initial commit / add all books

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diff --git a/1664/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce b/1664/CH8/EX8.1/Ex8_1.sce
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+

+//Example No.8.1

+//Page No.231.

+clc;clear;

+m = 9.1*10^(-31);//mass

+n = 2.533*10^(28);//concentration of electrons -[per m^3]

+e = 1.6*10^(-19);//Value of electron.

+Tr = 3.1*10^(-14);//Relaxation time -[s].

+d = m/(n*e^(2)*Tr);//The resistivity of sodium at 0 degree celcius.

+printf("\nThe resistivity of sodium at 0 degree celcius is %3.3e ohm m",d);

diff --git a/1664/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce b/1664/CH8/EX8.10/Ex8_10.sce
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index 000000000..1b567bc61
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+

+//Example No.8.10.

+//Page No.234.

+clc;clear;

+K = 387;//Thermal conductivity of copper -[W m^-1 K^-1].

+d = 5.82*10^(7);//Electrical conductivity of copper -[ohm^-1 m^-1].

+T = 300;//Temperature -[K].

+L = (K/(d*T));

+printf("\nThe Lorentz number is %3.3e W ohm K^-2",L);

diff --git a/1664/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce b/1664/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce
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index 000000000..a05737ceb
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+++ b/1664/CH8/EX8.11/Ex8_11.sce
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+

+//Example No.8.11.

+//Page No.235.

+clc;clear;

+n = 8.49*10^(28);//Concentration of electrons in copper -[m^-3].

+e = 1.6*10^(-19);//Value of electron.

+Tr = 2.44*10^(-14);//Relaxation time of electron -[s]

+m = 9.1*10^(-31);//mass of electron.

+k = 1.38*10^(-23);//Boltzman's constant.

+T = 293;//Temperature -[K].

+d = ((n*e^(2)*Tr)/(m));

+printf("\n1)The electrical conductivity is %3.3e per ohm meter",d);

+K = ((n*(%pi)^(2)*k^(2)*T*Tr)/(3*m));

+printf("\n 2)The thermal conductivity is %.2f W m^-1.K^-1",K);

+L = K/(d*T);

+printf("\n3)The Lorentz number is %3.3e W ohm K^-2",L);

diff --git a/1664/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce b/1664/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3130a37fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1664/CH8/EX8.2/Ex8_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+

+//Example No.8.2.

+//Page No.231.

+clc;clear;

+k = 1.38*10^(-23);//Boltzman's constant.

+slope = 3.75*10^(3);

+Eg = ((2*k)*slope)/(1.6*10^(-19));//The band gap of the semiconductor.

+printf("\nThe band gap of the semiconductor is %.3f eV",Eg);

diff --git a/1664/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce b/1664/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..538cd8f3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1664/CH8/EX8.3/Ex8_3.sce
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+

+//Example No.8.3.

+//Page No.231.

+clc;clear;

+T = 1262;//Temperature -[K].

+k = 1.38*10^(-23);//Boltzman's constant.

+E = 0.5*1.6*10^(-19);//Here E= E-Ef.

+f = 1/(1+exp(E/(k*T)));//'f' is the probability  of occupation of electron at 989 degree celcius.

+printf("\nThe probability  of occupation of electron at 989 degree celcius is %.2f",f);

diff --git a/1664/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce b/1664/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9ae192995
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1664/CH8/EX8.4/Ex8_4.sce
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+//Example No.8.4.

+//Page No.232.

+clc;clear;

+ue = 0.0035*10^(3);// mobility of electron

+E = 0.5;//Electric field strength

+vd = ue*E;

+printf("\nThe drift velocity of the electron is %.2f m/s",vd);

+

diff --git a/1664/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce b/1664/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..890cf17cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1664/CH8/EX8.5/Ex8_5.sce
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+//Example No.8.6.

+//Page No.232.

+clc;clear;

+n = 18.1*10^(28);

+h = 6.62*10^(-34);//Planck's constant.

+m = 9.1*10^(-31);//mass

+Efo = (h^(2)/(8*m))*(((3*n)/(%pi))^(2/3));//The fermi energy level at 0 k.

+printf("\nThe Fermi energy of Al at 0 k in joules is %3.3e J",Efo);

+Efo = (Efo/(1.6*10^(-19)));

+printf("\nThe Fermi energy of Al at 0 k in eV is %3.3e eV",Efo);

diff --git a/1664/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce b/1664/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ab978be44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1664/CH8/EX8.6/Ex8_6.sce
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+

+//Example No.8.6.

+//Page No.232.

+clc;clear;

+n = 18.1*10^(28);

+h = 6.62*10^(-34);//Planck's constant.

+m = 9.1*10^(-31);//mass of electron

+Efo = (h^(2)/(8*m))*(((3*n)/(%pi))^(2/3));//The fermi energy level at 0 k.

+printf("\nFermi energy of Al at 0 k in joules = %3.3e J",Efo);

+Efo = (Efo/(1.6*10^(-19)));

+printf("\nFermi energy of Al at 0 k in eV = %.2fe eV",Efo);

diff --git a/1664/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce b/1664/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b17cd2bbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1664/CH8/EX8.7/Ex8_7.sce
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+//Example No.8.7.

+//Page No.233.

+clc;clear;

+h = 6.62*10^(-34);//Planck's constant -[J s].

+m = 9.1*10^(-31);//mass -[kg].

+Efo = 5.5*1.6*10^(-19);//Fermi energy.

+n = ((2*m*Efo)^(3/2))*(8*(%pi))/(3*(h^(3)));

+printf("\nThe concentration of free electrons per unit volume of silver is %3.3e m^-3",n);

diff --git a/1664/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce b/1664/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e34b56ebe
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+++ b/1664/CH8/EX8.8/Ex8_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//Example No.8.8.

+//Page No.233.

+clc;clear;

+T = 298;//Temperature -[K].

+k = 1.38*10^(-23);//Boltzman's constant.

+Eg = 1.07*1.6*10^(-19);//Here E= E-Eg.

+f = 1/(1+exp(Eg/(2*k*T)));//probability of an electron to the conduction band at 25 degree celcius.

+printf("\nThe probability of an electron thermlly excited to the conduction band at 25 degree celcius is %3.3e",f);

diff --git a/1664/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce b/1664/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..52205aaab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1664/CH8/EX8.9/Ex8_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+

+//Example No.8.9.

+//Page No.234.

+clc;clear;

+m = 9.1*10^(-31);//mass of electron.

+k = 1.38*10^(-23);//Boltzman's constant.

+vf = 0.86*10^(6);//Fermi velocity -[m s^-1].

+Ef = 0.5*m*vf^(2);//Fermi energy 

+printf("\nThe Fermi energy of the metal in joules is %3.3e J",Ef);

+Ef = Ef/(1.6*10^(-19));

+printf("\nThe Fermi energy o the metal in eV is %.2f eV",Ef);

+Tf = ((Ef)/k);//Fermi temperature.

+Tf = ((3.365*10^(-19))/k);

+printf("\nThe Fermi temperature of the metal is %3.3e K",Tf);