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14 files changed, 197 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.1/Ch06Ex1.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.1/Ch06Ex1.sci
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6a3047212
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.1/Ch06Ex1.sci
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// Scilab Code Ex6.1 : Lattice parameter of NaCl crystal : Page-134 (2010)

+M = 23+35.5;        // Molecular weight of NaCl, kg per k-mole

+d = 2.18e+03;    // Density of rock salt, kg per metre cube

+n = 4;    // No. of atoms per unit cell for an fcc lattice of NaCl crystal

+N = 6.023D+26;    // Avogadro's No., atoms/k-mol

+// Volume of the unit cell is given by

+// a^3 = M*n/(N*d)

+// Solving for a

+a = (n*M/(d*N))^(1/3);    // Lattice constant of unit cell of NaCl

+printf("\nLattice parameter for the NaCl crystal = %4.2f angstrom", a/1e-010);

+

+// Result 

+// Lattice parameter for the NaCl crystal = 5.63 angstrom 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.10/Ch06Ex10.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.10/Ch06Ex10.sci
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..51e79a7e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.10/Ch06Ex10.sci
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// Scilab Code Ex6.10 : Lattice parameter for (110) planes of cubic crystal: Page-137 (2010)

+h = 1; k = 1; l = 0; // Miller Indices for planes in a cubic crystal

+n = 1;    // First Order of diffraction 

+theta = 25;    // Glancing angle at which Bragg's reflection occurs, degrees

+lambda = 0.7e-010;    // Wavelength of X-rays, m

+// From Bragg's Law, n*lambda = 2*d*sind(theta), solving for d

+d = n*lambda/(2*sind(theta));    // Interplanar spacing of cubic crystal, m

+a = d*(h^2+k^2+l^2)^(1/2);  // The lattice parameter for cubic crystal, m

+printf("\nThe lattice parameter for cubic crystal = %4.2f angstrom", a/1e-010);

+

+// Result

+// The lattice parameter for cubic crystal = 1.17 angstrom 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.11/Ch06Ex11.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.11/Ch06Ex11.sci
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..62f8693ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.11/Ch06Ex11.sci
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// Scilab Code Ex6.11 : Maximum order of diffraction: Page-138 (2010)

+d = 0.31e-009;    // Interplanar spacing, m

+n = 1;    // First Order of diffraction 

+theta = 9.25;    // Glancing angle at which Bragg's reflection occurs, degrees

+// From Bragg's Law, n*lambda = 2*d*sind(theta), solving for lambda

+lambda = 2*d*sind(theta)/n;    // Wavelength of X-rays, m (Bragg's Law)

+theta_max = 90;    // Maximum possible angle at which reflection can occur, degrees

+n = 2*d*sind(theta_max)/lambda;    // Maximum possible order of diffraction

+printf("\nThe Maximum possible order of diffraction = %1d",n);

+

+// Result

+// The Maximum possible order of diffraction = 6 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.12/Ch06Ex12.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.12/Ch06Ex12.sci
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f5fa95ee1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.12/Ch06Ex12.sci
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// Scilab Code Ex6.12 : Bragg reflection angle for the second order diffraction: Page-138 (2010)

+// For (110) planes

+h = 1, k = 1, l = 0;    // Miller indices for (110) planes

+d_110 = 0.195e-009;    // Interplanar spacing between (110) planes, m

+// As d_110 = a/(h^2 + k^2 + l^2)^(1/2), solving for a

+a = d_110*(h^2 + k^2 + l^2)^(1/2);    // Lattice parameter for bcc crystal, m

+// For (210) planes

+h = 2, k = 1, l = 0;    // Miller indices for (110) planes

+d_210 = a/(h^2 + k^2 + l^2)^(1/2);    // Interplanar spacing between (210) planes, m

+n = 2;    // Seconds Order of diffraction 

+lambda = 0.072e-009;    // Wavelength of X-rays, m

+// From Bragg's Law, n*lambda = 2*d_210*sind(theta), solving for theta

+theta = asind(n*lambda/(2*d_210));    // Bragg reflection angle for the second order diffraction, degrees

+printf("\nBragg reflection angle for the second order diffraction = %5.2f degrees", theta);

+

+// Result

+// Bragg reflection angle for the second order diffraction = 35.72 degrees 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.13/Ch06Ex13.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.13/Ch06Ex13.sci
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bd20d5322
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.13/Ch06Ex13.sci
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// Scilab Code Ex6.13 : Distance between nearest neighbours of NaCl: Page-138 (2010)

+M = 23+35.5;        // Molecular weight of NaCl, kg per k-mole

+d = 2.18e+03;    // Density of rock salt, kg per metre cube

+n = 4;    // No. of atoms per unit cell for an fcc lattice of NaCl crystal

+N = 6.023D+26;    // Avogadro's No., atoms/k-mol

+// Volume of the unit cell is given by

+// a^3 = M*n/(N*d)

+// Solving for a

+a = (n*M/(d*N))^(1/3);    // Lattice constant of unit cell of NaCl

+printf("\nThe distance between nearest neighbours of NaCl structure = %5.3e", a/2);

+

+// Result 

+// The distance between nearest neighbours of NaCl structure = 2.814e-010 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.14/Ch06Ex14.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.14/Ch06Ex14.sci
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b1232a49b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.14/Ch06Ex14.sci
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Scilab Code Ex6.14 : Effect of structural change on volume : Page-139 (2010)

+// For bcc structure

+r = 1.258e-010;    // Atomic radius of bcc structure of iron, m

+a = 4*r/sqrt(3);    // Lattice parameter of bcc structure of iron, m

+V = a^3;    // Volume of bcc unit cell, metre cube

+N = 2;    // Number of atoms per unit cell in bcc structure

+V_atom_bcc = V/N;    // Volume occupied by one atom, metre cube

+// For fcc structure

+r = 1.292e-010;    // Atomic radius of fcc structure of iron, m

+a = 2*sqrt(2)*r;    // Lattice parameter of fcc structure of iron, m

+V = a^3;    // Volume of fcc unit cell, metre cube

+N = 4;    // Number of atoms per unit cell in fcc structure

+V_atom_fcc = V/N;    // Volume occupied by one atom, metre cube

+delta_V = (V_atom_bcc-V_atom_fcc)/V_atom_bcc*100;    // Percentage change in volume due to structural change of iron

+printf("\nThe percentage change in volume of iron = %4.2f percent", delta_V);

+

+// Result 

+// The percentage change in volume of iron = 0.49 percent 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.2/Ch06Ex2.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.2/Ch06Ex2.sci
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6572c2f23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.2/Ch06Ex2.sci
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// Scilab Code Ex6.2 : Miller indices of the crystal plane : Page-134 (2010)

+m = 3; n = 2; p = 1; // Coefficients of intercepts along three axes

+m_inv = 1/m;        // Reciprocate the first coefficient

+n_inv = 1/n;        // Reciprocate the second coefficient

+p_inv = 1/p;        // Reciprocate the third coefficient

+mul_fact = double(lcm(int32([m,n,p]))); // Find l.c.m. of m,n and p

+m1 = m_inv*mul_fact;    // Clear the first fraction

+m2 = n_inv*mul_fact;    // Clear the second fraction

+m3 = p_inv*mul_fact;    // Clear the third fraction

+printf("\nThe required miller indices are : (%d %d %d) ", m1,m2,m3);

+

+// Result 

+// The required miller indices are : (2 3 6)  

diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.3/Ch06Ex3.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.3/Ch06Ex3.sci
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..90dfcad35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.3/Ch06Ex3.sci
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// Scilab Code Ex6.3 : Indices of lattice plane : Page-135 (2010)

+m = 2; // Coefficient of intercept along x-axis

+n = %inf;    // Coefficient of intercept along y-axis

+p = 3/2;    // Coefficient of intercept along z-axis

+m_inv = 1/m;    // Reciprocate m

+n_inv = 1/n;    // Reciprocate n

+p_inv = 1/p;    // Reciprocate p

+mul_fact = 6;    // multiplicative factor, L.C.M. of 2 and 3 i.e. 6

+m1 = m_inv*mul_fact;    // Clear the first fraction

+m2 = n_inv*mul_fact;    // Clear the second fraction

+m3 = p_inv*mul_fact;    // Clear the third fraction

+printf("\nThe required miller indices are : %d, %d, %d ", m1,m2,m3);

+

+// Result

+// The required miller indices are : 3, 0, 4  
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.5/Ch06Ex5.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.5/Ch06Ex5.sci
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5245ad1d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.5/Ch06Ex5.sci
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Scilab Code Ex6.5 : Interplanar spacing in cubic crystal: Page-136 (2010)

+

+// For (110) planes

+h = 1; k = 1; l = 0; // Miller Indices for planes in a cubic crystal

+a = 0.43e-009;    // Interatomic spacing, m

+d = a/(h^2+k^2+l^2)^(1/2);  // The interplanar spacing for cubic crystals, m

+printf("\nThe interplanar spacing between consecutive (110) planes = %4.2f angstrom", d/1e-010);

+

+// For (212) planes

+h = 2; k = 1; l = 2; // Miller Indices for planes in a cubic crystal

+a = 4.21D-10;    // Interatomic spacing, m

+d = a/(h^2+k^2+l^2)^(1/2);  // The interplanar spacing for cubic crystals, m

+printf("\nThe interplanar spacing between consecutive (212) planes = %4.3f angstrom", d/1e-010);

+

+// Result

+// The interplanar spacing between consecutive (110) planes = 3.04 angstrom

+// The interplanar spacing between consecutive (212) planes = 1.403 angstrom 

+

diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.6/Ch06Ex6.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.6/Ch06Ex6.sci
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ed7143694
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.6/Ch06Ex6.sci
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// Scilab Code Ex6.6 : Interplanar spacing in cubic crystal: Page-136 (2010)

+h = 2; k = 3; l = 1; // Miller Indices for planes in a cubic crystal

+r = 0.175e-009;    // Atomic radius of fcc lattice, m

+a = 2*sqrt(2)*r;    // Interatomic spacing of fcc lattice, m

+d = a/(h^2+k^2+l^2)^(1/2);  // The interplanar spacing for cubic crystals, m

+printf("\nThe interplanar spacing between consecutive (231) planes = %4.2f ansgtrom", d/1e-010);

+

+// Result

+// The interplanar spacing between consecutive (231) planes = 1.32 ansgtrom 

+

diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.7/Ch06Ex7.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.7/Ch06Ex7.sci
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1a161982c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.7/Ch06Ex7.sci
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// Scilab Code Ex6.7 : Angle of reflection by using wavelength of X-ray:  Page-136 (2010)

+lambda = 1.440e-010;    // Wavelength of X-rays, m

+d = 2.8e-010;    // Interplanar spacing of rocksalt crystal, m

+// 2*d*sin(theta) = n*lambda    **Bragg's law, n is the order of diffraction

+// Solving for theta, we have

+

+// For Ist Order diffraction

+n = 1;

+theta = asind(n*lambda/(2*d));    // Angle of diffraction, degrees

+printf("\nThe angle of reflection for first order diffraction = %4.1f degrees", theta);

+

+// For IInd Order diffraction

+n = 2;

+theta = asind(n*lambda/(2*d));    // Angle of diffraction, degrees

+printf("\nThe angle of reflection for first order diffraction = %4.1f degrees", theta);

+

+// Result

+// The angle of reflection for first order diffraction = 14.9 degrees

+// The angle of reflection for first order diffraction = 30.9 degrees 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.8/Ch06Ex8.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.8/Ch06Ex8.sci
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3badbbf59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.8/Ch06Ex8.sci
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// Scilab Code Ex6.8 : Actual volume occupied by the spheres in fcc structure  Page-136 (2010)

+N = 8*1/8 + 6*1/2;    // total number of spheres in a unit cell

+a = 1;    // For convenience, assume interatomic spacing to be unity, m

+r = a/(2*sqrt(2));    // The atomic radius, m

+V_atom = N*4/3*%pi*r^3;    // Volume of atoms, metre cube

+V_uc = a^3;    // Volume of unit cell, metre cube

+printf("\nThe percentage of actual volume occupied by the spheres in fcc structure = %4.2f percent", V_atom/V_uc*100);

+

+// Result

+// The percentage of actual volume occupied by the spheres in fcc structure = 74.05 percent  
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX6.9/Ch06Ex9.sci b/1535/CH6/EX6.9/Ch06Ex9.sci
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..95ea7edab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1535/CH6/EX6.9/Ch06Ex9.sci
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Scilab Code Ex6.9 : X-ray Diffraction by crystal planes: Page-137 (2010)

+// For (221) planes

+h = 2; k = 2; l = 1; // Miller Indices for planes in a cubic crystal

+a = 2.68e-010;    // Interatomic spacing, m

+n = 1;    // First Order of diffraction 

+theta = 8.5;    // Glancing angle at which Bragg's reflection occurs, degrees

+d = a/(h^2+k^2+l^2)^(1/2);  // The interplanar spacing for cubic crystal, m

+lambda = 2*d*sind(theta);    // Bragg's Law for wavelength of X-rays, m

+n = 2;    // Second order of diffraction

+theta = asind(n*lambda/(2*d));    // Angle at which second order Bragg reflection occurs, degrees

+printf("\nThe interplanar spacing between consecutive (221) planes = %5.3e", d);

+printf("\nThe wavelength of X-rays = %5.3f angstrom", lambda/1e-010);

+printf("\nThe angle at which second order Bragg reflection occurs = %4.1f degrees", theta);

+

+// Result

+// The interplanar spacing between consecutive (221) planes = 8.933e-011

+// The wavelength of X-rays = 0.264 angstrom

+// The angle at which second order Bragg reflection occurs = 17.2 degrees 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1535/CH6/EX7.1/Ch07Ex1.sci b/1535/CH6/EX7.1/Ch07Ex1.sci
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..037d2328b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1535/CH6/EX7.1/Ch07Ex1.sci
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// Scilab Code Ex7.1 : Variation of critical magnetic field with temperature : Page-152 (2010)

+T_c = 3.722;    // Critical temperature of superconducting transition, kelvin

+B_c0 = 0.0306;    // Critical magnetic field to destroy superconductivity, tesla

+T = 2;    // Temperature at which critical magnetic field is to be found out, kelvin

+B_cT = B_c0*(1-(T/T_c)^2);

+printf("\nThe critical magnetic field at %d K = %6.4f T", T, B_cT);

+

+// Result 

+// The critical magnetic field at 2 K = 0.0218 T s
\ No newline at end of file