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| author | priyanka | 2015-06-24 15:03:17 +0530 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | priyanka | 2015-06-24 15:03:17 +0530 |
| commit | b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b (patch) | |
| tree | ab291cffc65280e58ac82470ba63fbcca7805165 /1535 | |
| download | Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.tar.gz Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.tar.bz2 Scilab-TBC-Uploads-b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b.zip | |
initial commit / add all books
Diffstat (limited to '1535')
117 files changed, 1450 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/1535/CH1/EX1.1/Ch01Ex1.sci b/1535/CH1/EX1.1/Ch01Ex1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fe62baca8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH1/EX1.1/Ch01Ex1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.1 : Page-23 (2010)
+A = 4/2; // Amplitude of SHM, cm
+x = 0; // Mean position of oscillating particle, cm
+v = 12; // Velocity of the particle at the mean position, cm/s
+// As v = omega*sqrt(A^2 - x^2), solving for omega
+omega = v/sqrt(A^2 - x^2);
+printf("\nThe time period of SHM = %5.2f s", (2*%pi)/omega);
+
+// Result
+// The time period of SHM = 1.05 s
diff --git a/1535/CH1/EX1.2/Ch01Ex2.sci b/1535/CH1/EX1.2/Ch01Ex2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..93758df96 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH1/EX1.2/Ch01Ex2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.2 : Page-23 (2010)
+T = 0.1; // Time period of oscillation in SHM, s
+x = 0.2; // Position of the particle from its mean position, cm
+A = 4; // Amplitude of the particle executing SHM, cm
+// As T = 2*%pi/omega, solving for omega
+omega = 2*%pi/T; // Angular speed of particle executing SHM, per sec
+a = omega^2*x; // Accelertion of particle executing SHM, cm per sec square
+v_max = omega*A; // Maximum velocity of the particle in SHM, cm per sec
+printf("\nThe accelertion of particle executing SHM = %5.1f cm per sec square", a);
+printf("\nThe maximum velocity of the particle in SHM = %5.1f cm per sec", v_max);
+
+// Result
+// The accelertion of particle executing SHM = 789.6 cm per sec square
+// The maximum velocity of the particle in SHM = 251.3 cm per sec
diff --git a/1535/CH1/EX1.3/Ch01Ex3.sci b/1535/CH1/EX1.3/Ch01Ex3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8337ec8da --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH1/EX1.3/Ch01Ex3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.3 : Page-24 (2010)
+A1 = 40; // First amplitude of oscillation, cm
+An_plus_1 = 4; // Amplitude after 100 oscillations, cm
+n = 100; // Number of oscillations
+T = 2.5; // Time period of oscillations, s
+t = T/4; // Time taken to reach the first amplitude from the mean position, s
+// Now A1 = x0*exp(-lambda*t) and An_plus_1 = x0*exp(-lambda*(t+nT))
+// A1/An_plus_1 = exp(n*lambda*T), solving for lambda
+lambda = log(A1/An_plus_1)/(n*T); // Damping constant. per sec
+printf("\nDamping constant = %3.2e per sec", lambda);
+
+// Result
+// Damping constant = 9.21e-003 per sec
diff --git a/1535/CH1/EX1.4/Ch01Ex4.sci b/1535/CH1/EX1.4/Ch01Ex4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..81515cfc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH1/EX1.4/Ch01Ex4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.4 : Page-24 (2010)
+v1 = 16; // Velocity of particle executing SHM at position 3 cm
+v2 = 12; // Velocity of particle executing SHM at position 4 cm
+x1 = 3; // First position of the particle, cm
+x2 = 4; // Second position of the particle, cm
+// As v = omega*sqrt(A^2 - x^2) so
+// (v1/v2)^2 = (A^2 - x1^2)/(A^2 - x2^2), solving for A
+A = poly(0, 'A'); // Declare variable A
+A = roots((A^2 - x1^2)*v2^2-(A^2 - x2^2)*v1^2);
+printf("\nThe amplitude of SHM = %1d cm", A(1));
+// v = omega*sqrt(A^2 - x^2), solving for omega
+omega = v1/sqrt(A(1)^2 - x1^2); // Angular speed of the particle, rad per sec
+T = 2*%pi/omega; // Time period of oscillation, sec
+printf("\nThe time period of oscillation = %5.3f sec", T);
+
+// Result
+// The amplitude of SHM = 5 cm
+// The time period of oscillation = 1.571 sec
diff --git a/1535/CH1/EX1.5/Ch01Ex5.sci b/1535/CH1/EX1.5/Ch01Ex5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f99191b4d --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH1/EX1.5/Ch01Ex5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.5 : Page-25 (2010)
+m = 0.3; // Mass attached to the string, kg
+g = 9.8; // Acceleration due to gravity, metre per sec square
+x = 0.15; // Stretchness produced in the spring, m
+F = m*g; // Restoring force acting on the mass, N
+k = F/x; // Spring constant, newton per metre
+A = 0.1; // Amplitude of the string, m
+omega = sqrt(k/m); // Angular frequency of oscillation, rad per sec
+v0 = omega*A; // Maximum velocity during the oscillations, m/s
+printf("\nThe spring constant = %4.1f newton per metre", k);
+printf("\nThe amplitude of oscillation = %2.1f m", A);
+printf("\nThe maximum velocity during oscillations = %3.2f m/s", v0);
+
+// Result
+// The spring constant = 19.6 newton per metre
+// The amplitude of oscillation = 0.1 m
+// The maximum velocity during oscillations = 0.81 m/s
diff --git a/1535/CH1/EX1.6/Ch01Ex6.sci b/1535/CH1/EX1.6/Ch01Ex6.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d9d9930d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH1/EX1.6/Ch01Ex6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.6 : Page-25 (2010)
+lambda1 = 400e-09; // Lower limit of wavelength of visible region, m
+lambda2 = 700e-09; // Upper limit of wavelength of visible region, m
+c = 3e+08; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+f1 = c/lambda1; // Upper limit of frequency of visible region, m
+f2 = c/lambda2; // Lower limit of frequency of visible region, m
+printf("\nThe frequency equivalent of %3g nm to %3g nm is %3.1e Hz to %3.1e Hz", lambda1/1e-09, lambda2/1e-09, f1, f2);
+
+// Result
+// The frequency equivalent of 400 nm to 700 nm is 7.5e+014 Hz to 4.3e+014 Hz
diff --git a/1535/CH1/EX1.7/Ch01Ex7.sci b/1535/CH1/EX1.7/Ch01Ex7.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..095e5c231 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH1/EX1.7/Ch01Ex7.sci @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.7 : Page-26 (2010)
+// Comparing the standard equation
+// u(x,t) = A*sin(2*%pi(x/lambda-t/T))
+// with the given equation, we get
+A = 1.5e-03; // Amplitude of the sound wave, m
+lambda = 8; // Wavelength of the sound wave, m
+T = 1/40; // Time period of the sound wave, s
+nu = 1/T; // Frequency of the sound wave, Hz
+v = nu*lambda; // Velocity of the sound wave, m/s
+printf("\nThe amplitude of the sound wave = %3.1e m", A);
+printf("\nThe wavelength of the sound wave = %1d m", lambda);
+printf("\nThe time period of the sound wave = %3.2f s", T);
+printf("\nThe frequency of the sound wave = %2d Hz", nu);
+printf("\nThe velocity of the sound wave = %3d m/s", v);
+
+
+// Result
+// The amplitude of the sound wave = 1.5e-003 m
+// The wavelength of the sound wave = 8 m
+// The time period of the sound wave = 0.03 s
+// The frequency of the sound wave = 40 Hz
+// The velocity of the sound wave = 320 m/s
diff --git a/1535/CH1/EX1.8/Ch01Ex8.sci b/1535/CH1/EX1.8/Ch01Ex8.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e493914e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH1/EX1.8/Ch01Ex8.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.8 : Page-26 (2010)
+A = 2; // Amplitude of the wave, cm
+T = 0.5; // Time period of the wave, sec
+v = 200; // Wave velocity, cm/s
+f = 1/0.5; // Frequency of the wave, Hz
+lambda = v/f; // Wavelength of the wave, cm
+printf("\nThe Equation of the wave moving along X-axis :");
+printf("u = %1d*sin*2*pi*(x/%3d-t/%2.1f)", A, lambda, T);
+
+
+// Result
+// The Equation of the wave moving along X-axis :u = 2*sin*2*pi*(x/100-t/0.5)
diff --git a/1535/CH1/EX1.9/Ch01Ex9.sci b/1535/CH1/EX1.9/Ch01Ex9.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..763cce36e --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH1/EX1.9/Ch01Ex9.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex1.9 : Page-27 (2010)
+T = 1000; // Tension in the wire, N
+m = 15/300; // Mass per unit length of the wire, kg per metre
+lambda = 0.30; // Wavelength of wave along wire, m
+v = sqrt(T/m); // Velocity of wave through wire, m/s
+nu = v/lambda; // Frequency of wave through string, Hz
+printf("\nThe velocity and frequency of the wave through wire are %5.1f m/s and %5.1f Hz respectively", v, nu);
+
+
+
+// Result
+// The velocity and frequency of the wave through wire are 141.4 m/s and 471.4 Hz respectively
diff --git a/1535/CH10/EX10.1/Ch10Ex1.sci b/1535/CH10/EX10.1/Ch10Ex1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d45ba2bb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH10/EX10.1/Ch10Ex1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex10.1: Page-222 (2010)
+k = 1.38e-023; // Boltzmann constant, J/K
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+g1 = 2; // The degeneracy of ground state
+g2 = 8; // The degeneracy of excited state
+delta_E = 10.2; // Energy of excited state above the ground state, eV
+T = 6000; // Temperature of the state, K
+D_ratio = g2/g1; // Ratio of degeneracy of states
+N_ratio = D_ratio*exp(-delta_E/(k*T/e)); // Ratio of occupancy of the excited to the ground state
+printf("\nThe ratio of occupancy of the excited to the ground state at %d K = %4.2e", T, N_ratio);
+
+// Result
+// The ratio of occupancy of the excited to the ground state at 6000 K = 1.10e-008
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH10/EX10.4/Ch10Ex4.sci b/1535/CH10/EX10.4/Ch10Ex4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..df6fc323f --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH10/EX10.4/Ch10Ex4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex10.4: Page-223 (2010)
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+N_A = 6.023e+023; // Avogadro's number
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+me = 9.1e-031; // Mass of electron, kg
+rho = 10.5; // Density of silver, g per cm
+m = 108; // Molecular mass of silver, g/mol
+N_D = rho*N_A/(m*1e-006); // Number density of conduction electrons, per metre cube
+E_F = h^2/(8*me)*(3/%pi*N_D)^(2/3);
+printf("\nThe number density of conduction electrons = %4.2e per metre cube", N_D);
+printf("\nThe Fermi energy of silver = %4.2f eV", E_F/e);
+
+// Result
+// The number density of conduction electrons = 5.86e+028 per metre cube
+// The Fermi energy of silver = 5.51 eV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH10/EX10.5/Ch10Ex5.sci b/1535/CH10/EX10.5/Ch10Ex5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..50ed6146c --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH10/EX10.5/Ch10Ex5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex10.5: Page-224 (2010)
+N_A = 6.023e+023; // Avogadro's number
+k = 1.38e-023; // Boltzmann constant, J/K
+T = 293; // Temperature of sodium, K
+E_F = 3.24; // Fermi energy of sodium, eV
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+C_v = %pi^2*N_A*k^2*T/(2*E_F*e); // Molar specific heat of sodium, J/mole/K
+printf("\nThe molar specific heat of sodium = %4.2f J/mole/K", C_v);
+
+// Result
+// The molar specific heat of sodium = 0.32 J/mole/K
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH10/EX10.6/Ch10Ex6.sci b/1535/CH10/EX10.6/Ch10Ex6.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3bd1fd2e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH10/EX10.6/Ch10Ex6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex10.6: Page-224 (2010)
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of the electron, kg
+N_D = 18.1e+028; // Number density of conduction electrons in Al, per metre cube
+E_F = h^2/(8*m)*(3/%pi*N_D)^(2/3); // Fermi energy of aluminium, J
+Em_0 = 3/5*E_F; // Mean energy of the electron at 0K, J
+printf("\nThe Fermi energy of aluminium = %5.2f eV", E_F/e);
+printf("\nThe mean energy of the electron at 0K = %4.2f eV", Em_0/e);
+
+// Result
+// The Fermi energy of aluminium = 11.70 eV
+// The mean energy of the electron at 0K = 7.02 eV
diff --git a/1535/CH11/EX11.1/Ch11Ex1.sci b/1535/CH11/EX11.1/Ch11Ex1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..34574b87e --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH11/EX11.1/Ch11Ex1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex11.1: Page-249 (2010)
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+c = 3e+08; // Speed of light in free space, m/s
+k = 1.38e-023; // Boltzmann constant, J/K
+T = 300; // Temperature at absolute scale, K
+lambda = 5500e-010; // Wavelength of visible light, m
+rate_ratio = exp(h*c/(lambda*k*T))-1; // Ratio of spontaneous emission to stimulated emission
+printf("\nThe ratio of spontaneous emission to stimulated emission for visible region = %1.0e", rate_ratio);
+lambda = 1e-02; // Wavelength of microwave, m
+rate_ratio = exp(h*c/(lambda*k*T))-1; // Ratio of spontaneous emission to stimulated emission
+printf("\nThe ratio of spontaneous emission to stimulated emission for microwave region = %6.4f", rate_ratio);
+
+// Result
+// The ratio of spontaneous emission to stimulated emission for visible region = 8e+037
+// The ratio of spontaneous emission to stimulated emission for microwave region = 0.0048
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH11/EX11.2/Ch11Ex2.sci b/1535/CH11/EX11.2/Ch11Ex2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cec5f5f5a --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH11/EX11.2/Ch11Ex2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex11.2: Page-250 (2010)
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+c = 3e+08; // Speed of light in free space, m/s
+lambda = 690e-009; // Wavelength of laser light, m
+E_lower = 30.5; // Energy of lower state, eV
+E = h*c/(lambda*e); // Energy of the laser light, eV
+E_ex = E_lower + E; // Energy of excited state of laser system, eV
+printf("\nThe energy of excited state of laser system = %4.1f eV", E_ex);
+
+// Result
+// The energy of excited state of laser system = 32.3 eV
diff --git a/1535/CH11/EX11.3/Ch11Ex3.sci b/1535/CH11/EX11.3/Ch11Ex3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5618fdadb --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH11/EX11.3/Ch11Ex3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex11.3: Page-250 (2010)
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+k = 1.38e-023; // Boltzmann constant, J/K
+// Stimulated Emission = Spontaneous Emission <=> exp(h*f/(k*T))-1 = 1 i.e.
+// f/T = log(2)*k/h = A
+A = log(2)*k/h; // Frequency per unit temperature, Hz/K
+printf("\nThe stimulated emission equals spontaneous emission iff f/T = %4.2e Hz/K", A);
+
+// Result
+// The stimulated emission equals spontaneous emission iff f/T = 1.44e+010 Hz/K
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH11/EX11.4/Ch11Ex4.sci b/1535/CH11/EX11.4/Ch11Ex4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a8a76c654 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH11/EX11.4/Ch11Ex4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex11.4: Page-250 (2010)
+lambda = 500e-009; // Wavelength of laser light, m
+f = 15e-02; // Focal length of the lens, m
+d = 2e-02; // Diameter of the aperture of source, m
+a = d/2; // Radius of the aperture of source, m
+P = 5e-003; // Power of the laser, W
+A = %pi*lambda^2*f^2/a^2; // Area of the spot at the focal plane, metre square
+I = P/A; // Intensity at the focus, W per metre square
+printf("\nThe area of the spot at the focal plane = %4.2e metre square", A);
+printf("\nThe intensity at the focus = %4.2e watt per metre square", I);
+
+// Result
+// The area of the spot at the focal plane = 1.77e-010 metre square
+// The intensity at the focus = 2.83e+007 watt per metre square
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH11/EX11.5/Ch11Ex5.sci b/1535/CH11/EX11.5/Ch11Ex5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..290632dfa --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH11/EX11.5/Ch11Ex5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex11.5: Page-251 (2010)
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+c = 3e+08; // Speed of light in free space, m/s
+lambda = 1064e-009; // Wavelength of laser light, m
+P = 0.8; // Average power output per laser pulse, W
+dt = 25e-003; // Pulse width of laser, s
+E = P*dt; // Energy released per pulse, J
+N = E/(h*c/lambda); // Number of photons in a pulse
+printf("\nThe energy released per pulse = %2.0e J", E);
+printf("\nThe number of photons in a pulse = %4.2e", N);
+
+// Result
+// The energy released per pulse = 2e-002 J
+// The number of photons in a pulse = 1.07e+017
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH11/EX11.6/Ch11Ex6.sci b/1535/CH11/EX11.6/Ch11Ex6.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2ecd57e6d --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH11/EX11.6/Ch11Ex6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex11.6:Page-251 (2010)
+lambda = 693e-009; // Wavelength of laser beam, m
+D = 3e-003; // Diameter of laser beam, m
+d_theta = 1.22*lambda/D; // Angular spread of laser beam, rad
+d = 300e+003; // Height of a satellite above the surface of earth, m
+a = d_theta*d; // Diameter of the beam on the satellite, m
+printf("\nThe height of a satellite above the surface of earth = %4.2e rad", d_theta);
+printf("\nThe diameter of the beam on the satellite = %4.1f m", a);
+
+// Result
+// The height of a satellite above the surface of earth = 2.82e-004 rad
+// The diameter of the beam on the satellite = 84.5 m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH12/EX12.1/Ch12Ex1.sci b/1535/CH12/EX12.1/Ch12Ex1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..65ab0eaef --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH12/EX12.1/Ch12Ex1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex12.1: Parameters of step index fibre : Page-271 (2010)
+n1 = 1.43; // Refractive index of fibre core
+n2 = 1.4; // Refractive index of fibre cladding
+// As sin (alpha_c) = n2/n1, solving for alpha_c
+alpha_c = asind(n2/n1); // Critical angle for optical fibre, degrees
+// AS cos(theta_c) = n2/n1, solving for theta_c
+theta_c = acosd(n2/n1); // Critical propagation angle for optical fibre, degrees
+NA = sqrt(n1^2 - n2^2); // Numerical aperture for optical fibre
+printf("\nThe critical angle for optical fibre = %5.2f degrees", alpha_c);
+printf("\nThe critical propagation angle for optical fibre = %5.2f degrees", theta_c);
+printf("\nNumerical aperture for optical fibre = %4.2f", NA);
+
+// Result
+// The critical angle for optical fibre = 78.24 degrees
+// The critical propagation angle for optical fibre = 11.76 degrees
+// Numerical aperture for optical fibre = 0.29
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH12/EX12.2/Ch12Ex2.sci b/1535/CH12/EX12.2/Ch12Ex2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0fde37fe2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH12/EX12.2/Ch12Ex2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex12.2: Parameters of optical fibre : Page-271 (2010)
+n1 = 1.45; // Refractive index of fibre core
+n2 = 1.4; // Refractive index of fibre cladding
+NA = sqrt(n1^2 - n2^2); // Numerical aperture for optical fibre
+// As sin(theta_a) = sqrt(n1^2 - n2^2), solving for theta_a
+theta_a = asind(sqrt(n1^2 - n2^2)); // Half of acceptance angle of optical fibre, degrees
+theta_accp = 2*theta_a; // Acceptance angle of optical fibre
+Delta = (n1 - n2)/n1; // Relative refractive index difference
+printf("\nNumerical aperture for optical fibre = %5.3f", NA);
+printf("\nThe acceptance angle of optical fibre = %4.1f degrees", theta_accp);
+printf("\nRelative refractive index difference = %5.3f", Delta);
+
+// Result
+// Numerical aperture for optical fibre = 0.377
+// The acceptance angle of optical fibre = 44.4 degrees
+// Relative refractive index difference = 0.034
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH12/EX12.3/Ch12Ex3.sci b/1535/CH12/EX12.3/Ch12Ex3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..823e6d152 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH12/EX12.3/Ch12Ex3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex12.3: Numerical aperture and acceptance angle of step index fibre : Page-271 (2010)
+n1 = 1.55; // Refractive index of fibre core
+n2 = 1.53; // Refractive index of fibre cladding
+n0 = 1.3; // Refractive index of medium
+NA = sqrt(n1^2 - n2^2); // Numerical aperture for optical fibre
+// n0*sin(theta_a) = sqrt(n1^2 - n2^2) = NA, solving for theta_a
+theta_a = asind(sqrt(n1^2 - n2^2)/n0); // Half of acceptance angle of optical fibre, degrees
+theta_accp = 2*theta_a; // Acceptance angle of optical fibre
+printf("\nNumerical aperture for step index fibre = %5.3f", NA);
+printf("\nThe acceptance angle of step index fibre = %2d degrees", theta_accp);
+
+// Result
+// Numerical aperture for step index fibre = 0.248
+// The acceptance angle of step index fibre = 22 degrees
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH12/EX12.5/Ch12Ex5.sci b/1535/CH12/EX12.5/Ch12Ex5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..adac22875 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH12/EX12.5/Ch12Ex5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex12.5: Output power in fibre optic communication : Page-272 (2010)
+alpha = 2; // Power loss through optical fibre, dB/km
+P_in = 500; // Poer input of optical fibre, micro-watt
+z = 10; // Length of the optical fibre, km
+// As alpha = 10/z*log10(P_in/P_out), solving for P_out
+P_out = P_in/10^(alpha*z/10); // Output power in fibre optic communication, W
+printf("\nThe output power in fibre optic communication = %1d micro-watt", P_out);
+
+// Result
+// The output power in fibre optic communication = 5 micro-watt
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH13/EX13.1/Ch13Ex1.sci b/1535/CH13/EX13.1/Ch13Ex1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4a60c9c23 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH13/EX13.1/Ch13Ex1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex13.1: Electronic Polarizability of atom : Page-287 (2010)
+epsilon_0 = 8.854e-012; // Absolute electrical permittivity of free space, farad per metre
+R = 0.52e-010; // Radius of hydrogen atom, angstrom
+n = 9.7e+026; // Number density of hydrogen, per metre cube
+alpha_e = 4*%pi*epsilon_0*R^3; // Electronic polarizability of hydrogen atom, farad-metre square
+printf("\nThe electronic polarizability of hydrogen atom = %4.2e farad-metre square", alpha_e);
+
+// Result
+// The electronic polarizability of hydrogen atom = 1.56e-041 farad-metre square
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH13/EX13.2/Ch13Ex2.sci b/1535/CH13/EX13.2/Ch13Ex2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..16929120e --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH13/EX13.2/Ch13Ex2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex13.2: Parallel plate capacitor: Page-287 (2010)
+epsilon_0 = 8.854e-012; // Absolute electrical permittivity of free space, farad per metre
+A = 100e-004; // Area of a plate of parallel plate capacitor, metre square
+d = 1e-002; // Distance between the plates of the capacitor, m
+V = 100; // Potential applied to the plates of the capacitor, volt
+C = epsilon_0*A/d; // Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor, farad
+Q = C/V; // Charge on the plates of the capacitor, coulomb
+printf("\nThe capacitance of parallel plate capacitor = %5.3e F", C);
+printf("\nThe charge on the plates of the capacitor = %5.3e C", Q);
+
+// Result
+// The capacitance of parallel plate capacitor = 8.854e-012 F
+// The charge on the plates of the capacitor = 8.854e-014 C
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH13/EX13.3/Ch13Ex3.sci b/1535/CH13/EX13.3/Ch13Ex3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..921e43b56 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH13/EX13.3/Ch13Ex3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex13.3: Dielectric displacement of medium: Page-288 (2010)
+epsilon_0 = 8.854e-012; // Absolute electrical permittivity of free space, farad per metre
+epsilon_r = 5.0; // Dielectric constant of the material between the plates of capacitor
+V = 15; // Potential difference applied between the plates of the capacitor, volt
+d = 1.5e-003; // Separation between the plates of the capacitor, m
+// Electric displacement, D = epsilon_0*epsilon_r*E, as E = V/d, so
+D = epsilon_0*epsilon_r*V/d; // Dielectric displacement, coulomb per metre square
+printf("\nThe dielectric displacement = %5.3e coulomb per metre square", D);
+
+// Result
+// The dielectric displacement = 4.427e-007 coulomb per metre square
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH13/EX13.4/Ch13Ex4.sci b/1535/CH13/EX13.4/Ch13Ex4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ce398350c --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH13/EX13.4/Ch13Ex4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex13.4: Relative dielectric constant : Page-288 (2010)
+epsilon_0 = 8.854e-012; // Absolute electrical permittivity of free space, farad per metre
+N = 3.0e+028; // Number density of solid elemental dielectric, atoms per metre cube
+alpha_e = 1e-040; // Electronic polarizability, farad metre square
+epsilon_r = 1 + N*alpha_e/epsilon_0; // Relative dielectric constant of the material
+printf("\nThe Relative dielectric constant of the material = %5.3f", epsilon_r);
+
+// Result
+// The Relative dielectric constant of the material = 1.339
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH13/EX13.5/Ch13Ex5.sci b/1535/CH13/EX13.5/Ch13Ex5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fea5820fd --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH13/EX13.5/Ch13Ex5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex13.5: Atomic polarizability of sulphur : Page-288 (2010)
+N_A = 6.023e+023; // Avogadro's number, per mole
+epsilon_0 = 8.854e-012; // Absolute electrical permittivity of free space, farad per metre
+epsilon_r = 3.75; // Relative dielectric constant
+d = 2050; // Density of sulphur, kg per metre cube
+y = 1/3; // Internal field constant
+M = 32; // Atomic weight of sulphur, g/mol
+N = N_A*1e+03*d/M; // Number density of atoms of sulphur, per metre cube
+// Lorentz relation for local fields give
+// E_local = E + P/(3*epsilon_0) which gives
+// (epsilon_r - 1)/(epsilon_r + 2) = N*alpha_e/(3*epsilon_0), solving for alpha_e
+alpha_e = (epsilon_r - 1)/(epsilon_r + 2)*3*epsilon_0/N; // Electronic polarizability of sulphur, farad metre square
+printf("\nThe electronic polarizability of sulphur = %5.3e farad metre square", alpha_e);
+
+// Result
+// The electronic polarizability of sulphur = 3.292e-040 farad metre square
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH13/EX13.6/Ch13Ex6.sci b/1535/CH13/EX13.6/Ch13Ex6.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1f99790eb --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH13/EX13.6/Ch13Ex6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex13.6: Electronic polarizability from refractive index : Page-289 (2010)
+N = 3e+028; // Number density of atoms of dielectric material, per metre cube
+epsilon_0 = 8.854e-012; // Absolute electrical permittivity of free space, farad per metre
+n = 1.6; // Refractive index of dielectric material
+// As (n^2 - 1)/(n^2 + 2) = N*alpha_e/(3*epsilon_0), solving for alpha_e
+alpha_e = (n^2 - 1)/(n^2 + 2)*3*epsilon_0/N; // Electronic polarizability of dielectric material, farad metre square
+printf("\nThe electronic polarizability of dielectric material = %4.2e farad metre square", alpha_e);
+
+// Result
+// The electronic polarizability of dielectric material = 3.03e-040 farad metre square
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH13/EX13.7/Ch13Ex7.sci b/1535/CH13/EX13.7/Ch13Ex7.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2a096a959 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH13/EX13.7/Ch13Ex7.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex13.7: Ratio of electronic polarizability to ionic polarizability: Page-289 (2010)
+epsilon_r = 4.9; // Absolute relative dielectric constant of material, farad per metre
+n = 1.6; // Refractive index of dielectric material
+// As (n^2 - 1)/(n^2 + 2)*(alpha_e + alpha_i)/alpha_e = N*(alpha_e + alpha_i)/(3*epsilon_0) = (epsilon_r - 1)/(epsilon_r + 2), solving for alpha_i/alpha_e
+alpha_ratio = ((epsilon_r - 1)/(epsilon_r + 2)*(n^2 + 2)/(n^2 - 1) - 1)^(-1); // Ratio of electronic polarizability to ionic polarizability
+printf("\nThe ratio of electronic polarizability to ionic polarizability = %4.2f", alpha_ratio);
+
+// Result
+// The ratio of electronic polarizability to ionic polarizability = 1.53
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH14/EX14.1/Ch14Ex1.sci b/1535/CH14/EX14.1/Ch14Ex1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d9821a1aa --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH14/EX14.1/Ch14Ex1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex14.1: Spontaneous magnetisation of the substance: Page-306 (2010)
+N = 6.023e+023; // Avogadro's number. per mole
+A = 56; // Atomic weight of the substance, g/mole
+d = 7.9; // Density of the substance, gram per cm cube
+m_B = 9.27e-024; // Bohr's Magneton, joule per tesla
+m = 2.2*m_B; // Magnetic moment of substance, joule per tesla
+n = d*N/A*1e+006; // Number of atoms per unit volume of the substance, per metre cube
+M = n*m; // Spontaneous magnetisation of the substance, ampere per metre
+printf("\nThe spontaneous magnetisation of the substance = %4.2e ampere per metre", M);
+
+// Result
+// The spontaneous magnetisation of the substance = 1.73e+006 ampere per metre
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH14/EX14.2/Ch14Ex2.sci b/1535/CH14/EX14.2/Ch14Ex2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bd157a368 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH14/EX14.2/Ch14Ex2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex14.2: Relative permeability of ferromagnetic material : Page-307 (2010)
+H = 200; // Field strength to which the ferromagnetic material is subjected, ampere per metre
+M = 3100; // Magnetisation of the ferromagnetic material, ampere per metre
+chi = M/H; // Magnetic susceptibility
+mu_r = 1 + chi; // Relative permeability of ferromagnetic material
+printf("\nThe relative permeability of ferromagnetic material = %4.1f", mu_r);
+
+// Result
+// The relative permeability of ferromagnetic material = 16.5
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH14/EX14.3/Ch14Ex3.sci b/1535/CH14/EX14.3/Ch14Ex3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f30adeeaa --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH14/EX14.3/Ch14Ex3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex14.3: Relative permeability from magnetisation : Page-307 (2010)
+H = 300; // Field strength to which the ferromagnetic material is subjected, ampere per metre
+M = 4400; // Magnetisation of the ferromagnetic material, ampere per metre
+chi = M/H; // Magnetic susceptibility
+mu_r = 1 + chi; // Relative permeability of ferromagnetic material
+printf("\nThe relative permeability of ferromagnetic material = %5.2f", mu_r);
+
+// Result
+// The relative permeability of ferromagnetic material = 15.67
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH14/EX14.4/Ch14Ex4.sci b/1535/CH14/EX14.4/Ch14Ex4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a64eae75d --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH14/EX14.4/Ch14Ex4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex14.4: Magnetic flux density and magnetisation of diamagnetic material : Page-307 (2010)
+mu_0 = 4*%pi*1e-07; // Magnetic permeability of free space, tesla metre per ampere
+H = 10000; // Field strength to which the diamagnetic material is subjected, ampere per metre
+chi = -0.4e-005; // Magnetic susceptibility
+M = chi*H; // Magnetisation of the diamagnetic material, ampere per metre
+B = mu_0*(H + M); // Magnetic flux density of diamagnetic material, T
+printf("\nThe magnetisation of diamagnetic material = %4.2f ampere per metre", M);
+printf("\nThe magnetic flux density of diamagnetic material = %6.4f T", B);
+
+// Result
+// The magnetisation of diamagnetic material = -0.04 ampere per metre
+// The Magnetic flux density of diamagnetic material = 0.0126 T
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH14/EX14.5/Ch14Ex5.sci b/1535/CH14/EX14.5/Ch14Ex5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2e5356536 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH14/EX14.5/Ch14Ex5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex14.5: Magnetisation-Magnetic flux density-relative permeability of diamagnetic material : Page-307 (2010)
+mu_0 = 4*%pi*1e-07; // Magnetic permeability of free space, tesla metre per ampere
+H = 1.2e+005; // Field strength to which the diamagnetic material is subjected, ampere per metre
+chi = -4.2e-006; // Magnetic susceptibility
+M = chi*H; // Magnetisation of the diamagnetic material, ampere per metre
+B = mu_0*(H + M); // Magnetic flux density of diamagnetic material, T
+mu_r = M/H + 1; // The relative permeability of diamagnetic material
+printf("\nThe magnetisation of diamagnetic material = %5.3f ampere per metre", M);
+printf("\nThe magnetic flux density of diamagnetic material = %5.3f T", B);
+printf("\nThe relative permeability of diamagnetic material = %f T", mu_r);
+// Result
+// The magnetisation of diamagnetic material = -0.504 ampere per metre
+// The magnetic flux density of diamagnetic material = 0.151 T
+// The relative permeability of diamagnetic material = 0.999996 T
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH14/EX14.6/Ch14Ex6.sci b/1535/CH14/EX14.6/Ch14Ex6.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f476831bf --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH14/EX14.6/Ch14Ex6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex14.6: Mean radius of body centered cubic structure: Page-308 (2010)
+chi = 5.6e-006; // Magnetic susceptibility of diamagnetic material
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of an electron, kg
+mu_0 = 4*%pi*1e-07; // Magnetic permeability of free space, tesla metre per ampere
+Z = 1; /// Atomic number
+e = 1.6e-019; // Electronic charge, C
+a = 2.53e-010; // Lattice parameter of bcc structure, m
+N = 2/a^3; // The number of electrons per unit volume, per metre cube
+r = sqrt(chi*6*m/(mu_0*Z*e^2*N)); // Mean radius of body centered cubic structure as per Langevin relation for Diamagnetic susceptibility, m
+printf("\nThe mean radius of body centered cubic structure = %5.3e angstrom", r/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// The mean radius of body centered cubic structure = 8.773e-001 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH14/EX14.7/Ch14Ex7.sci b/1535/CH14/EX14.7/Ch14Ex7.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cf71549e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH14/EX14.7/Ch14Ex7.sci @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex14.7: Susceptibility and magnetisation of paramagnetic salt: Page-308 (2010)
+mu_0 = 4*%pi*1e-07; // Magnetic permeability of free space, tesla metre per ampere
+N_A = 6.02e+026; // Avogadro's number, per kmol
+rho = 4370; // Density of paramegnetic salt, kg per metre cube
+M = 168.5; // Molecular weight of paramagnetic salt, g/mol
+T = 27+273; // Temperature of paramagnetic salt, K
+H = 2e+005; // Field strength to which the paramagnetic salt is subjected, ampere per metre
+mu_B = 9.27e-024; // Bohr's magneton, ampere metre square
+p = 2; // Number of Bohr magnetons per molecule
+k = 1.38e-023; // Boltzmann constant, J/K
+N = rho*N_A/M; // Total density of atoms in the paramagnetic salt, per metr cube
+chi = mu_0*N*p^2*mu_B^2/(3*k*T); // Magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic salt
+M = chi*H; // Magnetisation of paramagnetic salt, ampere per metre
+printf("\nThe magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic salt = %4.2e per metre", chi);
+printf("\nThe magnetisation of paramagnetic salt = %4.2e ampere per metre", M);
+
+// Result
+// The magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic salt = 5.43e-004 per metre
+// The magnetisation of paramagnetic salt = 1.09e+002 ampere per metre
diff --git a/1535/CH15/EX15.1/Ch15Ex1.sci b/1535/CH15/EX15.1/Ch15Ex1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a6c3c057a --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH15/EX15.1/Ch15Ex1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex15.1: Page-323 (2010)
+k = 1.38e-023; // Boltzmann constant, J/K
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+f_D = 64e+011; // Debye frequency for Al, Hz
+theta_D = h*f_D/k; // Debye temperature, K
+printf("\nThe Debye temperature of aluminium = %5.1f K", theta_D);
+
+// Result
+// The Debye temperature of aluminium = 307.3 K
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH15/EX15.2/Ch15Ex2.sci b/1535/CH15/EX15.2/Ch15Ex2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..04a4d362d --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH15/EX15.2/Ch15Ex2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex15.2: Page-323 (2010)
+N = 6.02e+026; // Avogadro's number, per kmol
+k = 1.38e-023; // Boltzmann constant, J/K
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+f_D = 40.5e+012; // Debye frequency for Al, Hz
+T = 30; // Temperature of carbon, Ks
+theta_D = h*f_D/k; // Debye temperature, K
+C_l = 12/5*%pi^4*N*k*(T/theta_D)^3; // Lattice specific heat of carbon, J/k-mol/K
+printf("\nThe lattice specific heat of carbon = %4.2f J/k-mol/K", C_l);
+
+// Result
+// The lattice specific heat of carbon = 7.13 J/k-mol/K
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH15/EX15.3/Ch15Ex3.sci b/1535/CH15/EX15.3/Ch15Ex3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c07746ea6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH15/EX15.3/Ch15Ex3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex15.3: Page-323 (2010)
+k = 1.38e-023; // Boltzmann constant, J/K
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+theta_E = 1990; // Einstein temperature of Cu, K
+f_E = k*theta_E/h; // Einstein frequency for Cu, K
+printf("\nThe Einstein frequency for Cu = %4.2e Hz", f_E);
+printf("\nThe frequency falls in the near infrared region");
+
+// Result
+// The Einstein frequency for Cu = 4.14e+013 Hz
+// The frequency falls in the near infrared region
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH15/EX15.4/Ch15Ex4.sci b/1535/CH15/EX15.4/Ch15Ex4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0d2a6a57e --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH15/EX15.4/Ch15Ex4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex15.4: Page-323 (2010)
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+N = 6.02e+023; // Avogadro's number, per mol
+T = 0.05; // Temperature of Cu, K
+E_F = 7; // Fermi energy of Cu, eV
+k = 1.38e-023; // Boltzmann constant, J/K
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+theta_D = 348; // Debye temperature of Cu, K
+C_e = %pi^2*N*k^2*T/(2*E_F*e); // Electronic heat capacity of Cu, J/mol/K
+C_V = 12/5*%pi^4*N*k*(T/theta_D)^3; // Lattice heat capacity of Cu, J/mol/K
+printf("\nThe electronic heat capacity of Cu = %4.2e J/mol/K", C_e);
+printf("\nThe lattice heat capacity of Cu = %4.2e J/mol/K", C_V);
+
+// Result
+// The electronic heat capacity of Cu = 2.53e-005 J/mol/K
+// The lattice heat capacity of Cu = 5.76e-009 J/mol/K
diff --git a/1535/CH15/EX15.5/Ch15Ex5.sci b/1535/CH15/EX15.5/Ch15Ex5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7867bdeb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH15/EX15.5/Ch15Ex5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex15.5: Page-324 (2010)
+T = 1; // For simplicity assume temperature to be unity, K
+R = 1; // For simplicity assume molar gas constant to be unity, J/mol/K
+theta_E = T; // Einstein temperature, K
+C_V = 3*R*(theta_E/T)^2*exp(theta_E/T)/(exp(theta_E/T)-1)^2; // Einstein lattice specific heat, J/mol/K
+printf("\nThe Einstein lattice specific heat, C_v = %4.2f X 3R", C_V/3);
+
+// Result
+// The Einstein lattice specific heat, C_v = 0.92 X 3R
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH15/EX15.6/Ch15Ex6.sci b/1535/CH15/EX15.6/Ch15Ex6.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6e61d3bce --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH15/EX15.6/Ch15Ex6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex15.6: Page-324 (2010)
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+v = 2; // Valency of Zn atom
+N = v*6.02e+023; // Avogadro's number, per mol
+T = 300; // Temperature of Zn, K
+E_F = 9.38; // Fermi energy of Zn, eV
+k = 1.38e-023; // Boltzmann constant, J/K
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+C_e = %pi^2*N*k^2*T/(2*E_F*e); // Electronic heat capacity of Zn, J/mol/K
+printf("\nThe molar electronic heat capacity of zinc = %5.3f J/mol/K", C_e);
+
+// Result
+// The molar electronic heat capacity of zinc = 0.226 J/mol/K
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH17/EX17.1/Ch17Ex1.sci b/1535/CH17/EX17.1/Ch17Ex1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c0238b8fa --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH17/EX17.1/Ch17Ex1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex17.1: Thickness of vibrating quartz at resonance : Page-352 (2010)
+f = 3e+006; // Fundamental vibrational frequency of quartz crystal, MHz
+Y = 7.9e+010; // Young's modulus of quartz, newton per metre
+rho = 2650; // Density of quartz, kg per metre cube
+// We have for resonant frequency
+// f = 1/(2*l)*sqrt(Y/rho), solving for l
+l = 1/(2*f)*sqrt(Y/rho); // Thickness of vibrating quartz at resonance, m
+printf("\nThe thickness of vibrating quartz at resonance = %3.1f mm", l/1e-003);
+
+// Result
+// The thickness of vibrating quartz at resonance = 0.9 mm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH18/EX18.1/Ch18Ex1.sci b/1535/CH18/EX18.1/Ch18Ex1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ca65d4c76 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH18/EX18.1/Ch18Ex1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex18.1: Output power of the sound source : Page-361 (2010)
+r = 200; // Distance of the point of reduction from the source, m
+I_0 = 1e-012; // Final intensity of sound, watt per metre square
+I_f = 60; // Intensity gain of sound at the point of reduction, dB
+// As A_I = 10*log10(I/I_0), solving for I
+I = I_0*10^(I_f/10); // Initial Intensity of sound, watt per metre square
+P = 4*%pi*r^2*I; // Output power of the sound source, watt
+printf("\nThe output power of the sound source = %3.1f W", P);
+
+// Result
+// The output power of the sound source = 0.5 W
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH18/EX18.2/Ch18Ex2.sci b/1535/CH18/EX18.2/Ch18Ex2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a5b5fc6dc --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH18/EX18.2/Ch18Ex2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex18.2: Change in sound level for doubling intensity: Page-361 (2010)
+I1 = 1; // For simplicity assume first intensity level to be unity, W per metre square
+I2 = 2*I1; // Intensity level after doubling, watt per metre square
+dA_I = 10*log10(I2/I1); // Difference in gain level, dB
+printf("\nThe sound intensity level is increased by = %1d dB", dA_I);
+
+// Result
+// The sound intensity level is increased by = 3 dB
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH18/EX18.3/Ch18Ex3.sci b/1535/CH18/EX18.3/Ch18Ex3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d1804daa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH18/EX18.3/Ch18Ex3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex18.3: Total absorption of sound in the hall: Page-361 (2010)
+V = 8000; // Volume of the hall, metre cube
+T = 1.5; // Reverbration time of the hall, s
+alpha_s = 0.167*V/T; // Sabine Formula giving total absorption of sound in the hall, OWU
+printf("\nThe total absorption of sound in the hall = %5.1f OWU", alpha_s);
+
+// Result
+// The total absorption in the hall = 890.7 OWU
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH18/EX18.4/Ch18Ex4.sci b/1535/CH18/EX18.4/Ch18Ex4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..42c5bf8ce --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH18/EX18.4/Ch18Ex4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex18.4: Average absorption coefficient of the surfaces of the hall: Page-362 (2010)
+V = 25*20*8; // Volume of the hall, metre cube
+S = 2*(25*20+25*8+20*8); // Total surface area of the hall, metre square
+T = 4; // Reverbration time of the hall, s
+alpha = 0.167*V/(T*S); // Sabine Formule giving total absorption in the hall, OWU
+printf("\nThe total absorption in the hall = %5.3f OWU per metre square", alpha);
+
+// Result
+// The total absorption in the hall = 0.097 OWU per metre square
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH18/EX18.5/Ch18Ex5.sci b/1535/CH18/EX18.5/Ch18Ex5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..75e7cd899 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH18/EX18.5/Ch18Ex5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex18.5: Reverbration time for the hall : Page-362 (2010)
+V = 475; // Volume of the hall, metre cube
+s = [200, 100, 100]; // Area of wall, floor and ceiling of the hall resp., metre square
+T = 4; // Reverbration time of the hall, s
+alpha = [0.025, 0.02, 0.55]; // Absorption coefficients of the wall, ceiling and floor resp., OWU per metre square
+alpha_s = 0;
+for i=1:1:3
+ alpha_s = alpha_s + alpha(i)*s(i);
+end
+T = 0.167*V/alpha_s; // Sabine Formula for reverbration time, s
+printf("\nThe reverbration time for the hall = %4.2f s", T);
+
+// Result
+// The reverbration time for the hall = 1.28 s
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH18/EX18.6/Ch18Ex6.sci b/1535/CH18/EX18.6/Ch18Ex6.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..70af6fcdd --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH18/EX18.6/Ch18Ex6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex18.6: Gain of resultant sound intensity: Page-362 (2010)
+I0 = 1; // For simplicity assume initial sound intensity to be unity, watt per metre square
+A_I1 = 80; // First intensity gain of sound, dB
+A_I2 = 70; // Second intensity gain of sound, dB
+// As A_I = 10*log10(I/I_0), solving for I1 and I2
+I1 = 10^(A_I1/10)*I0; // First intensity of sound, watt per metre square
+I2 = 10^(A_I2/10)*I0; // Second intensity of sound, watt per metre square
+I = I1 + I2; // Resultant intensity level of sound, watt per metre square
+A_I = 10*log10(I/I0); // Intensity gain of resultant sound, dB
+printf("\nThe intensity gain of resultant sound = %6.3f dB", A_I);
+
+// Result
+// The intensity gain of resultant sound = 80.414 dB
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH2/EX2.1/Ch02Ex1.sci b/1535/CH2/EX2.1/Ch02Ex1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f7df1fa41 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH2/EX2.1/Ch02Ex1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.1 : Page-46 (2010)
+function V = f(t)
+ V = 0.2*sin(120*%pi*t);
+endfunction
+t = 0; // Time when peak value of current occurs
+C = 10e-012; // Capacitance of the capacitor, farad
+I = C*derivative(f,t);
+printf("\nThe peak value of displacement current = %6.4e A", I);
+
+// Result
+// The peak value of displacement current = 7.5398e-010 A
diff --git a/1535/CH2/EX2.2/Ch02Ex2.sci b/1535/CH2/EX2.2/Ch02Ex2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7c16ba606 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH2/EX2.2/Ch02Ex2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.2 : Page-46 (2010)
+function E = fn(t)
+ E = sin(120*%pi*t);
+endfunction
+epsilon_r = 1; // Relative electrical permittivity of free space
+epsilon_0 = 8.854e-012; // Absolute electrical permittivity of free space, farad per metre
+t = 0; // Time when peak value of current occurs
+J2 = epsilon_0*epsilon_r*derivative(fn,t);
+printf("\nThe peak value of displacement current = %4.2e ampere per metre square", J2);
+
+// Result
+// The peak value of displacement current = 3.34e-009 ampere per metre square
diff --git a/1535/CH2/EX2.4/Ch02Ex4.sci b/1535/CH2/EX2.4/Ch02Ex4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..389798653 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH2/EX2.4/Ch02Ex4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.4 : Page-47 (2010)
+p = 60; // Power rating of bulb, watt
+d = 0.5; // Distance from the blb, m
+P = p/(4*%pi*d^2); // Value of Poynting vector, watt per metre square
+printf("\nThe value of Poynting vector = %4.1f watt per metre square", P);
+
+// Result
+// The value of Poynting vector = 19.1 watt per metre square
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH2/EX2.5/Ch02Ex5.sci b/1535/CH2/EX2.5/Ch02Ex5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ce30913d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH2/EX2.5/Ch02Ex5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex2.5 : Page-47 (2010)
+E_peak = 6; // Peak value of electric field intensity, V/m
+c = 3e+08; // Speed of electromagnetic wave in free space, m/s
+mu_0 = 4*%pi*1e-07; // Absolute permeability of free space, tesla metre per ampere
+epsilon_0 = 8.854e-012; // Absolute permittivity of free space, farad/m
+mu_r = 1; // Relative permeability of medium
+epsilon_r = 3; // Relative permittivity of the medium
+v = c/sqrt(mu_r*epsilon_r); // Wave velocity, m/s
+eta = sqrt((mu_0/epsilon_0)*(mu_r/epsilon_r)); // Intrinsic impedance of the medium, ohm
+H_P = E_peak*sqrt((epsilon_0*epsilon_r)/(mu_0*mu_r)); // Peak value of the magnetic intensity, ampere per metre
+printf("\nThe wave velocity = %5.3e m/s", v);
+printf("\nThe intrinsic impedance of the medium = %6.2f ohm", eta);
+printf("\nThe peak value of the magnetic intensity = %4.2e A/m", H_P);
+
+// Result
+// The wave velocity = 1.732e+008 m/s
+// The intrinsic impedance of the medium = 217.51 ohm
+// The peak value of the magnetic intensity = 2.76e-002 A/m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH3/EX3.1/Ch03Ex1.sci b/1535/CH3/EX3.1/Ch03Ex1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c10eeaff9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH3/EX3.1/Ch03Ex1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.1 : Page-71 (2010)
+beta = 0.51e-02; // Fringe width, cm
+d = 2.2e-02; // Distance between the slits, cm
+D = 2e+02; // Distance between the slits and the screen, cm
+// As beta = D*lambda/d, solving for lambda
+lambda = beta*d/D; // Wavelength of light, m
+printf("\nThe wavelength of light = %4d angstrom", lambda/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of light = 5610 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH3/EX3.10/Ch03Ex10.sci b/1535/CH3/EX3.10/Ch03Ex10.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..96541f599 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH3/EX3.10/Ch03Ex10.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.10 : Page-73 (2010)
+lambda1 = 5896e-008; // Wavelength of D1 line of sodium, m
+lambda2 = 5890e-008; // Wavelength of D2 line of sodium, m
+lambda = (lambda1+lambda2)/2;
+// As lambda1 - lambda2 = lambda^2/(2*x), solving for x
+x = lambda^2/(2*(lambda1 - lambda2)); // Shift in movable mirror of Michelson Interferometer, cm
+printf("\nThe shift in movable mirror = %5.3f mm", x/1e-001);
+
+// Result
+// The shift in movable mirror = 0.289 mm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH3/EX3.2/Ch03Ex2.sci b/1535/CH3/EX3.2/Ch03Ex2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..80ecedfe0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH3/EX3.2/Ch03Ex2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.2 : Page-71 (2010)
+lambda1 = 4250e-010; // First wavelength emitted by source of light, m
+lambda2 = 5050e-010; // Second wavelength emitted by source of light, m
+D = 1.5; // Distance between the source and the screen, m
+d = 0.025e-03; // Distance between the slits, m
+n = 3; // Number of fringe from the centre
+x3 = n*lambda1*D/d; // Position of third bright fringe due to lambda1, m
+x3_prime = n*lambda2*D/d; // Position of third bright fringe due to lambda2, m
+printf("\nThe separation between the third bright fringe due to the two wavelengths = %4.2f cm", (x3_prime - x3)/1e-02);
+
+// Result
+// The separation between the third bright fringe due to the two wavelengths = 1.44 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH3/EX3.3/Ch03Ex3.sci b/1535/CH3/EX3.3/Ch03Ex3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..723d34c3f --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH3/EX3.3/Ch03Ex3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.3 : Page-71 (2010)
+lambda = 5.5e-05; // Wavelength emitted by source of light, cm
+n = 4; // Number of fringes shifted
+t = 3.9e-04; // Thickness of the thin glass sheet, cm
+mu = n*lambda/t+1; // Refractive index of the sheet of glass
+printf("\nThe refractive index of the sheet of glass = %6.4f", mu);
+
+// Result
+// The refractive index of the sheet of glass = 1.5641
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH3/EX3.4/Ch03Ex4.sci b/1535/CH3/EX3.4/Ch03Ex4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8dab30341 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH3/EX3.4/Ch03Ex4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.4 : Page-72 (2010)
+lambda = 5893e-010; // Wavelength of monochromatic lihgt used, m
+n = 1; // Number of fringe for the least thickness of the film
+r = 0; // Value of refraction angle for normal incidence, degrees
+mu = 1.42; // refractive index of the soap film
+// As for constructive interference,
+// 2*mu*t*cos(r) = (2*n-1)*lambda/2, solving for t
+t = (2*n-1)*lambda/(4*mu*cos(r)); // Thickness of the film that appears bright, m
+printf("\nThe thickness of the film that appears bright = %6.1f angstrom", t/1e-010);
+// As for destructive interference,
+// 2*mu*t*cos(r) = n*lambda, solving for t
+t = n*lambda/(2*mu*cos(r)); // Thickness of the film that appears bright, m
+printf("\nThe thickness of the film that appears dark = %4d angstrom", t/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// The thickness of the film that appears bright = 1037.5 angstrom
+// The thickness of the film that appears dark = 2075 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH3/EX3.5/Ch03Ex5.sci b/1535/CH3/EX3.5/Ch03Ex5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2e53c3d1b --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH3/EX3.5/Ch03Ex5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.5 : Page-72 (2010)
+lambda = 5893e-008; // Wavelength of monochromatic lihgt used, m
+n = 10; // Number of fringe that are found in the distnace of 1 cm
+d = 1; // Distance of 10 fringes, cm
+beta = d/n; // Fringe width, cm
+theta = lambda/(2*beta); // Angle of the wedge, rad
+printf("\nThe angle of the wedge = %5.3e rad", theta);
+
+// Result
+// The angle of the wedge = 2.946e-004 rad
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH3/EX3.6/Ch03Ex6.sci b/1535/CH3/EX3.6/Ch03Ex6.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1c0369e2d --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH3/EX3.6/Ch03Ex6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.6 : Page-72 (2010)
+lambda = 5900e-008; // Wavelength of monochromatic lihgt used, m
+t = 0.010e-01; // Spacer thickness, cm
+l = 10; // Wedge length, cm
+theta = t/l; // Angle of the wedge, rad
+beta = lambda/(2*theta); // Fringe width, cm
+printf("\nThe separation between consecutive bright fringes = %5.3e cm", beta);
+
+// Result
+// The separation between consecutive bright fringes = 2.950e-001 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH3/EX3.7/Ch03Ex7.sci b/1535/CH3/EX3.7/Ch03Ex7.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8f7d3fda4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH3/EX3.7/Ch03Ex7.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.7 : Page-72 (2010)
+D4 = 0.4; // Diameter of 4th dark ring, cm
+D12 = 0.7; // Diameter of 12th dark ring, cm
+// We have dn_puls_k^2-Dn^2 = 4*k*R*lambda, so
+// D12^2-D4^2 = 32*R*lambda and D20^2-D12^2 = 32*R*lambda for k = 8, solving for D20
+D20 = sqrt(2*D12^2-D4^2); // Diameter of 20th dark ring, cm
+printf("\nThe diameter of 20th dark ring = %6.4f cm", D20);
+
+// Result
+// The diameter of 20th dark ring = 0.9055 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH3/EX3.8/Ch03Ex8.sci b/1535/CH3/EX3.8/Ch03Ex8.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..30238fef9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH3/EX3.8/Ch03Ex8.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.8 : Page-73 (2010)
+Dn = 0.30; // Diameter of nth dark ring with air film, cm
+dn = 0.25; // Diameter of nth dark ring with liquid film, cm
+mu = (Dn/dn)^2; // Refractive index of the liquid
+printf("\nThe refractive index of the liquid = %4.2f", mu);
+
+// Result
+// The refractive index of the liquid = 1.44
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH3/EX3.9/Ch03Ex9.sci b/1535/CH3/EX3.9/Ch03Ex9.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fadd7f774 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH3/EX3.9/Ch03Ex9.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex3.9 : Page-73 (2010)
+x = 0.002945; // Distance through which movable mirror is shifted, cm
+N = 100; // Number of fringes shifted
+lambda = 2*x/N; // Wavelength of light, m
+printf("\nThe wavelength of light = %4d angstrom", lambda/1e-008);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of light = 5890 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH4/EX4.1/Ch04Ex1.sci b/1535/CH4/EX4.1/Ch04Ex1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8e19c16e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH4/EX4.1/Ch04Ex1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.1 : Page-91 (2010)
+D = 50; // Distance between source and the screen, cm
+lambda = 6563e-008; // Wavelength of light of parallel rays, m
+d = 0.385e-01; // Width of the slit, cm
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction for first minimum
+// As sin(theta1) = n*lambda/d = x1/D, solving for x1
+x1 = n*lambda*D/d; // Distance from the centre of the principal maximum to the first minimum, cm
+printf("\nThe Distance from the centre of the principal maximum to the first minimum = %4.2f mm", x1/1e-001);
+n = 5; // Order of diffraction for fifth minimum
+x2 = n*lambda*D/d; // Distance from the centre of the principal maximum to the fifth minimum, cm
+printf("\nThe Distance from the centre of the principal maximum to the fifth minimum = %4.2f mm", x2/1e-001);
+
+// Result
+// The Distance from the centre of the principal maximum to the first minimum = 0.85 mm
+// The Distance from the centre of the principal maximum to the fifth minimum = 4.26 mm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH4/EX4.2/Ch04Ex2.sci b/1535/CH4/EX4.2/Ch04Ex2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2c88b7691 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH4/EX4.2/Ch04Ex2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.2 : Page-91 (2010)
+D = 0.04; // Diameter of circular aperture, cm
+f = 20; // Focal length of convex lens, cm
+lambda = 6000e-008; // Wavelength of light used, m
+// We have sin(theta) = 1.22*lambda/D = theta, for small theta, such that
+// For first dark ring
+theta = 1.22*lambda/D; // The half angular width at central maximum, rad
+r1 = theta*f; // The half width of central maximum for first dark ring, cm
+// We have sin(theta) = 5.136*lambda/(%pi*D) = theta, for small theta, such that
+// For second dark ring
+theta = 5.136*lambda/(%pi*D); // The half angular width at central maximum, rad
+r2 = theta*f; // The half width of central maximum for second dark ring, cm
+printf("\nThe radius of first dark ring = %4.2e cm", r1);
+printf("\nThe radius of second dark ring = %4.1e cm", r2);
+
+// Result
+// The radius of first dark ring = 3.66e-002 cm
+// The radius of second dark ring = 4.90e-002 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH4/EX4.3/Ch04Ex3.sci b/1535/CH4/EX4.3/Ch04Ex3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9d94224c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH4/EX4.3/Ch04Ex3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.3 : Page-91 (2010)
+n = 2; // Order of diffraction
+lambda = 650e-009; // Wavelength of light used, m
+d = 1.2e-05; // Distance between two consecutive slits of grating, m
+// We have sin(theta) = n*N*lambda = n*lambda/d, solving for theta
+theta = asind(n*lambda/d); // Angle at which the 650 nm light produces a second order maximum, degrees
+printf("\nThe angle at which the 650 nm light produces a second order maximum = %4.2f degrees", theta);
+
+// Result
+// The angle at which the 650 nm light produces a second order maximum = 6.22 degrees
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH4/EX4.4/Ch04Ex4.sci b/1535/CH4/EX4.4/Ch04Ex4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0bf70c437 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH4/EX4.4/Ch04Ex4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.4 : Page-92 (2010)
+lambda = 650e-009; // Wavelength of light used, m
+N = 6000e+02; // Number of lines per m on grating, per m
+theta = 90; // Angle at which the highest spectral order is obtained, degrees
+// We have sin(theta) = n*N*lambda, solving for n
+n = sind(theta)/(N*lambda); // The highest order of spectra with diffraction grating
+printf("\nThe highest order of spectra obtained with diffraction grating = %1d", n);
+
+// Result
+// The highest order of spectra obtained with diffraction grating = 2
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH4/EX4.5/Ch04Ex5.sci b/1535/CH4/EX4.5/Ch04Ex5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f879748e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH4/EX4.5/Ch04Ex5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.5 : Page-92 (2010)
+N = 4000e+02; // Number of lines per m on grating, per m
+// For Blue Line
+lambda = 450e-009; // Wavelength of blue light, m
+n = 3; // Order of diffraction spectrum
+// We have sin(theta) = n*N*lambda, solving for sin(theta)
+sin_theta_3 = n*N*lambda; // Sine of angle at third order diffraction
+// For Red Line
+lambda = 700e-009; // Wavelength of blue light, m
+n = 2; // Order of diffraction spectrum
+// We have sin(theta) = n*N*lambda, solving for sin(theta)
+sin_theta_2 = n*N*lambda; // Sine of angle at second order diffraction
+// Check for overlapping
+if abs(sin_theta_3 - sin_theta_2) < 0.05 then
+ printf("\nThe two orders overlap.");
+else
+ printf("\nThe two orders do not overlap.");
+end
+
+// Result
+// The two orders overlap.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH4/EX4.6/Ch04Ex6.sci b/1535/CH4/EX4.6/Ch04Ex6.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7cff022d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH4/EX4.6/Ch04Ex6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.6 : Page-93 (2010)
+n = 1; // Order of diffraction spectrum
+N = 6000e+02; // Number of lines per m on diffraction grating, per m
+D = 2; // Distance of screen from the source, m
+lambda1 = 400e-009; // Wavelength of blue light, m
+// We have sin(theta1) = n*N*lambda, solving for theta1
+theta1 = asind(n*N*lambda1); // Angle at first order diffraction for Blue light, degrees
+lambda2 = 750e-009; // Wavelength of blue light, m
+// We have sin(theta2) = n*N*lambda, solving for theta2
+theta2 = asind(n*N*lambda2); // Angle at first order diffraction for Red light, degrees
+x1 = D*tand(theta1); // Half width position at central maximum for blue color, m
+x2 = D*tand(theta2); // Half width position at central maximum for red color, m
+
+printf("\nThe width of first order spectrum on the screen = %4.1f cm", (x2 - x1)/1e-02);
+
+// Result
+// The width of first order spectrum on the screen = 51.3 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH4/EX4.7/Ch04Ex7.sci b/1535/CH4/EX4.7/Ch04Ex7.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e44cee94a --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH4/EX4.7/Ch04Ex7.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.7 : Page-93 (2010)
+w = 5; // Width of the grating, cm
+N = 320; // Number of lines per cm on grating, per cm
+N0 = w*N; // Total number of lines on the grating
+lambda = 640; // Wavelength of light, nm
+n = 2; // Order of diffraction
+d_lambda = lambda/(n*N0); // Separation between wavelengths which the gratign can just resolve, nm
+printf("\nThe separation between wavelengths which the grating can just resolve = %3.1f nm", d_lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The separation between wavelengths which the grating can just resolve = 0.2 nm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH4/EX4.8/Ch04Ex8.sci b/1535/CH4/EX4.8/Ch04Ex8.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3834fa17b --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH4/EX4.8/Ch04Ex8.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.8 : Page-93 (2010)
+lambda = 550e-09; // Wavelength of light, m
+D = 3.2e-02; // Diameter of circular lens, m
+f = 24e-02; // Focal length of the lens, m
+theta_min = 1.22*lambda/D; // Minimum angle of resolution provided by the lens, rad
+// As delta_x/f = theta_min, solving for delta_x
+delta_x = theta_min*f; // Separation of the centres of the images in the focal plane of lens, m
+printf("\nThe separation of the centres of the images in the focal plane of lens = %1d micro-metre", delta_x/1e-06);
+
+// Result
+// The separation of the centres of the images in the focal plane of lens = 5 micro-metre
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH4/EX4.9/Ch04Ex9.sci b/1535/CH4/EX4.9/Ch04Ex9.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7c63b3535 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH4/EX4.9/Ch04Ex9.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex4.9 : Page-94 (2010)
+lambda = 550e-09; // Wavelength of light, m
+D = 20e-02; // Diameter of objective of telescope, m
+d = 6e+003; // Distance of two points from the objective of telescope, m
+theta = 1.22*lambda/D; // Angular separation between two points, rad
+x = theta*d; // Linear separation between two points, m
+printf("\nThe linear separation between two points = %5.2f mm", x/1e-03);
+
+// Result
+// The linear separation between two points = 20.13 mm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH5/EX5.1/Ch05Ex1.sci b/1535/CH5/EX5.1/Ch05Ex1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..defb9ad55 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH5/EX5.1/Ch05Ex1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.1 : Polarization by reflection: Page-113 (2010)
+mu_g = 1.72; // Refractive index of glass
+mu_w = 4/3; // Refractive index of water
+// For polarization to occur on flint glass, tan(i) = mu_g/mu_w
+// Solving for i
+i = atand(mu_g/mu_w);
+printf("\nThe angle of incidence for complete polarization to occur on flint glass = %4.1f degrees", i);
+// For polarization to occur on water, tan(i) = mu_w/mu_g
+// Solving for i
+i = atand(mu_w/mu_g);
+printf("\nThe angle of incidence for complete polarization to occur on water = %5.2f degrees", i);
+
+// Result
+// The angle of incidence for complete polarization to occur on flint glass = 52.2 degrees
+// The angle of incidence for complete polarization to occur on water = 37.78 degrees
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH5/EX5.2/Ch05Ex2.sci b/1535/CH5/EX5.2/Ch05Ex2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..545400db1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH5/EX5.2/Ch05Ex2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.2 : Percentage transmission of polarized light: Page-113 (2010)
+I0 = 1; // For simplicity, we assume the intensity of light falling on the second Nicol prism to be unity, watt per metre square
+theta = 30; // Angle through which the crossed Nicol is rotated, degrees
+I = I0*cosd(90-theta)^2; // Intensity of the emerging light from second Nicol, watt per metre square
+T = I/(2*I0)*100; // Percentage transmission of incident light
+printf("\nThe percentage transmission of incident light after emerging through the Nicol prism = %4.1f percent", T);
+
+// Result
+// The percentage transmission of incident light after emerging through the Nicol prism = 12.5 percent
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH5/EX5.3/Ch05Ex3.sci b/1535/CH5/EX5.3/Ch05Ex3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1cf8b3bcd --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH5/EX5.3/Ch05Ex3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.3 : Thickness of Quarter Wave Plate : Page-113 (2010)
+lambda = 6000e-008; // Wavelength of incident light, cm
+mu_e = 1.55; // Refractive index of extraordinary ray
+mu_o = 1.54; // Refractive index of ordinary ray
+t = lambda/(4*(mu_e - mu_o)); // Thickness of Quarter Wave plate of positive crystal, cm
+printf("\nThe thickness of Quarter Wave plate = %6.4f cm", t);
+
+// Result
+// The thickness of Quarter Wave plate = 0.0015 cm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH5/EX5.4/Ch05Ex4.sci b/1535/CH5/EX5.4/Ch05Ex4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bf1d9b71f --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH5/EX5.4/Ch05Ex4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.4 : Behaviour of half wave plate for increased wavelength : Page-114 (2010)
+lambda = 1; // For simplicity, wavelength of incident light is assumed to be , cm
+mu_e = 1.55; // Refractive index of extraordinary ray
+mu_o = 1.54; // Refractive index of ordinary ray
+t = lambda/(2*(mu_e - mu_o)); // Thickness of Half Wave plate for given lambda, cm
+t_prime = 2*lambda/(2*(mu_e - mu_o)); // Thickness of Half Wave plate for twice lambda, cm
+printf("\nThe thickness of half wave plate is %2.1f times that of the quarter wave plate.", t/t_prime);
+printf("\nThe half wave plate behaves as a quarter wave plate for twice the wavelength of incident light.");
+
+// Result
+// The thickness of half wave plate is 0.5 times that of the quarter wave plate.
+// The half wave plate behaves as a quarter wave plate for twice the wavelength of incident light.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH5/EX5.5/Ch05Ex5.sci b/1535/CH5/EX5.5/Ch05Ex5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1090d058b --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH5/EX5.5/Ch05Ex5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.5 : Phase retardation for quartz : Page-114 (2010)
+lambda = 500e-09; // Wavelength of incident light, m
+mu_e = 1.5508; // Refractive index of extraordinary ray
+mu_o = 1.5418; // Refractive index of ordinary ray
+t = 0.032e-03; // Thickness of quartz plate, m
+dx = (mu_e - mu_o)*t; // Path difference between E-ray and O-ray, m
+dphi = (2*%pi)/lambda*dx; // Phase retardation for quartz for given wavelength, rad
+printf("\nThe phase retardation for quartz for given wavelength = %5.3f pi rad", dphi/%pi);
+
+// Result
+// The phase retardation for quartz for given wavelength = 1.152 pi rad
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH5/EX5.6/Ch05Ex6.sci b/1535/CH5/EX5.6/Ch05Ex6.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3553317ef --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH5/EX5.6/Ch05Ex6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex5.6 : Brewster angle at the boundary between two materials : Page-114 (2010)
+C = 52; // Critical angle for total internal reflection at a boundary between two materials, degrees
+// From Brewster's law, tand(i_B) = 1_mu_2
+// Also sind(C) = 1_mu_2, so that
+// tand(i_B) = sind(C), solving for i_B
+i_B = atand(sind(C)); // Brewster angle at the boundary, degrees
+printf("\nThe Brewster angle at the boundary between two materials = %2d degrees", i_B);
+
+// Result
+// The Brewster angle at the boundary between two materials = 38 degrees
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.1/Ch06Ex1.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.1/Ch06Ex1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6a3047212 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.1/Ch06Ex1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex6.1 : Lattice parameter of NaCl crystal : Page-134 (2010)
+M = 23+35.5; // Molecular weight of NaCl, kg per k-mole
+d = 2.18e+03; // Density of rock salt, kg per metre cube
+n = 4; // No. of atoms per unit cell for an fcc lattice of NaCl crystal
+N = 6.023D+26; // Avogadro's No., atoms/k-mol
+// Volume of the unit cell is given by
+// a^3 = M*n/(N*d)
+// Solving for a
+a = (n*M/(d*N))^(1/3); // Lattice constant of unit cell of NaCl
+printf("\nLattice parameter for the NaCl crystal = %4.2f angstrom", a/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// Lattice parameter for the NaCl crystal = 5.63 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.10/Ch06Ex10.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.10/Ch06Ex10.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..51e79a7e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.10/Ch06Ex10.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex6.10 : Lattice parameter for (110) planes of cubic crystal: Page-137 (2010)
+h = 1; k = 1; l = 0; // Miller Indices for planes in a cubic crystal
+n = 1; // First Order of diffraction
+theta = 25; // Glancing angle at which Bragg's reflection occurs, degrees
+lambda = 0.7e-010; // Wavelength of X-rays, m
+// From Bragg's Law, n*lambda = 2*d*sind(theta), solving for d
+d = n*lambda/(2*sind(theta)); // Interplanar spacing of cubic crystal, m
+a = d*(h^2+k^2+l^2)^(1/2); // The lattice parameter for cubic crystal, m
+printf("\nThe lattice parameter for cubic crystal = %4.2f angstrom", a/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// The lattice parameter for cubic crystal = 1.17 angstrom
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.11/Ch06Ex11.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.11/Ch06Ex11.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..62f8693ac --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.11/Ch06Ex11.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex6.11 : Maximum order of diffraction: Page-138 (2010)
+d = 0.31e-009; // Interplanar spacing, m
+n = 1; // First Order of diffraction
+theta = 9.25; // Glancing angle at which Bragg's reflection occurs, degrees
+// From Bragg's Law, n*lambda = 2*d*sind(theta), solving for lambda
+lambda = 2*d*sind(theta)/n; // Wavelength of X-rays, m (Bragg's Law)
+theta_max = 90; // Maximum possible angle at which reflection can occur, degrees
+n = 2*d*sind(theta_max)/lambda; // Maximum possible order of diffraction
+printf("\nThe Maximum possible order of diffraction = %1d",n);
+
+// Result
+// The Maximum possible order of diffraction = 6
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.12/Ch06Ex12.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.12/Ch06Ex12.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f5fa95ee1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.12/Ch06Ex12.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex6.12 : Bragg reflection angle for the second order diffraction: Page-138 (2010)
+// For (110) planes
+h = 1, k = 1, l = 0; // Miller indices for (110) planes
+d_110 = 0.195e-009; // Interplanar spacing between (110) planes, m
+// As d_110 = a/(h^2 + k^2 + l^2)^(1/2), solving for a
+a = d_110*(h^2 + k^2 + l^2)^(1/2); // Lattice parameter for bcc crystal, m
+// For (210) planes
+h = 2, k = 1, l = 0; // Miller indices for (110) planes
+d_210 = a/(h^2 + k^2 + l^2)^(1/2); // Interplanar spacing between (210) planes, m
+n = 2; // Seconds Order of diffraction
+lambda = 0.072e-009; // Wavelength of X-rays, m
+// From Bragg's Law, n*lambda = 2*d_210*sind(theta), solving for theta
+theta = asind(n*lambda/(2*d_210)); // Bragg reflection angle for the second order diffraction, degrees
+printf("\nBragg reflection angle for the second order diffraction = %5.2f degrees", theta);
+
+// Result
+// Bragg reflection angle for the second order diffraction = 35.72 degrees
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.13/Ch06Ex13.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.13/Ch06Ex13.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bd20d5322 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.13/Ch06Ex13.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex6.13 : Distance between nearest neighbours of NaCl: Page-138 (2010)
+M = 23+35.5; // Molecular weight of NaCl, kg per k-mole
+d = 2.18e+03; // Density of rock salt, kg per metre cube
+n = 4; // No. of atoms per unit cell for an fcc lattice of NaCl crystal
+N = 6.023D+26; // Avogadro's No., atoms/k-mol
+// Volume of the unit cell is given by
+// a^3 = M*n/(N*d)
+// Solving for a
+a = (n*M/(d*N))^(1/3); // Lattice constant of unit cell of NaCl
+printf("\nThe distance between nearest neighbours of NaCl structure = %5.3e", a/2);
+
+// Result
+// The distance between nearest neighbours of NaCl structure = 2.814e-010
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.14/Ch06Ex14.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.14/Ch06Ex14.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b1232a49b --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.14/Ch06Ex14.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex6.14 : Effect of structural change on volume : Page-139 (2010)
+// For bcc structure
+r = 1.258e-010; // Atomic radius of bcc structure of iron, m
+a = 4*r/sqrt(3); // Lattice parameter of bcc structure of iron, m
+V = a^3; // Volume of bcc unit cell, metre cube
+N = 2; // Number of atoms per unit cell in bcc structure
+V_atom_bcc = V/N; // Volume occupied by one atom, metre cube
+// For fcc structure
+r = 1.292e-010; // Atomic radius of fcc structure of iron, m
+a = 2*sqrt(2)*r; // Lattice parameter of fcc structure of iron, m
+V = a^3; // Volume of fcc unit cell, metre cube
+N = 4; // Number of atoms per unit cell in fcc structure
+V_atom_fcc = V/N; // Volume occupied by one atom, metre cube
+delta_V = (V_atom_bcc-V_atom_fcc)/V_atom_bcc*100; // Percentage change in volume due to structural change of iron
+printf("\nThe percentage change in volume of iron = %4.2f percent", delta_V);
+
+// Result
+// The percentage change in volume of iron = 0.49 percent
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.2/Ch06Ex2.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.2/Ch06Ex2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6572c2f23 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.2/Ch06Ex2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex6.2 : Miller indices of the crystal plane : Page-134 (2010)
+m = 3; n = 2; p = 1; // Coefficients of intercepts along three axes
+m_inv = 1/m; // Reciprocate the first coefficient
+n_inv = 1/n; // Reciprocate the second coefficient
+p_inv = 1/p; // Reciprocate the third coefficient
+mul_fact = double(lcm(int32([m,n,p]))); // Find l.c.m. of m,n and p
+m1 = m_inv*mul_fact; // Clear the first fraction
+m2 = n_inv*mul_fact; // Clear the second fraction
+m3 = p_inv*mul_fact; // Clear the third fraction
+printf("\nThe required miller indices are : (%d %d %d) ", m1,m2,m3);
+
+// Result
+// The required miller indices are : (2 3 6)
diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.3/Ch06Ex3.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.3/Ch06Ex3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..90dfcad35 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.3/Ch06Ex3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex6.3 : Indices of lattice plane : Page-135 (2010)
+m = 2; // Coefficient of intercept along x-axis
+n = %inf; // Coefficient of intercept along y-axis
+p = 3/2; // Coefficient of intercept along z-axis
+m_inv = 1/m; // Reciprocate m
+n_inv = 1/n; // Reciprocate n
+p_inv = 1/p; // Reciprocate p
+mul_fact = 6; // multiplicative factor, L.C.M. of 2 and 3 i.e. 6
+m1 = m_inv*mul_fact; // Clear the first fraction
+m2 = n_inv*mul_fact; // Clear the second fraction
+m3 = p_inv*mul_fact; // Clear the third fraction
+printf("\nThe required miller indices are : %d, %d, %d ", m1,m2,m3);
+
+// Result
+// The required miller indices are : 3, 0, 4
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.5/Ch06Ex5.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.5/Ch06Ex5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5245ad1d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.5/Ch06Ex5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex6.5 : Interplanar spacing in cubic crystal: Page-136 (2010)
+
+// For (110) planes
+h = 1; k = 1; l = 0; // Miller Indices for planes in a cubic crystal
+a = 0.43e-009; // Interatomic spacing, m
+d = a/(h^2+k^2+l^2)^(1/2); // The interplanar spacing for cubic crystals, m
+printf("\nThe interplanar spacing between consecutive (110) planes = %4.2f angstrom", d/1e-010);
+
+// For (212) planes
+h = 2; k = 1; l = 2; // Miller Indices for planes in a cubic crystal
+a = 4.21D-10; // Interatomic spacing, m
+d = a/(h^2+k^2+l^2)^(1/2); // The interplanar spacing for cubic crystals, m
+printf("\nThe interplanar spacing between consecutive (212) planes = %4.3f angstrom", d/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// The interplanar spacing between consecutive (110) planes = 3.04 angstrom
+// The interplanar spacing between consecutive (212) planes = 1.403 angstrom
+
diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.6/Ch06Ex6.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.6/Ch06Ex6.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ed7143694 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.6/Ch06Ex6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex6.6 : Interplanar spacing in cubic crystal: Page-136 (2010)
+h = 2; k = 3; l = 1; // Miller Indices for planes in a cubic crystal
+r = 0.175e-009; // Atomic radius of fcc lattice, m
+a = 2*sqrt(2)*r; // Interatomic spacing of fcc lattice, m
+d = a/(h^2+k^2+l^2)^(1/2); // The interplanar spacing for cubic crystals, m
+printf("\nThe interplanar spacing between consecutive (231) planes = %4.2f ansgtrom", d/1e-010);
+
+// Result
+// The interplanar spacing between consecutive (231) planes = 1.32 ansgtrom
+
diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.7/Ch06Ex7.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.7/Ch06Ex7.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1a161982c --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.7/Ch06Ex7.sci @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex6.7 : Angle of reflection by using wavelength of X-ray: Page-136 (2010)
+lambda = 1.440e-010; // Wavelength of X-rays, m
+d = 2.8e-010; // Interplanar spacing of rocksalt crystal, m
+// 2*d*sin(theta) = n*lambda **Bragg's law, n is the order of diffraction
+// Solving for theta, we have
+
+// For Ist Order diffraction
+n = 1;
+theta = asind(n*lambda/(2*d)); // Angle of diffraction, degrees
+printf("\nThe angle of reflection for first order diffraction = %4.1f degrees", theta);
+
+// For IInd Order diffraction
+n = 2;
+theta = asind(n*lambda/(2*d)); // Angle of diffraction, degrees
+printf("\nThe angle of reflection for first order diffraction = %4.1f degrees", theta);
+
+// Result
+// The angle of reflection for first order diffraction = 14.9 degrees
+// The angle of reflection for first order diffraction = 30.9 degrees
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.8/Ch06Ex8.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.8/Ch06Ex8.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3badbbf59 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.8/Ch06Ex8.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex6.8 : Actual volume occupied by the spheres in fcc structure Page-136 (2010)
+N = 8*1/8 + 6*1/2; // total number of spheres in a unit cell
+a = 1; // For convenience, assume interatomic spacing to be unity, m
+r = a/(2*sqrt(2)); // The atomic radius, m
+V_atom = N*4/3*%pi*r^3; // Volume of atoms, metre cube
+V_uc = a^3; // Volume of unit cell, metre cube
+printf("\nThe percentage of actual volume occupied by the spheres in fcc structure = %4.2f percent", V_atom/V_uc*100);
+
+// Result
+// The percentage of actual volume occupied by the spheres in fcc structure = 74.05 percent
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.9/Ch06Ex9.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.9/Ch06Ex9.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..95ea7edab --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.9/Ch06Ex9.sci @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex6.9 : X-ray Diffraction by crystal planes: Page-137 (2010)
+// For (221) planes
+h = 2; k = 2; l = 1; // Miller Indices for planes in a cubic crystal
+a = 2.68e-010; // Interatomic spacing, m
+n = 1; // First Order of diffraction
+theta = 8.5; // Glancing angle at which Bragg's reflection occurs, degrees
+d = a/(h^2+k^2+l^2)^(1/2); // The interplanar spacing for cubic crystal, m
+lambda = 2*d*sind(theta); // Bragg's Law for wavelength of X-rays, m
+n = 2; // Second order of diffraction
+theta = asind(n*lambda/(2*d)); // Angle at which second order Bragg reflection occurs, degrees
+printf("\nThe interplanar spacing between consecutive (221) planes = %5.3e", d);
+printf("\nThe wavelength of X-rays = %5.3f angstrom", lambda/1e-010);
+printf("\nThe angle at which second order Bragg reflection occurs = %4.1f degrees", theta);
+
+// Result
+// The interplanar spacing between consecutive (221) planes = 8.933e-011
+// The wavelength of X-rays = 0.264 angstrom
+// The angle at which second order Bragg reflection occurs = 17.2 degrees
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX7.1/Ch07Ex1.sci b/1535/CH6/EX7.1/Ch07Ex1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..037d2328b --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH6/EX7.1/Ch07Ex1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.1 : Variation of critical magnetic field with temperature : Page-152 (2010)
+T_c = 3.722; // Critical temperature of superconducting transition, kelvin
+B_c0 = 0.0306; // Critical magnetic field to destroy superconductivity, tesla
+T = 2; // Temperature at which critical magnetic field is to be found out, kelvin
+B_cT = B_c0*(1-(T/T_c)^2);
+printf("\nThe critical magnetic field at %d K = %6.4f T", T, B_cT);
+
+// Result
+// The critical magnetic field at 2 K = 0.0218 T s
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH7/EX7.2/Ch07Ex2.sci b/1535/CH7/EX7.2/Ch07Ex2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..46cf2e488 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH7/EX7.2/Ch07Ex2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.2 : Frequency of Josephson current : Page-152 (2010)
+V = 1e-06; // DC voltage applied across the Josephson junction, volt
+e = 1.6e-019; // Charge on an electron, C
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+f = 2*e*V/h; // Frequency of Josephson current, Hz
+printf("\nThe frequency of Josephson current = %5.1f MHz", f/1e+06);
+
+// Result
+// The frequency of Josephson current = 482.9 MHz
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH7/EX7.3/Ch07Ex3.sci b/1535/CH7/EX7.3/Ch07Ex3.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..616e5149f --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH7/EX7.3/Ch07Ex3.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.3 : Superconducting energy gap at 0K : Page-152 (2010)
+T_c = 0.517; // Critical temperature for cadmium, K
+k = 1.38e-023; // Boltzmann constant, J/K
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+E_g = 3.5*k*T_c/e; // Superconducting energy gap at absolute zero, eV
+printf("\nThe superconducting energy gap for Cd at absolute zero = %4.2e eV",E_g);
+
+// Result
+// The superconducting energy gap for Cd at absolute zero = 1.56e-004 eV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH7/EX7.4/Ch07Ex4.sci b/1535/CH7/EX7.4/Ch07Ex4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6bbab5739 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH7/EX7.4/Ch07Ex4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.4 : Wavelength of photon to break up a Cooper-pair: Page-152 (2010)
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+c = 3e+08; // Speed of light in free space, m/s
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+E_g = 1.5e-004; // Superconducting energy gap for a material, eV
+// As E_g = h*f = h*c/lambda, solving for lambda
+lambda = h*c/(E_g*e); // Wavelength of photon to break up a Cooper-pair, m
+printf("\nThe wavelength of photon to break up a Cooper-pair = %4.2e m", lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The wavelength of photon to break up a Cooper-pair = 8.28e-003 m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH7/EX7.5/Ch07Ex5.sci b/1535/CH7/EX7.5/Ch07Ex5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..14300f0c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH7/EX7.5/Ch07Ex5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.5: Variation of London penetration depth with temperature: Page-153 (2010)
+lambda_0 = 37e-009; // Penetration depth of lead at 0 kelvin, m
+T_c = 7.193; // Critical temperature of superconducting transition for lead, kelvin
+T = 5.2; // Temperature at which penetration depth for lead becomes lambda_T, kelvin
+lambda_T = lambda_0*(1-(T/T_c)^4)^(-1/2); // Penetration depth of lead at 5.2 kelvin, m
+printf("\nThe penetration depth of lead at %3.1f K = %4.1f nm",T, lambda_T/1e-009);
+
+// Result
+// The penetration depth of lead at 5.2 K = 43.4 nm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH7/EX7.6/Ch07Ex6.sci b/1535/CH7/EX7.6/Ch07Ex6.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5988c8083 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH7/EX7.6/Ch07Ex6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex7.6: Isotope Effect in mercury: Page-153 (2010)
+M1 = 199; // Mass of an isotope of mercury, amu
+T_C1 = 4.185; // Transition temperature of the isoptope of Hg, K
+T_C2 = 4.153; // Transition temperature of another isoptope of Hg, K
+alpha = 0.5; // Isotope coefficient
+M2 = M1*(T_C1/T_C2)^(1/alpha); // Mass of another isotope of mercury, amu
+printf("\nThe mass of another isotope of mercury at %5.3f K = %6.2f amu",T_C2, M2);
+
+// Result
+// The mass of another isotope of mercury at 4.153 K = 202.08 amu
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH8/EX8.1/Ch08Ex1.sci b/1535/CH8/EX8.1/Ch08Ex1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0d72b7fb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH8/EX8.1/Ch08Ex1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex8.1: Page-171 (2010)
+L_0 = 1; // For simplicity, we assume classical length to be unity, m
+c = 1; // For simplicity assume speed of light to be unity, m/s
+L = (1-1/100)*L_0; // Relativistic length, m
+// Relativistic length contraction gives
+// L = L_0*sqrt(1-v^2/c^2), solving for v
+v = sqrt(1-(L/L_0)^2)*c; // Speed at which relativistic length is 1 percent of the classical length, m/s
+printf("\nThe speed at which relativistic length is 1 percent of the classical length = %5.3fc", v);
+
+// Result
+// The speed at which relativistic length is 1 percent of the classical length = 0.141c
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH8/EX8.10/Ch08Ex10.sci b/1535/CH8/EX8.10/Ch08Ex10.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cb1c55c62 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH8/EX8.10/Ch08Ex10.sci @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex8.10: Page-175 (2010)
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+dE = 4e+026; // Energy radiated per second my the sun, J/s
+dm = dE/c^2; // Rate of decrease of mass of sun, kg/s
+printf("\nThe rate of decrease of mass of sun = %4.2e kg/s", dm);
+
+// Result
+// The rate of decrease of mass of sun = 4.44e+009 kg/s
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH8/EX8.11/Ch08Ex11.sci b/1535/CH8/EX8.11/Ch08Ex11.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..77949a9b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH8/EX8.11/Ch08Ex11.sci @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex8.11: Page-175 (2010)
+c = 1; // For simplicity assume speed of light to be unity, m/s
+m0 = 9.1e-031; // Mass of the electron, kg
+E0 = 0.512; // Rest energy of electron, MeV
+T = 10; // Kinetic energy of electron, MeV
+E = T + E0; // Total energy of electron, MeV
+// From Relativistic mass-energy relation
+// E^2 = c^2*p^2 + m0^2*c^4, solving for p
+p = sqrt(E^2-m0^2*c^4)/c; // Momentum of the electron, MeV
+// As E = E0/sqrt(1-(u/c)^2), solving for u
+u = sqrt(1-(E0/E)^2)*c; // Velocity of the electron, m/s
+printf("\nThe momentum of the electron = %4.1f/c MeV", p);
+printf("\nThe velocity of the electron = %6.4fc", u);
+
+// Result
+// The momentum of the electron = 10.5/c MeV
+// The velocity of the electron = 0.9988c
diff --git a/1535/CH8/EX8.13/Ch08Ex13.sci b/1535/CH8/EX8.13/Ch08Ex13.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1e57653b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH8/EX8.13/Ch08Ex13.sci @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex8.13: Page-176 (2010)
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+E = 4.5e+017; // Total energy of object, J
+px = 3.8e+008; // X-component of momentum, kg-m/s
+py = 3e+008; // Y-component of momentum, kg-m/s
+pz = 3e+008; // Z-component of momentum, kg-m/s
+p = sqrt(px^2+py^2+px^2); // Total momentum of the object, kg-m/s
+// From Relativistic mass-energy relation
+// E^2 = c^2*p^2 + m0^2*c^4, solving for m0
+m0 = sqrt(E^2/c^4 - p^2/c^2); // Rest mass of the body, kg
+printf("\nThe rest mass of the body = %4.2f kg", m0);
+
+// Result
+// The rest mass of the body = 4.56 kg
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH8/EX8.14/Ch08Ex14.sci b/1535/CH8/EX8.14/Ch08Ex14.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..62ac60f32 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH8/EX8.14/Ch08Ex14.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex8.14: Page-176 (2010)
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+m = 50000; // Mass of high speed probe, kg
+u = 0.8*c; // Speed of the probe, m/s
+p = m*u/sqrt(1-(u/c)^2); // Momentum of the probe, kg-m/s
+printf("\nThe momentum of the high speed probe = %1g kg-m/s", p);
+
+// Result
+// The momentum of the high speed probe = 2e+013 kg-m/s
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH8/EX8.15/Ch08Ex15.sci b/1535/CH8/EX8.15/Ch08Ex15.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c8f0d2e36 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH8/EX8.15/Ch08Ex15.sci @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex8.15: Page-177 (2010)
+e = 1.6e-019; // Electronic charge, C = Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+m0 = 9.11e-031; // Rest mass of electron, kg
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+u1 = 0.98*c; // Inital speed of electron, m/s
+u2 = 0.99*c; // Final speed of electron, m/s
+m1 = m0/sqrt(1-(u1/c)^2); // Initial relativistic mass of electron, kg
+m2 = m0/sqrt(1-(u2/c)^2); // Final relativistic mass of electron, kg
+dm = m2 - m1; // Change in relativistic mass of the electron, kg
+W = dm*c^2; // Work done on the electron to change its velocity, J
+// As W = eV, V = accelerating potential, solving for V
+V = W/e; // Accelerating potential, volt
+printf("\nThe change in relativistic mass of the electron = %4.1e kg", dm);
+printf("\nThe work done on the electron to change its velocity = %4.2f MeV", W/(e*1e+006));
+printf("\nThe accelerating potential = %4.2e volt", V);
+
+// Result
+// The change in relativistic mass of the electron = 1.9e-030 kg
+// The work done on the electron to change its velocity = 1.06 MeV
+// The accelerating potential = 1.06e+006 volt
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH8/EX8.2/Ch08Ex2.sci b/1535/CH8/EX8.2/Ch08Ex2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3fdfba370 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH8/EX8.2/Ch08Ex2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex8.2: Page-171 (2010)
+c = 1; // For simplicity assume speed of light to be unity, m/s
+v = 0.9*c; // Speed at which beam of particles travel, m/s
+delta_t = 5e-006; // Mean lifetime of particles as observed in the Lab. frame, s
+delta_tau = delta_t*sqrt(1-(v/c)^2); // Proper lifetime of particle as per Time Dilation rule, s
+printf("\nThe proper lifetime of particle = %4.2e s", delta_tau);
+
+// Result
+// The proper lifetime of particle = 2.18e-006 s
+
diff --git a/1535/CH8/EX8.4/Ch08Ex4.sci b/1535/CH8/EX8.4/Ch08Ex4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0c4cf8a5b --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH8/EX8.4/Ch08Ex4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex8.4: Page-172 (2010)
+c = 1; // For simplicity assume speed of light to be unity, m/s
+v = 0.6*c; // Speed with which the rocket leaves the earth, m/s
+u_prime = 0.9*c; // Relative speed of second rocket w.r.t. the first rocket, m/s
+u = (u_prime+v)/(1+(u_prime*v)/c^2); // Speed of second rocket for same direction of firing as per Velocity Addition Rule, m/s
+printf("\nThe speed of second rocket for same direction of firing = %5.3fc", u);
+u = (-u_prime+v)/(1-(u_prime*v)/c^2); // Speed of second rocket for opposite direction of firing as per Velocity Addition Rule, m/s
+printf("\nThe speed of second rocket for opposite direction of firing = %5.3fc", u);
+
+// Result
+// The speed of second rocket for same direction of firing = 0.974c
+// The speed of second rocket for opposite direction of firing = -0.652c
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH8/EX8.5/Ch08Ex5.sci b/1535/CH8/EX8.5/Ch08Ex5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4d831344d --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH8/EX8.5/Ch08Ex5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex8.5: Page-172 (2010)
+c = 1; // For simplicity assume speed of light to be unity, m/s
+L0 = 1; // For simplicity assume length in spaceship's frame to be unity, m
+L = 1/2*L0; // Length as observed on earth, m
+// Relativistic length contraction gives
+// L = L_0*sqrt(1-v^2/c^2), solving for v
+v = sqrt(1-(L/L0)^2)*c; // Speed at which length of spaceship is observed as half from the earth frame, m/s
+tau = 1; // Unit time in the spaceship's frame, s
+t = tau/sqrt(1-(v/c)^2); // Time dilation of the spaceship's unit time, s
+printf("\nThe speed at which length of spaceship is observed as half from the earth frame = %5.3fc", v);
+printf("\nThe time dilation of the spaceship unit time = %1g*tau", t);
+
+// Result
+// The speed at which length of spaceship is observed as half from the earth frame = 0.866c
+// The time dilation of the spaceship unit time = 2*tau
diff --git a/1535/CH8/EX8.6/Ch08Ex6.sci b/1535/CH8/EX8.6/Ch08Ex6.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..18cc2e425 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH8/EX8.6/Ch08Ex6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex8.6: Page-172 (2010)
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+v = 0.6*c; // Velocity with which S2 frame moves relative to S1 frame, m/s
+L_factor = 1/sqrt(1-(v/c)^2); // Lorentz factor
+t1 = 2e-007; // Time for which first event occurs, s
+t2 = 3e-007; // Time for which second event occurs, s
+x1 = 10; // Position at which first event occurs, m
+x2 = 40; // Position at which second event occurs, m
+delta_t = L_factor*(t2 - t1)+L_factor*v/c^2*(x1 - x2); // Time difference between the events, s
+delta_x = L_factor*(x2 - x1)-L_factor*v*(t2 - t1); // Distance between the events, m
+printf("\nThe time difference between the events = %3.1e s", delta_t);
+printf("\nThe distance between the events = %2d m", delta_x);
+
+// Result
+// The time difference between the events = 5.0e-008 s
+// The distance between the events = 15 m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH8/EX8.7/Ch08Ex7.sci b/1535/CH8/EX8.7/Ch08Ex7.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e9b943df9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH8/EX8.7/Ch08Ex7.sci @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex8.7: Page-173 (2010)
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+tau = 2.6e-008; // Mean lifetime the particle in its own frame, s
+d = 20; // Distance which the unstable particle travels before decaying, m
+// As t = d/v and also t = tau/sqrt(1-(v/c)^2), so that
+// d/v = tau/sqrt(1-(v/c)^2), solving for v
+v = sqrt(d^2/(tau^2+(d/c)^2)); // Speed of the unstable particle in Lab. frame, m/s
+printf("\nThe speed of the unstable particle in Lab. frame = %3.1e m/s", v)
+
+// Result
+// The speed of the unstable particle in Lab. frame = 2.8e+008 m/s
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH8/EX8.8/Ch08Ex8.sci b/1535/CH8/EX8.8/Ch08Ex8.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f30ecd927 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH8/EX8.8/Ch08Ex8.sci @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex8.8: Page-174 (2010)
+c = 1; // For simplicity assume speed of light to be unity, m/s
+me = 1; // For simplicity assume mass of electron to be unity, kg
+tau = 2.3e-006; // Average lifetime of mu-meson in rest frame, s
+t = 6.9e-006; // Average lifetime of mu-meson in laboratory frame, s
+// Fromm Time Dilation Rule, tau = t*sqrt(1-(v/c)^2), solving for v
+v = sqrt(1-(tau/t)^2)*c; // Speed of mu-meson in the laboratory frame, m/s
+c
+m0 = 207*me; // Rest mass of mu-meson, kg
+m = m0/sqrt(1-(v/c)^2); // Relativistic variation of mass with velocity, kg
+me = 9.1e-031; // Mass of an electron, kg
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light in vacuum, m/s
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+T = (m*me*c^2 - m0*me*c^2)/e; // Kinetic energy of mu-meson, J
+printf("\nThe speed of mu-meson in the laboratory frame = %6.4fc", v);
+printf("\nThe effective mass of mu-meson = %3d me", m);
+printf("\nThe kinetic energy of mu-meson = %5.1f MeV", T/1e+006);
+
+// Result
+// The speed of mu-meson in the laboratory frame = 0.9428c
+// The effective mass of mu-meson = 620 me
+// The kinetic energy of mu-meson = 211.9 MeV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH8/EX8.9/Ch08Ex9.sci b/1535/CH8/EX8.9/Ch08Ex9.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5360e92cc --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH8/EX8.9/Ch08Ex9.sci @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex8.9: Page-174 (2010)
+c = 1; // For simplicity assume speed of light to be unity, m/s
+m0 = 1; // For simplicity assume rest mass to be unity, kg
+m = (20/100+1)*m0; // Mass in motion, kg
+// As m = m0/sqrt(1-(u/c)^2), solving for u
+u = sqrt(1-(m0/m)^2)*c; // Speed of moving mass, m/s
+printf("\nThe speed of moving body, u = %5.3fc", u);
+
+// Result
+// The speed of moving body, u = 0.553c
diff --git a/1535/CH9/EX9.1/Ch09Ex1.sci b/1535/CH9/EX9.1/Ch09Ex1.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4a457e3f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH9/EX9.1/Ch09Ex1.sci @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.1: De-broglie wavelength of an electron from accelerating potential : Page-202 (2010)
+V = 100; // Accelerating potential for electron, volt
+lambda = sqrt(150/V)*1e-010; // de-Broglie wavelength of electron, m
+printf("\nThe De-Broglie wavelength of electron = %4.2e m", lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The De-Broglie wavelength of electron = 1.22e-010 m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH9/EX9.14/Ch09Ex14.sci b/1535/CH9/EX9.14/Ch09Ex14.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7a5427600 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH9/EX9.14/Ch09Ex14.sci @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.14: Probability of electron moving in 1D box : Page-207 (2010)
+a = 2e-010; // Width of 1D box, m
+x1 = 0; // Position of first extreme of the box, m
+x2 = 1e-010; // Position of second extreme of the box, m
+P = integrate('2/a*(sin(2*%pi*x/a))^2', 'x', x1, x2); // The probability of finding the electron between x = 0 and x = 1e-010
+printf("\nThe probability of finding the electron between x = 0 and x = 1e-010 = %3.1f", P);
+
+// Result
+// The probability of finding the electron between x = 0 and x = 1e-010 = 0.5
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH9/EX9.2/Ch09Ex2.sci b/1535/CH9/EX9.2/Ch09Ex2.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..97c5f5494 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH9/EX9.2/Ch09Ex2.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.2: De-broglie wavelength of an electron from kinetic energy : Page-203 (2010)
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of the electron, kg
+Ek = 10; // Kinetic energy of electron, eV
+// Ek = p^2/(2*m), solving for p
+p = sqrt(2*m*Ek*e); // Momentum of the electron, kg-m/s
+lambda = h/p ; // de-Broglie wavelength of electron from De-Broglie relation, m
+printf("\nThe de-Broglie wavelength of electron = %4.2e nm", lambda/1e-009);
+
+// Result
+// The de-Broglie wavelength of electron = 3.88e-001 nm
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH9/EX9.4/Ch09Ex4.sci b/1535/CH9/EX9.4/Ch09Ex4.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..95c7b9772 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH9/EX9.4/Ch09Ex4.sci @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.4: Uncertainty principle for position and momentum: Page-203 (2010)
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+m = 9.1e-031; // Mass of the electron, kg
+v = 1.1e+006; // Speed of the electron, m/s
+p = m*v; // Momentum of the electron, kg-m/s
+dp = 0.1/100*p; // Uncertainty in momentum, kg-m/s
+h_bar = h/(2*%pi); // Reduced Planck's constant, Js
+// From Heisenberg uncertainty principle,
+// dx*dp = h_bar/2, solving for dx
+dx = h_bar/(2*dp); // Uncertainty in position, m
+printf("\nThe uncertainty in position of electron = %4.2e m", dx);
+
+// Result
+// The uncertainty in position of electron = 5.27e-008 m
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH9/EX9.5/Ch09Ex5.sci b/1535/CH9/EX9.5/Ch09Ex5.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..469123bba --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH9/EX9.5/Ch09Ex5.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.5: Uncertainty principle for energy and time: Page-203 (2010)
+e = 1.6e-019; // Energy equivalent of 1 eV, J/eV
+h = 6.626e-034; // Planck's constant, Js
+dt = 1e-008; // Uncertainty in time, s
+h_bar = h/(2*%pi); // Reduced Planck's constant, Js
+// From Heisenberg uncertainty principle,
+// dE*dt = h_bar/2, solving for dE
+dE = h_bar/(2*dt*e); // Uncertainty in energy of the excited state, m
+printf("\nThe uncertainty in energy of the excited state = %4.2e eV", dE);
+
+// Result
+// The uncertainty in energy of the excited state = 3.30e-008 eV
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1535/CH9/EX9.6/Ch09Ex6.sci b/1535/CH9/EX9.6/Ch09Ex6.sci new file mode 100755 index 000000000..399bd6555 --- /dev/null +++ b/1535/CH9/EX9.6/Ch09Ex6.sci @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +// Scilab Code Ex9.6: Width of spectral line from Uncertainty principle: Page-204 (2010)
+c = 3e+008; // Speed of light, m/s
+dt = 1e-008; // Average lifetime, s
+lambda = 400e-009; // Wavelength of spectral line, m
+// From Heisenberg uncertainty principle,
+// dE = h_bar/(2*dt) and also dE = h*c/lambda^2*d_lambda, which give
+// h_bar/(2*dt) = h*c/lambda^2*d_lambda, solving for d_lambda
+d_lambda = lambda^2/(4*%pi*c*dt); // Width of spectral line, m
+printf("\nThe width of spectral line = %4.2e m", d_lambda);
+
+// Result
+// The width of spectral line = 4.24e-015 m
\ No newline at end of file |