initial commit / add all books

19 files changed, 303 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/2006/CH6/EX6.1/ex6_1.sce b/2006/CH6/EX6.1/ex6_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a01bd530e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2006/CH6/EX6.1/ex6_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clc;

+QH=500; // Heat supplied in kJ

+QL=200; // Heat rejected in kJ

+TH=720; // Resorvior Temperature in kelvin

+TL=360; // Resorvior Temperature in kelvin

+W=260; // Work developed in kJ

+e_max=1-TL/TH; // maximum efficiency

+e_clamied=W/QH; // Efficiency clamied

+if (e_clamied<e_max) then

+    disp ("It obeys the second law of thermodynamics.The claim is true");

+else 

+    disp ("It violates the second law of thermodynamics.The claim is False");

+end

diff --git a/2006/CH6/EX6.10/ex6_10.sce b/2006/CH6/EX6.10/ex6_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4a5b6606f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2006/CH6/EX6.10/ex6_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+clc;

+p1=3; // initial pressure of air in bar

+T1=200; // initial temperature of air in degree celcius

+p2=1.5; // final pressure of air in bar

+T2=105; // final temperature of air in degree celcius

+Cpo=1.0035; // Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K

+R=0.287; // characteristic gas constant of air in kJ/kg K

+delta_s= Cpo*log (T2/T1)- R*log (p2/p1); // change in entropy during irreversible process

+disp ("kJ/kg K",delta_s,"change in entropy during irreversible process = ");

diff --git a/2006/CH6/EX6.11/ex6_11.sce b/2006/CH6/EX6.11/ex6_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..187504be3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2006/CH6/EX6.11/ex6_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+clc;

+p1=5; // Initial pressure of argon gas in bar

+T1=30; // Initial temperature of argon gas in degree celcius

+v1=1; // Initial volume of argon gas in m^3 by assumption

+v2=2*v1; // Final volume of argon gas in m^3

+R=8.3144/40; // Characteristic gas constant of argon gas in kJ/kg K

+p2=p1*(v1/v2); // Final pressure of argon gas

+delta_s= R*log (v2/v1); // change in entropy (choosing the reversible isothermal path)

+disp ("kJ/kg K",delta_s,"change in entropy (choosing the reversible isothermal path) = ","bar",p2,"Final pressure of argon gas =");

diff --git a/2006/CH6/EX6.12/ex6_12.sce b/2006/CH6/EX6.12/ex6_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..927bce373
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2006/CH6/EX6.12/ex6_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+clc;

+p1=1; // Atmospheric pressure in bar

+T1=348; // Atmospheric temperature in kelvin

+V1=800; // Volume of air sucked into the cylinder in cm^3

+p2=15; // pressure of air after compression in bar

+V2=V1/8; // volume of air after compression in cm^3

+p3=50; // pressure of air after heat addition in bar

+Cvo=0.7165; // Specific heat at constant volme in kJ/kg K

+R=0.287; // characteristic gas constant of air in kJ/kg K

+//   (a).Index of compression process

+n=log (p2/p1)/log (V1/V2); // Index of compression process

+disp ("which is less than 1.4. The compression process is polytropic.",n,"Index of compression process = ","(a).Index of compression process");

+//   (b).Change in entropy of air during each process

+m=(p1*10^2*V1*10^-6)/(R*T1); // Mass of air in cylinder

+T2=T1*(p2/p1)*(V2/V1); // Temperature after compression

+T3=T2*(p3/p2); // Temperature after heat addition

+delta_s21=m*(Cvo*log (T2/T1)+R*log (V2/V1)); // change in entropy during compression

+delta_s32=m*Cvo*log (T3/T2); //change in entropy during heat addition

+disp ("kJ/K",delta_s32,"change in entropy during heat addition = (Error in textbook)","kJ/K",delta_s21,"change in entropy during compression = (Error in textbook)","(b).Change in entropy of air during each process");

+//   (c).Heat transfer during polytropic compression process

+k=1.4;// Index of isentropic preocess

+Q=m*Cvo*((k-n)/(1-n))*(T2-T1); // Heat transfer during polytropic compression process

+disp ("kJ",Q,"Heat transfer during polytropic compression process = (Error in textbook)","(c).Heat transfer during polytropic compression process");

+

diff --git a/2006/CH6/EX6.13/ex6_13.sce b/2006/CH6/EX6.13/ex6_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..00386ded4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2006/CH6/EX6.13/ex6_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+clc;

+p1=0.3; // initial pressure of ateam in MPa

+T1=350; // Initial temperature of steam in degree celcius

+// following are the values taken from steam table for initial state 

+v1=0.9535; // specific volume in m^3/kg

+u1=2886.2; // specific internal energy in kJ/kg

+s1=7.868; // specific entropy in kJ/kg K

+v2=2*v1; // final specific volume of steam

+u2=u1;

+// following are the values taken from steam table final state

+T2=349; // Final temperature of steam in degree celcius

+p2=0.167; // Final pressure of ateam in MPa

+s2=8.164; // specific entropy in kJ/kg K

+delta_s=s2-s1; // Entropy generation

+LW=(T1+T2)/2 * delta_s; // Lost work

+disp ("kJ",LW,"Lost work = ","kJ/kg K",delta_s,"Entropy Generation =");

diff --git a/2006/CH6/EX6.15/ex6_15.sce b/2006/CH6/EX6.15/ex6_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4965921d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2006/CH6/EX6.15/ex6_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+clc;

+m=1; // Mass of water in kg

+T1=300; // Temperature of water in kelvin

+C=4.1868; // Specific heat in kJ/kg K

+// (a). Heat Transfer

+T2=500; // Temperature of heat reservoir in kelvin

+Q=m*C*(T2-T1); // Heat transfer

+del_Swater=m*C*log (T2/T1); // Entropy change of water

+del_Sreservoir=-Q/T2;  // Entropy change of reservoir

+del_Suniverse=del_Swater+del_Sreservoir; // Entropy change of universe

+disp ("kJ/K",del_Suniverse,"Entropy change of universe =","(a).Heat Transfer");

+//   (b).Heat Transfer in each reservoir

+T2=400; // Temperature of intermediate reservoir in kelvin

+T3=500; // Temperature of heat reservoir in kelvin

+Q=m*C*(T3-T2); // Heat transfer

+del_Swater=m*C*(log (T2/T1)+log (T3/T2)); // Entropy change of water

+del_SreservoirI=-Q/T2;  // Entropy change of reservoir I

+del_SreservoirII=-Q/T3;  // Entropy change of reservoir II

+del_Suniverse=del_Swater+del_SreservoirI+del_SreservoirII; // Entropy change of universe

+disp ("kJ/K",del_Suniverse,"Entropy change of universe =","(b).Heat Transfer in each reservoir");

diff --git a/2006/CH6/EX6.16/ex6_16.sce b/2006/CH6/EX6.16/ex6_16.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9b6bc5f34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2006/CH6/EX6.16/ex6_16.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+clc;

+m=1; // Mass of saturated steam in kg

+T=100; // Teamperature of steam in degree celcius

+T0=303; // temperature of Surroundings in kelvin

+hfg=2257; // Latent heat of evaporation in kJ/kg

+sfg=6.048; // specific entropy in kJ/kg K

+// (a).Entropy change

+Q=m*hfg; // Heat transfer

+del_Ssystem=-m*sfg; // Change of entropy of system

+del_Ssurr=Q/T0; // Change of entropy of surroundings

+del_Suniverse=del_Ssystem+del_Ssurr; // Change of entropy of universe

+disp ("kJ/K",del_Suniverse,"Change of entropy of universe =","kJ/K",del_Ssurr,"Change of entropy of surroundings =","kJ/K",del_Ssystem,"Change of entropy of system =","(a).Entropy change");

+// (b).Effect of heat transfer

+del_Suniverse=0; // process is reversible

+del_Ssurr=del_Suniverse-del_Ssystem; //Change of entropy of surroundings

+QH=hfg; // Heat transfer from the condensing steam to reversible heat engine

+QL=T0*del_Ssurr; // Heat receiveded by the surroundins reversible heat engine

+W=QH-QL; //work output of reversible heat engine

+disp ("Difference between QH & QL is converted into work output in a reversible cyclic process","kJ",W,"work output of reversible heat engine =","kJ",QL,"Heat receiveded by the surroundins reversible heat engine =","kJ",QH,"Heat transfer from the condensing steam to reversible heat engine =","(b).Effect of heat transfer");

diff --git a/2006/CH6/EX6.17/ex6_17.sce b/2006/CH6/EX6.17/ex6_17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..833fd8b40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2006/CH6/EX6.17/ex6_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+clc;

+m=1; // Mass of ice in kg

+T1=258;// Temperature of ice in kelvin

+Tm=273; // Melting point of ice in kelvin

+T2=303; // temperature of Surroundings in kelvin

+Cpice=2.095; // Specific heat of ice in kJ/kg K

+hsg=333.5; // Latent heat of fusion in kJ/kg

+Cpw=4.1868; // Specific heat of water in kJ/kg K

+// (a).Change of entropy

+Q=m*(Cpice*(Tm-T1)+hsg+Cpw*(T2-Tm));// Heat transfer

+del_Ssystem=m*((Cpice*log (Tm/T1))+(hsg/Tm)+(Cpw*log (T2/Tm)));// Change of entropy of system

+del_Ssurr=-Q/T2; // Change of entropy of surroundings

+del_Suniverse=del_Ssystem+del_Ssurr; // Change of entropy of universe

+disp ("kJ/K",del_Suniverse,"Change of entropy of universe =","kJ/K",del_Ssurr,"Change of entropy of surroundings =","kJ/K",del_Ssystem,"Change of entropy of system =","(a).Entropy change");

+// (b).The minimum work of restoring water back to ice

+QL=Q; // Refrigerating effect

+W=T2*del_Ssystem-QL; // The minimum work of restoring water back to ice

+disp ("kJ",W,"(b).The minimum work of restoring water back to ice = ");

diff --git a/2006/CH6/EX6.18/ex6_18.sce b/2006/CH6/EX6.18/ex6_18.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5384b8060
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2006/CH6/EX6.18/ex6_18.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+clc;

+TA=323;// Temperature at section A in kelvin

+PA=125; // Pressure at section A in kPa

+TB=287;// Temperature at section B in kelvin

+PB=100; // Pressure at section B in kPa

+Cpo=1.0035; // Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K

+R=0.287; // characteristic gas constant of air in kJ/kg K

+SBA=(Cpo*log (TB/TA))-(R*log (PB/PA)); // Change in entropy

+disp("Hence SA>SB. Therefore B to A","kJ/kg",SBA,"Change in entropy from B to A =");

diff --git a/2006/CH6/EX6.19/ex6_19.sce b/2006/CH6/EX6.19/ex6_19.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3b9ef2d19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2006/CH6/EX6.19/ex6_19.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+clc;

+p1=12.5; // Pressure of steam at inlet in MPa

+T1=500; // Temperature of steam at inlet in degree celcius

+V1=50; // Velocity of steam at inlet in m/s

+p2=10; // Pressure of steam at outlet in kPa

+V2=100; // Velocity of steam at outlet in m/s

+// (a).Actual expansion

+x2=0.85; // Quality of steam

+// From steam table

+h1=3341.8; hf2=191.83; hg2=2584.7;  // specific enthalpy in kJ/kg 

+s1=6.4618; sf2=0.6493; sfg2=7.5009; // specific entropy in kJ/kg K

+h2a=(1-x2)*hf2+x2*hg2; // specific enthalpy in kJ/kg 

+wa=(h1-h2a)+((V1^2-V2^2)/2000); // Actual work output

+disp ("kJ",wa,"(a).Actual work output of turbine = ");

+// (b).Reversible adiabatic expansion

+x2s=(s1-sf2)/sfg2; // Quality of steam after reversible adiabatic expansion

+h2s=(1-x2s)*hf2+x2s*hg2; // specific enthalpy in kJ/kg 

+ws=(h1-h2s)+((V1^2-V2^2)/2000); // Reversible adiabatic work output

+L=ws-wa; // Lost of work

+disp ("kJ/kg",L,"Lost of work due to irreversibity of expansion process =","kJ/kg",ws,"Reversible adiabatic work output = ","(b).Reversible adiabatic expansion");

+// (c).Entropy Generation

+s2a=sf2+x2*sfg2; // actual specific entropy in kJ/kg K

+Sgen=s2a-s1; // Entropy generation

+disp ("kJ/kg K",Sgen,"(c).Entropy Generation =");

diff --git a/2006/CH6/EX6.2/ex6_2.sce b/2006/CH6/EX6.2/ex6_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f11abef00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2006/CH6/EX6.2/ex6_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+clc;

+QH=325; // Heat supplied in kJ

+QL=125; // Heat rejected in kJ

+TH=1000; // Resorvior Temperature in kelvin

+TL=400; // Resorvior Temperature in kelvin

+W=200; // Work developed in kJ

+e_carnot=1-TL/TH; // maximum efficiency

+e_clamied=W/QH; // Efficiency clamied

+disp (e_carnot,"e_carnot =");

+disp (e_clamied,"e_clamied =");

+if (e_carnot==e_clamied) then

+    disp ("The machine is reversible");

+elseif (e_carnot>e_clamied)

+    disp ("The machine is irreversible");

+else

+    disp ("Here e_clamied > e_carnot so the cyclic machine is impossible.")

+end

+disp ("It would be reversible if its thermal efficiency  is equal to Carnot efficiency, and irreversible if it is less than Carnot efficiency.")

diff --git a/2006/CH6/EX6.20/ex6_20.sce b/2006/CH6/EX6.20/ex6_20.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..aec2dfe47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2006/CH6/EX6.20/ex6_20.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+clc;

+p1=0.1; // pressure at state 1 in MPa

+p2=6; // Pressure at state 2 in MPa

+// (a).Pump work for water

+vf1=0.001043; // specific volume in m^3/kg

+wp=-vf1*(p2-p1)*10^3; // Pump work for water

+disp ("kJ",wp,"(a).Pump work for water =");

+// (b).For steam

+h1=2675.5;// specific enthalpy in kJ/kg 

+s1=7.3595;// specific entropy in kJ/kg K

+// From superheated steam table

+t2=675; // Temperature at state 2 in degree celcius

+h2=3835.3;// specific enthalpy in kJ/kg 

+wc=-(h2-h1); // Compressor work for steam

+disp ("kJ/kg",wc,"(b).Compressor work for steam =");

diff --git a/2006/CH6/EX6.21/ex6_21.sce b/2006/CH6/EX6.21/ex6_21.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a0470798e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2006/CH6/EX6.21/ex6_21.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+clc;

+// (a).Restoring to initial state by throttling process

+T1=303; //Temperature of air at state 1 in kelvin

+p1=1;  //Pressure of air at state 1 in bar

+p2=5; //Pressure of air at state 2 in bar

+p3=1;//Pressure of air at state 3 in bar

+T3=303; //Temperature of air at state 3 in kelvin

+Cpo=1.0035; // Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg K

+R=0.287; // characteristic gas constant of air in kJ/kg K

+k=1.4; // Index of reversible adiabatic compression

+T2=T1*(p2/p1)^((k-1)/k); // Temperature after reversible adiabatic compression

+w12=Cpo*(T2-T1); // Work of reversible adiabatic compression

+s21=0; // Entropy change of air

+s32=-R*log (p3/p2); // Entropy change 

+s31=s32; // Net entropy change of air

+d_Ssurr=0; // Entropy change of surroundings because There is no heat transfer

+d_Suniv=s31+d_Ssurr; // Net Entropy change of universe

+disp ("kJ/kg K",d_Suniv,"Net Entropy change of universe = ","kJ/kg",w12,"Work of reversible adiabatic compression = ","(a).Restoring to initial state by throttling process");

+// (b).Restoring to initial state by by completing cycle

+T0=298; // Temperature of surroundings in kelvin

+d_Ssystem=0; // Entropy change of systrem is zero because it is cyclic process

+q31=Cpo*(T2-T3); // Heat rejected to the surroundings

+d_Ssurr=q31/T0; //  Entropy change of surroundings

+d_Suniv=d_Ssystem+d_Ssurr; // Increase in entropy of the universe

+disp ("kJ/kg K",d_Suniv,"Net Entropy change of universe = ","(b).Restoring to initial state by by completing cycle");

diff --git a/2006/CH6/EX6.3/ex6_3.sce b/2006/CH6/EX6.3/ex6_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8253067ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2006/CH6/EX6.3/ex6_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clc;

+// Air conditioning unit

+TL=278; // Operating temperature in kelvin

+TH=318; // Operating temperature in kelvin

+COP1=TL/(TH-TL); // COP of Air conditioning unit

+QL=1; // For some calculation purpose

+W1=QL/COP1; // Work input of Air conditioning unit

+// Food refrigeration unit

+TL=258; // Operating temperature in kelvin

+TH=318; // Operating temperature in kelvin

+COP2=TL/(TH-TL); // COP of Food refrigeration unit

+W2=QL/COP2; // Work input of Food refrigeration unit

+Wper=(W2-W1)/W1; // Increase in work input

+disp ("%",Wper*100,"Increase in work input = ");

diff --git a/2006/CH6/EX6.4/ex6_4.sce b/2006/CH6/EX6.4/ex6_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d1234056b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2006/CH6/EX6.4/ex6_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clc;

+//(a).Summer air conditioning (cooling)

+TL=298; // Operating temperature in kelvin

+TH=318; // Operating temperature in kelvin

+q=0.75; // Heat Transfer from fabric of room per degree of temperature difference in kW

+QL=q*(TH-TL); // Heat Transfer from fabric of room

+COPc=TL/(TH-TL); // COP of Air conditioning unit

+W=QL/COPc; // Work input of Air conditioning unit

+disp ("kW",W,"Work input of Air conditioning unit = ","(a).Summer air conditioning (cooling)");

+// (b).Winter air conditioning (recerse cycle heating)

+TH=293; // Operating temperature in kelvin

+TL=(-(-2*q*TH)-sqrt ((-2*q*TH)^2-(4*q*(q*TH^2-TH))))/(2*q);// Lowest outdoor Temperature by root

+disp ("K",TL,"Lowest outdoor Temperature  = ","(b).Winter air conditioning (recerse cycle heating)");

diff --git a/2006/CH6/EX6.5/ex6_5.sce b/2006/CH6/EX6.5/ex6_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4cd13fbb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2006/CH6/EX6.5/ex6_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clc;

+// (a).For the refrigerator 

+TL=258; // Operating temperature in kelvin

+TH=313; // Operating temperature in kelvin

+QL=3.5167; // Ton of refrigeration in kW

+COP=TL/(TH-TL); // COP of Refrigeration unit

+W=QL/COP; // Power comsumption of refrigerator

+disp ("kW",W,"Power comsumption of refrigerator = ","(a).For the refrigerator");

+// (b). For the freezer

+TL=248; // Operating temperature in kelvin

+TH=313; // Operating temperature in kelvin

+COP=TL/(TH-TL); // COP of Freezer unit

+QL=W*COP; // Refrigeration produced

+disp ("kW",QL,"Refrigeration produced = ","(b). For the freezer")

diff --git a/2006/CH6/EX6.6/ex6_6.sce b/2006/CH6/EX6.6/ex6_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e3cf03a71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2006/CH6/EX6.6/ex6_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clc;

+Psat=200;//Pressure of water in kPa

+Tsat=393.38; // Saturation temperaure at Psat in kelvin

+// (i).From the equation Tds=du+pdv 

+// Following are from steam table at Psat

+ufg=2025; // specific internal energy of vapourization in kJ/kg

+vg=0.8857; // specific volume in m^3/kg

+vf=0.001061; // specific volume in m^3/kg

+sfg=(ufg/Tsat)+(Psat*(vg-vf)/Tsat); // specific entropy of vapourization

+disp ("kJ/kg K",sfg,"specific entropy of vapourization = ","(i).From the equation Tds=du+pdv ");

+// (ii).From the equation Tds=dh-vdp

+hfg=2201.9; // Specific enthalpy of vapourization in kJ/kg

+sfg=hfg/Tsat; // specific entropy of vapourization

+disp ("kJ/kg K",sfg,"specific entropy of vapourization = ","(ii).From the equation Tds=dh-vdp ");

diff --git a/2006/CH6/EX6.7/ex6_7.sce b/2006/CH6/EX6.7/ex6_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7f5f6173b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2006/CH6/EX6.7/ex6_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+clc;

+p1=1; // Pressure of steam at state 1 in bar

+T=473; // Temperature of steam at state 1 in kelvin

+// (i).Pressure after compression

+p2=1.5538; // Pressure after compression at (Psat)T from steam table in MPa

+disp ("MPa",p2,"Pressure after compression = ","(i).Pressure after compression");

+// (ii).Heat Transfer and work done during the process

+// Following are from steam table 

+s2=6.4323; // specific entropy of steam at state 2 in kJ/kg K

+s1=7.8343; // specific entropy of steam at state 1 in kJ/kg K

+u2=2595.3; // specific internal energy of steam at state 2 in kJ/kg 

+u1=2658.1; // specific internal energy of steam at state 1 in kJ/kg 

+q=T*(s2-s1); // Heat transfer during the process

+w=q-(u2-u1); // Work done during the process

+disp ("kJ",w,"Work done during the process = ","kJ",q,"Heat transfer during the process = ","(ii).Heat Transfer and work done during the process");

diff --git a/2006/CH6/EX6.8/ex6_8.sce b/2006/CH6/EX6.8/ex6_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..cc1ade313
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2006/CH6/EX6.8/ex6_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clc;

+p1=6; // Initial pressure of steam in MPa

+T1=500; // Initial temperature of steam in degree celcius

+p2=10; // Final pressure of steam in bar

+// From steam tables

+s1=6.8803; sf2=1.3026; sfg2=6.0568; // specific entropy in kJ/kg K

+u1=3082.2; uf2=761.68; ufg2=1822; // specific internal energy in kJ/kg

+v1=0.05665; vf2=0.001043; vg2=1.694; // specific volume in m^3/kg

+x2=(v1-vf2)/(vg2-vf2);// Quality of steam

+u2=uf2+x2*ufg2; // specific internal energy in kJ/kg 

+s2=sf2+x2*sfg2; // specific entropy in kJ/kg K

+s21=s2-s1; // Entropy change

+q=u2-u1; // Heat transfer

+disp ("kJ",q,"Heat transfer for the process =","kJ/kg",s21,"Entropy change of the process = ");