_max = 1.2 mm
+T = 1.63 x 10^-8 s
+H = 6.7 mm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce b/2243/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bad0209fa --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH13/EX13.7/Ex13_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+m = 9.12*10^-31;// electron mass in kg
+e = 1.6*10^-19;// electron charge in C
+u = 5*10^7; // electron speed in m/s
+alpha = 30; // angle in degrees
+d = 0.5; // diameter in m
+//(a)
+//helix radius = (m*u*sin(alpha))/B*e
+r = d/2; // radius in m
+B = (m*u*sind(alpha))/(r*e); // magnetic flux density in Wb/m^2
+//(b)
+T = (2*%pi*m)/(B*e);// time in s
+//(c)
+p = T*u*cosd(alpha); // pitch in m
+printf("B = %.2f x 10^-3 Wb/m^2 \n",B*10^3);
+printf("T = %.2f x 10^-8 s \n",T*10^8);
+printf("p = %.2f m",p);
diff --git a/2243/CH13/EX13.7/Res13_7.txt b/2243/CH13/EX13.7/Res13_7.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cfbe1ba29 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH13/EX13.7/Res13_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +B = 0.57 x 10^-3 Wb/m^2
+T = 6.28 x 10^-8 s
+p = 2.72 m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce b/2243/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1c6f9e124 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH13/EX13.9/Ex13_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+m = 9.109*10^-31;// eletcron mass in kg
+e = 1.6*10^-19; // electron charge in C
+//T = (2*pi*m)/(B*e) , here B is not given
+T = (2*%pi*m)/e;// time in s
+printf("T = %.2f x 10^-11 / B ",T*10^11);
diff --git a/2243/CH13/EX13.9/Res13_9.txt b/2243/CH13/EX13.9/Res13_9.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d5f878405 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH13/EX13.9/Res13_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + T = 3.58 x 10^-11 / B
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce b/2243/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..99f5fe3e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH14/EX14.2/Ex14_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+lambda = 6000; //wavelength in A
+E2_E1 = 12422/lambda; // energy in eV
+k = 8.62*10^-5; // in eV/K
+T = 300; // Temperature in K
+//Equilibrium ratio = N2/N1 = exp[-(E2-E1)/k*T]
+//(a)
+Ratio = exp(-E2_E1/(k*T));
+//(b)
+T1 = (E2_E1)/(k*log(2)); // Temperature in K
+printf("Ratio = %.2f x 10^-35 \n",Ratio*10^35);
+printf("T = %d K",T1);
+//Resuts obtained differ from those in texbook, because approximate value of k*T was considered
diff --git a/2243/CH14/EX14.2/Res14_2.txt b/2243/CH14/EX14.2/Res14_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6241cef1b --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH14/EX14.2/Res14_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Ratio = 1.70 x 10^-35
+T = 34650 K
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce b/2243/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7651373bc --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH14/EX14.3/Ex14_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+L =8;// in cm
+lambda = 5330; //wavelength in A
+// lambda = 2*L/n
+// 1 A = 1.0*10^-8 cm
+n= (2*L)/(lambda*10^-8); // allowed modes
+//adjacent mode
+n1 = round(n+1);
+// 1 cm = 1.0*10^8 A
+lambda1 = ((2*L)/n1)*10^8;// wavelength in A
+D = lambda-lambda1; // difference in wavelengths in A
+printf("Difference = %.3f A",D);
diff --git a/2243/CH14/EX14.3/Res14_3.txt b/2243/CH14/EX14.3/Res14_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8e83ff23a --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH14/EX14.3/Res14_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Difference = 0.025 A
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce b/2243/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6d18ac65d --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH14/EX14.5/Ex14_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+tau_c = 10^-5; // lifetime of lasing energy in s
+tau_c1 = 10^-8; // coherence time in s
+lambda = 5000; // wavelength in A
+c = 3*10^8;// light speed in m/s
+// Ratio = delta_lambda/lambda = lambda/(c*tau_c)
+// 1 A = 1.0*10^-10 m
+//(a)Laser source
+Ratio = (lambda*10^-10)/(c*tau_c);
+//(b)Ordinary source
+Ratio1 = (lambda*10^-10)/(c*tau_c1);
+printf("Laser source = %.2f x 10^-10 \n",Ratio*10^10);
+printf("Ordinary source = %.2f x 10^-7 \n",Ratio1*10^7);
+//Results obtained differ from those in textbook, beacuse only order of 10 was considered in the result.
diff --git a/2243/CH14/EX14.5/Res14_5.txt b/2243/CH14/EX14.5/Res14_5.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5cb0ff3a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH14/EX14.5/Res14_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + Laser source = 1.67 x 10^-10
+Ordinary source = 1.67 x 10^-7
+
+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce b/2243/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ba37d4af0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH14/EX14.6/Ex14_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+P = 10; // Power in W
+lambda =5000; // wavelength in A
+SI = 7*10^3; // Sun's radiation intensity in W/cm^2
+// 1 A = 1.0*10^-8 cm
+I = P/(lambda*10^-8)^2; //Intensity in W/cm^2
+Ratio = (I)/SI;
+printf("Intensity = %.0f x 10^6 kW/cm^2 \n",I*10^-9);
+printf("Intensity of this laser source is %.1f x 10^6 times the intensity of Sun radiation",Ratio*10^-6);
+//Textbook : Only order of 10 is considered in the result
diff --git a/2243/CH14/EX14.6/Res14_6.txt b/2243/CH14/EX14.6/Res14_6.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1bcc6c569 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH14/EX14.6/Res14_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Intensity = 4 x 10^6 kW/cm^2
+Intensity of this laser source is 0.6 x 10^6 times the intensity of Sun radiation
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce b/2243/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..83779eaf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH14/EX14.7/Ex14_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+c = 3*10^8;// light speed in m/s
+//Visible range = 4000 A - 7000 A
+lambda1 = 4000; // wavelength in A
+lambda2 = 7000;// wavelength in A
+// 1 A = 1.0*10^-10 m
+nu1 = c/(lambda1*10^-10); // frequency in Hz
+nu2 = c/(lambda2*10^-10);// frequency in Hz
+deltanu = nu1-nu2; // in Hz
+//(a)Telephone conversations
+f1 = 10^3; // frequency in Hz
+n1 = deltanu/f1;
+//(b)Television programmes
+f2 = 10^7; // frequency in Hz
+n2 = deltanu/f2;
+printf(" Number of Telephone conversations = %.1f x 10^11 \n",n1*10^-11);
+printf(" Number of Television programmes = %.1f x 10^7 \n",n2*10^-7);
diff --git a/2243/CH14/EX14.7/Res14_7.txt b/2243/CH14/EX14.7/Res14_7.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f2d5e84b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH14/EX14.7/Res14_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Number of Telephone conversations = 3.2 x 10^11
+ Number of Television programmes = 3.2 x 10^7
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce b/2243/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2ab5b5dbe --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH15/EX15.1/Ex15_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+n0 = 1;//refractive index of outer medium
+n1 = 1.5025; // refractive index of core
+n2 = 1.4975; // refractive index of cladding
+NA = sqrt(n1^2 - n2^2); // Numerical aperture with cladding
+alpha_c = asind(NA/n0); // acceptance angle in degrees
+NA1 = sqrt(n1^2 - n0^2);// Numerical aperture without cladding
+printf("With cladding , NA and Acceptance angle = %.4f and %.3f degrees \n ",NA,alpha_c);
+printf("Without cladding , NA = %.4f ",NA1);
diff --git a/2243/CH15/EX15.1/Res15_1.txt b/2243/CH15/EX15.1/Res15_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..96658b6c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH15/EX15.1/Res15_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +With cladding , NA and Acceptance angle = 0.1225 and 7.035 degrees
+ Without cladding , NA = 1.1214
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce b/2243/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..538fbd25f --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH15/EX15.2/Ex15_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+n1 = 1.5025;// refractive index of core
+delta = 0.0033; //
+a = 50; // core radius in mu_m
+Ls = a*sqrt(2/delta);// skip distance in mu_m
+// 1 mu_m = 1.0*10^-6 m
+R = 1/(Ls*10^-6);// reflections per m
+printf("Ls = %.1f mu_m \n",Ls);
+printf("Reflections per m = %d",R);
diff --git a/2243/CH15/EX15.2/Res15_2.txt b/2243/CH15/EX15.2/Res15_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..620cdf0f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH15/EX15.2/Res15_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Ls = 1230.9 mu m
+Reflections per m = 812
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce b/2243/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6dc4eeffe --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH15/EX15.3/Ex15_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+lambda = 1.25; // wavelength in mu_m
+n1 = 1.462; // refractive index of core
+n2 = 1.457; // refractive index of cladding
+// Single mode propogation : (2*pi*a*sqrt(n1^2 - n2^2))/lambda < 2.405
+a = (2.405*lambda)/(2*%pi*sqrt(n1^2 - n2^2)); // radius in mu_m
+d = a*2; // diameter in mu_m
+printf("Limiting diameter = %.2f mu_m",d);
diff --git a/2243/CH15/EX15.3/Res15_3.txt b/2243/CH15/EX15.3/Res15_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..551f1aba5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH15/EX15.3/Res15_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Limiting diameter = 7.92 mu m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce b/2243/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e2fe99aab --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH15/EX15.4/Ex15_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+n1 = 1.525; // refractive index of core
+n2 = 1.500; // refractive index of cladding
+d = 30; // core diameter in mu_m
+a = d/2; // core radius in mu_m
+ab = 0.00001/100; // percentage absorbed
+delta = (n1-n2)/n1;
+Ls = a*sqrt(2/delta);// skip distance in mu_m
+//1 mu_m = 1.0*10^-6 m
+R = 1000/(Ls*10^-6); // reflections per km (1000 m)
+red_p = 1 - ab; // reduced power for each reflection
+//Power P1km = P0*red_p^(6*10^6)
+// A = 10*log10[P0/P1km] , P0 in the numerator and denominator will cancel each other
+A = 10*log10(1/(red_p)^(R));
+printf("Attenuation = %.1f dB/km",A);
diff --git a/2243/CH15/EX15.4/Res15_4.txt b/2243/CH15/EX15.4/Res15_4.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..54c65ad5d --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH15/EX15.4/Res15_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Attenuation = 2.6 dB/km
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce b/2243/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..593f62ad4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH15/EX15.5/Ex15_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+n1 = 1.5025; // refractive index of core
+n2 = 1.4975; // refractive index of cladding
+L = 1; // length in m
+F = 2*10^6; // frequency in Hz
+c = 3*10^8;// light speed in m/s
+delta_t = (n1*L/c)*((n1/n2)-1);// maximum delay in s;
+f = 1/(2*delta_t); // bandwidth for 1 m propogation
+L1 = 1/(2*F*delta_t); // distance for 2MHz bandwidth
+printf("Maximum delay = %.1f ps \n",delta_t*10^12);
+printf("Bandwidth of 2MHz can propogate a distance of %.1f km ",L1*10^-3);
diff --git a/2243/CH15/EX15.5/Res15_5.txt b/2243/CH15/EX15.5/Res15_5.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c27ce0f87 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH15/EX15.5/Res15_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Maximum delay = 16.7 ps
+Bandwidth of 2MHz can propogate a distance of 15.0 km
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce b/2243/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4e57a70ac --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH16/EX16.1/Ex16_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+delta_t = 1; // temperature in degrees
+t1 = 27; // temperature in degrees
+//Ratio = v2/v1 = 1+ (delta_t/(t1+273))
+Ratio = 1 + (delta_t /(2*(t1+273)));
+v1 = 343;// speed of sound at room temperature in m/s
+v2 = v1*Ratio; // speed of sound in air in m/s
+delta_v = v2-v1; // speed in m/s
+printf("Ratio = %.4f \n",Ratio);
+printf("delta_v = %.1f m/s",delta_v);
diff --git a/2243/CH16/EX16.1/Res16_1.txt b/2243/CH16/EX16.1/Res16_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6706ae2b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH16/EX16.1/Res16_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Ratio = 1.0017
+delta_v = 0.6 m/s
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.sce b/2243/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6783feace --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH16/EX16.10/Ex16_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+v = 1500; // velocity of ultrasound in m/s
+rt = 0.8; // recorded time in s
+t = rt/2; // time in s
+//Ultrasound velocity = D/t
+D = v*t; // sea depth in m
+printf("Depth = %d m",D);
diff --git a/2243/CH16/EX16.10/Res16_10.txt b/2243/CH16/EX16.10/Res16_10.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..db58b5e0f --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH16/EX16.10/Res16_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Depth = 600 m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce b/2243/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fc98f37ac --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH16/EX16.2/Ex16_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+p_rms = 0.0002; // in microbar
+p_rms1 = 20; // in pascal
+v = 343; // speed of sound in m/s
+rho_0 = 1.21; // density of air in kg/m^3
+f = 1000; // frequency in Hz
+// p_rms = pm_min/(2)^0.5
+//1 microbar = 0.1 N/m^2
+pm_min = sqrt(2)*p_rms*0.1; //in N/m^2
+// 1 pascal = 1 N/m^2
+pm_max =sqrt(2)*p_rms1*1; // in N/m^2
+// sm = pm/(v*rho_0*omega);
+//omega = 2*pi*f
+sm_min = pm_min/(v*rho_0*2*%pi*f); // displacement amplitude in m
+sm_max = pm_max/(v*rho_0*2*%pi*f);// displacement amplitude in m
+printf("Minimum displacement amplitude = %.2f pm \n",sm_min*10^12);
+printf("Maximum displacement amplitude = %.0f mu m",sm_max*10^6);
diff --git a/2243/CH16/EX16.2/Res16_2.txt b/2243/CH16/EX16.2/Res16_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8bba22970 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH16/EX16.2/Res16_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Minimum displacement amplitude = 10.85 pm
+Maximum displacement amplitude = 11 mu m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce b/2243/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c9331ee03 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH16/EX16.3/Ex16_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+sm_min = 11*10^-12;// Minimum displacement amplitude in m
+sm_max = 11*10^-6;// Maximum displacement amplitude in m
+v = 343;// speed of sound in m/s
+f = 1000; // frequency in Hz
+rho_0 = 1.21; // density of air in kg/m^3
+// Sound intensity = (rho_0*v*omega^2*sm^2)/2
+//omega = 2*pi*f
+I_max = (rho_0*v*((2*%pi*f)^2)*(sm_max^2))/2; // Maximum Intensity
+I_min = (rho_0*v*((2*%pi*f)^2)*(sm_min^2))/2; // Minimum Intensity
+Ratio = I_max/I_min ;
+printf("I_max/I_min = %.1f x 10^12 ", Ratio*10^-12);
diff --git a/2243/CH16/EX16.3/Res16_3.txt b/2243/CH16/EX16.3/Res16_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1ba85e82f --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH16/EX16.3/Res16_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +I_max/I_min = 1.0 x 10^12
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce b/2243/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bf4ba1d41 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH16/EX16.4/Ex16_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+I0 = 10^-12; // in W/m^2
+beta1 = 0; // in dB
+beta2 = 60;// in dB
+beta3 = 120; // in dB
+// Intensity level = beta = 10*log10(I/I0)
+I1 = 10^(beta1/10)*I0; // Intensity in W/m^2
+I2 = 10^(beta2/10)*I0; // Intensity in W/m^2
+I3 = 10^(beta3/10)*I0; // Intensity in W/m^2
+printf("Hearing Threshold : %.1f x 10^-12 W/m^2 \n",I1*10^12);
+printf("Speech Activity : %.1f x 10^-6 W/m^2 \n",I2*10^6);
+printf("Pain Threshold : %.1f W/m^2",I3);
diff --git a/2243/CH16/EX16.4/Res16_4.txt b/2243/CH16/EX16.4/Res16_4.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d0a8da198 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH16/EX16.4/Res16_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Hearing Threshold : 1.0 x 10^-12 W/m^2
+Speech Activity : 1.0 x 10^-6 W/m^2
+Pain Threshold : 1.0 W/m^2
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce b/2243/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7f95249c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH16/EX16.5/Ex16_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+l = 200; // in ft
+b = 50; // in ft
+h = 30;// in ft
+alpha = 0.25; //average absorption coefficient
+V = l*b*h; // Volume in ft^3
+S = 2*((l*b)+(l*h)+(b*h)); //total surface area in ft^2
+a = alpha*S;// in sabins
+T = (0.049*V)/a; // reverberation time in s
+//400 people present in the auditorium, 1 person is equivalent to 4.5 sabins
+a1 = a+ 400*4.5; // in sabins
+T1 = (0.049*V)/a1;// reverberation time in s
+printf("For auditorium : %.2f s \n",T);
+printf("When people are present %.2f s",T1);
diff --git a/2243/CH16/EX16.5/Res16_5.txt b/2243/CH16/EX16.5/Res16_5.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a419322c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH16/EX16.5/Res16_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +For auditorium : 1.68 s
+When people are present 1.39 s
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce b/2243/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..da3080331 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH16/EX16.6/Ex16_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+V = 9*10*11; // Volume in ft^3
+T = 4; // reverberation time in s
+S = 2*((9*10)+(10*11)+(11*9));// total surface area in ft^2
+//T = (0.049*V)/(alpha*S)
+alpha = (0.049*V)/(S*T);//average absorption coefficient
+T1 = 1.3; // reverberation time in s
+S1 = 50; // total surface area in ft^2
+alpha_e =(((0.049*V)/S1)*((1/T1)-(1/T))) + alpha ; // effective absorption coefficient
+printf("alpha = %.2f \n",alpha);
+printf("alpha_e = %.2f ",alpha_e);
diff --git a/2243/CH16/EX16.6/Res16_6.txt b/2243/CH16/EX16.6/Res16_6.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c4b2f6683 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH16/EX16.6/Res16_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +alpha = 0.02
+alpha_e = 0.52
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce b/2243/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..aa5299c18 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH16/EX16.7/Ex16_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+v = 343; // velocity of sound in m/s
+lambda = 1; // wavelength in cm
+// 1 cm = 1.0*10^-2 m
+f = v/(lambda*10^-2); //frequency in Hz
+printf("Frequency is %.1f kHz",f*10^-3);
diff --git a/2243/CH16/EX16.7/Res16_7.txt b/2243/CH16/EX16.7/Res16_7.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f81d646e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH16/EX16.7/Res16_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Frequency is 34.3 kHz
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce b/2243/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9e5a7ccef --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH16/EX16.8/Ex16_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+E1 = 8.55*10^10; //Modulus of elasticity in N/m^2
+E2 = 21*10^10; // Modulus of elasticity in N/m^2
+rho1 = 2650; // density of Quartz in kg/m^3
+rho2 = 8800;// density of Nickel in kg/m^3
+t = 2; // thickness of crystal in mm
+l = 50; // rod length in mm
+//Piezoelectric generator
+printf("Piezoelectric generator \n\n");
+for n = 1:3
+ // 1 mm = 1.0*10^-3 m
+ nu1 = (n/(2*t*10^-3))*sqrt(E1/rho1);// frequency in Hz
+ printf("For n = %d , Frequency = %.2f MHz\n",n,nu1*10^-6);
+end
+//Magnetostriction generator
+printf("Magnetostriction generator\n\n");
+for n1 = 1:3
+ // 1 mm = 1.0*10^-3 m
+ nu2 = (n1/(2*l*10^-3))*sqrt(E2/rho2);// frequency in Hz
+ printf("For n = %d , Frequency = %.1f kHz\n",n1,nu2*10^-3);
+end
+//Results differ from those in textbook, because in the formulae (n/(2*t))*sqrt(E/rho) and (n/(2*l))*sqrt(E/rho) , 2 is not multiplied with either t or l.
diff --git a/2243/CH16/EX16.8/Res16_8.txt b/2243/CH16/EX16.8/Res16_8.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9238400ba --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH16/EX16.8/Res16_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + Piezoelectric generator
+
+For n = 1 , Frequency = 1.42 MHz
+For n = 2 , Frequency = 2.84 MHz
+For n = 3 , Frequency = 4.26 MHz
+Magnetostriction generator
+
+For n = 1 , Frequency = 48.9 kHz
+For n = 2 , Frequency = 97.7 kHz
+For n = 3 , Frequency = 146.6 kHz
+
diff --git a/2243/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.sce b/2243/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..41c965d5d --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH16/EX16.9/Ex16_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+I0 = 10^-12; // in W/m^2
+beta1 = 110; // in dB
+beta2 = 150;// in dB
+beta3 = 180; // in dB
+// Intensity level = beta = 10*log10(I/I0)
+I1 = 10^(beta1/10)*I0; // Intensity in W/m^2
+I2 = 10^(beta2/10)*I0; // Intensity in W/m^2
+I3 = 10^(beta3/10)*I0; // Intensity in W/m^2
+printf("Amplified Rock Music : %.2f W/m^2 \n",I1);
+printf("Jet plane : %.1f x 10^3 W/m^2 \n",I2*10^-3);
+printf("Rocket engine : %.1f x 10^6 W/m^2",I3*10^-6);
diff --git a/2243/CH16/EX16.9/Res16_9.txt b/2243/CH16/EX16.9/Res16_9.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b1d95866b --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH16/EX16.9/Res16_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + Amplified Rock Music : 0.10 W/m^2
+Jet plane : 1.0 x 10^3 W/m^2
+Rocket engine : 1.0 x 10^6 W/m^2
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce b/2243/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2572cf078 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH2/EX2.2/Ex2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// wave y= 2*sin(10*pi*t - (pi*x)/40 + pi/4)
+// (a) Plot the space profile at t= T/4
+// Comapring the given Equation with y= A*sin(omega*t - k*x + phi)
+omega = 10*%pi ; //Angular frequency in rad/s
+k= %pi/40 ; // Wave number in rad/m
+T= 1/5 ; // 2*pi/T = 10*pi , so Time period is 1/5 s
+lambda = 80; // Wavelength in m , 2*pi/lambda = pi/40 , so lambda = 80
+t1= T/4; //time period in s
+x1= 0;// in m
+printf("The Space profile of a wave y= 2*sin(10*pi*t - (pi*x)/40 + pi/4) when t= T/4\n\n")
+printf("\tx (in m) \t y1(x) (in m)\n");
+while x1<180
+y1= 2*sin((omega*t1)-(k*x1)+ (%pi/4));
+printf("\t%d\t\t%.3f\n",x1,y1);
+x1 = x1+10;
+end
+//Now, we will plot the space profile from the values obtained for y1 for each value of x1
+x_1 = [0,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,110,120,130,140,150,160,170];
+y_1 = [1.414214,2.000000,1.414214,0.000000,-1.414214,-2.000000,-1.414214,-0.000000,1.414214,2.000000,1.414214,0.000000,-1.414214,-2.000000,-1.414214,-0.000000,1.414214,2.000000];
+// axis centered at (0,0)
+axis=gca(); // Handle on axes entity
+axis.x_location = "origin";
+axis.y_location = "origin";
+plot(x_1,y_1,style=5);
+xtitle("Space Profile at t = T/4 for the wave y= 2*sin(10*pi*t - (pi*x)/40 + pi/4)","x (in m)","y1(x) (in m)");
+xpause(10000000);
+//(b)
+x2= lambda/8; //in m
+t2=0; // time period in s
+printf("The time profile of a wave y= 2*sin(10*pi*t - (pi*x)/40 + pi/4) when x= lambda/8\n\n")
+printf("\t t(in s) \t y2(t) (in m)\n\n");
+while t2<0.4
+ y2=2*sin((omega*t2)-(k*x2)+ (%pi/4));
+ printf("\t%.3f\t\t%.3f\n",t2,y2);
+ t2=t2+0.025;
+end
+//Now,we will plot the time profile from the values obtained for y2 ,for each value of t2
+x_2=[0,0.025,0.05,0.075,0.1,0.125,0.15,0.175,0.2,0.22500,0.250000,0.27500,0.30000,0.325000,0.350000,0.37500];
+y_2=[0.000000,1.414214,2.000000,1.414214,0.000000,-1.414214,-2.000000,-1.414214,-0.000000,1.414214,2.000000,1.414214,0.000000,-1.414214,-2.000000,-1.414214];
+// axis centered at (0,0)
+axis1=gca(); // Handle on axes entity
+axis1.x_location = "origin";
+axis1.y_location = "origin";
+plot(x_2,y_2,style= 4);
+xtitle("Time Profile at x = lambda/8 for the wave y= 2*sin(10*pi*t - (pi*x)/40 + pi/4)","t (in s)","y2(t) (in m)");
+
diff --git a/2243/CH2/EX2.2/Fig2_2_a.jpg b/2243/CH2/EX2.2/Fig2_2_a.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..3952b9588 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH2/EX2.2/Fig2_2_a.jpg diff --git a/2243/CH2/EX2.2/Fig2_2_b.jpg b/2243/CH2/EX2.2/Fig2_2_b.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 000000000..bd7c87509 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH2/EX2.2/Fig2_2_b.jpg diff --git a/2243/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce b/2243/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..09de023b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH2/EX2.3/Ex2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Let us consider, wave function y = A*sin(omega*t - K*x + phi)
+A= 0.02;// Amplitude in m
+lambda = 6; // Wavelength (lambda) = Crest Distance = 6 m
+T= 2;// Time period is s
+nu = 1/T; // Frequency in Hz
+omega = 2*%pi*nu ; //Angular Frequency in rad/s
+k = 2*%pi/lambda; //wave number in rad/m
+//from Space profile, when x=1.5 m, t= 0
+y = 0.02; //in m
+x=1.5;//in m
+t= 0; // in s
+phi = (asin(y/A) +(k*x) - (omega*t)); // Initial phase in radians
+printf(" Wave parameters from the space profile and time profile\n")
+printf(" (1)Amplitude is %.2f m \n (2)Wavelength is %d m \n (3)Time period is %d s \n (4)Frequency is %.1f Hz \n (5)Angular Frequency is %.3f rad/s\n (6)Wave number is %.3f rad/m \n (7)Initial phase is %.3f radians\n",A,lambda,T,nu,omega,k,phi);
+// y(x,t=0) : -0.02 = 0.02*sin(0-(pi*x)/3 + pi)
+//Thus (-pi*x)/3 + pi = -pi/2,-5*pi/2, giving x= 9/2 m,21/2m
+V= omega/k; // Velocity of wave in m/s
+// I is proportional to A^2
+I = A^2; // Intensity in m^2 (Proportional)
+printf(" (8)The velocity of wave is %d m/s \n (9)Intensity is proportional to : %.1f x 10^-4 m^2.",V,I*10^4);
+
diff --git a/2243/CH2/EX2.3/Res2_3.txt b/2243/CH2/EX2.3/Res2_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f93d845b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH2/EX2.3/Res2_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Wave parameters from the space profile and time profile
+ (1)Amplitude is 0.02 m
+ (2)Wavelength is 6 m
+ (3)Time period is 2 s
+ (4)Frequency is 0.5 Hz
+ (5)Angular Frequency is 3.142 rad/s
+ (6)Wave number is 1.047 rad/m
+ (7)Initial phase is 3.142 radians
+ (8)The velocity of wave is 3 m/s
+ (9)Intensity is proportional to : 4.0 x 10^-4 m^2.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce b/2243/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ee2f02e6a --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH2/EX2.6/Ex2_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//(a)Tunning fork
+nu= 440; // Frequency in Hz
+V=340; // velocity of sound in air in m/s
+lambda= V/nu ;// Wavelength of sound wave in m
+k= 2*%pi/lambda; // Wave number in m
+//(b) Red Light
+nu1 = 5*10^14;// Frequency of Red light in Hz
+V1 = 3*10^8;//Velocity of light in m/s
+lambda1= V1/nu1; //Wavelength of light wave in m
+k1= 2*%pi/lambda1; // Wave number in m
+printf("For Sound wave : \n\n Frequency: %d Hz \n Velocity: %d m/s \n Wavelegth: %.3f m\n Wave number : %.2f m \n Wave Equation for Sound wave: y = A*sin((%.2f*x)-(%.3f*t)) \n\n",nu,V,lambda,k,k,(2*%pi*nu));
+printf("For Light wave : \n\n Frequency: %.0f x 10^14 Hz \n Velocity: %d x 10^8 m/s \n Wavelegth: %.1f x 10^-7 m\n Wave number : %.2f x 10^7 m \n Wave Equation for Sound wave: y = A*sin((%.2f*10^7*x)-(%.1f*10^15*t)) \n\n",nu1*10^-14,V1*10^-8,lambda1*10^7,k1*10^-7,k1*10^-7,(2*%pi*nu1*10^-15));
diff --git a/2243/CH2/EX2.6/Res2_6.txt b/2243/CH2/EX2.6/Res2_6.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..156aa7314 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH2/EX2.6/Res2_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + For Sound wave :
+
+ Frequency: 440 Hz
+ Velocity: 340 m/s
+ Wavelegth: 0.773 m
+ Wave number : 8.13 m
+ Wave Equation for Sound wave: y = A*sin((8.13*x)-(2764.602*t))
+
+For Light wave :
+
+ Frequency: 5 x 10^14 Hz
+ Velocity: 3 x 10^8 m/s
+ Wavelegth: 6.0 x 10^-7 m
+ Wave number : 1.05 x 10^7 m
+ Wave Equation for Sound wave: y = A*sin((1.05*10^7*x)-(3.1*10^15*t))
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce b/2243/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6d3131909 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.10/Ex3_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given:
+lambda = 6000; // wavelength in A
+mu = 1; //refractive index for air
+// Fringe pattern having 100 fringes per cm
+betaa = 0.01; // fringe width in cm
+// And,We know betaa = lambda/(2*mu*alpha) , so
+ // 1 A = 1.0*10^-8 cm
+ alpha = lambda*10^-8/(2*mu*betaa); // wedge angle in rad
+ printf("Wedge angle = %.3f rad",alpha);
+
diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.10/Res3_10.txt b/2243/CH3/EX3.10/Res3_10.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..54b43f319 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.10/Res3_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Wedge angle = 0.003 rad
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce b/2243/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d6c79fd8c --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.13/Ex3_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+angle = 4*10^-2 ; // angle in rad
+//1 radian = 57.2957795 degrees
+theta = angle*57.2957795 ;// in degrees
+// d*sin(theta) = lambda , so d = lambda/(sin(theta)) :
+//(a)For Sound waves
+lambda1 = 0.75; // Wavelength in m
+d1 = lambda1/sind(theta); // distance in m
+//(b)For Ultrasonic waves
+lambda2 = 0.1; // Wwavelength in m
+d2 = lambda2/sind(theta); // distance in m
+//(c)For microwaves
+lambda3 = 2.9 ; // Wavelength in cm
+//1cm = 1.0*10^-2 m
+d3 = lambda3*10^-2/sind(theta); // distance in m
+//(d)For IR waves
+lambda4 = 10; // Wavelength in mu_m
+// 1 mu_m = 1.0*10^-6 m
+d4 = lambda4*10^-6/sind(theta);// distance in m
+//(e)For light waves
+lambda5 = 5890;// in angstroms
+//1 A = 1.0*10^-10 m
+d5 = lambda5*10^-10/sind(theta); // distance in m
+printf(" (a)For Sound waves : %.2f m \n",d1);
+printf(" (b)For Ultrasonic waves : %.2f m \n",d2);
+printf(" (c)For Microwaves : %.2f m \n",d3);
+printf(" (d)For IR waves : %.1f mu m \n",d4*10^6);
+printf(" (e)For Light waves : %.2f mu m \n",d5*10^6);
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.13/Res3_13.txt b/2243/CH3/EX3.13/Res3_13.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a836dd3c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.13/Res3_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ + (a)For Sound waves : 18.76 m
+ (b)For Ultrasonic waves : 2.50 m
+ (c)For Microwaves : 0.73 m
+ (d)For IR waves : 250.1 mu m
+ (e)For Light waves : 14.73 mu m
+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce b/2243/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d39bd533d --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.14/Ex3_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+// Now, the intensity distribution is given by :
+// I = I_1 + I_2 + 2*(I_1*I_2)^0.5 *cos(alpha1- alpha2) , Using alpha = alpha1 - alpha2 and I_1 = I_2 = I_0
+// I = 2*I_0*(1+ cos(alpha))
+nu = 1.2 * 10^6 ; // frequency in Hz
+c = 3*10^8 ; // velocity of light in m/s
+lambda = c/nu ; // wavelength in m
+d = 500; // two identical vertical dipole antenna spaced 500 m apart
+// Directions along which the intensity is maximum :
+printf("Maximum Intensity \n\n");
+for n= 0 :2
+theta = asind((n*lambda)/d);// in degrees
+printf("---> theta = %d degrees\n",theta);
+end
+// Directions for which intensity is minimum :
+n1 =0;
+theta1 = asind(((n1 + (1/2))*lambda)/d);//in degrees
+printf("Minimum Intensity \n\n");
+printf("--> theta = %.1f degrees\n",theta1);
+
+
+
diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.14/Res3_14.txt b/2243/CH3/EX3.14/Res3_14.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bcc43baff --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.14/Res3_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ + Maximum Intensity
+
+---> theta = 0 degrees
+---> theta = 30 degrees
+---> theta = 90 degrees
+Minimum Intensity
+
+--> theta = 14.5 degrees
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce b/2243/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..69215596d --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.15/Ex3_15.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+lambda = 5900 ; //Wavelength in A
+delta_T = 150; // Temperature of the metal cylinder is now raised by 150 K
+p = 20 ; // p is the number of rings shifted due to increase in t_n (t_n is the thickness of the air film)
+l = 5 ; // length of the metal cyclinder in mm
+mu = 1; //refractive index for air
+//Increase in length = (p*lambda)/2*mu
+// 1 A = 1.0*10^-7 mm
+delta_l = (p*lambda*10^-7)/2*mu; // increase in length in mm
+//Linear expansivity of the metal of the cyclinder
+alpha = (delta_l)/(l*delta_T); // in 1/K
+printf("The linear expansivity of the metal of the cylinder using Newtons rings apparatus is : %.1f x 10^-6/K ", alpha*10^6);
diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.15/Res3_15.txt b/2243/CH3/EX3.15/Res3_15.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..81e7f7082 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.15/Res3_15.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The linear expansivity of the metal of the cylinder using Newtons rings apparatus is : 7.9 x 10^-6/K
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce b/2243/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..06a11cce4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.16/Ex3_16.sce @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+d = 0.065; //distance in mm
+p = 200 ;// 200 fringes cross the field of view
+//Michelson's interferometer arrangement : 2*d = p*lambda
+lambda = 2*d/p;// wavelength in mm
+
+printf(" Wavelength : %.1f x 10^-4 mm ",lambda*10^4);
diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.16/Res3_16.txt b/2243/CH3/EX3.16/Res3_16.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6788eefb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.16/Res3_16.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Wavelength : 6.5 x 10^-4 mm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce b/2243/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7285bcd41 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.17/Ex3_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+D10_air = 1.75 ;//diameter of the 10th bright ring in Newton's ring apparatus in cm
+D10_liquid = 1.59 ; // diameter of the 10th bright ring in Newton's ring apparatus in cm
+// The diameter of the nth bright ring in Newton's ring apparatus : D_n = 2*(R*(n + 1/2)*(lambda/mu))^0.5
+mu = (D10_air/D10_liquid)^2;
+printf("The refractive index of the liquid is %.3f",mu);
diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.17/Res3_17.txt b/2243/CH3/EX3.17/Res3_17.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e1edbb1f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.17/Res3_17.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The refractive index of the liquid is 1.211
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce b/2243/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..759bdfe03 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.18/Ex3_18.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+lambda = 5500; // Wavelength in A
+mu_f = 1.38; // refractive index for MgF2
+mu_f1 = 1.48; // refractive index for lucite
+//The minimum thickness
+t = lambda/(4*mu_f) ; // thickness in A
+printf("The minimum thickness = %.1f A\n\n",t);
+// Resultant reflected intensity = I = 2*I_0*(1 + cos(alpha))
+// alpha = (2*pi/lambda)*(path difference)
+alpha1 = (2*%pi/lambda)*(2*mu_f*t); // angle in radians
+alpha2 = (2*%pi/lambda)*(2*mu_f1*t); // angle in radians
+printf(" alpha = %.3f for MgF2 and %.3f for lucite\n\n",alpha1,alpha2);
+printf(" For MgF2 : I = (%f)*I_0\n\n",2*(1+cos(alpha1)));
+printf(" For lucite : I = (%.3f)*I_0\n\n",2*(1+cos(alpha2)));
+printf("For Lucite : (%.3f)*I_0 , indicates %.1f percentage of the incident light is reflected ,so it is less suitable for coating.",2*(1+cos(alpha2)), 100*2*(1+cos(alpha2)));
+
+
diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.18/Res3_18.txt b/2243/CH3/EX3.18/Res3_18.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..19c2bdb9a --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.18/Res3_18.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +The minimum thickness = 996.4 A
+
+ alpha = 3.142 for MgF2 and 3.369 for lucite
+
+ For MgF2 : I = (0.000000)*I_0
+
+ For lucite : I = (0.052)*I_0
+
+For Lucite : (0.052)*I_0 , indicates 5.2 percentage of the incident light is reflected ,so it is less suitable for coating.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce b/2243/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5cb395071 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.3/Ex3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+lambda1 = 5890 ; // Wavelength in angstroms
+lambda2 = 5896 ; // Wavelength in angstroms
+//For sodium doublet
+nu1 = 5.0934*10^14; //Frequency in Hz
+nu2 = 5.0882*10^14; //Frequency in Hz
+
+deltanu = nu1-nu2; // Differnece in Frequencies in Hz
+Tc = 1/deltanu ; // Coherence time in s
+
+n1 = Tc*nu1; // Number of Cycles of wavelength 5890 angstroms
+n2 = Tc*nu2;// Number of cycles of wavelegth 5896 angstrom
+//in this coherence time , we have:
+printf("Cycles : %d , Wavelength %d A \n",round(n1),lambda1);
+printf("Cycles : %d , Wavelength %d A",round(n2),lambda2);
+
diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.3/Res3_3.txt b/2243/CH3/EX3.3/Res3_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3dc8b628a --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.3/Res3_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Cycles : 979 , Wavelength 5890 A
+Cycles : 978 , Wavelength 5896 A
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce b/2243/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0e84c012e --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.4/Ex3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given:
+deltalambda1 = 0.01; // The line width of the orange line of krypton,Kr^86 in A
+lambda = 6058; // Wavelength in angstroms = 6058*10^-10 m
+deltalambda2 = 0.00015; // The line width of a laser source in A
+c = 3*10^8 ;// Velocity of light in vacuum in m/s
+nu0 = c/(lambda*10^-10);// lambda in m , 1 A = 1.0 × 10^-10 m
+//1 A = 1.0 × 10^-10 m
+//For orange line of Krypton
+Lc1= (lambda^2/deltalambda1)*10^-10; // coherence length in m
+deltanu1 = c/Lc1 ;// bandwidth in Hz
+Tc1 = (Lc1/c);// Coherence time in s
+//Xi = deltanu/nu0 , where nu0 = c/lambda which equals to (deltanu*lambda)/c, lambda in A
+Xi1 = deltanu1/nu0 ; //degree of monochromaticity
+//For Laser Source
+Lc2= (lambda^2/deltalambda2)*10^-10;// coherence length in m
+deltanu2 = c/Lc2 ;// in Hz
+Tc2 = (Lc2/c);//Calculating Coherence time in s
+//Xi = deltanu/nu0 , where nu0 = c/lambda which equals to (deltanu*lambda)/c, lambda in A
+Xi2 = deltanu2/nu0 ;// degree of monochromaticity
+printf("For Orange line of Krypton : \n\n Coherence Length : \t %.4f m \n Bandwidth : \t\t %.2f x 10^8 Hz \n Coherence : \t\t %.2f x 10^-8 s \n Degree of Monochromaticity : %.2f x 10^-6 \n\n",Lc1,deltanu1*10^-8,Tc1*10^8,Xi1*10^6);
+printf("For Laser Source : \n\n Coherence Length : \t %.2f m \n Bandwidth : \t\t %.2f x 10^7 Hz \n Coherence : \t\t %.2f x 10^-8 s \n Degree of Monochromaticity : %.2f x 10^-8 \n\n",Lc2,deltanu2*10^-7,Tc2*10^8,Xi2*10^8);
diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.4/Res3_4.txt b/2243/CH3/EX3.4/Res3_4.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a5f7c8d88 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.4/Res3_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ + For Orange line of Krypton :
+
+ Coherence Length : 0.3670 m
+ Bandwidth : 8.17 x 10^8 Hz
+ Coherence : 0.12 x 10^-8 s
+ Degree of Monochromaticity : 1.65 x 10^-6
+
+For Laser Source :
+
+ Coherence Length : 24.47 m
+ Bandwidth : 1.23 x 10^7 Hz
+ Coherence : 8.16 x 10^-8 s
+ Degree of Monochromaticity : 2.48 x 10^-8
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce b/2243/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..29e748ca8 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.5/Ex3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//(a)
+//Given:
+lambda = 5890;// Wavelength in A
+l = 5.89; //thickness of the film in mu m
+mu = 1.35; //refractive index
+delta = mu*l;// optical path in the medium in m
+//(b) (i)Number of waves in the medium
+//1 angstrom = 1.0*10^-10 m and 1 mu m = 1*10^-6 m
+N= (l*10^-6)/(lambda*10^-10/mu);
+//the distance in vaccum for those waves :
+delta1 =N*lambda*10^-10; // optical path in m
+//(b) (ii)Phase difference in the medium
+//1 angstrom = 1.0*10^-10 m and 1 mu m = 1*10^-6 m
+phi = ((2*%pi)/(lambda*10^-10/mu))*(l*10^-6) ;
+printf("Optical path = %.4f mu m\n",delta);
+printf("Number of waves : %.1f\n",N);
+printf("The distance in vaccum for those waves is : %.4f mu m \n",delta1*10^6);
+printf("Phase difference = %.3f\n",phi);
+
diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.5/Res3_5.txt b/2243/CH3/EX3.5/Res3_5.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3e735549e --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.5/Res3_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Optical path = 7.9515 mu m
+Number of waves : 13.5
+The distance in vaccum for those waves is : 7.9515 mu m
+Phase difference = 84.823
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce b/2243/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8b5f140b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.6/Ex3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given:
+lambda = 5890; // Wavelength of a beam of sodium light in A
+l = 100 ; // thickness in cm
+mu1 = 1.00;//refractive index of air
+mu2 = 1.33;// refractive index of water
+mu3 = 1.39; // refractive index of oil
+mu4 = 1.64; // refractive index of glass
+c = 3*10^8 ;// Velocity of light in vacuum in m/s
+//For Air :
+lambda1 = lambda/mu1; // wavelength of light in A
+v1 = c/mu1;// Velocity of light in air in m/s
+// 1cm = 1*10^-2 m
+t1 = (l*10^-2/v1); //time of travel in s
+// 1 A = 1*10^-10 m
+N1 = (l*10^-2)/(lambda1*10^-10);// Number of waves
+delta1 = mu1*l; //Optical path in cm
+//For Water :
+lambda2 = lambda/mu2; // wavelength of light in A
+v2 = c/mu2;// Velocity of light in water in m/s
+//1cm = 1*10^-2 m
+t2 = (l*10^-2/v2); //time of travel in s
+//1 A = 1*10^-10 m
+N2 = (l*10^-2)/(lambda2*10^-10);// Number of waves
+delta2 = mu2*l; //Optical path in cm
+//For Oil :
+lambda3 = lambda/mu3; // wavelength of light in A
+v3 = c/mu3;// Velocity of light in Oil in m/s
+//1cm = 1*10^-2 m
+t3 = (l*10^-2/v3); //time of travel in s
+//1 A = 1*10^-10 m
+N3 = (l*10^-2)/(lambda3*10^-10);// Number of waves
+delta3 = mu3*l; //Optical path in cm
+//For Glass:
+lambda4 = lambda/mu4; // wavelength of light in A
+v4 = c/mu4;// Velocity of light in Glass in m/s
+// 1cm = 1*10^-2 m
+t4 = (l*10^-2/v4); //time of travel in s
+//1 A = 1*10^-10 m
+N4 = (l*10^-2)/(lambda4*10^-10);// Number of waves
+delta4 = mu4*l; //Optical path in cm
+delta = delta1+delta2+delta3+delta4; // total optical path in cm
+printf("Parameters \t\t\t Air \t\t\t Water \t\t\t Oil \t\t\tGlass \n\n");
+printf("Wavelength : \t\t %.0f A \t\t %.1f A \t\t %.1f A \t\t %.1f A \n",lambda1,lambda2,lambda3,lambda4);
+printf("Velocity : \t\t %.0f x 10^8 m/s \t\t %.2f x 10^8m/s \t %.2f x 10^8 m/s \t %.2f x 10^8 m/s \n",v1*10^-8,v2*10^-8,v3*10^-8,v4*10^-8);
+printf("Time of travel : \t %2.1f x 10^-10 s\t %2.1f x 10^-10 s\t %2.1f x 10^-10 s\t %2.1f x 10^-10 s \n",t1*10^10,t2*10^10,t3*10^10,t4*10^10);
+printf("Number of waves: \t %.1f x 10^6 \t\t %.1f x 10^6 \t\t %.1f x 10^6 \t\t %.1f x10^6 \n",N1*10^-6,N2*10^-6,N3*10^-6,N4*10^-6);
+printf("Optical path : \t\t %d cm \t\t %d cm \t\t %d cm \t\t %d cm \n\n",delta1,delta2,delta3,delta4);
+printf(" The total optical path = %d cm\n\n",delta);
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.6/Res3_6.txt b/2243/CH3/EX3.6/Res3_6.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e5f55a805 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.6/Res3_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +
+ Parameters Air Water Oil Glass
+
+Wavelength : 5890 A 4428.6 A 4237.4 A 3591.5 A
+Velocity : 3 x 10^8 m/s 2.26 x 10^8m/s 2.16 x 10^8 m/s 1.83 x 10^8 m/s
+Time of travel : 33.3 x 10^-10 s 44.3 x 10^-10 s 46.3 x 10^-10 s 54.7 x 10^-10 s
+Number of waves: 1.7 x 10^6 2.3 x 10^6 2.4 x 10^6 2.8 x10^6
+Optical path : 100 cm 133 cm 139 cm 164 cm
+
+ The total optical path = 536 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce b/2243/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..090ba8598 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.8/Ex3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+lambda = 6058;// Wavelength of light in A
+deltalambda1 = 0.01; // line width for a krypton source in A
+deltalambda2 = 0.00015; // line width for a laser source in A
+// The maximum number of fringes is given by n_max = lambda/deltalambda
+// (a) For a krypton source :
+n_max1 = lambda/deltalambda1 ;
+// (b) For a laser source :
+n_max2 = lambda/deltalambda2;
+printf("The maximum number of fringes observable are :\n\n");
+printf("(a) For a krypton source : %d \n\n",n_max1);
+printf("(b) For a laser source : %d \n\n",n_max2);
+
+
diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.8/Res3_8.txt b/2243/CH3/EX3.8/Res3_8.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e494951f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.8/Res3_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ + The maximum number of fringes observable are :
+
+(a) For a krypton source : 605800
+
+(b) For a laser source : 40386666
+
+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce b/2243/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..62e887a3c --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.9/Ex3_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+mu = 1.4;// refractive index of a thin film
+lambda = 5890; // Wavelength of sodium light in A
+deltalambda = 20; //line width in A
+// For observing interference pattern, t < lambda^2/(2*mu*deltalambda)
+t_max = lambda^2/(2*mu*deltalambda); //thickness of the film in A
+printf(" t_max : %1.3f x 10^5 A \n\n",t_max*10^-5);
+
+
+
diff --git a/2243/CH3/EX3.9/Res3_9.txt b/2243/CH3/EX3.9/Res3_9.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5e01e9d98 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH3/EX3.9/Res3_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +t_max : 6.195 x 10^5 A
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce b/2243/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5cdf41a53 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH4/EX4.10/Ex4_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given:
+N = 15000;//Number of lines per inch
+a_plus_b = (2.54/N)*10^8 ;//Grating period in A
+lambda = 1 ; //Wavelength in A
+//Grating equation :(a+b)*sin(theta_n) = n*lambda
+//First order maximum
+theta1 = asind(lambda/a_plus_b); // angle in degrees
+printf("The first order maximum will be obtained at : %.4f degrees .\n\n",theta1);
+
+
diff --git a/2243/CH4/EX4.10/Res4_10.txt b/2243/CH4/EX4.10/Res4_10.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2a6b63c90 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH4/EX4.10/Res4_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The first order maximum will be obtained at : 0.0034 degrees .
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce b/2243/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7c296e980 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH4/EX4.11/Ex4_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given:
+lambda = 6000; //Wwavelength in A
+mu = 1.33; //Refractive index for cornea
+D = 2; //Diameter of pupil in mm
+//Yellow light wavelength in eye:
+lambda1 = lambda/mu ; //Wavelength in A
+//The angular resolution
+//1 A = 1.0*10^-7 mm
+theta_c = (1.22*lambda1*10^-7)/D; // angle in rad
+//Maximum value for L
+L = 1/tan(theta_c); // in mm
+printf("Maximum value for L should be : %.1f mm",L);
diff --git a/2243/CH4/EX4.11/Res4_11.txt b/2243/CH4/EX4.11/Res4_11.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..04ff10bb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH4/EX4.11/Res4_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Maximum value for L should be : 3633.9 mm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce b/2243/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8a33a0235 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH4/EX4.4/Ex4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+d = 8.8*10^-2 ; // slit width in mm
+b = 0.7;// seperation between slits in mm
+lambda = 6328 ; //Wavelength in A
+//First diffraction minima is possible, when d*sin(theta) = lambda
+// 1 A = 1.0*10^-7 mm
+theta = asind((lambda*10^-7)/d); // angle in degrees
+printf("theta = %.3f degrees .\n\n",theta);
+//interference minima is possible , when sin(theta) = ((p + 1/2)*lambda)/b
+for p = 0 : 10
+ //1 A = 1.0*10^-7 mm
+ theta1 = asind((p + 1/2)*(lambda*10^-7/b)); // angle in degrees
+ printf("When p = %d \n",p);
+ printf("theta = %.3f degrees . \n\n",theta1);
+ if(theta1 > theta)
+ printf(" When p >= %d , theta > %.3f degrees .\n\nBetween the first two diffraction minima , %d interference minima are possible.",p,theta,2*p);
+ break;
+ end
+end
diff --git a/2243/CH4/EX4.4/Res4_4.txt b/2243/CH4/EX4.4/Res4_4.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..aef20b751 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH4/EX4.4/Res4_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ + theta = 0.412 degrees .
+
+When p = 0
+theta = 0.026 degrees .
+
+When p = 1
+theta = 0.078 degrees .
+
+When p = 2
+theta = 0.129 degrees .
+
+When p = 3
+theta = 0.181 degrees .
+
+When p = 4
+theta = 0.233 degrees .
+
+When p = 5
+theta = 0.285 degrees .
+
+When p = 6
+theta = 0.337 degrees .
+
+When p = 7
+theta = 0.388 degrees .
+
+When p = 8
+theta = 0.440 degrees .
+
+ When p >= 8 , theta > 0.412 degrees .
+
+Between the first two diffraction minima , 16 interference minima are possible.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce b/2243/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..19a053522 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH4/EX4.6/Ex4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+// a+b = (2.54/N)cm
+N = 15000;//grating has 15000 lines
+a_plus_b = 2.54/N ; // grating element in cm
+//Grating equation, (a+b)*sin(theta_n) = n*lambda, we get : theta_n = asind((n*lamba)/(a+b))
+printf("For line D1 and Wavelength 5890 A:\n\n");
+printf(" Angles at which first order and second order maxima will be observed are :\n");
+lambda1 = 5890; //Wavelength in A
+for n = 1:2 // First and second order maxima
+// 1 A = 1.0*10^-7 mm
+theta1_n = asind((n*lambda1*10^-8)/a_plus_b);// angle in degrees
+printf(" Order :%d ,%.3f degrees \n",n,theta1_n);
+end
+printf("For line D2 and Wavelength 5895.9 A :\n\n");
+printf(" Angles at which first order and second order maxima will be observed are :\n");
+lambda2 = 5895.9 ; //Wavelength in A
+for n1 = 1:2 //First and second order maxima
+// 1 A = 1.0*10^-7 mm
+ theta2_n = asind((n1*lambda2*10^-8)/a_plus_b);// angle in degrees
+ printf("Order : %d, %.3f degrees \n",n1,theta2_n);
+end
+printf(" When n = 3, sin(theta)= ((n*lambda*10^-8)/a_plus_b)>1 , which falls outside the sine range, hence third order maximum is not visible");
diff --git a/2243/CH4/EX4.6/Res4_6.txt b/2243/CH4/EX4.6/Res4_6.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c57594c14 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH4/EX4.6/Res4_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +For line D1 and Wavelength 5890 A:
+
+ Angles at which first order and second order maxima will be observed are :
+ Order :1 ,20.355 degrees
+ Order :2 ,44.081 degrees
+For line D2 and Wavelength 5895.9 A :
+
+ Angles at which first order and second order maxima will be observed are :
+Order : 1, 20.376 degrees
+Order : 2, 44.136 degrees
+ When n = 3, sin(theta)= ((n*lambda*10^-8)/a_plus_b)>1 , which falls outside the sine range, hence third order maximum is not visible
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce b/2243/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bd3175f5e --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH4/EX4.8/Ex4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+// Given :
+//(a) 15000 lines per inch
+N1 = 15000; //15000 lines per inch
+a1_plus_b1 = (2.54/N1)*10^8 ; //grating element in A
+lambda1 = 5890; //Wavelength in A
+lambda2 = 5895.9 ; // Wavelength in A
+deltalambda1 = lambda2-lambda1; //in A
+//For first order
+n =1;
+theta1 = 20.355; // in degrees
+deltatheta1 = ((n*deltalambda1)/((a1_plus_b1)*cosd(theta1)));// dispersion in degrees/A
+rp1 = n*N1; // resolving power
+
+
+//(b)15000 lines per cm
+// 1 cm = 0.393701 inches, so We have 15000 lines per 0.393701 inches.
+//Therefore, For 1 inch we have 15000/0.393701 = 38099.979 or 38100 lines
+N2 = 38100 ; //38100 lines per inch
+a2_plus_b2 = (2.54/N2)*10^8 ; //grating element in A
+//For first order
+theta_1 = asind((n*lambda1)/(a2_plus_b2));// in degrees
+deltatheta_1 = ((n*deltalambda1)/((a2_plus_b2)*cosd(theta_1)));// dispersion in degrees/A
+rp2 = n*15000; // resolving power
+
+
+//(c)5906 lines per cm
+// 1 cm = 0.393701 inches, so We have 5906 lines per 0.393701 inches.
+//Therefore, For 1 inch we have 5906/0.393701 = 15001.232 or 15001 lines
+N3 = 15001; //15001 lines per inch
+a3_plus_b3 = (2.54/N3)*10^8; //grating element in A
+//For first order
+theta__1 = asind((n*lambda1)/(a3_plus_b3)); // in degrees
+deltatheta__1 = ((n*deltalambda1)/((a3_plus_b3)*cosd(theta__1))); // dispersion in degrees/A
+rp3 = n*5906; // resolving power
+
+printf(" Number of lines \tGrating element (in A)\t Angle of diffraction(degrees)\t Dispersion (degrees/A) \t Resolving Power\n");
+printf("%d /inch\t\t\t %.0f\t\t %.2f \t\t\t\t %.2f x 10^-3\t\t\t %d\n",N1,a1_plus_b1,theta1,deltatheta1*10^3,rp1);
+printf("%d /cm\t\t\t %.0f\t\t %.2f \t\t\t\t %.2f x 10^-3\t\t\t %d\n",15000,a2_plus_b2,theta_1,deltatheta_1*10^3,rp2);
+printf("%d /cm\t\t\t %.0f\t\t %.2f \t\t\t\t %.2f x 10^-3\t\t\t %d\n",5906,a3_plus_b3,theta__1,deltatheta__1*10^3,rp3);
+// Error in textbook for dispersion values . Error in decimal point placement .
diff --git a/2243/CH4/EX4.8/Res4_8.txt b/2243/CH4/EX4.8/Res4_8.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..da7c0af7c --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH4/EX4.8/Res4_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + Number of lines Grating element (in A) Angle of diffraction(degrees) Dispersion (degrees/A) Resolving Power
+15000 /inch 16933 20.36 0.37 x 10^-3 15000
+15000 /cm 6667 62.07 1.89 x 10^-3 15000
+5906 /cm 16932 20.36 0.37 x 10^-3 5906
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce b/2243/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..20d31d827 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH4/EX4.9/Ex4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given:
+//Wavelength
+n=1; // first order diffraction
+lambda1 = 4680 ;// Wavelength in A
+lambda2 = 4800; //Wavelength in A
+lambda3 = 5770 ; // Wave;ength in A
+// First order diffraction angle
+theta1 = 28.0; // angle in degrees
+theta2 = 28.7; // angle in degrees
+theta3 = 35.5; //angle in degrees
+//Grating equation : (a+b) = n*lambda/sin(theta)
+a1_plus_b1 = (n*lambda1)/sind(theta1); //spacing in A
+a2_plus_b2 = (n*lambda2)/sind(theta2); //spacing in A
+a3_plus_b3 = (n*lambda3)/sind(theta3); //spacing in A
+mean_spacing = (a1_plus_b1 + a2_plus_b2 + a3_plus_b3)/3; // mean spacing in A
+printf("(a)Wavelength :%d A \n Angle of 1st order Diffraction : %.1f degrees \n Spacing = %.1f A\n\n",lambda1,theta1,a1_plus_b1);
+printf("(b)Wavelength :%d A \n Angle of 1st order Diffraction : %.1f degrees \n Spacing = %.1f A\n\n",lambda2,theta2,a2_plus_b2);
+printf("(c)Wavelength :%d A \n Angle of 1st order Diffraction : %.1f degrees \n Spacing = %.1f A\n\n",lambda3,theta3,a3_plus_b3);
+printf("Mean Spacing = %.1f A",mean_spacing);
diff --git a/2243/CH4/EX4.9/Res4_9.txt b/2243/CH4/EX4.9/Res4_9.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f5d3758a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH4/EX4.9/Res4_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ + (a)Wavelength :4680 A
+ Angle of 1st order Diffraction : 28.0 degrees
+ Spacing = 9968.7 A
+
+(b)Wavelength :4800 A
+ Angle of 1st order Diffraction : 28.7 degrees
+ Spacing = 9995.3 A
+
+(c)Wavelength :5770 A
+ Angle of 1st order Diffraction : 35.5 degrees
+ Spacing = 9936.2 A
+
+Mean Spacing = 9966.7 A
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce b/2243/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..985a5a9b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH5/EX5.4/Ex5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc(); +clear; +//Given: +mu = 1.33; //Refractive index of water +//Brewster's angle, theta_p = atand(mu) ; +theta_p = atand(mu); // in degrees +theta_s = 90-theta_p ; // in degrees +printf("Angle = %.1f degrees",theta_s); diff --git a/2243/CH5/EX5.4/Res5_4.txt b/2243/CH5/EX5.4/Res5_4.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..addd427f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH5/EX5.4/Res5_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Angle = 36.9 degrees
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce b/2243/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6ac01d19a --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH5/EX5.5/Ex5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given:
+r = 90; // in degrees
+mu_o= 1.658 ;// Refractive index for ordinary array
+mu =1.55; // Refractive index for a canada balsam material
+//Snell's Law,mu1*sin(i) = mu2*sin(r), we have :
+i = asind((mu*sind(90))/mu_o); // angle in degrees
+printf("Critical angle = %d degrees",i);
+
diff --git a/2243/CH5/EX5.5/Res5_5.txt b/2243/CH5/EX5.5/Res5_5.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0ef142526 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH5/EX5.5/Res5_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Critical angle = 69 degrees
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce b/2243/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f665d5ae5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH5/EX5.6/Ex5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+mu_o = 1.544; //Refractive index for ordinary ray
+mu_e = 1.553;//Refractive index for extraordinary ray
+lambda = 5890;//Wavelength in A
+//(a)Plane polarised light :
+//lambda is converted from A to cm , 1 A = 1.0*10^-8 cm
+t1 = (lambda*10^-8)/(2*(mu_e-mu_o));//Minimum thickness in cm
+//(b)Circularly polarised light :
+t2 = (lambda*10^-8)/(4*(mu_e-mu_o));// Minimum thickness in cm
+printf("Minimum thickness :\n\n");
+printf("(a)Plane polarised light : %.2f x 10^-3 cm \n\n",t1*10^3);
+printf("(b)Circularly polarised light : %.2f x 10^-3 cm ",t2*10^3);
+
diff --git a/2243/CH5/EX5.6/Res5_6.txt b/2243/CH5/EX5.6/Res5_6.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..18963479a --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH5/EX5.6/Res5_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + Minimum thickness :
+
+(a)Plane polarised light : 3.27 x 10^-3 cm
+
+(b)Circularly polarised light : 1.64 x 10^-3 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce b/2243/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e70dd95f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH5/EX5.7/Ex5_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+lambda = 5890; //Wavelength in A
+//(a)Calcite crystal
+mu1_o = 1.658;//refractive index for ordinary ray
+mu1_e = 1.486;//refractive index for extraordinary ray
+t1 = 0.0052 ; //thickness in mm
+// 1 A = 1.0*10^-7 mm
+alpha1 = ((2*%pi*(mu1_o-mu1_e)*t1)/(lambda*10^-7)); // phase difference in radians
+//(b) Quartz crystal
+mu2_o = 1.544; //refractive index for ordinary ray
+mu2_e = 1.553; //refractive index for extraordinary ray
+t2 = 0.0234;//thickness in mm
+alpha2 = ((2*%pi*(mu2_e-mu2_o)*t2)/(lambda*10^-7)); // phase difference in radians
+printf("(a)Calcite crystal : \n Phase difference is %.3f radians \n",alpha1);
+printf("(a)Quartz crystal : \n Phase difference is %.3f radians",alpha2);
+
+
diff --git a/2243/CH5/EX5.7/Res5_7.txt b/2243/CH5/EX5.7/Res5_7.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6d8c7b167 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH5/EX5.7/Res5_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + (a)Calcite crystal :
+ Phase difference is 9.541 radians
+(a)Quartz crystal :
+ Phase difference is 2.247 radians
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce b/2243/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c6b2b630c --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH5/EX5.9/Ex5_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+rho = 6.6; // Specific rotation of sugar in degrees g^-1 cm^2
+l = 20; //length in cm
+deltad = 1*10^-3;//difference in sugar concentration in g/cm^3
+lc = 0.1; // least count in degrees
+//Rotation due to optical activity = rho*l*d
+deltatheta = rho*l*deltad; // in degrees
+printf("Change in theta :%1.3f degrees.\n\n",deltatheta);
+
+if(deltatheta > lc)
+ printf("The concentration of 1 mg/cm^3 will be detected by the given urinalysis tube.");
+ else
+ printf("The concentration of 1 mg/cm^3 will not be detected.");
+end
diff --git a/2243/CH5/EX5.9/Res5_9.txt b/2243/CH5/EX5.9/Res5_9.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..401e78930 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH5/EX5.9/Res5_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +Change in theta :0.132 degrees.
+
+The concentration of 1 mg/cm^3 will be detected.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce b/2243/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..75859cd35 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH6/EX6.1/Ex6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +//Quantised energy levels for microscopic and macroscopic systems
+clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+// (a) For a 1s simple pendulum :
+T = 1; // time period in s
+nu = 1/T; //Frequency in Hz
+//Planck's quantisation princple : E_n = n*h*nu
+h = 6.625*10^-34 ; //Planck's constant in Js
+printf("Energy at First three levels for a 1s simple pendulum :\n\n");
+for n1 = 1:3
+ E1 = n1*h*nu ; // Energry in J
+ printf("E_%d : %1.3f x 10^-34 J\n",n1,E1*10^34);
+end
+// (b) For a hydrogen electron
+// E_n = (-13.6/n^2)eV
+ printf("Energy at First three levels for a hydrogen electron :\n\n");
+for n2 = 1:3
+ E2 = (-13.6/n2^2);//Energy in eV
+ printf("E_%d : %.2f J\n",n2,E2);
+end
+
+//Now, for a simple pendulum
+m = 10; // mass in g
+a = 1; // amplitude in cm
+omega = 2*%pi*nu; // angular frequency in rad/s
+// 1 g = 1.0*10^-3 Kg and 1 cm = 1.0*10^-2 m
+E = 1/2*((m*10^-3)*(omega^2)*(a*10^-2)^2); // Energy in J
+//Thus,quantum number n = E/h*nu
+n = E/(h*nu);
+printf("Quantum number n is : %.2f x 10^28 \n\n",n*10^-28);
+//(i)Pendulum :
+//percentage change in energy = (E_n+1 - E_n)*100/E_n which is equal to [(n+1)*h*nu - n*h*nu]*100/(n*h*nu )
+//Therefore , it is (1/n) * 100
+pc = (1/n)*100; //percentage change in energy
+printf("Percentage change in energy ( pendulum ) is %1.3f x 10^-27 \n\n",pc*10^27);
+//(ii)Hyderogen electron :
+n_1 = 1; //ground state
+n_2 = 2; // next quantum state
+E_1 = (-13.6/n_1^2); // Energy in eV
+E_2 = (-13.6/n_2^2);//Energy in eV
+//percentage change : |((E_2-E_1)*100)|/ |E_1|
+pc1 =((E_2-E_1)*100)/(-E_1);//percentage change
+printf("Percentage change in energy (hydrogen electron) is %.1f",abs(pc1));
diff --git a/2243/CH6/EX6.1/Res6_1.txt b/2243/CH6/EX6.1/Res6_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..16d3a3535 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH6/EX6.1/Res6_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +Energy at First three levels for a 1s simple pendulum :
+
+E_1 : 6.625 x 10^-34 J
+E_2 : 13.250 x 10^-34 J
+E_3 : 19.875 x 10^-34 J
+Energy at First three levels for a hydrogen electron :
+
+E_1 : -13.60 J
+E_2 : -3.40 J
+E_3 : -1.51 J
+Quantum number n is : 2.98 x 10^28
+
+Percentage change in energy ( pendulum ) is 3.356 x 10^-27
+
+Percentage change in energy (hydrogen electron) is 75.0
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce b/2243/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c9a34bc03 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH6/EX6.10/Ex6_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+//(a)Rock
+h = 6.625*10^-34; //planck's constant in Js
+m = 50 ; // mass in g
+v = 40; // Speed in m/s
+// m = 50*10^-3 kg , 1g = 1.0*10^-3 kg
+lambda1 = h/(m*10^-3*v); // Wavelength in m
+//(b)For an electron
+V = 50; // in volts
+lambda2 = 12.28/sqrt(V); // Wavelength in A
+printf("De Broglie wavelength \n\n (a)Rock : %.2f x 10^-34 m \n (b)For an electron : %.2f A",lambda1*10^34,lambda2);
diff --git a/2243/CH6/EX6.10/Res6_10.txt b/2243/CH6/EX6.10/Res6_10.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c7b2230d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH6/EX6.10/Res6_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +De Broglie wavelength
+
+ (a)Rock : 3.31 x 10^-34 m
+ (b)For an electron : 1.74 A
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce b/2243/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6539a82dd --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH6/EX6.14/Ex6_14.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given:
+//(a) Ball
+h = 6.625*10^-34; //planck's constant in Js
+m1 = 45; //mass in g
+v1 = 40; //Speed in m/s
+prec1 = 1.5/100 ;//precision
+// m1 = 45*10^-3 kg , 1 g = 1.0*10^-3 kg
+p1 =m1*10^-3*v1 ; // momentum in kg m/s
+//(deltap/p)*100 = 1.5
+deltap1 = prec1*p1 ;
+deltax1 = h/deltap1; // uncertainty in position in m
+printf("Uncertainty in position for a ball : %.2f x 10^-32 m \n",deltax1*10^32);
+//(b) Electron
+m2 = 9.1*10^-31; //electron mass in kg
+v2 = 2*10^6 ; // Speed in m/s
+prec2 = 1.5/100 ; // precision
+p2 = m2*v2; // momentum in kg m/s
+//(deltap/p)*100 = 1.5
+deltap2 = prec2*p2 ;
+deltax2 = h/deltap2; // uncertainty in position in m
+// 1 A = 1.0*10^-10 m
+printf("Uncertainty in position for an electron : %.0f A \n",deltax2/(1.0*10^-10));
diff --git a/2243/CH6/EX6.14/Res6_14.txt b/2243/CH6/EX6.14/Res6_14.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0759f1b6c --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH6/EX6.14/Res6_14.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Uncertainty in position for a ball : 2.45 x 10^-32 m
+Uncertainty in position for an electron : 243 A
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce b/2243/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e078e8130 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH6/EX6.17/Ex6_17.sce @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given:
+//(a) Marble
+h = 6.625*10^-34; //planck's constant in Js
+m1 = 10; // mass in g
+L1 = 10; // width in cm
+// m1 = 10*10^-3 kg , 1 g = 1.0*10^-3 kg and L1 = 10*10^-2 m , 1 cm = 1.0*10^-2 m
+printf("(a)Marble \n\n");
+for n1 = 1:3
+ En1 = (n1^2*h^2)/(8*m1*10^-3*(L1*10^-2)^2); // Energry in J
+ printf("E_%d : %.1f x 10^-64 J\n",n1,En1*10^64);
+end
+//(b) For an electron
+m2 = 9.1*10^-31; //electron mass in kg
+L2 = 1 ; // width in A
+//L2 = 1*10^-10 m , 1 A = 1.0*10^-10 m
+printf("(b)For an electron \n\n");
+for n2 = 1:3
+ En2 = (n2^2*h^2)/(8*m2*(L2*10^-10)^2); // Energry in J
+ printf("E_%d : %.1f eV\n",n2,(En2*6.24150934*10^18)); // 1J = 6.24150934*10^18 eV
+end
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2243/CH6/EX6.17/Res6_17.txt b/2243/CH6/EX6.17/Res6_17.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b0cb7a851 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH6/EX6.17/Res6_17.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + (a)Marble
+
+E_1 : 5.5 x 10^-64 J
+E_2 : 21.9 x 10^-64 J
+E_3 : 49.4 x 10^-64 J
+(b)For an electron
+
+E_1 : 37.6 eV
+E_2 : 150.5 eV
+E_3 : 338.7 eV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce b/2243/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ecb4f479d --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH6/EX6.2/Ex6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+h = 6.625*10^-34;//Planck's constant in Js
+c = 3*10^8 ; //velocity of light in m/s
+// 1A = 1.0*10^-10 m
+//(a)Energy of a photon :
+// E = h*nu or E = h*c/lambda
+printf("Energy of a photon is %2.4f x 10^-16 /lambda(in A) J\n",((h*c)*10^10)*10^16);
+//1eV = 1.6*10^-19 J
+printf("Energy of a photon is %.0f/lambda(in A) eV\n\n",round(((h*c)/(1.6*10^-19))*10^10));
+//(b)Visible light Range is 4000-7000 A
+lambda1 = 4000;//Wavelength in A
+lambda2 = 7000;//Wavelength in A
+// 1eV = 1.6*10^-19 J ,
+E1 = (h*c)/(lambda1*10^-10*1.6*10^-19); //Energy in eV
+E2 = (h*c)/(lambda2*10^-10*1.6*10^-19);//Energy in eV
+printf("Hence the range of energies for visible photos is %.1f eV to %.1f eV",E2,E1);
diff --git a/2243/CH6/EX6.2/Res6_2.txt b/2243/CH6/EX6.2/Res6_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c3d97f69d --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH6/EX6.2/Res6_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Energy of a photon is 19.8750 x 10^-16 /lambda(in A) J
+Energy of a photon is 12422/lambda(in A) eV
+
+Hence the range of energies for visible photos is 1.8 eV to 3.1 eV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce b/2243/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..86a50aa8d --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH6/EX6.3/Ex6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+//Power of the source = 10^-5 W = 10^-5 J/s
+P = 10^-5 ; //Power in J/s
+r = 10^-9; //radius in m
+r1 = 5; // metal plate 5 m away from the source
+WF = 5;//Work function in eV
+area = %pi*(10^-9)^2 ; //area in m^2
+area1 = 4*%pi*r1^2; // area in m^2
+P1 = P*(area/area1); // in J/s
+// 1eV = 1.6*10^-19 J
+t = (WF*1.6*10^-19)/P1 ;// in s
+//1 day = 24 hours * 60 minutes * 60 seconds
+N = t/(24*60*60); //in days
+printf(" It will take %.0f days \n",round(N));
+
diff --git a/2243/CH6/EX6.3/Res6_3.txt b/2243/CH6/EX6.3/Res6_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ed776e95c --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH6/EX6.3/Res6_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + It will take 93 days
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce b/2243/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..eff475425 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH6/EX6.4/Ex6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+nu1 = 10*10^14;// Frequency in Hz
+nu2 = 6*10^14;// Frequency in Hz
+V_01 = 2.37; //Stopping potential in volts
+V_02 = 0.72; //Stopping potential in volts
+//Einstein's photoeletric equation : h*nu = phi + e*V_0
+e = 1.6*10^-19 ;// Charge of an electron in C
+h = (e*(V_02 - V_01))/(nu2 - nu1);//Planck's constant in Js
+phi = ((h*nu1)-(e*V_01))/e ; // work function in eV
+printf("Plancks constant h is %.1f x 10^-34 Js and Work function phi is %.2f eV ",h*10^34,phi);
diff --git a/2243/CH6/EX6.4/Res6_4.txt b/2243/CH6/EX6.4/Res6_4.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6e00eb7d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH6/EX6.4/Res6_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Plancks constant h is 6.6 x 10^-34 Js and Work function phi is 1.76 eV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce b/2243/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5833aba37 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH6/EX6.5/Ex6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+ME = 35*10^3 ; //Maximum energy in eV
+theta = %pi; // photon is backscattered
+h = 6.625*10^-34; //planck's constant in Js
+m0 = 9.1*10^-31; //electron mass in Kg
+c = 3*10^8; //Speed of light in m/s
+deltalambda = (h*(1-cos(theta)))/(m0*c); // in A
+// (h*c/lambda) - (h*c/lambda') = 35 KeV or (deltalambda/lambda*lambda1) = (35 KeV/h*c)
+//Simplifying the above Equation , we will obtain : lambda^2 + 0.048 lambda - 0.017
+//Roots of the quadratic equation are :
+values = [-0.017,0.048,1]; // a,b,c values of the quadratic equation
+equation = poly(values,'lamb','coeff'); //quadratic equation
+r = roots(equation); //Roots of the final equation
+printf("Incident photon wavelength in Compton scattering is %.2f A",r(2));
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/2243/CH6/EX6.5/Res6_5.txt b/2243/CH6/EX6.5/Res6_5.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7af7c9af6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH6/EX6.5/Res6_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Incident photon wavelength in Compton scattering is 0.11 A
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce b/2243/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..90d8ad691 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH6/EX6.6/Ex6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+theta = 90; //angle in degrees
+m0 = 9.1*10^-31; //electron mass in kg
+c = 3*10^8; //Speed of light in m/s
+h = 6.625*10^-34; //planck's constant in Js
+deltalambda = ((h*(1-cosd(theta)))/(m0*c))*10^10; // in A
+//(a) Microwave range
+lambda1 = 3.0 ;// wavelength in cm
+//lambda1 = 3.0*10^8 A , 1 cm = 1*10^8 A
+pc1 = ((deltalambda)*100)/((lambda1*10^8) + deltalambda) ;//percent change in photon energy
+printf("Percentage change in energy for radiation in microwave range is : %.0f x 10^-9 \n",pc1*10^9);
+//(b) Visible range
+lambda2 = 5000 ;// wavelength in A
+pc2 = ((deltalambda)/(lambda2 + deltalambda))*100 ;//percent change in photon energy
+printf("Percentage change in energy for radiation in visible range is : %.0f x 10^-4 \n",pc2*10^4);
+//(c) X-ray range
+lambda3 = 1 ; //wavelength in A
+pc3 = ((deltalambda)/(lambda3 + deltalambda))*100 ;//percent change in photon energy
+printf("Percentage change in energy for radiation in X-ray range is : %.1f\n",pc3);
+//(d)Gamma ray range
+lambda4 = 0.012 ;// wavelength in A
+pc4 = ((deltalambda)/(lambda4 + deltalambda))*100 ;//percent change in photon energy
+printf("Percentage change in energy for radiation in Gamma range is : %.1f\n",pc4);
+
diff --git a/2243/CH6/EX6.6/Res6_6.txt b/2243/CH6/EX6.6/Res6_6.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..033429ff6 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH6/EX6.6/Res6_6.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + Percentage change in energy for radiation in microwave range is : 8 x 10^-9
+Percentage change in energy for radiation in visible range is : 5 x 10^-4
+Percentage change in energy for radiation in X-ray range is : 2.4
+Percentage change in energy for radiation in Gamma range is : 66.9
+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce b/2243/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d3f4e1e26 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH6/EX6.7/Ex6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given:
+//Photoelectric effect
+lambda1 = 2000; //wavelength in A
+phi1 = 2.3;// Work function in eV
+m = 9.1*10^-31; //electron mass in kg
+E1 = 12422/lambda1; // Energy of photon in eV
+c = 3*10^8; //Speed of light in m/s
+Ee1 = (12422/lambda1)- phi1; // energy of an electron in eV
+pe1 = sqrt(2*m*Ee1*1.6*10^-19); //electron momentum in kg m/s
+pp1 = (E1*1.6*10^-19)/c ; // Momentum of incident photon in kg m/s
+ratio1 = pe1/pp1 ; // (pe/pp)
+//Compton effect
+lambda2 = 1; // wavelength in A
+deltalambda = 0.048; // Compton shift in A
+E2 = 12422/lambda2; // Energy of photon in eV
+Ee2 = (12422/lambda2)- (12422/(lambda2+deltalambda));//energy of an electron in eV
+pe2 = sqrt(2*m*Ee2*1.6*10^-19); //electron momentum in kg m/s
+pp2 = (E2*1.6*10^-19)/c ; // Momentum of incident photon in kg m/s
+ratio2 = pe2/pp2 ; // (pe/pp)
+printf("Photoelectric effect :\n\n");
+printf("Electron energy : %.1f eV \n Electron momentum : %.2f x 10^-24 kg m/s \n Momentum of incident photon : %.2f x 10^-27 kg m/s \n pe/pp : %.0f \n\n",Ee1,pe1*10^24,pp1*10^27,ratio1);
+printf("Compton effect :\n\n");
+printf("Electron energy : %.1f eV \n Electron momentum : %.1f x 10^-23 kg m/s \n Momentum of incident photon : %.2f x 10^-24 kg m/s \n pe/pp : %.2f \n\n",Ee2,pe2*10^23,pp2*10^24,ratio2);
diff --git a/2243/CH6/EX6.7/Res6_7.txt b/2243/CH6/EX6.7/Res6_7.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a3eac6746 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH6/EX6.7/Res6_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ + Photoelectric effect :
+
+Electron energy : 3.9 eV
+ Electron momentum : 1.07 x 10^-24 kg m/s
+ Momentum of incident photon : 3.31 x 10^-27 kg m/s
+ pe/pp : 322
+
+Compton effect :
+
+Electron energy : 568.9 eV
+ Electron momentum : 1.3 x 10^-23 kg m/s
+ Momentum of incident photon : 6.63 x 10^-24 kg m/s
+ pe/pp : 1.94
+
+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce b/2243/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..de3b0140b --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH6/EX6.8/Ex6_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given:
+//Gamma-rays,X-rays
+lambda1 = 0.01;//Wavelength in A
+c = 3*10^8; //Speed of light in m/s
+E1 = 12422/lambda1; // Energy in A
+p1 = (E1*1.6*10^-19)/c ; //Momentum in kg m/s
+//UV
+lambda2 = 100;//Wavelength in A
+c = 3*10^8; //Speed of light in m/s
+E2 = 12422/lambda2; // Energy in A
+p2 = (E2*1.6*10^-19)/c ; //Momentum in kg m/s
+//IR
+lambda3 = 1*10^-4;//Wavelength in m
+c = 3*10^8; //Speed of light in m/s
+//lambda3 = 1*10^-4*10^10 A , 1 m = 1*10^10 A
+E3 = 12422/(lambda3*10^10); // Energy in A
+p3 = (E3*1.6*10^-19)/c ; //Momentum in kg m/s
+//Microwave
+lambda4 = 1;//Wavelength in m
+c = 3*10^8; //Speed of light in m/s
+//lambda4 = 1*10^10 A , 1 m = 1*10^10 A
+E4 = 12422/(lambda4*10^10); // Energy in A
+p4 = (E4*1.6*10^-19)/c ; //Momentum in kg m/s
+//Radio waves
+lambda5 = 100;//Wavelength in m
+c = 3*10^8; //Speed of light in m/s
+//lambda5 = 100*10^10 A , 1 m = 1*10^10 A
+E5 = 12422/(lambda5*10^10); // Energy in A
+p5 = (E5*1.6*10^-19)/c ; //Momentum in kg m/s
+printf("Gamma-rays,X-rays : \n Energy : %.2f x 10^6 eV \n Momentum : %.1f x 10^-22 kg m/s \n\n",E1*10^-6,p1*10^22);
+printf(" UV : \n Energy : %.2f eV \n Momentum : %.1f x 10^-26 kg m/s\n\n",E2,p2*10^26);
+printf(" IR : \n Energy : %.4f eV \n Momentum : %.1f x 10^-30 kg m/s\n\n",E3,p3*10^30);
+printf(" Microwave : \n Energy : %.2f x 10^-6 eV \n Momentum : %.1f x 10^-34 kg m/s\n\n",E4*10^6,p4*10^34);
+printf(" Radio waves : \n Energy : %.2f x 10^-8 eV \n Momentum : %.1f x 10^-36 kg m/s",E5*10^8,p5*10^36);
+
+
diff --git a/2243/CH6/EX6.8/Res6_8.txt b/2243/CH6/EX6.8/Res6_8.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9af5b01b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH6/EX6.8/Res6_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ + Gamma-rays,X-rays :
+ Energy : 1.24 x 10^6 eV
+ Momentum : 6.6 x 10^-22 kg m/s
+
+ UV :
+ Energy : 124.22 eV
+ Momentum : 6.6 x 10^-26 kg m/s
+
+ IR :
+ Energy : 0.0124 eV
+ Momentum : 6.6 x 10^-30 kg m/s
+
+ Microwave :
+ Energy : 1.24 x 10^-6 eV
+ Momentum : 6.6 x 10^-34 kg m/s
+
+ Radio waves :
+ Energy : 1.24 x 10^-8 eV
+ Momentum : 6.6 x 10^-36 kg m/s
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce b/2243/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..df8874813 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH6/EX6.9/Ex6_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+h = 6.625*10^-34; //planck's constant in Js
+m = 9.109*10^-31;// electron mass in kg
+e = 1.6*10^-19; // charge of an electron in C
+//Lambda = h/sqrt(2*m*eV) here we dont have V , so let us caluclate the remaining part.
+lambda = h/sqrt(2*m*e);// wavelength in A
+// 1 A = 1.0*10^-10 m
+printf("Lambda(A) = %.2f/sqrt(V) ",lambda/(1.0*10^-10));
diff --git a/2243/CH6/EX6.9/Res6_9.txt b/2243/CH6/EX6.9/Res6_9.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cf4987289 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH6/EX6.9/Res6_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Lambda(A) = 12.27/sqrt(V)
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce b/2243/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..95d5d8418 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH7/EX7.1/Ex7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+n =1 ; // ground state
+m = 9.109382*10^-31; //electron mass in kg
+h = 6.625*10^-34; //planck's constant in Js
+e = 1.602176*10^-19; // Charge of an electron in C
+e0 = 8.854188*10^-12; // Vacuum permittivity in F/m
+r1 = (n^2*h^2*e0)/(%pi*m*e^2);// Radius in A
+v1 = e^2/(2*h*e0*n); // Velocity in m/s
+E1 = -((m*e^4)/(8*n^2*h^2*e0^2)); // Energy of an electron in eV
+// 1 A = 1.0*10^-10 m , 1 eV = 1.6*10^-19 J
+printf("For hydrogen atom : \n Radius = %.2f A \n Velocity = %.1f x 10^6 m/s \n Energy of an electron = %.1f eV",r1*10^10,v1*10^-6,E1/(1.6*10^-19));
diff --git a/2243/CH7/EX7.1/Res7_1.txt b/2243/CH7/EX7.1/Res7_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c461e62c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH7/EX7.1/Res7_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ + For hydrogen atom :
+ Radius = 0.53 A
+ Velocity = 2.2 x 10^6 m/s
+ Energy of an electron = -13.6 eV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce b/2243/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1451ae859 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH7/EX7.2/Ex7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+//(a)
+m = 9.109382*10^-31; //electron mass in kg
+c = 2.997925*10^8; //Speed of light in m/s
+h = 6.626069*10^-34; //planck's constant in Js
+e = 1.602176*10^-19; // Charge of an electron in C
+e0 = 8.854188*10^-12; // Vacuum permittivity in F/m
+R = (m*e^4)/(8*h^3*e0^2*c);// Rydberg constant in m^-1
+printf("Rydberg constant for hydrogen : %.2f cm^-1\n\n",R*10^-2);
+//(b)
+M = 1.672622*10^-27; // proton mass in kg
+R1 = ((m*e^4)/(8*h^3*e0^2*c))*(1/(1 + (m/M))); // Rydberg Constant in m^-1
+//1 m^-1 = 1.0*10^-2 cm^-1
+printf("Rydberg Constant is %.2f cm^-1",R1*10^-2);
diff --git a/2243/CH7/EX7.2/Res7_2.txt b/2243/CH7/EX7.2/Res7_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7b216b6cc --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH7/EX7.2/Res7_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + Rydberg constant for hydrogen : 109737.16 cm^-1
+
+Rydberg Constant is 109677.43 cm^-1
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce b/2243/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ffdd81516 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH7/EX7.3/Ex7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+RH= 109677.58; //Rydberg constant for Hydrogen in cm^-1
+RHe = 109722.269; //Rydberg constant for Helium in cm^-1
+//Ratio = M/m
+Ratio = ((4*RH)- (RHe))/(4*(RHe-RH));
+printf("M/m value is : %.1f ",Ratio);
diff --git a/2243/CH7/EX7.3/Res7_3.txt b/2243/CH7/EX7.3/Res7_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f29af0c83 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH7/EX7.3/Res7_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +M/m value is : 1840.4
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce b/2243/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b8f750275 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH7/EX7.4/Ex7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given
+h = 6.625*10^-34; //planck's constant in Js
+m = 9.1*10^-31; //electron mass in kg
+E1 = 13.6; //Energy of electron in eV
+//1 eV = 1.6*10^-19 J
+p = sqrt(2*m*E1*1.6*10^-19); //momentum in kg m/s
+deltax = h/(2*%pi*p);
+// 1 A = 1.0*10^-10 m
+printf("Uncertainty in position : %.2f A",deltax/(1.0*10^-10));
+
diff --git a/2243/CH7/EX7.4/Res7_4.txt b/2243/CH7/EX7.4/Res7_4.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1b4d0c996 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH7/EX7.4/Res7_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Uncertainty in position : 0.53 A
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/2243/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..453933bed --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given:
+mp = 1.67*10^-27 ; // proton mass in kg
+r0 = 1.2*10^-15; // constant in m
+a0 = 0.5*10^-10; // atomic dimensions in m
+//rho_nucleus = nuclear mass/ nuclear volume
+rho_nucleus = (3*mp)/(4*%pi*r0^3); // nuclear density in kg/m^3
+//ratio = rho_nucleus/rho_atom = (a0/r0)^3
+ratio = a0^3/r0^3;
+printf("Nuclear density is %.1f x 10^17 kg/m^3 \n",rho_nucleus*10^-17);
+printf("Nuclear density is %.1f x 10^13 times Atomic density.",ratio*10^-13);
+
+
diff --git a/2243/CH8/EX8.1/Res8_1.txt b/2243/CH8/EX8.1/Res8_1.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..425f4b92c --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH8/EX8.1/Res8_1.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Nuclear density is 2.3 x 10^17 kg/m^3
+Nuclear density is 7.2 x 10^13 times Atomic density.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce b/2243/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7f42f498b --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+Na = 6.023*10^23 ; // Avogadro constant atoms/mole
+LE = 200 ; // liberated energy in MeV
+mm = 235*10^-3; // molar mass of U 235 in gm/mole
+p = 30/100 ; // conversion efficiency
+// 1 eV = 1.6*10^-19 J , 1 MeV = 1.0*10^6 eV
+RE = (Na*LE*1.6*10^-19*10^6)/mm ; //released energy in J per day
+// 1 day = 24 hrs * 60 mins * 60 sec
+P = RE/(24*60*60); // Power output in W per day
+// 1 cal = 4.187 J
+EC = RE/4.187 ; // energy in cal
+//Burning 1 kg of coal releases 7000 K cal of energy
+Q1 = EC/(7000*10^3); // Quantity of Coal in Kg per day
+EP = p*P ; // electric power in W
+printf(" %.0f tonnes of Coal\n",Q1*10^-3);
+printf(" Electric power for 30 percent conversion efficiency : %.1f kW",EP*10^-3);
+// Results obtained differ from those in textbook , because approximate values were considered in textbook.
+
+
diff --git a/2243/CH8/EX8.10/Res8_10.txt b/2243/CH8/EX8.10/Res8_10.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..23b93e773 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH8/EX8.10/Res8_10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + 2798 tonnes of Coal
+ Electric power for 30 percent conversion efficiency : 284775.4 kW
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce b/2243/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..de1dd6847 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+T_half = 5730; // carbon 14 half life in years
+Na = 6.023*10^23; // Avogadro constant in nuclei/mole
+M = 25;// charcoal mass in gm
+mm = 12;// molar mass of carbon 12 in gm/mole
+a = 250 ; // disinitegrations per minute (Carbon 14 activity)
+// 1 year = 525949 minutes
+lambda = 0.693/(T_half*525949);// disinitegrations per minute per nucleus
+N0_1 = (Na/mm)*M ; // Number of nuclei (Carbon 12)
+// Carbon 14 to Carbon 12 ratio = 1.3*10^-12
+N0_2 = 1.3*10^-12*N0_1 ; // Number of nuclei (Carbon 14)
+R0 = N0_2*lambda ; // disinitegrations per minute per nucleus
+a0 = R0 ; // initial activity
+t = log(a0/a)/lambda ;
+// 1 year = 525949 minutes
+printf("The tree died %d years ago",t/525949 );
+// Result obtained differs from the textbook, because R0 value obtained here is 375.1025, where as in textbook it is 374.
diff --git a/2243/CH8/EX8.11/Res8_11.txt b/2243/CH8/EX8.11/Res8_11.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5261abcc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH8/EX8.11/Res8_11.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + The tree died 3337 years ago
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce b/2243/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6ac2898db --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH8/EX8.12/Ex8_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+T_half = 8 ; // iodine 131 haf life in days
+lambda = 0.693/T_half ; // decay constant in decays/day
+N0 = 20 ; // mass in mg
+t = 48; // time in days
+N = N0*exp(-lambda*t); // in mg
+printf("Original amount : %d mg \n",N0);
+printf("Remaining amount after 48 days : %.3f mg",N);
diff --git a/2243/CH8/EX8.12/Res8_12.txt b/2243/CH8/EX8.12/Res8_12.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7d2942a1c --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH8/EX8.12/Res8_12.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ + Original amount : 20 mg
+Remaining amount after 48 days : 0.313 mg
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce b/2243/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6102a1c12 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH8/EX8.13/Ex8_13.sce @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+RBE = 0.7 ; //RBE factor for cobalt 60 gamma rays
+dose = 1000 ; // dose in rad
+e = RBE*dose; // equivalent dose in rem
+printf("Equivalent dose is %d rem",e);
diff --git a/2243/CH8/EX8.13/Res8_13.txt b/2243/CH8/EX8.13/Res8_13.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f5675153e --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH8/EX8.13/Res8_13.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Equivalent dose is 700 rem
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/2243/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..156edff4f --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+h = 1.05*10^-34; //planck's constant in Js
+m = 9.1*10^-31; //electron rest mass in kg
+c = 3*10^8; //Speed of light in m/s
+b = 1.7*10^-15; // range of nuclear force in m
+m_pi = h/(b*c); // rest mass of a pion in kg
+t = m_pi/m; // times the rest mass of an electron
+printf("Rest mass of a pion is %d times the rest mass of an electron",t);
+// textbook answer is 220 , because approximate value for m_pi was considered.
diff --git a/2243/CH8/EX8.2/Res8_2.txt b/2243/CH8/EX8.2/Res8_2.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3aaac699d --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH8/EX8.2/Res8_2.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Rest mass of a pion is 226 times the rest mass of an electron
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/2243/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..dfcb20c8f --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+mp = 1.007276470 ; // proton mass in u
+mn = 1.008665012; // neutron mass in u
+md = 2.013553215; // deuteron mass in u
+//E = ( mp + mn - md)*c^2
+// 1 u * c^2 = 931.5 MeV , where 1 u = 1.66*10^-27 kg and c = 3*10^8 m/s
+E = (mp + mn - md)*931.5; // Binding energy in MeV
+printf("Binding energy : %.3f MeV",E);
diff --git a/2243/CH8/EX8.3/Res8_3.txt b/2243/CH8/EX8.3/Res8_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..81ffc17e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH8/EX8.3/Res8_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Binding energy : 2.225 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/2243/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..174a4fafd --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+m_alpha = 4.001506106; // mass of an alpha particle in u
+mp = 1.007276470 ; // proton mass in u
+mn = 1.008665012; // neutron mass in u
+//E = ( 2*mp + 2*mn - m_alpha)*c^2
+// 1 u * c^2 = 931.5 MeV , where 1 u = 1.66*10^-27 kg and c = 3*10^8 m/s
+E = (2*mp + 2*mn - m_alpha)*931.5; // Binding energy in MeV
+printf("Average binding energy per nucleon : %.3f MeV",E/4);
diff --git a/2243/CH8/EX8.4/Res8_4.txt b/2243/CH8/EX8.4/Res8_4.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f6e957770 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH8/EX8.4/Res8_4.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Average binding energy per nucleon : 7.074 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/2243/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2dfd28c67 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+Mn = 14.00753; //mass of Nitrogen 14 in u
+Mo = 17.0045; // mass of Oxygen 17 in u
+m_alpha = 4.00387; // mass of alpha particle in u
+mp = 1.00184; // mass of proton in u
+//Q = (m_alpha + Mn - Mo - mp)*c^2
+//// 1 u * c^2 = 931.5 MeV , where 1 u = 1.66*10^-27 kg and c = 3*10^8 m/s
+Q = (m_alpha + Mn - Mo - mp)*931.5 ;// Q value in MeV
+printf("Q value is %.1f MeV",Q);
diff --git a/2243/CH8/EX8.5/Res8_5.txt b/2243/CH8/EX8.5/Res8_5.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4b07a7745 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH8/EX8.5/Res8_5.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Q value is 4.7 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/2243/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f3b1d913d --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+Q = 4 ;// in MeV
+Ex = 2; // in MeV
+Ey = 5 ; // in MeV
+mx = 4; // in u
+my = 1 ; // in u
+My =13; // in u
+theta = acosd(( (Ey*(1 + (my/My))) - (Ex*(1 - (mx/My))) - Q )/((2/My)*sqrt(mx*Ex*my*Ey))); // angle of ejection in degrees
+printf("Angle of ejection is %.0f degrees",theta);
diff --git a/2243/CH8/EX8.7/Res8_7.txt b/2243/CH8/EX8.7/Res8_7.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f57a95c82 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH8/EX8.7/Res8_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Angle of ejection is 90 degrees
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce b/2243/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b40198a8d --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+h = 6.625*10^-34 ; //planck's constant in Js
+me = 9.1*10^-31 ; //electron mass in kg
+mn = 1.67*10^-27;// a nucleon mass in kg
+//(a)For electron
+L1 = 1; // in A
+//E = (n^2*h^2)/(8*m*L^2) , here n value is not given , so let us calculate the remaining part (neglecting n^2 in the formula)
+//L1 = 1*10^-10 m , 1A = 1.0*10^-10 m
+E1 = h^2/(8*me*(L1*10^-10)^2); // energy in J
+//(b)For nucleon
+L2 = 1; // in fm
+//E = (n^2*h^2)/(8*m*L^2) , here n value is not given , so let us calculate the remaining part (neglecting n^2 in the formula)
+//L2 = 1*10^-15 m , 1 fm = 1.0*10^-15 m
+E2 = h^2/(8*mn*(L2*10^-15)^2);//energy in J
+printf("Energy for an electron : %.1f x 10^-17 x n^2 J \n",E1*10^17);
+printf("Energy for a nucleon : %.2f x 10^-11 x n^2 J",E2*10^11);
diff --git a/2243/CH8/EX8.8/Res8_8.txt b/2243/CH8/EX8.8/Res8_8.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..dfbf930fc --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH8/EX8.8/Res8_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Energy for an electron : 0.6 x 10^-17 x n^2 J
+Energy for a nucleon : 3.29 x 10^-11 x n^2 J
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce b/2243/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..dcc543ae3 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+Na = 6.023*10^23 ; // Avogadro constant in atoms/mole
+LE = 200 ; // liberated energy in MeV
+mm = 235; // molar mass of U 235 in gm/mole
+// 1 eV = 1.6*10^-19 J , 1 MeV = 1.0*10^6 eV
+RE = (Na*LE*1.6*10^-19*10^6)/mm ; //released energy in J
+// 1 cal = 4.187 J
+EC = RE/4.187 ; // energy in cal
+//Burning 1 kg of coal releases 7000 K cal of energy
+Q1 = EC/(7000*10^3); // Quantity of Coal in Kg
+//Exploding 1 kg of TNT releases 1000 cal of energy
+Q2 = EC/1000; // Quantity of TNT in kg
+printf("Energy released : %.0f x 10^10 cal \n",EC*10^-10);
+printf(" %.1f tonnes of Coal\n",Q1*10^-3);
+printf(" %.0f tonnes of TNT\n",Q2*10^-3);
+// Results obtained differ from those in textbook , because approximate values were considered in textbook.
diff --git a/2243/CH8/EX8.9/Res8_9.txt b/2243/CH8/EX8.9/Res8_9.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..11399811c --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH8/EX8.9/Res8_9.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ + Energy released : 2 x 10^10 cal
+ 2.8 tonnes of Coal
+ 19588 tonnes of TNT
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce b/2243/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ce9b738e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH9/EX9.3/Ex9_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given :
+//Intercepts
+ix = 1/3 ; //along x-axis
+iy = 2/3; // along y-axis
+iz =1; // along z-axis
+//Reciprocals
+rx = 1/ix;
+ry = 1/iy;
+rz = 1/iz;
+//Conversion
+x = rx*2;
+y = ry*2;
+z = rz*2;
+printf("Miller indices of the plane are : ( %d %d %d )",x,y,z);
diff --git a/2243/CH9/EX9.3/Res9_3.txt b/2243/CH9/EX9.3/Res9_3.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f33428dfc --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH9/EX9.3/Res9_3.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + Miller indices of the plane are : ( 6 3 2 )
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce b/2243/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..dc51fed72 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH9/EX9.7/Ex9_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given:
+n = 1;
+theta = 30; // angle in degrees
+lambda = 1.67; // wavelength in A
+r = 1.25; // atomic radius in A
+//Bragg's Law : 2*d*sin(theta) = n*lambda , d= d111
+d111 = (n*lambda)/(2*sind(theta));
+//plane (111)
+h =1;k=1;l=1;
+//dhkl = a/sqrt(h^2 + k^2 + l^2)
+a = d111*sqrt(h^2 + k^2 + l^2); // in A
+ratio = r/a;
+printf(" Since, r/a = %.4f and r = %f*a Crystal Structure : BCC",ratio,ratio);
+
diff --git a/2243/CH9/EX9.7/Res9_7.txt b/2243/CH9/EX9.7/Res9_7.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fbf426680 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH9/EX9.7/Res9_7.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Since, r/a = 0.4321 and r = 0.432148*a Crystal Structure : BCC
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/2243/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce b/2243/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..21aff629a --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH9/EX9.8/Ex9_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +clc();
+clear;
+//Given:
+n = 1;
+theta = 30; //angle in degrees
+lambda = 2.88 ; // wavelength in A
+M = 108; // atomic weight in kg
+Z = 4; // unit cell of silver is FCC
+Na = 6.023*10^26 ;// Avogadro constant in kmole
+//Bragg's Law : 2*d*sin(theta) = n*lambda , d = d110
+d110 = (n*lambda)/(2*sind(theta)); // in A
+//plane (110)
+h =1;k=1;l=0;
+//dhkl = a/sqrt(h^2 + k^2 + l^2)
+a = d110*sqrt(h^2 + k^2 + l^2); // in A
+//1 A = 1.0*10^-10 m
+rho = (Z*M)/(Na*(a*10^-10)^3); // density in kg/m^3
+printf(" Density of silver : %.1f kg/m^3",rho);
diff --git a/2243/CH9/EX9.8/Res9_8.txt b/2243/CH9/EX9.8/Res9_8.txt new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0e4e82611 --- /dev/null +++ b/2243/CH9/EX9.8/Res9_8.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Density of silver : 10615.7 kg/m^3
\ No newline at end of file |
