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diff --git a/Power_Plant_Engineering_by_P._K._Nag/Ch1.ipynb b/Power_Plant_Engineering_by_P._K._Nag/Ch1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7a41be48 --- /dev/null +++ b/Power_Plant_Engineering_by_P._K._Nag/Ch1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,860 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 1 : Introduction : Economics of Power Generation" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex1.1 Page23" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 27, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "(a)Load factor of the plant is 0.65\n", + "(b)Load factor of a standby equipment of 30 capacity if it takes up all the loads above 70 MW is 0.75\n", + "(c)Use factor is 0.75\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f5c10894090>" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot, title, xlabel, ylabel, show\n", + "#Input data\n", + "C=30#Capacity in MW\n", + "M=70#Loads are taken above 70 MW\n", + "t1=[0,6]#Time range in hours\n", + "t2=[6,10]#Time range in hours\n", + "t3=[10,12]#Time range in hours\n", + "t4=[12,16]#Time range in hours\n", + "t5=[16,20]#Time range in hours\n", + "t6=[20,22]#Time range in hours\n", + "t7=[22,24]#Time range in hours\n", + "L=[30,70,90,60,100,80,60]#Load in MW\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "E=((L[0]*(t1[1]-t1[0]))+(L[1]*(t2[1]-t2[0]))+(L[2]*(t3[1]-t3[0]))+(L[3]*(t4[1]-t4[0]))+(L[4]*(t5[1]-t5[0]))+(L[5]*(t6[1]-t6[0]))+(L[6]*(t7[1]-t7[0])))#Energy generated in MWh\n", + "AL=(E/24)#Average load in MW\n", + "PL=max(L[0],L[1],L[2],L[3],L[4],L[5],L[6])#Peak load in MW\n", + "LF=(AL/PL)#Load factor of the plant\n", + "E1=((L[2]-M)*(t3[1]-t3[0]))+((L[4]-M)*(t5[1]-t5[0]))+((L[5]-M)*(t6[1]-t6[0]))#Energy generated if the load above 70 MW is supplied by a standby unit of 30 MW capacity in MWh\n", + "T=(t3[1]-t3[0])+(t5[1]-t5[0])+(t6[1]-t6[0])#Time during which the standby unit remains in operation in h\n", + "AL1=(E1/T)#Average load in MW\n", + "LF1=(AL1/C)#Load factor \n", + "U=(E1/(C*T))#Use factor\n", + "\n", + "#Output\n", + "t=[0,0,6,6,10,10,12,12,16,16,20,20,22,22,24,24]#Time for plotting load curve in hours\n", + "l=[0,30,30,70,70,90,90,60,60,100,100,80,80,60,60,0]#Load for plotting load curve in MW\n", + "plot(t,l)#Load curve taking Time in hours on X-axis and Load in MW on Y- axis\n", + "title('Load Curve')\n", + "xlabel('Time hours')\n", + "ylabel('Load MW')\n", + "print \"(a)Load factor of the plant is %3.2f\\n(b)Load factor of a standby equipment of %3.0f capacity if it takes up all the loads above %3.0f MW is %3.2f\\n(c)Use factor is %3.2f\"%(LF,C,M,LF1,U)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex1.2 Page25" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "(a) The average load on the power plant is 30 MW \n", + "(b) The energy supplied per year is 262.8 *10**6 kWh \n", + "(c) Demand factor is 0.811 \n", + "(d) Diversity factor is 1.233\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "#Input data\n", + "P=60#Peak load on power plant in MW\n", + "L=[30,20,10,14]#Loads having maximum demands in MW\n", + "C=80#Capacity of the power plant in MW\n", + "A=0.5#Annual load factor\n", + "Y=8760#Number of hours in a year of 365 days\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "AL=(P*A)#Average load in MW\n", + "E=(AL*1000*Y)/10**6#Energy supplied per year in kWh*10**6\n", + "DF=(P/(L[0]+L[1]+L[2]+L[3]))#Demand factor \n", + "DIF=((L[0]+L[1]+L[2]+L[3])/P)#Diversity factor\n", + "\n", + "#Output\n", + "print \"(a) The average load on the power plant is %3.0f MW \\n(b) The energy supplied per year is %3.1f *10**6 kWh \\n(c) Demand factor is %3.3f \\n(d) Diversity factor is %3.3f\"%(AL,E,DF,DIF)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex1.3 Page25" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "(a) The annual revenue earned by the power plant is Rs 46.25 crore \n", + "(b) Capacity factor is 0.457\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Input data\n", + "C=210#Capacity of thermal power plant in MW\n", + "P=160#Maximum load in MW\n", + "L=0.6#Annual load factor \n", + "m=1#Coal consumption per kWh of energy generated\n", + "Rs=450#Cost of coal in Rs per tonne\n", + "Y=8760#Number of hours in a year of 365 days\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "AL=(L*P)#Average load in MW\n", + "E=(AL*Y)#Energy generated per year in MWh\n", + "CL=(E*1000)#Coal required per year in kg\n", + "CY=(E*Rs)#Cost of coal per year\n", + "CE=CL#Cost of energy sold in Rs\n", + "RY=(CE-CY)/10**7#Revenue earned by the power plant per year in Rs crore\n", + "CF=(AL/C)#Capacity factor\n", + "\n", + "#Output\n", + "print \"(a) The annual revenue earned by the power plant is Rs %3.2f crore \\n(b) Capacity factor is %3.3f\"%(RY,CF)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex1.4 Page 26" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "(a) Annual energy production is 394.2 * 10**6 kWh \n", + "(b) Reserve capacity over and above the peak load is 15 MW \n", + "(c) The hours during which the plant is not in service per year is 674 hrs\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Input data\n", + "L=0.75#Load factor\n", + "C=0.60#Capacity factor\n", + "U=0.65#Use factor\n", + "M=60#Maximum power demand in MW\n", + "Y=8760#Number of hours in a year of 365 days\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "A=(L*M)#Average load in MW\n", + "P=((A*1000)*Y)/10**6#Annual energy production in kWh *10**6\n", + "PC=(A/C)#Plant capacity in MW\n", + "R=(PC-M)#Reserve capacity in MW\n", + "HIO=(P*1000/(U*PC))#Hours in operation in hrs\n", + "NH=(Y-HIO)#Hours not in service in a year in hrs\n", + "\n", + "#Output\n", + "print \"(a) Annual energy production is %3.1f * 10**6 kWh \\n(b) Reserve capacity over and above the peak load is %3.0f MW \\n(c) The hours during which the plant is not in service per year is %3.0f hrs\"%(P,R,NH)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex1.5 Page26" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 12, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "(i)Overall cost per kWh in Steam power plant is 91 paise \n", + "(ii)Overall cost per kWh in Hydroelectric power plant is 67 paise \n", + "(iii)Overall cost per kWh in Nuclear power plant is 99 paise\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "#Input data\n", + "Dd=500#Maximum demand in MW\n", + "L=0.7#Load factor \n", + "#1)Steam power plant 2)Hydroelectric power plant 3)Nuclear power plant\n", + "CC=[0,3,4,5]#Capital cost per MW installed in Rs. crore\n", + "I=[0,6,5,5]#Interest in percent\n", + "D=[0,6,4,5]#Depreciation in percent\n", + "OP=[0,30,5,15]#Operating cost (including fuel) per kWh\n", + "TD=[0,2,3,2]#Transmission and distribution cost per kWh\n", + "Y=8760#Number of hours in a year of 365 days\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "#1)Steam power plant\n", + "CCX=(CC[(1)]*Dd*10**7)#Capital cost in Rs\n", + "IX=((I[(1)]/100)*CCX)#Interest in Rs\n", + "DX=((D[(1)]/100)*CCX)#Depreciation in Rs\n", + "AFCX=IX+DX#Annual fixed cost in Rs\n", + "EX=(L*Dd*1000*Y)#Energy generated per year in kWh\n", + "RX=(OP[(1)]+TD[(1)])#Running cost/kWh in paise\n", + "OX=((AFCX/EX)+(RX/100))*100#Overall cost/kWh in paise\n", + "\n", + "#2)Hydroelectric Power plant\n", + "CCY=(CC[(2)]*Dd*10**7)#Capital cost in Rs\n", + "IY=((I[(2)]/100)*CCY)#Interest in Rs\n", + "DY=((D[(2)]/100)*CCY)#Depreciation in Rs\n", + "AFCY=IY+DY#Annual fixed cost in Rs\n", + "EY=(L*Dd*1000*Y)#Energy generated per year in kWh\n", + "RY=(OP[(2)]+TD[(2)])#Running cost/kWh in paise\n", + "OY=((AFCY/EY)+(RY/100))*100#Overall cost/kWh in paise\n", + "\n", + "#3)Nuclear power plant\n", + "CCZ=(CC[(3)]*Dd*10**7)#Capital cost in Rs\n", + "IZ=((I[(3)]/100)*CCZ)#Interest in Rs\n", + "DZ=((D[(3)]/100)*CCZ)#Depreciation in Rs\n", + "AFCZ=IZ+DZ#Annual fixed cost in Rs\n", + "EZ=(L*Dd*1000*Y)#Energy generated per year in kWh\n", + "RZ=(OP[(3)]+TD[(3)])#Running cost/kWh in paise\n", + "OZ=((AFCZ/EZ)+(RZ/100))*100#Overall cost/kWh in paise\n", + "\n", + "#Output\n", + "print \"(i)Overall cost per kWh in Steam power plant is %3.0f paise \\n(ii)Overall cost per kWh in Hydroelectric power plant is %3.0f paise \\n(iii)Overall cost per kWh in Nuclear power plant is %3.0f paise\"%(OX,OY,OZ)\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex1.6 Page28" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 13, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "(a) The cost of power generation per kWh is 70 paise \n", + "(b) The reserve capacity is 21 MW\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "#Input data\n", + "C=210#Capacity in MW\n", + "ID=12#Interest and depreciation in percent\n", + "CC=18000#Capital cost/kW installed in Rs\n", + "L=0.6#Annual load factor\n", + "AC=0.54#Annual capacity factor\n", + "RC=(200*10**6)#Annual running charges in Rs\n", + "E=6#Energy consumed by power plant auxiliaries in percent\n", + "Y=8760#Number of hours in a year of 365 days\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "MD=(C/L)*AC#Maximum demand in MW\n", + "RSC=(C-MD)#Reserve Capacity in MW\n", + "AL=(L*MD)#Average load in MW\n", + "EP=(AL*1000*Y)#Energy produced per year in kWh\n", + "NE=((100-E)/100)*EP#Net energy delivered in kWh\n", + "AID=((ID/100)*CC*C*1000)#Annual interest and depreciation in Rs\n", + "T=(AID+RC)#Total annual cost in Rs\n", + "CP=(T/NE)*100#Cost of power generation in paise\n", + "\n", + "#Output\n", + "print \"(a) The cost of power generation per kWh is %3.0f paise \\n(b) The reserve capacity is %3.0f MW\"%(CP,RSC)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex1.7 Page28" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "(a)The economic loading of two units when the total load supplied by the power plants is 200 MW are 75.86 MW and 124.14 MW\n", + "(b)The loss in fuel cost per hour if the load is equally shared by both units is Rs.42.24 per hour\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from numpy import mat\n", + "#Input data\n", + "L=200#The total load supplied by the plants in MW\n", + "#The incremental fuel costs for generating units a and b of power plant are given by\n", + "#dFa/dPa=0.065Pa+25\n", + "#dFb/dPb=0.08Pa+20\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "#Solving two equations\n", + "#Pa+Pb=200\n", + "#0.065Pa+25=0.08Pb+20\n", + "A=mat([[1, 1],[0.065, -0.08]])#Coefficient matrix\n", + "B=mat([[L],[(20-25)]])#Constant matrix\n", + "X=(A**-1)*B#Variable matrix\n", + "P=100#If load is shared equally then Pa=Pb=100MW\n", + "a=(((0.065*P**2)/2)+(25*P))-(((0.065*X[0]**2)/2)+(25*X[0]))#increase in fuel cost for unit a in Rs. per hour\n", + "b=(((0.08*P**2)/2)+(20*P))-(((0.08*X[1]**2)/2)+(20*X[1]))#increase in fuel cost for unit a in Rs. per hour\n", + "x=a+b#Net increase in fuel cost due to departure from economic distribution of load in Rs. per hour\n", + "\n", + "#Output\n", + "print \"(a)The economic loading of two units when the total load supplied by the power plants is 200 MW are %3.2f MW and %3.2f MW\\n(b)The loss in fuel cost per hour if the load is equally shared by both units is Rs.%3.2f per hour\"%(X[0],X[1],x)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex1.8 page29" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 16, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + " Cost of generation per kWh is 61 paise \n", + " Saving in cost per kWh if the annual load factor is raised to 60 percent is 11 paise\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import ceil\n", + "#Input data\n", + "C=200#Installed capacity of the plant in MW\n", + "CC=400#Capital cost in Rs crores\n", + "ID=12#Rate of interest and depreciation in percent\n", + "AC=5#Annual cost of fuel, salaries and taxation in Rs. crores\n", + "L=0.5#Load factor\n", + "AL2=0.6#Raised Annual load\n", + "Y=8760#Number of hours in a year of 365 days\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "AvL=(C*L)#Average Load in MW\n", + "E=(AvL*1000*Y)#Energy generated per year in kWh\n", + "IDC=((ID/100)*CC*10**7)#Interest and depreciation (fixed cost) in Rs\n", + "T=(IDC+(AC*10**7))#Total annual cost in Rs\n", + "CP1=(T/E)*100#Cost per kWh in paise\n", + "AvL2=(C*AL2)#Average Load in MW\n", + "E2=(AvL2*1000*Y)#Energy generated per year in kWh\n", + "CP2=(T/E2)*100#Cost per kWh in paise\n", + "S=((CP1)-(CP2))#Saving in cost per kWh in paise\n", + "S1=ceil(S)#Rounding off to next higher integer\n", + "\n", + "#Output\n", + "print \" Cost of generation per kWh is %3.0f paise \\n Saving in cost per kWh if the annual load factor is raised to 60 percent is %3.0f paise\"%(CP1,S1)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex1.9 Page30" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 17, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "(a) Load factor is 0.875 \n", + "(b) Capacity factor is 0.70\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Input data\n", + "C=300#Capacity of power plant in MW\n", + "MXD=240#Maximum demand in MW in a year\n", + "MND=180#Minimum demand in MW in a year\n", + "#Assuming the load duration curve shown in Figure E1.9 on page no 30 to be straight line\n", + "Y=8760#Number of hours in a year of 365 days\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "E=((MND*Y)+0.5*(MXD-MND)*Y)*1000#Energy supplied per year in kWh\n", + "AL=(E/Y)#Average load in kW\n", + "L=((AL/1000)/MXD)#Load factor\n", + "CF=((AL/1000)*Y)/(C*Y)#Capacity factor\n", + "\n", + "#Output\n", + "print \"(a) Load factor is %3.3f \\n(b) Capacity factor is %3.2f\"%(L,CF)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex1.10 Page 31" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 21, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Revenue earned by the power plant = 3.679e+08 Rs./year\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Input data\n", + "C=60#Capacity of power plant in MW\n", + "MXD=50#Maximum demand in MW in a year\n", + "L=60/100#Load factor\n", + "cc = 1 # kg/unit (Coal consumption)\n", + "c_cost = 600 # Rs/Tonne\n", + "e_cost = 2 # Rs/kWh\n", + "Y=8760#Number of hours in a year of 365 days\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "AL=(MXD*L)#Average load in MW\n", + "E=AL*10**3*Y #Energy generated per year in kWh\n", + "Coal = E*cc/10**3 # Tonnes (Coal required per year)\n", + "CC = Coal*c_cost # rupees (Coal cost / year)\n", + "CE = E*e_cost # Rs (Cost of energy sold)\n", + "Rev = CE-CC\n", + "#Output\n", + "print \"Revenue earned by the power plant = %0.3e Rs./year\"%(Rev)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex1.11 Page31" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 18, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f5bf6f06d50>" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + }, + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "(c)Suitable generating units to supply the load are\n", + "i)One unit of 30 MW will run for 24 hours\n", + "ii)One unit of 30 MW will run for 18 hours\n", + "iii)One unit of 30 MW will run for 10 hours\n", + "iv)One unit of 10 MW will run for 4 hours\n", + "\n", + "(d)Load factor is 0.64\n", + "\n", + "(e)Capacity of the plant is 130 MW and Capacity factor is 0.494\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,subplot,title,xlabel,ylabel,show\n", + "#Input data\n", + "t1x=[0,6]#Time range in hours\n", + "t2x=[6,12]#Time range in hours\n", + "t3=[12,14]#Time range in hours\n", + "t4=[14,18]#Time range in hours\n", + "t5=[18,24]#Time range in hours\n", + "L=[30,90,60,100,50]#Load in MW\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "t1=[0,6,6,12,12,14,14,18,18,24,24]#Time in hours for Load curve\n", + "L1=[30,30,90,90,60,60,100,100,50,50,0]#Load in MW for Load curve\n", + "t2=[0,4,4,10,10,12,12,18,18,24,24]#Time in hours for Load duration curve\n", + "L2=[100,100,90,90,60,60,50,50,30,30,24]#Load in MW for Load duration curve\n", + "E=((L[0]*(t1x[1]-t1x[0]))+(L[1]*(t2x[1]-t2x[0]))+(L[2]*(t3[1]-t3[0]))+(L[3]*(t4[1]-t4[0]))+(L[4]*(t5[1]-t5[0])))#Energy generated in MWh\n", + "AL=E/24#Average load in MW\n", + "MD=max(L[0],L[1],L[2],L[3],L[4])#Maximum demand in MW\n", + "LF=(AL/MD)#Load factor\n", + "Lx=[30,10]#Loads for selecting suitable generating units in MW\n", + "tx=[24,18,10,4]#Time for selecting suitable generating units in hrs\n", + "PC=(Lx[0]*tx[3]+Lx[1]*1)#Plant capacity in MW\n", + "CF=(E/(PC*24))#Capacity factor \n", + "\n", + "#Output\n", + "plot(t1,L1)#Load curve taking Time in hrs on X- axis and Load in MW on Y- axis\n", + "title('Load curve')\n", + "xlabel('Time hrs')\n", + "ylabel('Load MW')\n", + "show()\n", + "plot(t2,L2)#Load duration curve taking Time in hrs on X- axis and Load in MW on Y- axis\n", + "title('Load duration curve')\n", + "xlabel('Time hrs')\n", + "ylabel('Load MW')\n", + "show()\n", + "print \"(c)Suitable generating units to supply the load are\\ni)One unit of %3.0f MW will run for %3.0f hours\\nii)One unit of %3.0f MW will run for %3.0f hours\\niii)One unit of %3.0f MW will run for %3.0f hours\\niv)One unit of %3.0f MW will run for %3.0f hours\\n\\n(d)Load factor is %3.2f\\n\\n(e)Capacity of the plant is %3.0f MW and Capacity factor is %3.3f\"%(Lx[0],tx[0],Lx[0],tx[1],Lx[0],tx[2],Lx[1],tx[3],LF,PC,CF)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex1.12 Page32" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Overall cost of energy per kWh for:\n", + "(a)Domestic consumers is 70 paise\n", + "(b)Industrial consumers is 36 paise\n", + "(c)Street-lighting load is 51 paise\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Input data\n", + "C=10#Capacity of generating unit in MW\n", + "MD=[6,3.6,0.4]#Maximum demand for domestic consumers, industrial consumers and street-lighting load respectively in MW\n", + "L=[0.2,0.5,0.3]#Load factor for domestic consumers, industrial consumers and street-lighting load respectively\n", + "CC=10000#Capital cost of the plant per kW in Rs\n", + "RC=3600000#Total rumming cost per year in Rs\n", + "AID=10#Annual interest and depreciation on capital cost in percent\n", + "Y=8760#Number of hours in a year of 365 days\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "E=((MD[0]*L[0])+(MD[1]*L[1])+(MD[2]*L[2]))*Y*1000#Energy supplied per year to all three consumers in kWh\n", + "OC=(RC/E)#Operating charges per kWh in Rs\n", + "CCP=(C*1000*CC)#capital cost of the plant in Rs\n", + "FCY=((AID/100)*CCP)#Fixed charges per year in Rs\n", + "FCkW=(FCY/CC)#Fixed charges per kW in Rs\n", + "#a) For domestic consumers\n", + "TC1=((FCkW*MD[0]*1000)+(OC*MD[0]*L[0]*Y*1000))#Total chrges in Rs\n", + "OC1=(TC1/(MD[0]*L[0]*Y*1000))*100#Overall cost per kWh in paise\n", + "#b)For industrial consumers\n", + "TC2=((FCkW*MD[1]*1000)+(OC*MD[1])*L[1]*Y*1000)#Total chrges in Rs\n", + "OC2=(TC2/(MD[1]*L[1]*Y*1000))*100#Overall cost per kWh in paise\n", + "#c) For street-lighting load\n", + "TC3=((FCkW*MD[2]*1000)+(OC*MD[2])*L[2]*Y*1000)#Total chrges in Rs\n", + "OC3=(TC3/(MD[2]*L[2]*Y*1000))*100#Overall cost per kWh in paise\n", + "\n", + "#Output\n", + "print \"Overall cost of energy per kWh for:\\n(a)Domestic consumers is %3.0f paise\\n(b)Industrial consumers is %3.0f paise\\n(c)Street-lighting load is %3.0f paise\"%(OC1,OC2,OC3)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex1.13 Page32" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 20, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The amount of money to be saved annually is Rs.961317/-\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Input data\n", + "CC=(80*10**6)#Capital cost in Rs\n", + "L=30#Useful life in years\n", + "S=5#Salvage value of the capital cost in percent\n", + "i=0.06#Yearly rate of compound interest\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "A=((100-S)/100)*CC#Difference of capital cost and salvage value in Rs\n", + "P=((A*i)/((1+i)**L-1))#The amount of money to be saved annually in Rs\n", + "\n", + "#Output\n", + "print \"The amount of money to be saved annually is Rs.%3.0f/-\"%(P)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex1.14 Page34" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 22, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Present worth of the payments at the time of commissioning is Rs.5994.39 crores\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Input data\n", + "i=4000#Initial investment in Rs crore\n", + "Y=4#Period in years\n", + "A=1200#Amount added in Rs crore\n", + "B=400#Amount paid from 5th year onwards to the 12th year in Rs crore\n", + "a=5#5th year\n", + "b=12#12th year\n", + "y=30#Period in years\n", + "C=600#Salvage value in Rs crore\n", + "I=0.1#Interest rate \n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "X=(1/(1+I))#X value for calculations\n", + "PW=(i+(A*X**Y)+((B/I)*X**b*((I+1)**b-1))-((B/I)*X**a*((I+1)**a-1))-(C*X**y))#Present worth of the payments at the time of commissioning in Rs. crores\n", + "\n", + "#Output\n", + "print \"Present worth of the payments at the time of commissioning is Rs.%3.2f crores\"%(PW)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex1.15 Page 35" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 25, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Incremental heat transfer rate at which the combined output of the two units is 1000 MW is IR = (IR)P = (IR)Q = 9293 kJ/kWh\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Input data\n", + "O=1000#Combined output of two units in MW\n", + "#Two coal generating units P and Q have the incremental heat rate defined by\n", + "#(IR)P=0.4818*10**-7.LP**4 - 0.9089*10**-4.LP**3 + 0.6842*10**-1.LP**2 - 0.2106*10.LP + 9860\n", + "#(IR)R=0.9592*10**-7.LQ**4 - 0.7811*10**-4.LQ**3 + 0.2625*10**-1.LQ**2 - 0.2189*10.LQ + 9003\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "#LP+LQ=1000\n", + "#By making (IR)P=(IR)Q and solving the above three equations by a numerical methos such as Newton-Raphson algorithm, we get \n", + "LP=732.5#Heat rate in MW\n", + "LQ=(O-LP)#Heat rate in MW\n", + "IR=0.4818*10**-7*LP**4 - 0.9089*10**-4*LP**3 + 0.6842*10**-1*LP**2 - 0.2106*100*LP + 9860\n", + "IR1=0.9592*10**-7*LQ**4 - 0.7811*10**-4*LQ**3 + 0.2625*10**-1*LQ**2 - 0.2189*10*LQ + 9003\n", + "\n", + "#Output\n", + "print \"Incremental heat transfer rate at which the combined output of the two units is %3.0f MW is IR = (IR)P = (IR)Q = %d kJ/kWh\"%(O,IR)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex1.16 Page 36" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 26, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "==============================================================================\n", + "Load Energy produced Fixed cost Fuel and Total cost Cost per\n", + "factor in 1hr with per hr operating cost per hr kWh\n", + "(percent) 1kW plant(kWh) (paise) (paise) (paise) (paise)\n", + "==============================================================================\n", + "100 1 31 40 71 71\n", + " 75 0.75 31 30 61 81\n", + " 50 0.50 31 20 51 102\n", + " 25 0.25 31 10 41 163\n", + "==============================================================================\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Input data\n", + "F=2700#Fixed cost of the thermal station per kW of installed capacity per year in Rs,\n", + "FO=40#Fuel and operating costs per kWh generated in paise\n", + "L=[100,75,50,25]#Load factors\n", + "Y=8760#Number of hours in a year of 365 days\n", + "\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "FC=(F/Y)*100#Fixed costs per kW per hour in paise\n", + "E1=(L[0]/100)#Energy produced in 1 hr with 1 kW plant in kWh\n", + "FOC1=(E1*FO)#Fuel and operating cost in paise\n", + "TC1=(FC+FOC1)#Total cost per hr in paise\n", + "C1=(TC1/E1)#Cost per kWh in paise\n", + "E2=(L[1]/100)#Energy produced in 1 hr with 1 kW plant in kWh\n", + "FOC2=(E2*FO)#Fuel and operating cost in paise\n", + "TC2=(FC+FOC2)#Total cost per hr in paise\n", + "C2=(TC2/E2)#Cost per kWh in paise\n", + "E3=(L[2]/100)#Energy produced in 1 hr with 1 kW plant in kWh\n", + "FOC3=(E3*FO)#Fuel and operating cost in paise\n", + "TC3=(FC+FOC3)#Total cost per hr in paise\n", + "C3=(TC3/E3)#Cost per kWh in paise\n", + "E4=(L[3]/100)#Energy produced in 1 hr with 1 kW plant in kWh\n", + "FOC4=(E4*FO)#Fuel and operating cost in paise\n", + "TC4=(FC+FOC4)#Total cost per hr in paise\n", + "C4=(TC4/E4)#Cost per kWh in paise\n", + "\n", + "#Output\n", + "print \"==============================================================================\\nLoad Energy produced Fixed cost Fuel and Total cost Cost per\\nfactor in 1hr with per hr operating cost per hr kWh\\n(percent) 1kW plant(kWh) (paise) (paise) (paise) (paise)\\n==============================================================================\\n%3.0f %3.0f %3.0f %3.0f %3.0f %3.0f\\n%3.0f %3.2f %3.0f %3.0f %3.0f %3.0f\\n%3.0f %3.2f %3.0f %3.0f %3.0f %3.0f\\n%3.0f %3.2f %3.0f %3.0f %3.0f %3.0f\\n==============================================================================\"%(L[0],E1,FC,FOC1,TC1,C1,L[1],E2,FC,FOC2,TC2,C2,L[2],E3,FC,FOC3,TC3,C3,L[3],E4,FC,FOC4,TC4,C4)" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} |