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+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter 3: An Op-Amp with Negative Feedback"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.1"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Closed-loop voltage gain is 11.0\n",
+      "Input resistance with feedback is 36.37 Giga Ohm\n",
+      "Output resistance with feedback is 4.12 mOhm\n",
+      "Bandwidth with feedback is 90.91 KHz\n",
+      "Total output offset voltage with feedback is  0.715 mV\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Example 3.1\n",
+    "#Compute the following parameters of voltage-series feedback amplifier\n",
+    "#Af,Ri,Ro,fF,VooT\n",
+    "\n",
+    "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "R1=1000     #Resistance in ohms\n",
+    "Rf=10000    #Feedback Resistance in Ohms \n",
+    "A=200000    #Open-loop voltage gain\n",
+    "Ri=2*10**6  #Input resistance without feedback\n",
+    "Ro=75       #Output resistance without feedback\n",
+    "fo=5        #Break frequency of an Op-amp\n",
+    "Vsat=13     #Saturation voltage\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation\n",
+    "B=R1/(R1+Rf)       #Gain of the feedback circuit\n",
+    "Af=A/(1+A*B)       #Closed-loop voltage gain\n",
+    "RiF=Ri*(1+A*B)     #Input resistance with feedback\n",
+    "RoF=Ro/(1+A*B)     #Output resistance with feedback\n",
+    "fF=fo*(1+A*B)      #Bandwidth with feedback\n",
+    "VooT=Vsat/(1+A*B)  #Total output offset voltage with feedback\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"Closed-loop voltage gain is\",round(Af,2)\n",
+    "print \"Input resistance with feedback is\",round(RiF/10**9,2),\"Giga Ohm\"\n",
+    "print \"Output resistance with feedback is\",round(RoF*10**3,2),\"mOhm\"\n",
+    "print \"Bandwidth with feedback is\",round(fF/10**3,2),\"KHz\"\n",
+    "print \"Total output offset voltage with feedback is \",round(VooT*10**3,3),\"mV\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Closed-loop voltage gain is 1.0\n",
+      "Input resistance with feedback is 400.0 Giga Ohm\n",
+      "Output resistance with feedback is 0.375 mOhm\n",
+      "Bandwidth with feedback is 1.0 MHz\n",
+      "Total output offset voltage with feedback is  65.0 uV\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Example 3.2\n",
+    "#Compute the following parameters of voltage follower circuit of figure 3-7\n",
+    "#Af,Ri,Ro,fF,VooT\n",
+    "\n",
+    "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "R1=1000     #Resistance in ohms\n",
+    "Rf=10000    #Feedback Resistance in Ohms \n",
+    "A=200000    #Open-loop voltage gain\n",
+    "Ri=2*10**6  #Input resistance without feedback\n",
+    "Ro=75       #Output resistance without feedback\n",
+    "fo=5        #Break frequency of an Op-amp\n",
+    "Vsat=13     #Saturation voltage\n",
+    "B=1         #Gain of the feedback circuit of voltage follower\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Af=A/(1+A*B)       #Closed-loop voltage gain\n",
+    "RiF=Ri*(1+A*B)     #Input resistance with feedback\n",
+    "RoF=Ro/(1+A*B)     #Output resistance with feedback\n",
+    "fF=fo*(1+A*B)      #Bandwidth with feedback\n",
+    "VooT=Vsat/(1+A*B)  #Total output offset voltage with feedback\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"Closed-loop voltage gain is\",round(Af)\n",
+    "print \"Input resistance with feedback is\",round(RiF/10**9),\"Giga Ohm\"\n",
+    "print \"Output resistance with feedback is\",round(RoF*10**3,3),\"mOhm\"\n",
+    "print \"Bandwidth with feedback is\",round(fF/10**6,2),\"MHz\"\n",
+    "print \"Total output offset voltage with feedback is \",round(VooT*10**6,3),\"uV\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.3"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 14,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Closed-loop voltage gain is -10.0\n",
+      "Input resistance with feedback is 470.0 Ohm\n",
+      "Output resistance with feedback is 4.12 mOhm\n",
+      "Bandwidth with feedback is 100.0 kHz\n",
+      "Total output offset voltage with feedback is  0.715 mV\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Example 3.3\n",
+    "#Compute the following parameters of inverting amplifierof figure 3-8\n",
+    "#Af,Ri,Ro,fF,VooT\n",
+    "\n",
+    "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "R1=470       #Resistance in ohms\n",
+    "Rf=4.7*10**3 #Feedback Resistance in Ohms \n",
+    "A=200000     #Open-loop voltage gain\n",
+    "Ri=2*10**6   #Input resistance without feedback\n",
+    "Ro=75        #Output resistance without feedback\n",
+    "fo=5         #Break frequency of an Op-amp\n",
+    "Vsat=13      #Saturation voltage\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation\n",
+    "\n",
+    "K=Rf/(R1+Rf)         #Voltage attenuation factor\n",
+    "B=R1/(R1+Rf)         #Gain of the feedback circuit\n",
+    "Af=-A*K/(1+A*B)      #Closed-loop voltage gain\n",
+    "X=Rf/(1+A)\n",
+    "RiF=R1+(X*Ri)/(X+Ri) #Input resistance with feedback\n",
+    "RoF=Ro/(1+A*B)       #Output resistance with feedback\n",
+    "fF=fo*(1+A*B)/K      #Bandwidth with feedback\n",
+    "VooT=Vsat/(1+A*B)    #Total output offset voltage with feedback\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"Closed-loop voltage gain is\",round(Af)\n",
+    "print \"Input resistance with feedback is\",round(RiF),\"Ohm\"\n",
+    "print \"Output resistance with feedback is\",round(RoF*10**3,2),\"mOhm\"\n",
+    "print \"Bandwidth with feedback is\",round(fF/10**3),\"kHz\"\n",
+    "print \"Total output offset voltage with feedback is \",round(VooT*10**3,3),\"mV\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.4"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
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KCVM/gRJByGzfbuvA9OzpOpLkGTAAJk8O56qRXjJlirWtB8X559v9snat60hSz3UiOBnI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\nRK5CYII=\n",
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f41141b6f90>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    },
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Output voltage is -10.0 V peak to peak\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "%matplotlib inline\n",
+    "\n",
+    "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n",
+    "from matplotlib.pyplot import ylabel, xlabel, title, plot, show\n",
+    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "import numpy as np\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "R1=470       #Resistance in ohms\n",
+    "Rf=4.7*10**3 #Feedback Resistance in Ohms \n",
+    "A=200000     #Open-loop voltage gain\n",
+    "vin=1        #input voltage in Volts\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation\n",
+    "K=Rf/(R1+Rf)         #Voltage attenuation factor\n",
+    "B=R1/(R1+Rf)         #Gain of the feedback circuit\n",
+    "Af=-A*K/(1+A*B)      #Closed-loop voltage gain\n",
+    "vo=Af*vin            #output voltage\n",
+    "\n",
+    "x=np.arange(0,4*math.pi,0.1)\n",
+    "y=-5*np.sin(x)\n",
+    "plt.plot(x,y)\n",
+    "plt.ylabel('vo')\n",
+    "plt.xlabel('t')\n",
+    "plt.title(r'$output voltage$')\n",
+    "plt.show()\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"Output voltage is\",round(vo),\"V peak to peak\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.5_a & 3.5_b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Voltage gain is -10.0\n",
+      "Input resistance of inverting amplifier is 1.0 kilo ohms\n",
+      "Input resistance of noninverting amplifier is 11.0 kilo ohms\n",
+      "Output voktage is 3.0 V peak to peak at 100 Hz\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Example 3.5_a & 3.5_b\n",
+    "#For the circuit of figure 3_14,R1=R2=1 kilo ohm and the opamp is 741 IC.\n",
+    "#a) What are the gain and input resistance of the amplifier?\n",
+    "#b) Calculate output voltage vo if vx=2.7 V pp and vy=3 V pp sine waves at 100 Hz\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "R1=1000       #Resistance in ohms\n",
+    "R2=1000       #Resistance in ohms\n",
+    "Rf=10*10**3   #Feedback Resistance in Ohms\n",
+    "R3=10*10**3\n",
+    "vx=2.7        #input voltage in Volts\n",
+    "vy=3          #input voltage in Volts\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation\n",
+    "#part a\n",
+    "AD=-Rf/R1     #voltage gain\n",
+    "RiFx=R1       #Input resistance of inverting amplifier\n",
+    "RiFy=R2+R3    #Input resistance of noninverting amplifier\n",
+    "#part b\n",
+    "vxy=vx-vy\n",
+    "vo=AD*vxy     #output volatage\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"Voltage gain is\",AD\n",
+    "print \"Input resistance of inverting amplifier is\",RiFx/10**3,\"kilo ohms\"\n",
+    "print \"Input resistance of noninverting amplifier is\",round(RiFy/10**3),\"kilo ohms\"\n",
+    "print \"Output voktage is\",vo,\"V peak to peak at 100 Hz\"\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 3.6_a & 3.6_b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Voltage gain is 11.0\n",
+      "Input resistance of first stage amplifier is 364.0 Giga ohms\n",
+      "Input resistance of second stage amplifier is 36.4 Giga ohms\n",
+      "Output voLtage is 5.5 V peak to peak at 1 KHz\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Example 3.6_a & 3.6_b\n",
+    "#For the differential amplifier of figure 3_16, R1=R3=680 ohm, Rf=R2=6.8 Kilo ohm\n",
+    "#vx=-1.5 V pp, vy=-2 V pp sine waves at 1 KHz and the opamp is 741 IC.\n",
+    "#a) What are the gain and input resistance of the amplifier?\n",
+    "#b) Calculate output voltage of the amplifier.(Assume vooT=0V)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "R1=680       #Resistance in ohms\n",
+    "R2=6800      #Resistance in ohms\n",
+    "Rf=6800      #Feedback Resistance in Ohms\n",
+    "R3=680\n",
+    "Ri=2*10**6   #Open loop input resistance of the opamp\n",
+    "vx=-1.5      #input voltage in Volts\n",
+    "vy=-2        #input voltage in Volts\n",
+    "A=200000     #openloop gain\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation\n",
+    "#part a\n",
+    "AD=1+Rf/R1           #voltage gain\n",
+    "B=R2/(R2+R3)\n",
+    "RiFy=Ri*(1+A*B)      #Input resistance of first stage amplifier\n",
+    "B=R1/(R1+Rf)\n",
+    "RiFx=Ri*(1+A*B)          #Input resistance of second stage amplifier\n",
+    "#part b\n",
+    "vxy=vx-vy\n",
+    "vo=AD*vxy     #output volatage\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"Voltage gain is\",AD\n",
+    "print \"Input resistance of first stage amplifier is\",round(RiFy/10**9),\"Giga ohms\"\n",
+    "print \"Input resistance of second stage amplifier is\",round(RiFx/10**9,1),\"Giga ohms\"\n",
+    "print \"Output voLtage is\",vo,\"V peak to peak at 1 KHz\"\n"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
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+   "display_name": "Python 2",
+   "language": "python",
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+    "version": 2
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