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-rw-r--r--Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch1.ipynb46
-rw-r--r--Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch2.ipynb176
-rw-r--r--Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch3.ipynb39
-rw-r--r--Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch4.ipynb122
-rw-r--r--Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch5.ipynb21
-rw-r--r--Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch6.ipynb91
-rw-r--r--Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch7.ipynb49
-rw-r--r--Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch8.ipynb21
8 files changed, 0 insertions, 565 deletions
diff --git a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch1.ipynb b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch1.ipynb
index 34ecc51b..78c644f7 100644
--- a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch1.ipynb
+++ b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch1.ipynb
@@ -27,17 +27,11 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 1.1\n",
- "#Find the miller indices for a plane.\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
- "#Length of intercept\n",
"l1=2.0\n",
"l2=3.0\n",
"l3=2.0\n",
"\n",
- "#Calcuation\n",
- "#reciprocal of intercept\n",
"r1=1/l1\n",
"r2=1/l2\n",
"r3=1/l3\n",
@@ -45,7 +39,6 @@
"m2=6*r2\n",
"m3=6*r3\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Miller indices of the given plane are\",m1,m2,m3\n"
],
"language": "python",
@@ -73,17 +66,11 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 1.2\n",
- "#Find the miller indices for a plane.\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
- "#Length of intercept\n",
"l1=1.0\n",
"l2=2.0\n",
"l3=0\n",
"\n",
- "#Calcuation\n",
- "#reciprocal of intercept\n",
"r1=1/l1\n",
"r2=1/l2\n",
"r3=0\n",
@@ -91,7 +78,6 @@
"m2=2*r2\n",
"m3=2*r3\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Miller indices of the given plane are\",m1,m2,m3\n"
],
"language": "python",
@@ -119,19 +105,14 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 1.3\n",
- "#Obtain lattice constant and radius of the atom.\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"V=3*(10**22) #kg/m**3, density of SCC lattice\n",
"p=(1/3.0)*10**-22\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"n=1 #no. of lattice point \n",
"a=(n*p)**(1/3.0) #lattice constant\n",
"r=(a*10**8/2)\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Lattice constant is\",round(a*10**8,2),\"A\"\n",
"print\"radius of simple lattice is\",round(r,2),\"A\""
],
@@ -161,26 +142,19 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exampe 1.4\n",
- "#Determine the density of crystal\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"import math\n",
"r=1.278 #in Angstrum\n",
"AtomicWeight=63.5 #constant\n",
"AvogadroNo=6.023*10**23 #constant\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "#For FCC structure a=4*r/math.sqrt(2)\n",
"a=4*r*10**-10/math.sqrt(2) #in meter\n",
"V=a**3 #in meter**3\n",
- "#mass of one atom = m\n",
"m=AtomicWeight/AvogadroNo #in gm\n",
"m=m/1000 #in Kg\n",
"n=4 # no. of atoms per unit cell for FCC structure\n",
"rho=m*n/V #in Kg/m**3\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print \"Density of crystal is\",round(rho,2),\"Kg/m**3\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -208,15 +182,11 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 1.5\n",
- "#What is Density of silicon crystal .\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"n=4 # no. of atoms per unit cell of silicon\n",
"AtomicWeight=28 #constant\n",
"AvogadroNo=6.021*10**23 #constant\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"m=AtomicWeight/AvogadroNo #in gm\n",
"m=m/1000 #in Kg\n",
"a=5.3 #lattice constant in Angstrum\n",
@@ -224,7 +194,6 @@
"V=a**3 #in meter**3\n",
"rho=m*n/V #in Kg/m**3\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Density of silicon crystal is\",round(rho,0),\"Kg/m**3\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -252,18 +221,13 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 1.5\n",
- "#What is Surface density in FCC .\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"a=4.75 #lattice constant in Angstrum\n",
"a=a*10**-10 #in meter\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"dp=2.31/a**2 #in atom/m**2\n",
"dp=dp/10**6 #in atom/mm**2\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print \"Surface density in FCC on (111)Plane is %.e\",dp,\"atoms/mm**2\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -291,19 +255,14 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 1.7\n",
- "#find the Interpolar distance\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"import math\n",
"l=1.539 #in Angstrum\n",
"theta=22.5 #in degree\n",
"n=1 #order unitless\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"d=n*l/(2*math.sin(theta*math.pi/180)) #in Angstrum\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print \"Interpolar distance in Angstrum \",round(d,2),\"A\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -331,20 +290,15 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 1.8\n",
- "#Find the wavelength of X-rays \n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"import math\n",
"\n",
"theta=16.8/2.0 #in degree\n",
"n=2.0 #order unitless\n",
"d=0.4 #in nm\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"l=(2*d*10**-9*sin(theta*math.pi/180.0))/n #in Angstrum\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print \"wavelength of X-rays in Angstrum \",round(l*10**10,3),\"A\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
diff --git a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch2.ipynb b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch2.ipynb
index 0b7d4443..b52ed808 100644
--- a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch2.ipynb
+++ b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch2.ipynb
@@ -27,21 +27,16 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 2.1\n",
- "#Find probability of an electronic state\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"dE1=0.1 #eV\n",
"dE2=-0.1 #eV\n",
"k=8.61*10**-5 #Boltzman constant\n",
"T=300 #K\n",
"\n",
- "#Calcualtion\n",
"import math\n",
"FE1=1/(1+math.exp(dE1/(k*T)))\n",
"FE2=1/(1+math.exp(dE2/(k*T)))\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Probability when the energy of the state is above 0.1 eV\",round(FE1,2)\n",
"print\"Probability when the energy of the state is below 0.1 eV\",round(FE2,2)"
],
@@ -71,20 +66,14 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Calculate the temprature at which there is 1 percent probability\n",
- "#that a state of 0.30 eV below the fermi energy level will not contain electrons.\n",
"\n",
- "#Exa 2.2\n",
"Ef=6.25 #EV fermi energy level\n",
"dE=-0.30 #eV\n",
"k=8.61*10**-5 #Boltzman constant\n",
"fE=0.99\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
- "#From the probability formula fE=1/(1+math.exp(dE/(k*T)))\n",
"T=(dE)/(k*math.log(1/fE-1))\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"The Temprature is\",round(T,1),\"K\" "
],
"language": "python",
@@ -112,22 +101,17 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 2.3\n",
- "#Determine the fraction of total no. of electron\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"Eg=0.72 #eV\n",
"Ef=0.5*Eg\n",
"dE=Eg-Ef #eV\n",
"k=8.61*10**-5 #Boltzman constant\n",
"T=300 #K\n",
"\n",
- "#Calcualtion\n",
"import math\n",
"N=1/(1+math.exp(dE/(k*T)))\n",
"\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"the fraction of total no. of electron is \",round(N,9)"
],
"language": "python",
@@ -155,19 +139,14 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 2.4\n",
- "#Calculate the wave length\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"E=300*1.602*10**-19 #eV Energy\n",
"m=9.108*10**-31 #kg, mass of electron\n",
"h=6.626*10**-34 #Planck constant\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"v=math.sqrt(2*E/m)\n",
"lam=h*v/E\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"The wavwlength is\",round(lam*10**10,3),\"A\"\n",
"\n",
"\n"
@@ -197,19 +176,14 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 2.5\n",
- "#Find the ratio of electron to hole concentration ratio\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"ni=1.4*10**18\t\t\t#in atoms/m**3\n",
"Nd=1.4*10**24\t\t\t#in atoms/m**3\n",
"n=Nd\t\t\t\t#in atoms/m**3\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"p=ni**2/n\t\t\t#in atoms/m**3\n",
"ratio=n/p\t\t\t#unitless\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Ratio of electron to hole concentration : \",round(ratio,2)"
],
"language": "python",
@@ -237,19 +211,14 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 2.7\n",
- "#Calculate the magnitude of current\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"n=10**24 #Electron density\n",
"e=1.6*10**-19 #Electron charge\n",
"v=0.015 #m/s drift velocity\n",
"A=10**-4 #m**2 area\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"I=n*e*v/A\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"The magnitude of current is\",round(I/10**8,2),\"A\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -277,24 +246,18 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 2.8\n",
- "#calculate (i) Relaxation time (ii)Resistivity of conductor (iii) velocity of electron \n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"Ef=5.5\t\t\t#in eV\n",
"MUe=7.04*10**-3\t\t#in m**2/V-s\n",
"n=5.8*10**28\t\t#in m**-3\n",
"e=1.6*10**-19\t\t#constant\n",
"m=9.1*10**-31\t\t#in Kg\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
- "#part (i)\n",
"import math\n",
"tau=MUe*m/e\t\t#in sec\n",
"rho=1/(n*e*MUe)\t\t#in ohm-m\n",
"vF=math.sqrt(2*Ef*1.6*10**-19/m)\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Relaxation time in sec : \",tau,\"s\"\n",
"print\"Resistivity of conductor in ohm-m : \",round(rho,11),\"ohm m\"\n",
"print\"velocity of electron with fermi energy is \",round(vF,0),\"m/s\""
@@ -326,20 +289,15 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 2.9\n",
- "#Find (i)the valence electrons per unit volume (ii) mobility\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"rho=1.73*10**-8 #resistivity\n",
"Tav=2.42*10**-14 #Average Time\n",
"e=1.6*10**-19\t\t#constant\n",
"m=9.1*10**-31\t\t#in Kg\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"n=m/(e**2*Tav*rho)\n",
"mu=(e*Tav)/m\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"NO. of free electrons are\",round(n,-26)\n",
"print\"mobility of electrons is\",round(mu,3),\"m**2/Vs\"\n",
"\n"
@@ -370,8 +328,6 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 2.10\n",
- "#calculate Relaxation time and drift velocity\n",
"\n",
"Ef=100\t\t\t#in V/m Applied electric field\n",
"n=6*10**28\t\t#in m**-3\n",
@@ -379,12 +335,10 @@
"m=9.1*10**-31\t\t#in Kg mass of electron\n",
"rho=1.5*10**-8 #Density\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"import math\n",
"tau=m/(n*e**2*rho)\t\t#in sec\n",
"vF=e*Ef*tau/m\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Relaxation time in sec : \",round(tau,16),\"s\"\n",
"print\"velocity of electron with fermi energy is \",round(vF,1),\"m/s\"\n"
],
@@ -414,10 +368,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exampl 2.11\n",
- "#Determine charge density, current density ,Current flowing in the wire, Electron drift velocity\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"d=0.002 #m, diameter of pipe\n",
"s=5.8*10**7 #Conductivity S/m\n",
"mu=0.0032 #m**2/Vs, Electron mobility\n",
@@ -425,15 +376,12 @@
"m=9.1*10**-31\t\t#in Kg mass of electron\n",
"E=0.02 #V/m Electric field\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"import math\n",
- "#From eq 2.62\n",
"n=s/(e*mu)\n",
"J=s*E\n",
"I=J*(math.pi*d**2/4.0)\n",
"v=mu*E\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Charge density is\",round(n,-26),\"m**-3\"\n",
"print\"current density is\",round(J,6),\"A/m**2\"\n",
"print\"curret flowing is\",round(I,3),\"A\"\n",
@@ -467,20 +415,15 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#example 2.12\n",
- "#calculate the drift velocity and time\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"rho=0.5 #ohm-m Resistivity\n",
"J=100 #A/m**2 Current density\n",
"mue=0.4 #m**2/Vs Electron mobility\n",
"d=10*10**-6 #m distance\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"Ve=mue*J*rho\n",
"t=d/Ve\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"The drift velocity is \",Ve,\"m/s\"\n",
"print\"Time taken by the electron is\",round(t,8),\"s\""
],
@@ -510,22 +453,17 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 2.13\n",
- "#Calculate drift velocity and time\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"e=1.6*10**-19\t\t#constant electronic charge\n",
"m=9.1*10**-31\t\t#in Kg mass of electron\n",
"rho=0.039 #ohm-cm resistivity\n",
"mu=3600 #cm**2/Vs Carrier mobility\n",
"ni=2.5*10**13\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation \n",
"Nd=(1/(rho*e*mu))\n",
"n=Nd\n",
"p=(ni**2/n)\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Concentration of electron is\",round(n,-14),\"/cm**3\"\n",
"print\"Concentration of holes is\",round(p,0),\"/cm**3\"\n"
],
@@ -555,10 +493,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 2.14\n",
- "#Determine concentration of holes and electrons\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"rho=5.32 #kg/m**3, density\n",
"Aw=72.6 #kg/K kmol atomic weight\n",
"ni=2.5*10**13\n",
@@ -567,14 +502,12 @@
"mue=0.38 #m**/Vs\n",
"muh=0.18 #m**/Vs\n",
"\n",
- "#CAlculation\n",
"N=6.023*10**23*rho/Aw #No 0f germanium atoms per cm**3\n",
"Nd=N/di\n",
"n=Nd\n",
"p=(ni**2/n)\n",
"s=n*e*mue*10**4\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Concentration of electrons is\",round(n,-12),\"atoms/cm**3\"\n",
"print\"Concentration of holes is\",round(p,-10),\"atoms/cm**3\"\n",
"\n",
@@ -614,23 +547,18 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 2.15\n",
- "#Calculate the density and drift velocity\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"e=1.6*10**-19 #Electronic charge\n",
"mue=0.39 #m**/Vs\n",
"muh=0.19 #m**/Vs\n",
"rhoi=0.47 #ohm-m, intrinsic resistivity\n",
"E=10**4 #Electric field\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"sigmai=1/rhoi\n",
"ni=sigmai/(e*(mue+muh))\n",
"Vn=mue*E\n",
"Vh=muh*E\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Density of electrons is\",round(ni,-17),\"/m**3\"\n",
"print\"Drift velocity for electrons\",round(Vn,0),\"m/s\"\n",
"print\"Drift velocity for holes\",round(Vh,0),\"m/s\""
@@ -662,10 +590,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 2.16\n",
- "#Calculate conductivity\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"i=10**7 #IMpurity in Ge atom\n",
"ni=2.5*10**13 #/cm**3\n",
"N=4.4*10**22 #No. of atoms of Ge\n",
@@ -674,7 +599,6 @@
"e=1.6*10**-19 #Electronic charge\n",
"E=400 #Electric field\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"sigmai=ni*e*(mue+muh)\n",
"Nd=N/i\n",
"n=Nd\n",
@@ -710,11 +634,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 2.17\n",
- "#(i)Electron drift velocity & hole drift velocity .\n",
- "#(ii)Intrinsic Conductivity of Ge,(iii)The total current .\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"V=10 #Volt\n",
"l=0.025 #m, length\n",
"w=0.004 #m width\n",
@@ -726,14 +646,12 @@
"e=1.6*10**-19 #Electronic charge\n",
"E=400 #Electric field\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"E=V/l\n",
"Ve=mue*E\n",
"Vh=muh*E\n",
"sigmai=ni*e*(mue+muh)\n",
"I=sigmai*E*w*t\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"(i)Electron drift velocity is \",Ve,\"m/s\"\n",
"print\" hole drift velocity is \",Vh,\"m/s\"\n",
"print\"(ii)Intrinsic Conductivity of Ge is\",sigmai,\"ohm-m**-1\"\n",
@@ -767,19 +685,14 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 2.18\n",
- "#What is ratio of electrons to holes\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"Ie=3/4.0 #Current due to electron\n",
"Ih=1-Ie #Current due to holes\n",
"Vh=1 #Hole velocity\n",
"Ve=3 #Electron velocity 3 times the hole velocity\n",
"\n",
- "#ccalculation\n",
"R=(Ie*Vh/(Ih*Ve))\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"The ratio of electrons to holes drift velocity is \",R"
],
"language": "python",
@@ -807,10 +720,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 2.19\n",
- "#Find the diffusion coefficients of electrons and holes\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"e=1.6*10**-19\t\t\t#in coulamb\n",
"T=300\t\t\t\t#in Kelvin\n",
"MUh=0.025\t\t\t#in m**2/V-s\n",
@@ -819,7 +729,6 @@
"De=MUe*k*T/e\t\t\t#in cm**2/s\n",
"Dh=MUh*k*T/e\t\t\t#in cm**2/s\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Diffusion constant of electron is \",round(De*10000,2),\"(in cm**2/s)\"\n",
"print\"Diffusion constant of hole is \",round(Dh*10000,2),\"(in cm**2/s)\""
],
@@ -849,10 +758,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 2.20\n",
- "#Find intrinsic carries cncentration and conductivity\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"N=3*10**25 #No of atoms\n",
"e=1.6*10**-19\n",
"Eg=1.1*e #eV\n",
@@ -861,11 +767,9 @@
"mue=0.14\n",
"muh=0.05\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"ni=N*math.exp(-Eg/(2*k*T))\n",
"sigma=ni*e*(mue+muh)\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"The intrinsic carries concentration is \",round(ni,-14),\"/m**3\"\n",
"print\"The conductivity of Si is \",round(sigma,5),\"S/m\"\n"
],
@@ -895,18 +799,12 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 2.21\n",
- "#Find the effective density\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"a=1.5 #a=me/mo\n",
"T=300 #K\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
- "#from eq. 2.29\n",
"Nc=4.82*10**21*(a)**(1.5)*T**(1.5)\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"The effective density is\",round(Nc,-23),\"/m**3\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -934,22 +832,16 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 2.22\n",
- "#Calculate the intrinsic concentration\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"a=0.07 #a=me/mo\n",
"b=0.4 #b=mh/mo\n",
"T=300 #K\n",
"Eg=0.7 #eV\n",
"k=8.62*10**-5 # Boltzman constant\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"import math\n",
- "#From eq 2.101\n",
"ni=math.sqrt(2.33*10**43*(a*b)**(1.5)*T**3*math.exp(-Eg/(k*T)))\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"The intrinsic concentration of charge carrier is\",round(ni,-16),\"/m**3\"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
@@ -980,20 +872,15 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 2.23\n",
- "#Find the value of absolute temprature\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"C=5*10**28 #atom/m**3, concentration of Si atoms\n",
"DL=2*10**8 #Doping level \n",
"m=1\n",
"me=m\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"Nd=C/DL\n",
"nc=Nd\n",
"T=((nc/(4.82*10**21))*(m/me)**(1.5))**(2/3.0)\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"The absolute temprature is\",round(T,2),\"K\"\n",
"\n"
],
@@ -1022,10 +909,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 2.24\n",
- "#Determine the effective density\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"T1=300.0 #K temprature\n",
"T2=400.0\n",
"k=1.38*10**-23 #J/k\n",
@@ -1034,7 +918,6 @@
"dE=0.3 #eV\n",
"k_=8.62*10**-5\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"import math\n",
"nc1=2*(2*math.pi*m*k*T1/(h**2))**(1.5)\n",
"n1=nc1*math.exp(-(0.3/(k_*T1)))\n",
@@ -1042,7 +925,6 @@
"nc2=2*(2*math.pi*m*k*T2/(h**2))**(1.5)\n",
"n2=nc2*math.exp(-(0.3/(k_*T2)))\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"The effective density at temprature 300 K is\",round(n1,-19),\"/m**3\"\n",
"print\"The effective density at temprature 400 K is\",round(n2,-19),\"/m**3\"\n"
],
@@ -1072,10 +954,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#example 2.25\n",
- "#determine the position of intrinsic fermi level\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"T=300.0\n",
"k=8.62*10**-5 #J/k\n",
"m=9.107*10**-31\n",
@@ -1083,10 +962,8 @@
"mh=0.4*m\n",
"\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"dE=-3*k*T*math.log((me/mh)**(1))/4.0 #dE=Ef-Emidgap\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"The position of fermi level is\",round(dE,4),\"eV\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
@@ -1114,22 +991,16 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#example 2.26\n",
- "#determine the position of intrinsic fermi level\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"T=300.0\n",
"Eg=0.72 #eV Energy gap\n",
"k=8.62*10**-5 #J/k\n",
"me=1\n",
"mh=5.0\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
- "#from Ef=Ec-kTlog(nc/Nd)\n",
"import math\n",
"dE=(Eg/2.0)-3*k*T*math.log(me/mh)/4.0 #dE=Ef-Emidgap\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"The position of fermi level is\",round(dE,4),\"eV\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
@@ -1157,20 +1028,14 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#example 2.27\n",
- "#determine the position of intrinsic fermi level\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"T1=300.0\n",
"T2=350\n",
"Eg=0.24 #eV Energy gap\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
- "#from Ef=Ev+kTlog(nc/Nd)\n",
"import math\n",
"dE=(T2/T1)*Eg\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"The position of fermi level is\",round(dE,4),\"eV\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
@@ -1198,19 +1063,14 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 2.28\n",
- "#determine the position of intrinsic fermi level\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"T1=300.0\n",
"T2=400\n",
"Eg=0.27 #eV Energy gap\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"import math\n",
"dE=(T2/T1)*Eg\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"The position of fermi level is\",round(dE,4),\"eV\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
@@ -1238,20 +1098,15 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "##Example 2.29\n",
- "#determine the position of intrinsic fermi level\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"dE1=0.3 #eV Energy gap\n",
"kT=0.026 #eV\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"import math\n",
"x=math.exp(-dE1/kT) #x=Nd/nc\n",
"y=5 #y=Nd2/Nd1\n",
"dE2=-math.log(y)*kT+dE1\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"The position of fermi level is\",round(dE2,3),\"eV\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
@@ -1279,21 +1134,16 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "##Example 2.30\n",
- "#determine the position of intrinsic fermi level\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"dE1=0.39 #eV Energy gap\n",
"kT=0.026 #eV\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"import math\n",
"x=math.exp(-dE1/kT) #x=NA1/nV\n",
"y=3 #y=NA2/NA1\n",
"dE2=((dE1/kT)-math.log(y))*kT\n",
"\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"The position of fermi level is\",round(dE2,2),\"eV\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
@@ -1321,21 +1171,16 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#example 2.31\n",
- "#Determine electron density and mobility\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"rho=1 #ohm-m Resistivity\n",
"Rh=100.0 #cm**3/coulomb\n",
"e=1.6*10**-19\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"con=1/rho #Conductivity\n",
"R=1/Rh #Charge density\n",
"ED=R*10**6/e\n",
"mu=con/(R*10**6)\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"The electron density is\",ED,\"/m**3\"\n",
"print\"The mobility is %.e\"%mu,\"/m**3\""
],
@@ -1365,20 +1210,15 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 2.32\n",
- "#Calculate Hall Voltage\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"w=0.1 #m width\n",
"t=0.01 #m thickness\n",
"F=0.6 #T, field\n",
"Rh=3.8*10**-4 #Hall Coefficient\n",
"I=10 #mA\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"Vh=(Rh*F*I/w)\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Hall Voltage is\",Vh*1000,\"micro V\"\n",
"\n",
"\n"
@@ -1408,10 +1248,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 2.33\n",
- "#What is magnitude of Hall Voltage\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"e=1.6*10**-19\t\t\t#in coulamb\n",
"ND=10**17\t\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"Bz=0.1\t\t\t\t#in Wb/m**2\n",
@@ -1420,12 +1257,10 @@
"Ex=5\t\t\t\t#in V/cm\n",
"MUe=3800\t\t\t#in cm**2/V-s\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"v=MUe*Ex\t\t\t#in cm/s\n",
"v=v*10**-2\t\t\t#in m/s\n",
"VH=Bz*v*d\t\t\t#in mV\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Magnitude of hall voltage is\",VH,\"mV\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -1453,10 +1288,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 2.34\n",
- "#What is magnitude of hall voltage\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"e=1.6*10**-19\t\t\t#in coulamb\n",
"ND=10**21\t\t\t#in m**-3\n",
"Bz=0.2\t\t\t\t#in T\n",
@@ -1465,11 +1297,8 @@
"J=600\t\t\t\t#in A/m**2\n",
"n=ND\t\t\t\t#in m**-3\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
- "#formula : VH*w/(B*I)=1/(n*e)\n",
"VH=Bz*J*d/(n*e)\t\t\t#in V\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Magnitude of hall voltage is \",VH*10**3,\"mV\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -1497,21 +1326,16 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 2.35\n",
- "#Calculate hall angle\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"e=1.6*10**-19\t\t\t#in coulamb\n",
"rho=0.00912\t\t\t#in ohm-m\n",
"B=0.48\t\t\t\t#in Wb/m**2\n",
"RH=3.55*10**-4\t\t\t#in m**3-coulamb**-1\n",
"SIGMA=1/rho\t\t\t#in (ohm=m)**-1\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"import math\n",
"THETAh=math.atan(SIGMA*B*RH)\t#in Degree\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Hall angle is\",round(THETAh*180/3.14,4),\"degree\""
],
"language": "python",
diff --git a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch3.ipynb b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch3.ipynb
index fcc2f572..d78715cf 100644
--- a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch3.ipynb
+++ b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch3.ipynb
@@ -27,19 +27,14 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 3.2\n",
- "#What is Minimum required energy \n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"l=6000 #in Angstrum\n",
"h=6.6*10**(-34) #Planks constant\n",
"c=3*10**8 #speed of light in m/s\n",
"e=1.602*10**(-19) #Constant\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"phi=c*h/(e*l*10**(-10))\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Minimum required energy is\",round(phi,2),\"eV \"\n"
],
"language": "python",
@@ -67,18 +62,13 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 3.3\n",
- "#calculate Work function of the cathode material\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"Emax=2.5 #maximum energy of emitted electrons in eV \n",
"l=2537.0 #in Angstrum\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"EeV=12400.0/l #in eV\n",
"phi=EeV-Emax #in eV\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print \"Work function of the cathode material is \",round(phi,2),\"eV\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -106,12 +96,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 3.4\n",
- "#Find (i)The fraction of each photon energy unit which is converted into heat\",f\n",
- "#(ii)Energy converted into heat in ,((2-1.43)/2)*0.009,\"J/s\"\n",
- "#(iii)Number of photons per second given off from recombination events \",0.009/(e*2)\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"t=0.46*10**-4 #in centi meters\n",
"hf1=2 #in ev\n",
"hf2=1.43\n",
@@ -122,18 +107,15 @@
"\n",
"import math\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"It=Io*math.exp(-alpha*t) #in mW\n",
"Iabs=Io-It\n",
"f=(hf1-hf2)/hf1\n",
"E=f*Iabs\n",
"N=Iabs/(e*hf1)\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"(i)Thus power absorbed is \",round(Iabs,3),\"J/s\"\n",
"print\"(ii)Energy converted into heat is\",round(E,4),\"J/s\"\n",
"print\"(iii)Number of photons per second given off from recombination events \",round(N,-14)\n",
- "#In book there is calculation mistake in Number of photons."
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
@@ -162,11 +144,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 3.5\n",
- "#What is Photoconductor gain \n",
- "#Electron transit time.\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"L=100 #in uM\n",
"A=10&-7 #in cm**2\n",
"th=10**-6 #in sec\n",
@@ -174,12 +152,10 @@
"ue=0.13 #in m**2/V-s\n",
"uh=0.05 #in m**2/V-s\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"E=V/(L*10**-6) #in V/m\n",
"tn=(L*10**-6)/(ue*E)\n",
"Gain=(1+uh/ue)*(th/tn)\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Electron transit time in sec is \",round(tn,10),\"s\"\n",
"print\"Photoconductor gain is \",Gain"
],
@@ -209,19 +185,14 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example3.6\n",
- "#Calculate Current flowing through diode .\n",
"\n",
- "#given datex\n",
"import math\n",
"Io=0.15 #in uA\n",
"V=0.12 #in mVolt\n",
"Vt=26 #in mVolt\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"I=Io*10**-6*(math.exp(V/(Vt*10**-3))-1) #in A\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Current flowing through diode is \",round(I*10**6,2),\"micra A\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -249,20 +220,15 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 3.7\n",
- "#Determine the Forward voltage \n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"import math\n",
"Io=2.5 #in uA\n",
"I=10 #in mA\n",
"Vt=26 #in mVolt\n",
"n=2 #for silicon\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"V=n*Vt*10**-3*math.log((I*10**-3)/(Io*10**-6))\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print \"Forward voltage is \",round(V,2),\"V\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -290,10 +256,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 3.8\n",
- "#What is Reverse saturation current density \n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"ND=10**21 #in m**-3\n",
"NA=10**22 #in m**-3\n",
"De=3.4*10**-3 #in m**2-s**-1\n",
@@ -303,10 +266,8 @@
"ni=1.6*10**16 #in m**-3\n",
"e=1.602*10**-19 #constant\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"IoA=e*ni**2*(Dh/(Lh*ND)+De/(Le*NA))\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Reverse saturation current density is \",round(IoA*10**6,2),\"uA \""
],
"language": "python",
diff --git a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch4.ipynb b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch4.ipynb
index e41f2209..aaf0f2e5 100644
--- a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch4.ipynb
+++ b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch4.ipynb
@@ -27,21 +27,16 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.1\n",
- "#find the Majority and Minority carrier hole concentration\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"import math\n",
"T=300\t\t\t #in Kelvin\n",
"ND=5*10**13\t\t #in cm**-3\n",
"NA=0\t\t\t #in cm**-3\n",
"ni=2.4*10**13\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"no=ND/2.0+math.sqrt((ND/2.0)**2+ni**2)\t#in cm**-3\n",
"po=ni**2/no\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Majority carrier electron concentration is \",round(no,-11),\"cm**-3\"\n",
"print\"Minority carrier hole concentration is \",round(po,-11),\" cm**-3\""
],
@@ -71,21 +66,16 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.2\n",
- "#find the Majority and Minority carrier hole concentration\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"import math\n",
"T=300\t\t\t#in Kelvin\n",
"ND=10**16\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"NA=0\t\t\t #in cm**-3\n",
"ni=1.5*10**10\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"no=ND/2.0+math.sqrt((ND/2.0)**2+ni**2)\t#in cm**-3\n",
"po=ni**2/no\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Majority carrier electron concentration is \",no,\"cm**-3\"\n",
"print\"Minority carrier hole concentration is \",round(po,0),\" cm**-3\""
],
@@ -115,21 +105,16 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.3\n",
- "#find the Majority and Minority carrier hole concentration\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"import math\n",
"T=300\t\t\t#in Kelvin\n",
"ND=3*10**15\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"NA=10**16\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"ni=1.6*10**10\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"po=(NA-ND)/2+math.sqrt(((NA-ND)/2.0)**2+ni**2.0)\t#in cm**-3\n",
"no=ni**2/po\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Majority carrier hole concentration is\",round(po,-8),\" cm**-3\"\n",
"print\"Minority carrier electron concentration is \",round(no,0),\" cm**-3\""
],
@@ -159,10 +144,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 4.4\n",
- "#What is maximum Temprature\n",
"\n",
- "#Given \n",
"import math\n",
"ND=3*10**15\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"Eg=1.12 #eV\n",
@@ -170,15 +152,11 @@
"Nc=2.8*10**19\n",
"Nv=1.04*10**19\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"import math\n",
- "# from the equation po=(NA-ND)/2+math.sqrt(((NA-ND)/2.0)**2+ni**2.0)\t#in cm**-3\n",
"No=1.05*ND\n",
"ni=math.sqrt((No-ND/2.0)**2-0.25*ND**2)\n",
- "#From ni**2=Nc*Nv*exp(-Eg/(k*t))\n",
"T=Eg/(-math.log(ni**2/(Nc*Nv))*k)\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print \"The maximum Temprature is \",round(T,1),\"K\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -206,10 +184,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.5\n",
- "#determine the built in potential\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"import math\n",
"T=300\t\t#in Kelvin\n",
"ND=10**15\t#in cm**-3\n",
@@ -217,10 +192,8 @@
"ni=1.5*10**10\t#in cm**-3\n",
"VT=T/11600.0\t#in Volts\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"Vbi=VT*math.log(NA*ND/ni**2)\t#in Volts\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Built in potential barrier is\",round(Vbi,4),\"V\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -248,21 +221,16 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.6\n",
- "#What is Contact Potential.\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"T=300\t\t #in Kelvin\n",
"ND=10**21\t #in m**-3\n",
"NA=10**21\t #in m**-3\n",
"ni=1.5*10**16 #in m**-3\n",
"VT=T/11600.0\t#in Volts\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"import math\n",
"Vo=VT*math.log(NA*ND/ni**2)\t#in Volts\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Contact potential is\",round(Vo,4),\"V\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -290,10 +258,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.7\n",
- "#Determine the space charge.\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"import math\n",
"T=300\t\t\t#in Kelvin\n",
"ND=10**15\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
@@ -302,7 +267,6 @@
"VT=T/11600.0\t\t#in Volts\n",
"e=1.6*10**-19\t #in Coulamb\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"epsilon=11.7*8.854*10**-14\t #constant\n",
"Vbi=VT*math.log(NA*ND/ni**2)\t\t#in Volts\n",
"SCW=math.sqrt((2*epsilon*Vbi/e)*(NA+ND)/(NA*ND))#in cm\n",
@@ -311,7 +275,6 @@
"xp=0.086\t\t#in uM\n",
"Emax=-e*ND*xn/epsilon\t#in V/cm\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Space charge width is\",round(SCW,2),\"micro meter\"\n",
"print\"At metallurgical junction, i.e for x=0 the electric field is \",round(Emax/10000,0),\"V\"#Note : Ans in the book is wrong"
],
@@ -341,24 +304,16 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.8\n",
- "#Find the new position of fermi level\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"import math\n",
"Ecf=0.3 #in Volts\n",
"T=27.0+273.0 #in Kelvin\n",
"delT=55 #in degree centigrade\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
- "#formula : Ecf=Ec-Ef=K*T*math.log(nc/ND)\n",
- "#let K*math.log(nc/ND)=y\n",
- "#Ecf=Ec-Ef=T*y\n",
"y=Ecf/T #assumed\n",
"Tnew=273+55 #in Kelvin\n",
"EcfNEW=y*Tnew #in Volts\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"New position of fermi level is \",round(EcfNEW,4),\"V\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -386,10 +341,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.9\n",
- "#Determine the Contact Potential\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"import math\n",
"T=300\t\t\t#in Kelvin\n",
"ND=8*10**14\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
@@ -397,10 +349,8 @@
"ni=2*10**13\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"k=8.61*10**-5\t\t#in eV/K\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"Vo=k*T*math.log(NA*ND/ni**2)\t#in Volts\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Contact potential is \",round(Vo,2),\"V\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -428,11 +378,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 4.10\n",
- "#(i)Find the hole and electron concentration \n",
- "#Is this Silicon P or N type\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"ND=2*10**16 #in cm**-3\n",
"NA=5*10**15 #in cm**-3\n",
"Ao=4.83*10**21 \t#constant\n",
@@ -440,12 +386,10 @@
"EG=1.1\t \t \t #in eV\n",
"kT=0.026 \t\t#in eV\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"ni=Ao*T**(1.5)*math.exp(-EG/(2*kT))\t\t#in m**-3\n",
"p=(ni/10**6)**2/ND\t\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"n=((ni/10**6)**2)/NA\t\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"\n",
"print\"Hole concentration in cm**-3 : %.1e\"%round(p,0),\"/cm**3\"\n",
"print\"electron concentration in cm**-3 :%.1e\"%round(n,0),\"/cm**3\"\n",
@@ -488,18 +432,13 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.11\n",
- "#Determine current\n",
"\n",
- "#In given circuit \n",
"V=5\t\t #in volts\n",
"Vo=0.7\t #in Volts\n",
"R=100\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"I=(V-Vo)/R\t#in Ampere\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Current flowing through the circuit is\",round(I*1000,0),\"mA\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -527,20 +466,15 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.12\n",
- "#Find the Voltage VA\n",
"\n",
- "#In given circuit \n",
"V=15\t\t\t #in volts\n",
"Vo=0.7\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
"R=7\t \t \t#in Kohm\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"I=(V-2*Vo)/R\n",
"I=(V-2*Vo)/R\t\t#in mAmpere\n",
"VA=I*R\t \t\t#in Volts\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Voltagee VA is \",VA,\"V\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -568,17 +502,12 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 4.13\n",
- "#Determine the Voltage VA\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"V=15 #V, voltage\n",
"Vb=0.3 #V, Barrier Potential #When supply is switched on\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"VA=V-Vb\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"The Voltage VA is \",VA,\"V\"\n",
"\n"
],
@@ -607,21 +536,16 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.14\n",
- "#find Temperature coefficient f zener diode\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"Vz=5\t\t\t#in volts\n",
"to=25\t\t\t#in degree centigrade\n",
"t=100\t\t\t#in degree centigrade\n",
"Vdrop=4.8\t\t#in Volts\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"delVz=Vdrop-Vz\t\t#in Volts\n",
"delt=t-to\t\t#in degree centigrade\n",
"TempCoeff=delVz*100/(Vz*delt)\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Temperature coefficient f zener diode is \",round(TempCoeff,3),\"percent\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -649,27 +573,20 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.15\n",
- "#Find (a)output Voltage (b) Voltage across Rs (c) Current\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"Vz=8.0\t\t\t#in volts\n",
"VS=12.0\t\t\t#in volts\n",
"RL=10.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"Rs=5.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"\n",
- "#part (a)\n",
"Vout=Vz\t\t\t#in volts\n",
"\n",
- "#part (b)\n",
"Vrs=VS-Vout\t\t#in volts\n",
"IL=Vout/RL \t\t#in mAmpere\n",
"Is=(VS-Vout)/Rs\t#in mAmpere\n",
"\n",
- "#part c\n",
"Iz=Is-IL\t \t#in mAmpere\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"(a)Output voltage will be equal to Vout=\",Vout,\" Volts\"\n",
"print\"(b)Voltage across Rs is Rs=\",Vrs,\"V\"\n",
"print\"(c)Current through zener diode is Iz=\",round(Iz,1),\"mA\""
@@ -701,17 +618,13 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.16\n",
- "#Find the min and max value of zener diode current\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"Vz=50.\t\t\t#in volts\n",
"VSmax=120.0\t\t#in volts\n",
"VSmin=80.0\t\t#in volts\n",
"RL=10.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"Rs=5.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"Vout=Vz\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
"IL=Vout/RL\t\t#in mAmpere\n",
"\n",
@@ -720,7 +633,6 @@
"Ismin=(VSmin-Vout)/Rs#in mAmpere\n",
"Izmin=Ismin-IL#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Maximum zener diode current is \",Izmax,\"mA\"\n",
"print\"Minimum zener diode current is \",Izmin,\"mA\""
],
@@ -750,10 +662,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.17\n",
- "#Design a regulator\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"Vz=15\t\t#in volts\n",
"Izk=6.0\t\t#in mA\n",
"Vout=15\t\t#in Volts\n",
@@ -762,7 +671,6 @@
"ILmax=20.0\t#in mA\n",
"RS=(Vs-Vz)*1000/(ILmax+Izk)\t#in ohm\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"sereis Resistance is \",round(RS,1),\"ohm\"\n",
"print\"The zener current will be minimum i.e. Izk = 6mA when load current is maximum i.e. ILmax = 20mA\"\n",
"print\"when the load current will decrease and become 10 mA, the zener current will increase and become 6+10 i.e. 16 mA. \\nThus the current through series resistance Rs will remain unchanged at 6+20 i.e. 26 mA. \\nThus voltage drop in series resistance Rs will remain constant. Consequently, the output voltage will also remain constant. \""
@@ -796,21 +704,15 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.18\n",
- "#Determine Vl,Iz,Pz\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"Vs=16.0\t\t #in volts\n",
"RL=1.2\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"Rs=1.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
- "#If zener open circuited\n",
"VL=Vs*RL/(Rs+RL)\t#in Volts\n",
"Iz=0\t\t\t#in mA\n",
"Pz=VL*Iz\t\t#in watts\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"When zener open circuited Voltage across load is \",round(VL,2),\"V\"\n",
"print\"Zener current is \",Iz,\"mA\"\n",
"print\"Power is\",Pz,\"watt\""
@@ -842,18 +744,13 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.19\n",
- "#determine VL,IL,IZ,IR\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"Vin=20\t\t\t#in volts\n",
"Rs=220.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"Vz=10\t\t \t#in volts\n",
"RL2=50.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"RL1=200\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
- "# part (i) RL=50\t#in Kohm\n",
"VL1=Vin*RL1/(RL+Rs)\n",
"IR=Vin/(Rs+RL)\t#in mA\n",
"IL=IR\t\t \t#in mA\n",
@@ -866,20 +763,17 @@
" print \"Zener diode will conduct\"\n",
"\n",
" \n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"When RL=200 ohm\"\n",
"print\"IL is\",round(IL*1000,2),\"mA\"\n",
"print\"IR is\",round(IR*10**3,2),\"mA\"\n",
"print\"Iz in mA: \",round(IZ,0),\"mA\"\n",
"\n",
- "# part (ii) RL=200#in Kohm\n",
"RL=200\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"VL2=Vin*RL2/(RL2+Rs)\n",
"IR=Vin/(Rs+RL2)\t\t#in mA\n",
"IL=IR\t\t\t#in mA\n",
"IZ=0\t\t\t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"if VL2< Vz:\n",
" \n",
" print\"Zener diode will not conduct and VL=\",round(VL2,1),\"V\" \n",
@@ -925,19 +819,14 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.20\n",
- "#Find the voltage drop across the resistance\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"RL=10.0\t\t\t #in Kohm\n",
"Rs=5.0 #in Kohm\n",
"Vin=100\t\t\t #in Volts\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"V=Vin*RL/(RL+Rs)\t#in Volt\n",
"VZ=50\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
"VL=VZ\t\t\t#in volts\n",
- "#Apply KVL\n",
"VR=100-50\t\t#in Volts\n",
"VR=50\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
"\n",
@@ -975,10 +864,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 4.21\n",
- "#Find the input resistance\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"RL=120.0\t\t\t#in ohm, load resistance\n",
"Izmin=20\t\t#in mA min. diode current\n",
"Izmax=200\t\t#in mA max. diode current\n",
@@ -989,16 +875,12 @@
"IL=VL/RL\t\t#in Ampere\n",
"IL=IL*1000\t\t#in mAmpere\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
- "#For VDCmin = 15 volts\n",
"VSmin=VDCmin-Vz\t\t#in Volts\n",
- "#For VDCmax = 19.5 volts\n",
"VSmax=VDCmax-Vz\t\t#in Volts\n",
"ISmin=Izmin+IL\t\t#in mA\n",
"Ri=VSmin/ISmin\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"Ri=Ri*10**3\t\t#in ohm\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"The resistance Ri is \",Ri,\"ohm\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -1026,10 +908,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.22\n",
- "#Determine the range of Rl and Il\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"VRL=10\t\t\t#in Volts Diode resistance\n",
"Vi=50\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
"R=1.0\t\t\t#in Kohm Resistance\n",
@@ -1046,7 +925,6 @@
"VL=Vz\t\t\t #in Volts\n",
"RLmax=VL/ILmin\t\t#in Ohm\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Range of RL in Kohm : From \",RLmin*1000,\"ohm to \",RLmax,\"kohm\"\n",
"print\"Range of IL in mA : From \",ILmin,\"mA to \",ILmax,\"mA\""
],
diff --git a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch5.ipynb b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch5.ipynb
index 49984e90..bcf84c6b 100644
--- a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch5.ipynb
+++ b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch5.ipynb
@@ -27,10 +27,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 5.1\n",
- "#Estimate the junction width in two cases.\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"import math\n",
"ND=10**17 #in atoms/cm**3\n",
"NA=0.5*10**16 #in atoms/cm**3\n",
@@ -41,20 +38,12 @@
"epsilon=8.85*10**-11 #in F/m\n",
"e=1.6*10**-19 #coulamb\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "#part (i)\n",
- "#print \"When no external voltage is applied i.e. V=0\"\n",
- "#print\"VB = 0.7 volts\"\n",
"VB=0.7 #in Volts\n",
"W1=math.sqrt(2*epsilon*VB*(1/NA+1/ND)/e) #in m\n",
"\n",
- "#part (ii)\n",
- "#print\"When external voltage of -10 volt is applied\"\n",
- "#print\"VB = Vo-V volts\"\n",
"VB=Vo-V #in Volts\n",
"W2=math.sqrt(2*epsilon*VB*(1/NA+1/ND)/e) #in m\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print \"When no external voltage is applied, Junction width is \",round(W1,8),\"m\"\n",
"print\"When external voltage of -10 Volt is applied, Junction width is \",round(W2,7),\"m\""
],
@@ -84,19 +73,14 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 5.3\n",
- "#Determine the junction capacitance\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"CTzero=50 #in pF\n",
"VR=8 #in Volt\n",
"VK=0.7 #in Volt\n",
"n=1/3.0 #for Si\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"CT=CTzero/((1+VR/VK)**n) #in pF\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Junction capacitance is\",round(CT,2),\"pF\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -124,21 +108,16 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 5.4\n",
- "#Determine the tuning range of the circuit\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"L=12.5*10**-3 #mH inductance\n",
"C1=4.0 #pF Capacitance\n",
"C2=40.0 #pF Capacitance\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"Ctmin=(C1*C1)/(C1+C1) #Min value of total Capacitance\n",
"Ctmax=(C2*C2)/(C2+C2) #Max value of total Capacitance\n",
"Fmax=1/(2*math.pi*math.sqrt(L*Ctmin*10**-12))\n",
"Fmin=1/(2*math.pi*math.sqrt(L*Ctmax*10**-12))\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"The tuning range of circuit lies between\",round(Fmin/1000,2),\"khz and\",round(Fmax/1000,0),\"Mhz\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
diff --git a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch6.ipynb b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch6.ipynb
index e3eea147..179d14a6 100644
--- a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch6.ipynb
+++ b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch6.ipynb
@@ -27,17 +27,12 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 6.1\n",
- "#find the Base current\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"Ic=9.95\t\t\t#in mA\n",
"Ie=10 \t\t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"Ib=Ie-Ic\t\t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Emitter current is \",Ib,\"mA\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -65,24 +60,16 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 6.2\n",
- "#Find (i)Emitter current (ii)Current amplification factor (iii)Current gain factor \n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"IC=0.98\t\t\t#in mA\n",
"IB=20.0\t\t\t#in uA\n",
"IB=IB*10**-3\t\t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "#part (i)\n",
"IE=IB+IC\t\t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#part (ii)\n",
"alpha=IC/IE\t\t#unitless\n",
- "#part (iii)\n",
"Beta=IC/IB\t\t#unitless\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Emitter current is\",IE,\"mA\"\n",
"print\"Current amplification factor is \",alpha\n",
"print\"Current gain factor is \",Beta"
@@ -114,22 +101,16 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 6.3\n",
- "#Emitter current and Collector current\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"alfaDC=0.98\t\t\t#unitless\n",
"ICBO=4\t\t\t\t#in uA\n",
"ICBO=ICBO*10**-3\t\t#in mA\n",
"IB=50\t\t\t\t#in uA\n",
"IB=IB*10**-3\t\t\t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
- "#Formula : IC=alfaDC*(IB+IC)+ICBO\n",
"IC=alfaDC*IB/(1-alfaDC)+ICBO/(1-alfaDC)\t#in mA\n",
"IE=IC+IB\t\t\t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Emitter current is \",IE,\"mA\"\n",
"print\"Collector current is \",IC,\"mA\""
],
@@ -159,21 +140,15 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 6.4\n",
- "#Find the collector current\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"IB=10\t\t\t#in uA\n",
"IB=IB*10**-3\t\t#in mA\n",
"Beta=99\t\t\t#Unitless\n",
"ICO=1\t\t\t#in uA\n",
"ICO=ICO*10**-3\t\t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
- "#Formula : IC=alfa*(IB+IC)+ICO\n",
"IC=Beta*IB+(1+Beta)*ICO\t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Collector current in mA : \",IC,\"mA\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -201,24 +176,18 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 6.5\n",
- "#Find (i) alpha , beta and Ie \n",
- "#(ii)New level of Ib\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"Ic=5*10**-3 #mA collector current\n",
"Ic_=10*10**-3 #mA collector current\n",
"Ib=50*10**-6 #mA, Base current\n",
"Icbo=1*10**-6 #micro A, Current to base open current\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"beta=(Ic-Icbo)/(Ib+Icbo)\n",
"alpha=(beta/(1+beta))\n",
"Ie=Ib+Ic\n",
"\n",
"Ib=(Ic_-(beta+1)*Icbo)/(beta)\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"(i) Current gain factor is\",round(beta,0)\n",
"print\" Current amplification factor is\",round(alpha,2)\n",
"print\" Emitter Current is\",Ie*1000,\"mA\"\n",
@@ -252,17 +221,12 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 6.6\n",
- "#Find the dynamic input resistance\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"delVEB=200\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
"delIE=5\t\t\t\t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"rin=delVEB/delIE\t\t#in ohm\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Dynamic input resistance is \",rin,\"mohm\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -290,21 +254,16 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 6.7\n",
- "#Determine Current gain and base current\n",
"\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"ICBO=12.5 \t\t\t#in uA\n",
"ICBO=ICBO*10**-3 \t\t#in mA\n",
"IE=2 \t\t\t\t#in mA\n",
"IC=1.97 \t\t\t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"alfa=(IC-ICBO)/IE \t\t#unitless\n",
"IB=IE-IC \t\t\t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Current gain : \",round(alfa,3)\n",
"print\"Base current is \",IB,\"mA\""
],
@@ -334,18 +293,14 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 6.8\n",
- "#given data\n",
"RL=4.0 \t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"VL=3.0\t\t\t#in volt\n",
"alfa=0.96 \t\t#unitless\n",
"IC=VL/RL \t\t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"IE=IC/alfa \t\t#in mA\n",
"IB=IE-IC \t\t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Base current ia\",round(IB,2),\"mA\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -373,23 +328,17 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 6.9\n",
- "#Determine Collector emitter voltage and base current\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"VCC=10\t\t\t #in volt\n",
"RL=800\t\t\t #in ohm\n",
"VL=0.8\t\t\t #in volt\n",
"alfa=0.96\t\t #unitless\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
- "#VR=IC*RL\n",
"VCE=VCC-VL \t\t#in Volt\n",
"IC=VL*1000/RL \t\t#in mA\n",
"Beta=alfa/(1-alfa) \t#unitless\n",
"IB=IC/Beta \t\t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Collector-emitter Voltage is \",VCE,\"V\"\n",
"print\"Base current in uA : \",round(IB*1000,2),\"microA\""
],
@@ -419,19 +368,14 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 6.10\n",
- "#Determine Collector Current\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"alfao=0.98 \t\t#unitless\n",
"ICO=10 \t\t\t#in uA\n",
"ICO=ICO*10**-3 \t\t#in mA\n",
"IB=0.22 \t\t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"IC=(alfao*IB+ICO)/(1-alfao) \t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Collector current is\",IC,\"mA\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -459,17 +403,12 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 6.11\n",
- "#determine Dynamic input resistance \n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"delVEB=250 \t\t#in mVolts\n",
"delIE=1 \t\t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"rin=delVEB/delIE \t#in ohm\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Dynamic input resistance is\",rin,\"ohm\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -497,17 +436,12 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 6.12\n",
- "#Determine Dynamic output resistance\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"delVCE=10-5 \t\t#in Volts\n",
"delIC=5.8-5\t \t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"rin=delVCE/delIC \t#in Kohm\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Dynamic output resistance is \",rin,\"kohm\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -545,27 +479,19 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 6.13\n",
- "#Determine operating point\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"VCC=10 \t\t\t#in volt\n",
"RC=8 \t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"Beta=40 \t\t#unitless\n",
"IB=15 \t\t\t#in uA\n",
"IB=IB*10**-3 \t\t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
- "# For VCE = 0 Volts\n",
"IC=VCC/RC \t\t#in mA\n",
- "#For IC=0 VCE=VCC=10V :\n",
"IC=Beta*IB \t\t#in mA\n",
"VCE=VCC-IC*RC \t\t#in Volts\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Operating point Q is (\",VCE,\"V,\",IC,\"mA)\"\n",
"\n",
- "#Plot\n",
"import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
"fig = plt.figure()\n",
"ax = fig.add_subplot(111)\n",
@@ -613,20 +539,15 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 6.14\n",
- "#How will the Q point change when load resistance will be change\n",
"\n",
- "#given data \n",
"Vcc=12 \t\t#in Volt collector supply voltage\n",
"Ic=1.2 #A, collector current\n",
"Rl=5 #kohm load resistance\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rl #Collector emitter voltage\n",
"Rl1=7.5\n",
"Vce1=Vcc-Ic*Rl1\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Operating point at load resistance 5 kohm is (\",Vce,\"V,\",Ic,\"mA)\"\n",
"print\"Operating point at load resistance 7.5 kohm is (\",Vce1,\"V,\",Ic,\"mA)\""
],
@@ -656,20 +577,15 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 6.15\n",
- "#Given\n",
"Vcc=20 # V, collector voltage\n",
"Rc=3.3*10**3\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
- "#Appling kirchoff's Voltage Law\n",
"Ic=0 #for cut off point\n",
"Vce=Vcc\n",
"Ic=Vcc/Rc\n",
"print \"Collector to emitter voltage is (Vce)\",Vce,\"V\"\n",
"print \"Collector current at saturation point is (Ic)\",round(Ic*1000,0),\"mA\"\n",
"\n",
- "#Plot\n",
"import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
"fig = plt.figure()\n",
"ax = fig.add_subplot(111)\n",
@@ -719,10 +635,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 6.16\n",
- "#find collector voltage and base voltage\n",
"\n",
- "#given data \n",
"Beta=45 \t\t\t#Unitless\n",
"VBE=0.7 \t\t\t#in Volt\n",
"VCC=0 \t\t\t\t#in Volt\n",
@@ -730,15 +643,11 @@
"RC=1.2*10**3 \t\t\t#in ohm\n",
"VEE=-9 \t\t\t\t#in Volt\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
- "#Applying Kirchoffs Voltage Law in input loop we have\n",
- "#IB*RB+VBE+VEE=0\n",
"IB=-(VBE+VEE)/RB \t\t#in mA\n",
"IC=Beta*IB \t\t\t#in mA\n",
"VC=VCC-IC*RC \t\t\t#in Volts\n",
"VB=VBE+VEE \t\t\t#in Volts\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"collector voltage is \",round(VC,1),\"V\"\n",
"print\"Base voltage is \",VB,\"V\""
],
diff --git a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch7.ipynb b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch7.ipynb
index 6700dc78..990f60e7 100644
--- a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch7.ipynb
+++ b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch7.ipynb
@@ -27,18 +27,13 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 7.1\n",
- "#What is Resistance between gate and source\n",
"\n",
- "#given data \n",
"VGS=10\t\t\t#in Volt\n",
"IG=0.001\t\t#in uA\n",
"IG=IG*10**-6\t\t#in A\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"RGS=VGS/IG\t\t#in ohm\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Resistance between gate and source is \",RGS/10**6,\"ohm\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -66,18 +61,13 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 7.2\n",
- "#What is AC drain resistance of JFET\n",
"\n",
- "#given data \n",
"delVDS=1.5\t\t\t#in Volt\n",
"delID=120\t\t\t#in uA\n",
"delID=120*10**-6\t\t#in A\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"rd=delVDS/delID\t\t\t#in Ohm\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"AC drain resistance of JFET in Kohm \",rd*10**-3,\"kohm\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -105,19 +95,14 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 7.3\n",
- "#Determine Transconductance\n",
"\n",
- "#given data \n",
"VP=-4.5\t\t\t#in Volt\n",
"IDSS=10.0\t\t\t#in mA\n",
"IDS=2.5\t\t\t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"VGS=VP*(1-math.sqrt(IDS/IDSS))\t\t#in Volt\n",
"gm=(-2*IDSS/VP)*(1-VGS/VP)\t\t#in mA/Volt\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Transconductance is\",round(gm,2),\"mA/v\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -145,18 +130,13 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 7.4\n",
- "#calculate Vgs off\n",
"\n",
- "#given data \n",
"gm=10\t\t\t#in mS\n",
"IDSS=10\t\t\t#in uA\n",
"IDSS=IDSS-10**-6\t#in Ampere\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"VGS_OFF=-2*IDSS/gm\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"VGS(OFF) is =\",round(VGS_OFF),\"mV\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -184,19 +164,14 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 7.5\n",
- "#Determine The minimum value of VDS for pinch-OFF region is equal to VP.\n",
"\n",
- "#given data \n",
"VP=-4.0\t\t\t #in Volt\n",
"IDSS=10.0\t\t\t #in mA\n",
"IDSS=IDSS*10**-3\t#in Ampere\n",
"VGS=-2.0 #in Volt\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"ID=IDSS*(1.0-VGS/VP)**2\t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print \"Drain current=\",ID*1000,\"mA\"\n",
"print\"VDS(min) is : \",VP,\"V\""
],
@@ -226,21 +201,16 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 7.6\n",
- "#Find the value of Id , gmo, gm\n",
"\n",
- "#given data \n",
"VP=-3.0\t\t\t#in Volt\n",
"IDSS=8.7\t\t#in mA\n",
"IDSS=IDSS*10**-3\t#in mA\n",
"VGS=-1\t\t\t#in Volt\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"ID=IDSS*(1-VGS/VP)**2\t#in Ampere\n",
"gmo=-2*IDSS/VP\t\t#in mS\n",
"gm=gmo*(1-VGS/VP)\t#in mS\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"ID is \",round(ID*1000,1),\"mA\"\n",
"print\"gmo is\",round(gmo*1000,1),\"mS\"\n",
"print\"gm is \",round(gm*1000,1),\"mS\""
@@ -272,20 +242,15 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 7.7\n",
- "#Find gm\n",
"\n",
- "#given data \n",
"VP=-3.0 \t\t#in Volt\n",
"IDSS=8.4 \t#in mA\n",
"VGS=-1.5 \t#in Volt\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"ID=IDSS*(1-VGS/VP)**2 \t\t#in mA\n",
"gmo=-2*IDSS/VP \t\t\t#in mS\n",
"gm=gmo*(1-VGS/VP) \t\t#in mS\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Drain current=\",ID,\"mA\"\n",
"print\"Transconductance is \",gm,\"mS\""
],
@@ -315,22 +280,17 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 7.8\n",
- "#What is gm \n",
"\n",
- "#given data \n",
"VP=-4.5 \t\t #in Volt\n",
"IDSS=9 \t\t\t#in mA\n",
"IDSS=IDSS*10**-3 #in Ampere\n",
"IDS=3 \t\t\t #in mA\n",
"IDS=IDS*10**-3 \t\t#in Ampere\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"import math\n",
"VGS=VP*(1-math.sqrt(IDS/IDSS)) \t#in Volt\n",
"gm=(-2*IDSS/VP)*(1-VGS/VP) \t\t#in mS\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"IDS = 3 mA when gm is \",round(gm*1000,2),\"mS\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -358,11 +318,8 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 7.9\n",
- "#given data :\n",
"Vp=-4.0 \t\t\t #in Volt\n",
"IDSS=10.0 \t\t #in mA\n",
- "#From eq 7.1\n",
"Vgs1=0\n",
"Id1=IDSS # mA, at Vgs=0\n",
"Vgs2=1\n",
@@ -376,7 +333,6 @@
"\n",
"print \"Transfer Characteristics are in mA \",Id1,Id2,Id3,Id4,Id5\n",
"\n",
- "#Plot\n",
"import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
"fig = plt.figure()\n",
"ax = fig.add_subplot(111)\n",
@@ -432,20 +388,15 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 7.10\n",
- "#Determine the drain current\n",
"\n",
- "#given data \n",
"ID_on=5 \t\t#in mA\n",
"VGS=6 \t\t\t#in Volt\n",
"VGS_on=8.0 \t\t#in Volt\n",
"VGST=4 \t\t\t#in Volt\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"K=ID_on/(VGS_on-VGST)**2 \t\t#in mA/V**2\n",
"ID=K*(VGS-VGST)**2 \t\t\t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"When VGS=6V the drain current is \",ID,\"mA\""
],
"language": "python",
diff --git a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch8.ipynb b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch8.ipynb
index f4ce4661..71bad3db 100644
--- a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch8.ipynb
+++ b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch8.ipynb
@@ -27,10 +27,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 8.1\n",
- "#Find Steady state photocurrent density\n",
"\n",
- "#given data \n",
"NA=10**22 #in atoms/m**3\n",
"ND=10**22 #in atoms/m**3\n",
"De=25*10**-4 \t#in m**2/s\n",
@@ -45,7 +42,6 @@
"GL=10**27\t\t\t#in m**-3 s**-1\n",
"\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"import math\n",
"Le=math.sqrt(De*TAUeo*10**-9)\t#in um\n",
"Le=Le*10**6\t\t\t#in um\n",
@@ -58,7 +54,6 @@
"W=W*10**6\t\t\t#in um\n",
"JL=e*(W+Le+Lh)*10**-6*GL\t#in A/cm**2\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print \"Steady state photocurrent density is \",round(JL/10**4,3),\"A/cm**2\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -86,22 +81,17 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 8.2\n",
- "#Find Steady state photocurrent density\n",
"\n",
- "#given data \n",
"import math\n",
"W=25\t\t\t#in um\n",
"PhotonFlux=10**21\t#in m**2s**-1\n",
"alfa=10**5\t\t#in m**-1\n",
"e=1.6*10**-19\t\t#in Coulambs\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"GL1=alfa*PhotonFlux\t#in m**-3s**-1\n",
"GL2=alfa*PhotonFlux*math.exp(-alfa*W*10**-6)\t#in m**-3s**-1\n",
"JL=e*PhotonFlux*(1-math.exp(-alfa*W*10**-6))\t#in mA/cm**2\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Steady state photocurrent density is \",round(JL/10,2),\"mA/cm**2\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -129,10 +119,7 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 8.3\n",
- "#DEtermine Open circuit voltage .\n",
"\n",
- "#given data \n",
"NA=7.5*10**24\t\t#in atoms/m**3\n",
"ND=1.5*10**22\t\t#in atoms/m**3\n",
"De=25.0*10**-4\t\t#in m**2/s\n",
@@ -146,7 +133,6 @@
"VT=26.0\t\t\t#in mV\n",
"GL=10.0**27\t\t#in m**-3 s**-1\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"import math\n",
"Le=math.sqrt(De*TAUeo*10**-9)\t#in m\n",
"Le=Le*10**6\t\t\t#in um\n",
@@ -156,7 +142,6 @@
"JL=12.5\t\t\t\t#in mA/cm**2\n",
"VOC=VT*math.log(1.0+((JL*10**-3)/(JS*10**-4)))\t\t#in Volt\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Open circuit voltage is\",round(VOC/1000,3),\"V\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
@@ -184,21 +169,15 @@
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 8.4\n",
- "#Find The total no. of cells required\n",
- "#given data \n",
"Vout=28\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
"Vcell=0.45\t\t#in Volt\n",
"n=Vout/Vcell\t\t#Unitless\n",
"Iout=1\t\t\t#in A\n",
"Icell=50\t\t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"m=Iout/(Icell*10**-3)\t#unitless\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"The total no. of cells required : \",round(m*n)\n",
- "#Note : Answer in the book is wrong."
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
generated by cgit (git 2.34.1) at 2024-12-20 19:51:58 +0000