diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam')
15 files changed, 3387 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter10_1.ipynb b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter10_1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..bf94717f --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter10_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,556 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#10: Optical Materials"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 10.1, Page number 10.61"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 32,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelength of emission is 8628.0 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #plancks constant(J s)\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/s)\n",
+ "Eg=1.44*1.6*10**-19; #band gap(J)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=h*c/Eg; #wavelength of emission(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"wavelength of emission is\",round(lamda*10**10),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 10.2, Page number 10.61"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 33,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "band gap is 0.8 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=1.55; #wavelength(micro m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Eg=1.24/lamda; #band gap(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"band gap is\",Eg,\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 10.3, Page number 10.61"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 34,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "number of electron-hole pairs is 3.25 *10**5\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "eta=0.65; #quantum efficiency\n",
+ "n=5*10**5; #number of photons incident\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=eta*n; #number of electron-hole pairs\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"number of electron-hole pairs is\",N/10**5,\"*10**5\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 10.4, Page number 10.61"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 35,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "responsibility is 0.628 A/W\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "eta=0.6; #quantum efficiency\n",
+ "q=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
+ "lamda=1.3*10**-6; #lamda(m)\n",
+ "h=6.625*10**-34; #plancks constant(J s)\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "R=eta*q*lamda/(h*c); #responsibility(A/W)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"responsibility is\",round(R,3),\"A/W\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 10.5, Page number 10.61"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "multiplication factor is 41\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "eta=0.7; #quantum efficiency\n",
+ "q=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
+ "lamda=863*10**-9; #lamda(m)\n",
+ "P0=0.5*10**-6; #optical power(W)\n",
+ "h=6.625*10**-34; #plancks constant(J s)\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/s)\n",
+ "IT=10*10**-6; #current(A)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "IP=eta*q*lamda*P0/(h*c);\n",
+ "M=IT/IP; #multiplication factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"multiplication factor is\",int(M)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 10.6, Page number 10.62"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 37,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "critical angle is 78.5 degrees\n",
+ "numerical aperture is 0.3\n",
+ "acceptance angle is 17.4 degrees\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n2=1.47; #refractive index of cladding\n",
+ "n1=1.5; #refractive index of core\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "phi_c=math.asin(n2/n1); #critical angle(radian)\n",
+ "phi_c=phi_c*180/math.pi; #critical angle(degrees)\n",
+ "NA=math.sqrt(n1**2-n2**2); #numerical aperture\n",
+ "phi_max=math.asin(NA); #acceptance angle(radian)\n",
+ "phi_max=phi_max*180/math.pi; #acceptance angle(degrees)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"critical angle is\",round(phi_c,1),\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print \"numerical aperture is\",round(NA,1)\n",
+ "print \"acceptance angle is\",round(phi_max,1),\"degrees\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 10.7, Page number 10.62"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 38,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "total number of guided modes is 490.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=50*10**-6; #diameter(m)\n",
+ "NA=0.2; #numerical aperture(m)\n",
+ "lamda=1*10**-6; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=4.9*(d*NA/lamda)**2; #total number of guided modes\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"total number of guided modes is\",N"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 10.8, Page number 10.62"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "total number of guided modes is 1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=5*10**-6; #diameter(m)\n",
+ "n2=1.447; #refractive index of cladding\n",
+ "n1=1.45; #refractive index of core\n",
+ "lamda=1*10**-6; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "NA=math.sqrt(n1**2-n2**2); #numerical aperture\n",
+ "N=4.9*(d*NA/lamda)**2; #total number of guided modes\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"total number of guided modes is\",int(N)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 10.9, Page number 10.63"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 42,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "numerical aperture is 0.46\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.46; #refractive index of core\n",
+ "delta=0.05; #refractive index difference\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "NA=n1*math.sqrt(2*delta); #numerical aperture\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"numerical aperture is\",round(NA,2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 10.10, Page number 10.63"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 44,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "V number is 94.72\n",
+ "maximum number of modes is 4486.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=50;\n",
+ "n2=1.5; #refractive index of cladding\n",
+ "n1=1.53; #refractive index of core\n",
+ "lamda0=1; #wavelength(micro m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "V_number=round(2*math.pi*a*math.sqrt(n1**2-n2**2)/lamda0,2); #V number\n",
+ "n=V_number**2/2; #maximum number of modes\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"V number is\",V_number\n",
+ "print \"maximum number of modes is\",round(n)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 10.11, Page number 10.63"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 45,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "total number of modes is 49178.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=100*10**-6;\n",
+ "NA=0.3; #numerical aperture(m)\n",
+ "lamda=850*10**-9; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "V_number=round(2*math.pi**2*a**2*NA**2/lamda**2); #number of modes\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"total number of modes is\",2*V_number"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 10.12, Page number 10.63"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 46,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "cutoff wavelength is 1.315 micro m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=25*10**-6;\n",
+ "n1=1.48; #refractive index of core\n",
+ "delta=0.01; #refractive index difference\n",
+ "V=25; #Vnumber\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=2*math.pi*a*n1*math.sqrt(2*delta)/V; #cutoff wavelength(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"cutoff wavelength is\",round(lamda*10**6,3),\"micro m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 10.13, Page number 10.63"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 48,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "maximum value of core radius is 9.95 micro m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "V=2.405; #Vnumber\n",
+ "lamda=1.3; #wavelength(micro m)\n",
+ "NA=0.05; #numerical aperture(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "amax=V*lamda/(2*math.pi*NA); #maximum value of core radius(micro m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"maximum value of core radius is\",round(amax,2),\"micro m\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter12_1.ipynb b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter12_1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..c8688bf4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter12_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,454 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#12: Mechanical Behaviour of Materials"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 12.1, Page number 12.115"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 40,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "yield strength is 86.026 kg/mm**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "sigma0=8.55;\n",
+ "K=2.45; \n",
+ "sigma=10**-3; #steel size(mm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigma=sigma0+(K/math.sqrt(sigma)); #yield strength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"yield strength is\",round(sigma,3),\"kg/mm**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 12.2, Page number 12.115"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "fracture strength is 0.211 GPa\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "E=70*10**9; #young's modulus(Pa)\n",
+ "gama=1; #surface energy(joule/m**2)\n",
+ "C=1*10**-6; #depth(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigma_f=math.sqrt(2*E*gama/(math.pi*C)); #fracture strength(GPa)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"fracture strength is\",round(sigma_f/10**9,3),\"GPa\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 12.3, Page number 12.116"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 42,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ultimate tensile strength is 736.0 MPa\n",
+ "ductility % of elongation is 10.0 %\n",
+ "ductility % of reduction is 75.0 %\n",
+ "modulus of toughness is 49 *10**6 Pa\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "ml=57800; #load(N)\n",
+ "d=10*10**-3; #diameter(m)\n",
+ "D=5; #diameter after fracture(mm)\n",
+ "l=50; #guage length(mm)\n",
+ "L=55; #length after fracture(mm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "ts=ml/(math.pi*(d/2)**2); #ultimate tensile strength(MPa)\n",
+ "de=(L-l)*100/l; #ductility % of elongation(%)\n",
+ "dr=((2*D)**2-D**2)*100/(2*D)**2; #ductility % of reduction(%)\n",
+ "t=(2/3)*ts*de/100; #modulus of toughness(Pa)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"ultimate tensile strength is\",round(ts/10**6),\"MPa\"\n",
+ "print \"ductility % of elongation is\",de,\"%\"\n",
+ "print \"ductility % of reduction is\",dr,\"%\"\n",
+ "print \"modulus of toughness is\",int(t/10**6),\"*10**6 Pa\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 12.4, Page number 12.116"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "elastic strain in 1st case is 0.001\n",
+ "ratio of elastic and plastic strain in 2nd case is 2.5 %\n",
+ "ratio of elastic and plastic strain in 3rd case is 1.0 %\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "pl1=206850*10**3; #proportional limit(Pa)\n",
+ "pl2=310275*10**3; #proportional limit(Pa)\n",
+ "pl3=413700*10**3; #proportional limit(Pa)\n",
+ "s2=0.0615; #strain\n",
+ "s3=0.2020; #strain\n",
+ "Y=2.0685*10**11; #young's modulus(Pa)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "e1=pl1/Y; #elastic strain in 1st case\n",
+ "e2=pl2/Y; #elastic strain in 2nd case\n",
+ "p2=s2-e2; #plastic strain in 2nd case\n",
+ "r2=e2*100/p2; #ratio of elastic and plastic strain in 2nd case\n",
+ "e3=pl3/Y; #elastic strain in 2nd case \n",
+ "p3=s3-e3; #plastic strain in 2nd case \n",
+ "r3=e3*100/p3; #ratio of elastic and plastic strain in 3rd case\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"elastic strain in 1st case is\",e1\n",
+ "print \"ratio of elastic and plastic strain in 2nd case is\",r2,\"%\"\n",
+ "print \"ratio of elastic and plastic strain in 3rd case is\",r3,\"%\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 12.5, Page number 12.117"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 44,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "effective modulus is 738750.0 *10**3 Pa\n",
+ "cross sectional area is 1.0831 *10**-4 m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "s=12411*10**3; #stress(Pa)\n",
+ "t=0.0168; #tension\n",
+ "e=0.127; #elongation(cm)\n",
+ "l=15.24; #length(cm)\n",
+ "g=9.8;\n",
+ "L=68.04; #load(kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E_eff=s/t; #effective modulus(Pa)\n",
+ "S=e/l; \n",
+ "W=E_eff*S;\n",
+ "A=L*g/W; #cross sectional area(m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"effective modulus is\",E_eff/10**3,\"*10**3 Pa\"\n",
+ "print \"cross sectional area is\",round(A*10**4,4),\"*10**-4 m**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 12.6, Page number 12.117"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 45,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "transition temperature is 229.0 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "E=35*10**10; #youngs modulus(Pa)\n",
+ "gama=2; #specific surface energy(J/m**2)\n",
+ "C=2*10**-6; #length(m)\n",
+ "x=17700; \n",
+ "y=2.1;\n",
+ "z=31.25;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigma_f=math.sqrt(2*E*gama/(math.pi*C)); #fracture stress(Pa)\n",
+ "T=x/((sigma_f/(9.8*10**6))-y+z); #transition temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"transition temperature is\",round(T),\"K\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 12.7, Page number 12.118"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 46,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "critical resolved shear stress is 0.898 MPa\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h1=1;\n",
+ "h2=1;\n",
+ "k1=1;\n",
+ "k2=1;\n",
+ "l1=1;\n",
+ "l2=1;\n",
+ "l3=0;\n",
+ "s=3.5*10**6; #stress(Pa)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "x=math.sqrt(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2);\n",
+ "y=math.sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2);\n",
+ "z=math.sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l3**2);\n",
+ "cos_phi=((h1*h2)-(k1*k2)+(l1*l2))/(x*y);\n",
+ "sin_phi=math.sqrt(1-(cos_phi)**2);\n",
+ "cos_theta=((h1*h2)+(k1*k2)+(l1*l3))/(x*z);\n",
+ "ss=s*cos_theta*cos_phi*sin_phi; #critical resolved shear stress(Pa)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"critical resolved shear stress is\",round(ss/10**6,3),\"MPa\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 12.8, Page number 12.119"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 47,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "activation energy is 192.393 kJ/mol\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n",
+ "diffusion coefficient is 0.394 *10**-4 m**2/s\n",
+ "diffusivity at 300 C is 11.37 *10**-23 m**2/s\n",
+ "diffusivity at 700 C is 1.846 *10**-15 m**2/s\n",
+ "answer given in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "dz1=4*10**-18; #diffusivity(m**2/s)\n",
+ "dz2=5*10**-13; #diffusivity(m**2/s)\n",
+ "T1=773; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "T2=1273; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "T3=573; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "T4=973; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "x1=round(math.log(dz1),2);\n",
+ "y1=round(math.log(dz2),3);\n",
+ "x2=round(-1/(8.314*T1),7);\n",
+ "y2=round(-1/(8.314*T2),7);\n",
+ "x=round((x1-y1),3);\n",
+ "y=round((x2-y2),6);\n",
+ "Q=x/y; #activation energy(J/mol)\n",
+ "z=round(y1-(y2*Q),4);\n",
+ "D0=math.exp(z); #diffusion coefficient(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "D1=D0*math.exp(-Q/(8.314*T3)); #diffusivity at 300 C(m**2/s)\n",
+ "D2=D0*math.exp(-Q/(8.314*T4)); #diffusivity at 700 C(m**2/s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"activation energy is\",round(Q/10**3,3),\"kJ/mol\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\"\n",
+ "print \"diffusion coefficient is\",round(D0*10**4,3),\"*10**-4 m**2/s\"\n",
+ "print \"diffusivity at 300 C is\",round(D1*10**23,2),\"*10**-23 m**2/s\"\n",
+ "print \"diffusivity at 700 C is\",round(D2*10**15,3),\"*10**-15 m**2/s\"\n",
+ "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 12.9, Page number 12.119"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 49,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "diffusion is 4.9 *10**-15 m**2/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "D0=0.73*10**-4; #diffusion coefficient(m**2/s)\n",
+ "Q=170*10**3; #activation energy(J/mol)\n",
+ "R=8.314; \n",
+ "T=873; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "D=D0*math.exp(-Q/(R*T)); #diffusion(m**2/s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"diffusion is\",round(D*10**15,1),\"*10**-15 m**2/s\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter1_1.ipynb b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter1_1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..223b1028 --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter1_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#1: Introduction"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.1, Page number 1.4"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ratio of Al is 37.18 *10**3\n",
+ "ratio of Mg is 30.9 *10**3\n",
+ "ratio of steel is 17.69 *10**3\n",
+ "ratio of glass is 25.55 *10**3\n",
+ "Aluminium alloy is the best material\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "ws_al=103; #working stress of Al\n",
+ "ws_mg=55; #working stress of Mg\n",
+ "ws_st=138; #working stress of steel\n",
+ "ws_g=35; #working stress of glass\n",
+ "d_al=2770; #density of Al\n",
+ "d_mg=1780; #density of Mg\n",
+ "d_st=7800; #density of steel\n",
+ "d_g=1370; #density of glass\n",
+ "A=10**6; #area\n",
+ "l=1; #length\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "L_al=ws_al*A; #load of Al\n",
+ "L_mg=ws_mg*A; #load of Mg\n",
+ "L_st=ws_st*A; #load of steel\n",
+ "L_g=ws_g*A; #load of glass\n",
+ "W_al=d_al*l; #weight of Al\n",
+ "W_mg=d_mg*l; #weight of Mg\n",
+ "W_st=d_st*l; #weight of steel\n",
+ "W_g=d_g*l; #weight of glass\n",
+ "r_al=L_al/W_al; #ratio of Al\n",
+ "r_mg=L_mg/W_mg; #ratio of Mg\n",
+ "r_st=L_st/W_st; #ratio of steel\n",
+ "r_g=L_g/W_g; #ratio of glass\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"ratio of Al is\",round(r_al/10**3,2),\"*10**3\"\n",
+ "print \"ratio of Mg is\",round(r_mg/10**3,2),\"*10**3\"\n",
+ "print \"ratio of steel is\",round(r_st/10**3,2),\"*10**3\"\n",
+ "print \"ratio of glass is\",round(r_g/10**3,2),\"*10**3\"\n",
+ "print \"Aluminium alloy is the best material\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter2_1.ipynb b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter2_1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..b52f9be5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter2_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,151 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#2: Chemical Bonds"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.1, Page number 2.21"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "-2*a/r**3 + 90*b/r**11\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "from sympy import Symbol\n",
+ "import numpy as np\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "m=9;\n",
+ "a=Symbol('a')\n",
+ "b=Symbol('b')\n",
+ "r=Symbol('r')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "y=(-a/(r**n))+(b/(r**m));\n",
+ "y=diff(y,r);\n",
+ "y=diff(y,r);\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print y"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 28,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "young's modulus is 157 GPa\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#since the values of a,b,r are declared as symbols in the above cell, it cannot be solved there. hence it is being solved here with the given variable declaration\n",
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=7.68*10**-29; \n",
+ "r0=2.5*10**-10; #radius(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "b=a*(r0**8)/9;\n",
+ "y=((-2*a*r0**8)+(90*b))/r0**11; \n",
+ "E=y/r0; #young's modulus(Pa)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"young's modulus is\",int(E/10**9),\"GPa\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.2, Page number 2.22"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 31,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "effective charge is 0.72 *10**-19 coulomb\n",
+ "answer given in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "dm=1.98*(10**-29)*(1/3); #dipole moment\n",
+ "l=0.92*10**-10; #bond length(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "ec=dm/l; #effective charge(coulomb)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"effective charge is\",round(ec*10**19,2),\"*10**-19 coulomb\"\n",
+ "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter3_1.ipynb b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter3_1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..f6d276be --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter3_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,503 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#3: Elementary Crystallography"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.2, Page number 3.50"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 23,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "spacing between (100) plane is 5.64 angstrom\n",
+ "spacing between (110) plane is 3.99 angstrom\n",
+ "spacing between (111) plane is 3.26 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=5.64; #lattice constant(angstrom)\n",
+ "h1=1;\n",
+ "k1=0;\n",
+ "l1=0;\n",
+ "h2=1;\n",
+ "k2=1;\n",
+ "l2=0;\n",
+ "h3=1;\n",
+ "k3=1;\n",
+ "l3=1;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d100=a/math.sqrt(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2); #spacing between (100) plane\n",
+ "d110=a/math.sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2); #spacing between (110) plane\n",
+ "d111=a/math.sqrt(h3**2+k3**2+l3**2); #spacing between (111) plane\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"spacing between (100) plane is\",d100,\"angstrom\"\n",
+ "print \"spacing between (110) plane is\",round(d110,2),\"angstrom\"\n",
+ "print \"spacing between (111) plane is\",round(d111,2),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.3, Page number 3.51"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 25,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "number of atoms in (100) is 1.535 *10**13 atoms/mm**2\n",
+ "number of atoms in (110) is 1.085 *10**13 atoms/mm**2\n",
+ "number of atoms in (111) is 1.772 *10**13 atoms/mm**2\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=3.61*10**-7; #lattice constant(mm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "A100=a**2; #surface area(mm**2)\n",
+ "n=1+(4*(1/4));\n",
+ "N1=n/A100; #number of atoms in (100)(per mm**2)\n",
+ "A110=math.sqrt(2)*a**2; #surface area(mm**2)\n",
+ "N2=n/A110; #number of atoms in (110)(per mm**2)\n",
+ "A111=math.sqrt(3)*a**2/2; #surface area(mm**2)\n",
+ "N3=n/A111; #number of atoms in (110)(per mm**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"number of atoms in (100) is\",round(N1/10**13,3),\"*10**13 atoms/mm**2\"\n",
+ "print \"number of atoms in (110) is\",round(N2/10**13,3),\"*10**13 atoms/mm**2\"\n",
+ "print \"number of atoms in (111) is\",round(N3/10**13,3),\"*10**13 atoms/mm**2\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.4, Page number 3.52"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 27,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelength of x rays is 1.552 angstrom\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n",
+ "energy of x rays is 8 *10**3 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=4; \n",
+ "A=107.87; #atomic weight\n",
+ "rho=10500; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26; #number of molecules\n",
+ "theta=19+(12/60); #angle(degrees)\n",
+ "h=1;\n",
+ "k=1;\n",
+ "l=1;\n",
+ "h0=6.625*10**-34; #planck constant\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/s)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=theta*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "a=(n*A/(N*rho))**(1/3);\n",
+ "d=a*10**10/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); \n",
+ "lamda=2*d*math.sin(theta); #wavelength of x rays(angstrom)\n",
+ "E=h0*c/(lamda*10**-10*e); #energy of x rays(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"wavelength of x rays is\",round(lamda,3),\"angstrom\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\"\n",
+ "print \"energy of x rays is\",int(E/10**3),\"*10**3 eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.5, Page number 3.52"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 28,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "density is 2332 kg/m**3\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=8; #number of atoms\n",
+ "r=2.351*10**-10; #bond length(angstrom)\n",
+ "A=28.09; #Atomic wt. of NaCl\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=4*r/math.sqrt(3); \n",
+ "rho=n*A/(N*a**3); #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"density is\",int(rho),\"kg/m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.6, Page number 3.53"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 29,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "radius of largest sphere is 0.1547 r\n",
+ "maximum radius of sphere is 0.414 r\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "from sympy import Symbol\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "r=Symbol('r')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a1=4*r/math.sqrt(3);\n",
+ "R1=(a1/2)-r; #radius of largest sphere\n",
+ "a2=4*r/math.sqrt(2);\n",
+ "R2=(a2/2)-r; #maximum radius of sphere\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"radius of largest sphere is\",round(R1/r,4),\"r\"\n",
+ "print \"maximum radius of sphere is\",round(R2/r,3),\"r\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.7, Page number 3.54"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 30,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "percent volume change is 0.5 %\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "r1=1.258*10**-10; #radius(m)\n",
+ "r2=1.292*10**-10; #radius(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a_bcc=4*r1/math.sqrt(3);\n",
+ "v=a_bcc**3;\n",
+ "V1=v/2;\n",
+ "a_fcc=2*math.sqrt(2)*r2;\n",
+ "V2=a_fcc**3/4;\n",
+ "V=(V1-V2)*100/V1; #percent volume change is\",V,\"%\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"percent volume change is\",round(V,1),\"%\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.8, Page number 3.55"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 31,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "number of vacancies at 0K is 0 per mol\n",
+ "number of vacancies at 300K is 768.0 per mol\n",
+ "number of vacancies at 900K is 6.53 *10**16 per mol\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "delta_Hf=120*10**3; \n",
+ "T1=0; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "T2=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "n1=0;\n",
+ "N=6.022*10**23;\n",
+ "R=8.314;\n",
+ "T3=900; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n2=N*math.exp(-delta_Hf/(R*T2)); #number of vacancies at 300K(per mol)\n",
+ "n3=N*math.exp(-delta_Hf/(R*T3)); #number of vacancies at 900K(per mol)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"number of vacancies at 0K is\",n1,\"per mol\"\n",
+ "print \"number of vacancies at 300K is\",round(n2),\"per mol\"\n",
+ "print \"number of vacancies at 900K is\",round(n3/10**16,2),\"*10**16 per mol\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.9, Page number 3.56"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 34,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "interplanar spacing of crystal is 1.824 angstrom\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "theta1=6.45; #angle(degrees)\n",
+ "theta2=9.15; #angle(degrees)\n",
+ "theta3=13; #angle(degrees)\n",
+ "lamda=0.58; #wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta1=theta1*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta2=theta2*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta3=theta3*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "d=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta2)); #interplanar spacing of crystal(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"interplanar spacing of crystal is \",round(d,3),\"angstrom\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.10, Page number 3.56"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 35,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "lattice parameter of lead is 4.1 *10**-10 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=1; #order of diffraction\n",
+ "lamda=1.54*10**-10; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "theta=32; #angle(degrees)\n",
+ "h=2;\n",
+ "k=2;\n",
+ "l=0;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=theta*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "d=n*lamda/(2*math.sin(theta));\n",
+ "a=d*math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); #lattice parameter of lead(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"lattice parameter of lead is\",round(a*10**10,1),\"*10**-10 m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.11, Page number 3.57"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 37,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "amount of climb down is 0.36915 *10**-8 cm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "delta_Hf=1.6*10**-19; \n",
+ "T=500; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "N=6.026*10**23;\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "mv=5.55; #molar volume(cm**3)\n",
+ "ne=10**6; #number of edge dislocations(per cm**3)\n",
+ "v=5*10**7; #number of vacancies\n",
+ "a=2*10**-8; #lattice parameter(cm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=(N/mv)*math.exp(-delta_Hf/(k*T)); #number of vacancies at 300K(per mol)\n",
+ "ac=n*a/(v*ne); #amount of climb down(cm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"amount of climb down is\",round(ac*10**8,5),\"*10**-8 cm\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter4_1.ipynb b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter4_1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..8da77cca --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter4_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,370 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#4: Electron Theory of Solids"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 4.1, Page number 4.57"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "de broglie wavelength is 0.00286 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "E=10**4*1.6*10**-19; #kinetic energy(J)\n",
+ "m=1.675*10**-27; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.625*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "v=math.sqrt(2*E/m); #velocity(m/s)\n",
+ "lamda=h/(m*v); #de broglie wavelength(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"de broglie wavelength is\",round(lamda*10**10,5),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 4.2, Page number 4.58"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "energy difference is 1.81 *10**-37 J\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "nx=ny=nz=1;\n",
+ "n=6;\n",
+ "a=1; #edge(m)\n",
+ "h=6.63*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E1=h**2*(nx**2+ny**2+nz**2)/(8*m*a**2);\n",
+ "E2=h**2*n/(8*m*a**2);\n",
+ "E=E2-E1; #energy difference(J)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"energy difference is\",round(E*10**37,2),\"*10**-37 J\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 4.3, Page number 4.58"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "temperature is 1261 K\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "y=1/100; #percentage of probability\n",
+ "x=0.5*1.6*10**-19; #energy(J)\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "xbykT=math.log((1/y)-1);\n",
+ "T=x/(k*xbykT); #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"temperature is\",int(T),\"K\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 4.4, Page number 4.58"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "fermi energy is 3.15 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=970; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "Na=6.02*10**26; #avagadro number\n",
+ "w=23; #atomic weight\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.62*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=d*Na/w; #number of atoms/m**3\n",
+ "x=h**2/(8*m);\n",
+ "y=(3*N/math.pi)**(2/3);\n",
+ "EF=x*y; #fermi energy(J)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"fermi energy is\",round(EF/(1.6*10**-19),2),\"eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 4.5, Page number 4.59"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "work function is 4.14 eV\n",
+ "maximum kinetic energy is 0.758 eV\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h=6.625*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/s)\n",
+ "lamda0=3000*10**-10; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
+ "lamda=2536*10**-10; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "hf0=c*h/(lamda0*e); #work function(eV)\n",
+ "E=c*h*((1/lamda)-(1/lamda0))/e; #maximum kinetic energy(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"work function is\",round(hf0,2),\"eV\"\n",
+ "print \"maximum kinetic energy is\",round(E,3),\"eV\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 4.6, Page number 4.59"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 19,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "lowest energy of neutron is 2.05 MeV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "hbar=1.054*10**-34; \n",
+ "m=1.67*10**-27; #mass of neutron(kg)\n",
+ "a=10**-14; #size(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E=n**2*math.pi**2*hbar**2/(2*m*a**2); #lowest energy of neutron(J)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"lowest energy of neutron is\",round(E/(1.6*10**-13),2),\"MeV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 4.7, Page number 4.59"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "probability of particle is 0.0158\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "from scipy.integrate import quad\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "k=1;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "def zintg(x):\n",
+ "\treturn math.exp(-2*k*x)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "a=quad(zintg,2/k,3/k)[0]; #probability of particle\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"probability of particle is\",round(2*a,4)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 4.8, Page number 4.60"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 22,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "voltage appeared is 1.83 mV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "i=10**-2; #current(ampere)\n",
+ "A=0.01*0.001; #area(m**2)\n",
+ "RH=3.66*10**-4; #hall coefficient(m**3/coulomb)\n",
+ "Bz=0.5; #magnetic induction(weber/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Jx=i/A; \n",
+ "Ey=RH*Bz*Jx; \n",
+ "Vy=Ey*i; #voltage appeared(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"voltage appeared is\",Vy*10**3,\"mV\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter5_1.ipynb b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter5_1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..2e530c83 --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter5_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,303 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#5: Conducting Materials"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 5.1, Page number 5.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "drift speed is 36.6 *10**-5 m/s\n",
+ "mean free path is 3.34 *10**-8 m\n",
+ "answer given in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Na=6.023*10**26; #avagadro number\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19;\n",
+ "d=8960; #density\n",
+ "N=1; #number of free electrons\n",
+ "w=63.54; #atomic weight\n",
+ "i=10; #current(ampere)\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; \n",
+ "rho=2*10**-8; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "r=0.08*10**-2; #radius(m)\n",
+ "c=1.6*10**6; #mean thermal velocity(m/s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "A=math.pi*r**2; #area(m**2)\n",
+ "n=Na*d*N/w;\n",
+ "vd=i/(A*n*e); #drift speed(m/s)\n",
+ "tow_c=m/(n*e**2*rho);\n",
+ "lamda=tow_c*c; #mean free path(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"drift speed is\",round(vd*10**5,1),\"*10**-5 m/s\"\n",
+ "print \"mean free path is\",round(lamda*10**8,2),\"*10**-8 m\"\n",
+ "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 5.2, Page number 5.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "electrical conductivity is 4.8 *10**7 ohm-1 m-1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19;\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "tow=2*10**-14; #time(s)\n",
+ "n=8.5*10**28; \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigma=n*e**2*tow/m; #electrical conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"electrical conductivity is\",round(sigma/10**7,1),\"*10**7 ohm-1 m-1\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 5.3, Page number 5.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "relaxation time is 4.0 *10**-14 s\n",
+ "mobility of electrons is 7.0 *10**-3 m**2/Vs\n",
+ "drift velocity is 0.7 m/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "n=5.8*10**28; \n",
+ "rho=1.54*10**-8; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "E=1*10**2;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "tow=m/(rho*n*e**2); #relaxation time(s)\n",
+ "mew_e=1/(rho*e*n); #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "vd=mew_e*E; #drift velocity(m/s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"relaxation time is\",round(tow*10**14),\"*10**-14 s\"\n",
+ "print \"mobility of electrons is\",round(mew_e*10**3),\"*10**-3 m**2/Vs\"\n",
+ "print \"drift velocity is\",round(vd,1),\"m/s\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 5.4, Page number 5.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "resistivity is 5.51 *10**-8 ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "rho=1.7*10**-8; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "T=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "T1=973; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=rho/T; \n",
+ "rho_973=a*T1; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"resistivity is\",round(rho_973*10**8,2),\"*10**-8 ohm m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 5.5, Page number 5.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "increase of resistivity is 0.54 *10**-8 ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "rho1=1.2*10**-8; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "rho2=0.12*10**-8; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "p1=0.4; #atomic percent\n",
+ "p2=0.5; #atomic percent\n",
+ "rho=1.5*10**-8; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "rho_i=(rho1*p1)+(rho2*p2); #increase of resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "Tr=rho+rho_i; #total resistivity of copper alloy(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"increase of resistivity is\",round(rho_i*10**8,2),\"*10**-8 ohm m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 5.6, Page number 5.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "electrical conductivity is 1.688 *10**7 ohm-1 m-1\n",
+ "thermal conductivity is 123.93 W/m/K\n",
+ "lorentz number is 2.447 *10**-8 watt ohm K-2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "n=6*10**28; #density(per m**3)\n",
+ "tow=10**-14; #relaxation time(s)\n",
+ "T=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigma=n*e**2*tow/m; #electrical conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
+ "K=n*math.pi**2*k**2*T*tow/(3*m); #thermal conductivity(W/m/K)\n",
+ "L=K/(sigma*T); #lorentz number(watt ohm K-2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"electrical conductivity is\",round(sigma/10**7,3),\"*10**7 ohm-1 m-1\"\n",
+ "print \"thermal conductivity is\",round(K,2),\"W/m/K\"\n",
+ "print \"lorentz number is\",round(L*10**8,3),\"*10**-8 watt ohm K-2\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter6_1.ipynb b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter6_1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..8da69c01 --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter6_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,308 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#6: Dielectric Materials"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.1, Page number 6.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 40,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "insulation resistance is 0.85 *10**18 ohm\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "rho=5*10**16; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "l=5*10**-2; #thickness(m)\n",
+ "b=8*10**-2; #length(m)\n",
+ "w=3*10**-2; #width(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "A=b*w; #area(m**2)\n",
+ "Rv=rho*l/A; \n",
+ "X=l+b; #length(m)\n",
+ "Y=w; #perpendicular(m)\n",
+ "Rs=Rv*X/Y; \n",
+ "Ri=Rs*Rv/(Rs+Rv); #insulation resistance(ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"insulation resistance is\",round(Ri/10**18,2),\"*10**18 ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.2, Page number 6.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "DC dielectric loss is 1 *10**-3 watt\n",
+ "AC dielectric loss is 22.22 *10**-3 watt\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "rho=10**10; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "d=10**-3; #thickness(m)\n",
+ "A=10**4*10**-6; #area(m**2)\n",
+ "V=10**3; #voltage(V)\n",
+ "f=50; #power frequency(Hz)\n",
+ "epsilonr=8;\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.84*10**-12;\n",
+ "tan_delta=0.1;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Rv=rho*d/A; \n",
+ "dl_DC=V**2/Rv; #DC dielectric loss(watt)\n",
+ "C=A*epsilon0*epsilonr/d;\n",
+ "dl_AC=V**2*2*math.pi*f*C*tan_delta; #AC dielectric loss(watt)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"DC dielectric loss is\",int(dl_DC*10**3),\"*10**-3 watt\"\n",
+ "print \"AC dielectric loss is\",round(dl_AC*10**3,2),\"*10**-3 watt\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.3, Page number 6.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 42,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "polarisability of He is 0.185 *10**-40 farad m**2\n",
+ "relative permittivity is 1.000056\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.84*10**-12;\n",
+ "R=0.55*10**-10; #radius(m)\n",
+ "N=2.7*10**25; #number of atoms\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "alpha_e=4*math.pi*epsilon0*R**3; #polarisability of He(farad m**2)\n",
+ "epsilonr=1+(N*alpha_e/epsilon0); #relative permittivity\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"polarisability of He is\",round(alpha_e*10**40,3),\"*10**-40 farad m**2\"\n",
+ "print \"relative permittivity is\",round(epsilonr,6)\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.4, Page number 6.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "field strength is 3.535 *10**7 V/m\n",
+ "total dipole moment is 33.4 *10**-12 Cm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "A=360*10**-4; #area(m**2)\n",
+ "V=15; #voltage(V)\n",
+ "C=6*10**-6; #capacitance(farad)\n",
+ "epsilonr=8;\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.84*10**-12;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E=V*C/(epsilon0*epsilonr*A); #field strength(V/m)\n",
+ "dm=epsilon0*(epsilonr-1)*V*A; #total dipole moment(Cm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"field strength is\",round(E/10**7,3),\"*10**7 V/m\"\n",
+ "print \"total dipole moment is\",round(dm*10**12,1),\"*10**-12 Cm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.5, Page number 6.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 44,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "capacitance is 226.3 *10**-12 farad\n",
+ "parallel loss resistance is 10 mega ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=0.08*10**-3; #thickness(m)\n",
+ "A=8*10**-4; #area(m**2)\n",
+ "epsilonr=2.56;\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.84*10**-12;\n",
+ "tan_delta=0.7*10**-4;\n",
+ "new=10**6; #frequency(Hz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "C=A*epsilon0*epsilonr/d; #capacitance(farad)\n",
+ "epsilonrdash=tan_delta*epsilonr;\n",
+ "omega=2*math.pi*new;\n",
+ "R=d/(epsilon0*epsilonrdash*omega*A); #parallel loss resistance(ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"capacitance is\",round(C*10**12,1),\"*10**-12 farad\"\n",
+ "print \"parallel loss resistance is\",int(R/10**6),\"mega ohm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.6, Page number 6.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 45,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "the complex polarizability is (3.50379335033-0.0600074383321j) *10**-40 F-m**2\n",
+ "answer cant be rouned off to 2 decimals as given in the textbook. Since it is a complex number and complex cant be converted to float\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "epsilonr=4.36; #dielectric constant\n",
+ "t=2.8*10**-2; #loss tangent(t)\n",
+ "N=4*10**28; #number of electrons\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.84*10**-12; \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "epsilon_r = epsilonr*t;\n",
+ "epsilonstar = (complex(epsilonr,-epsilon_r));\n",
+ "alphastar = (epsilonstar-1)/(epsilonstar+2);\n",
+ "alpha_star = 3*epsilon0*alphastar/N; #complex polarizability(Fm**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"the complex polarizability is\",alpha_star*10**40,\"*10**-40 F-m**2\"\n",
+ "print \"answer cant be rouned off to 2 decimals as given in the textbook. Since it is a complex number and complex cant be converted to float\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter7_1.ipynb b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter7_1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..df8d9205 --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter7_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,288 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#7: Magnetic Materials"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.1, Page number 7.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "temperature rise is 8.43 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "El=10**-2*50; #energy loss(J)\n",
+ "H=El*60; #heat produced(J)\n",
+ "d=7.7*10**3; #iron rod(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "s=0.462*10**-3; #specific heat(J/kg K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=H/(d*s); #temperature rise(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"temperature rise is\",round(theta,2),\"K\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.2, Page number 7.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "magnetic field at the centre is 14.0 weber/m**2\n",
+ "dipole moment is 9.0 *10**-24 ampere/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
+ "new=6.8*10**15; #frequency(revolutions per second)\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "R=5.1*10**-11; #radius(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "i=round(e*new,4); #current(ampere)\n",
+ "B=mew0*i/(2*R); #magnetic field at the centre(weber/m**2)\n",
+ "A=math.pi*R**2;\n",
+ "d=i*A; #dipole moment(ampere/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"magnetic field at the centre is\",round(B),\"weber/m**2\"\n",
+ "print \"dipole moment is\",round(d*10**24),\"*10**-24 ampere/m**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.3, Page number 7.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "intensity of magnetisation is 5.0 ampere/m\n",
+ "flux density in material is 1.257 weber/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "chi=0.5*10**-5; #magnetic susceptibility\n",
+ "H=10**6; #field strength(ampere/m)\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "I=chi*H; #intensity of magnetisation(ampere/m)\n",
+ "B=mew0*(I+H); #flux density in material(weber/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"intensity of magnetisation is\",I,\"ampere/m\"\n",
+ "print \"flux density in material is\",round(B,3),\"weber/m**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.4, Page number 7.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "number of Bohr magnetons is 2.22 bohr magneon/atom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "B=9.27*10**-24; #bohr magneton(ampere m**2)\n",
+ "a=2.86*10**-10; #edge(m)\n",
+ "Is=1.76*10**6; #saturation value of magnetisation(ampere/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=2/a**3;\n",
+ "mew_bar=Is/N; #number of Bohr magnetons(ampere m**2)\n",
+ "mew_bar=mew_bar/B; #number of Bohr magnetons(bohr magneon/atom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"number of Bohr magnetons is\",round(mew_bar,2),\"bohr magneon/atom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.5, Page number 7.37"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "average magnetic moment is 2.79 *10**-3 bohr magneton/spin\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "H=9.27*10**-24; #bohr magneton(ampere m**2)\n",
+ "beta=10**6; #field(ampere/m)\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "T=303; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "mm=mew0*H*beta/(k*T); #average magnetic moment(bohr magneton/spin)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"average magnetic moment is\",round(mm*10**3,2),\"*10**-3 bohr magneton/spin\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.6, Page number 7.37"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "hysteresis loss per cycle is 188.0 J/m**3\n",
+ "hysteresis loss per second is 9400.0 watt/m**3\n",
+ "power loss is 1.23 watt/kg\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "A=94; #area(m**2)\n",
+ "vy=0.1; #value of length(weber/m**2)\n",
+ "vx=20; #value of unit length\n",
+ "n=50; #number of magnetization cycles\n",
+ "d=7650; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "h=A*vy*vx; #hysteresis loss per cycle(J/m**3)\n",
+ "hs=h*n; #hysteresis loss per second(watt/m**3)\n",
+ "pl=hs/d; #power loss(watt/kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"hysteresis loss per cycle is\",h,\"J/m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"hysteresis loss per second is\",hs,\"watt/m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"power loss is\",round(pl,2),\"watt/kg\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter8_1.ipynb b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter8_1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..5b490a55 --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter8_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#8: Superconducting Materials"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.2, Page number 8.16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "critical field is 33.64 *10**3 ampere/m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "H0=64*10**3; #initial field(ampere/m)\n",
+ "T=5; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "Tc=7.26; #transition temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "H=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2); #critical field(ampere/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"critical field is\",round(H/10**3,2),\"*10**3 ampere/m\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter9_1.ipynb b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter9_1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..2a72be5d --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter9_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,276 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#9: Semiconducting Materials"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 9.1, Page number 9.23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 39,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "number of electron hole pairs is 2.32 *10**16 per cubic metre\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "ni1=2.5*10**19; #number of electron hole pairs\n",
+ "T1=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "Eg1=0.72*1.6*10**-19; #energy gap(J)\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "T2=310; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "Eg2=1.12*1.6*10**-19; #energy gap(J)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "x1=-Eg1/(2*k*T1);\n",
+ "y1=(T1**(3/2))*math.exp(x1);\n",
+ "x2=-Eg2/(2*k*T2);\n",
+ "y2=(T2**(3/2))*math.exp(x2);\n",
+ "ni=ni1*(y2/y1); #number of electron hole pairs\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"number of electron hole pairs is\",round(ni/10**16,2),\"*10**16 per cubic metre\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 9.2, Page number 9.24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "intrinsic conductivity is 1.434 *10**4 ohm-1 m-1\n",
+ "intrinsic resistivity is 0.697 *10**-4 ohm m\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n",
+ "number of germanium atoms per m**3 is 4.5 *10**28\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "w=72.6; #atomic weight\n",
+ "d=5400; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "Na=6.025*10**26; #avagadro number\n",
+ "mew_e=0.4; #mobility of electron(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mew_h=0.2; #mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "m=9.108*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "ni=2.1*10**19; #number of electron hole pairs\n",
+ "Eg=0.7; #band gap(eV)\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "h=6.625*10**-34; #plancks constant\n",
+ "T=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigmab=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #intrinsic conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
+ "rhob=1/sigmab; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "n=Na*d/w; #number of germanium atoms per m**3\n",
+ "p=n/10**5; #boron density\n",
+ "sigma=p*e*mew_h;\n",
+ "rho=1/sigma;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"intrinsic conductivity is\",round(sigma/10**4,3),\"*10**4 ohm-1 m-1\"\n",
+ "print \"intrinsic resistivity is\",round(rho*10**4,3),\"*10**-4 ohm m\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\"\n",
+ "print \"number of germanium atoms per m**3 is\",round(n/10**28,1),\"*10**28\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 9.3, Page number 9.25"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 44,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "charge carrier density is 2 *10**22 per m**3\n",
+ "electron mobility is 0.035 m**2/Vs\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "RH=3.66*10**-4; #hall coefficient(m**3/coulomb)\n",
+ "sigma=112; #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "ne=3*math.pi/(8*RH*e); #charge carrier density(per m**3)\n",
+ "mew_e=sigma/(e*ne); #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"charge carrier density is\",int(ne/10**22),\"*10**22 per m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"electron mobility is\",round(mew_e,3),\"m**2/Vs\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 9.4, Page number 9.25"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 45,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "intrinsic conductivity is 0.432 *10**-3 ohm-1 m-1 10.4\n",
+ "conductivity during donor impurity is 10.4 ohm-1 m-1\n",
+ "conductivity during acceptor impurity is 4 ohm-1 m-1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mew_e=0.13; #mobility of electron(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mew_h=0.05; #mobility of holes(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "ni=1.5*10**16; #number of electron hole pairs\n",
+ "N=5*10**28;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigma1=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #intrinsic conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
+ "ND=N/10**8;\n",
+ "n=ni**2/ND;\n",
+ "sigma2=ND*e*mew_e; #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
+ "sigma3=ND*e*mew_h; #conductivity(ohm-1 m-1)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"intrinsic conductivity is\",round(sigma1*10**3,3),\"*10**-3 ohm-1 m-1\",sigma2\n",
+ "print \"conductivity during donor impurity is\",sigma2,\"ohm-1 m-1\"\n",
+ "print \"conductivity during acceptor impurity is\",int(sigma3),\"ohm-1 m-1\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 9.5, Page number 9.26"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 50,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "conductivity is 4.97 mho m-1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19;\n",
+ "Eg=0.72; #band gap(eV)\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "T1=293; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "T2=313; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "sigma1=2; #conductivity(mho m-1)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "x=(Eg*e/(2*k))*((1/T1)-(1/T2));\n",
+ "y=round(x/2.303,3);\n",
+ "z=round(math.log10(sigma1),3);\n",
+ "log_sigma2=y+z;\n",
+ "sigma2=10**log_sigma2; #conductivity(mho m-1)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"conductivity is\",round(sigma2,2),\"mho m-1\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/README.txt b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/README.txt new file mode 100755 index 00000000..786b790c --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/README.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Contributed By: Sandhya Arroju +Course: others +College/Institute/Organization: Kakatiya University +Department/Designation: BA +Book Title: Materials Science +Author: Dr. M. Arumugam +Publisher: Anuradha Publications, Chennai +Year of publication: 2002 +Isbn: 8187721057 +Edition: 3
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/screenshots/11.png b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/screenshots/11.png Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 00000000..dcaf64dd --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/screenshots/11.png diff --git a/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/screenshots/22.png b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/screenshots/22.png Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 00000000..b75dba1d --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/screenshots/22.png diff --git a/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/screenshots/33.png b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/screenshots/33.png Binary files differnew file mode 100755 index 00000000..4596098a --- /dev/null +++ b/Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/screenshots/33.png |
