diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch4.ipynb')
| -rw-r--r-- | Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch4.ipynb | 122 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 122 deletions
diff --git a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch4.ipynb b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch4.ipynb index e41f2209..aaf0f2e5 100644 --- a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch4.ipynb +++ b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch4.ipynb @@ -27,21 +27,16 @@ "cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.1\n",
- "#find the Majority and Minority carrier hole concentration\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"import math\n",
"T=300\t\t\t #in Kelvin\n",
"ND=5*10**13\t\t #in cm**-3\n",
"NA=0\t\t\t #in cm**-3\n",
"ni=2.4*10**13\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"no=ND/2.0+math.sqrt((ND/2.0)**2+ni**2)\t#in cm**-3\n",
"po=ni**2/no\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Majority carrier electron concentration is \",round(no,-11),\"cm**-3\"\n",
"print\"Minority carrier hole concentration is \",round(po,-11),\" cm**-3\""
],
@@ -71,21 +66,16 @@ "cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.2\n",
- "#find the Majority and Minority carrier hole concentration\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"import math\n",
"T=300\t\t\t#in Kelvin\n",
"ND=10**16\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"NA=0\t\t\t #in cm**-3\n",
"ni=1.5*10**10\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"no=ND/2.0+math.sqrt((ND/2.0)**2+ni**2)\t#in cm**-3\n",
"po=ni**2/no\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Majority carrier electron concentration is \",no,\"cm**-3\"\n",
"print\"Minority carrier hole concentration is \",round(po,0),\" cm**-3\""
],
@@ -115,21 +105,16 @@ "cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.3\n",
- "#find the Majority and Minority carrier hole concentration\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"import math\n",
"T=300\t\t\t#in Kelvin\n",
"ND=3*10**15\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"NA=10**16\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"ni=1.6*10**10\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"po=(NA-ND)/2+math.sqrt(((NA-ND)/2.0)**2+ni**2.0)\t#in cm**-3\n",
"no=ni**2/po\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Majority carrier hole concentration is\",round(po,-8),\" cm**-3\"\n",
"print\"Minority carrier electron concentration is \",round(no,0),\" cm**-3\""
],
@@ -159,10 +144,7 @@ "cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 4.4\n",
- "#What is maximum Temprature\n",
"\n",
- "#Given \n",
"import math\n",
"ND=3*10**15\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"Eg=1.12 #eV\n",
@@ -170,15 +152,11 @@ "Nc=2.8*10**19\n",
"Nv=1.04*10**19\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"import math\n",
- "# from the equation po=(NA-ND)/2+math.sqrt(((NA-ND)/2.0)**2+ni**2.0)\t#in cm**-3\n",
"No=1.05*ND\n",
"ni=math.sqrt((No-ND/2.0)**2-0.25*ND**2)\n",
- "#From ni**2=Nc*Nv*exp(-Eg/(k*t))\n",
"T=Eg/(-math.log(ni**2/(Nc*Nv))*k)\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print \"The maximum Temprature is \",round(T,1),\"K\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -206,10 +184,7 @@ "cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.5\n",
- "#determine the built in potential\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"import math\n",
"T=300\t\t#in Kelvin\n",
"ND=10**15\t#in cm**-3\n",
@@ -217,10 +192,8 @@ "ni=1.5*10**10\t#in cm**-3\n",
"VT=T/11600.0\t#in Volts\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"Vbi=VT*math.log(NA*ND/ni**2)\t#in Volts\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Built in potential barrier is\",round(Vbi,4),\"V\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -248,21 +221,16 @@ "cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.6\n",
- "#What is Contact Potential.\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"T=300\t\t #in Kelvin\n",
"ND=10**21\t #in m**-3\n",
"NA=10**21\t #in m**-3\n",
"ni=1.5*10**16 #in m**-3\n",
"VT=T/11600.0\t#in Volts\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"import math\n",
"Vo=VT*math.log(NA*ND/ni**2)\t#in Volts\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Contact potential is\",round(Vo,4),\"V\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -290,10 +258,7 @@ "cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.7\n",
- "#Determine the space charge.\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"import math\n",
"T=300\t\t\t#in Kelvin\n",
"ND=10**15\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
@@ -302,7 +267,6 @@ "VT=T/11600.0\t\t#in Volts\n",
"e=1.6*10**-19\t #in Coulamb\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"epsilon=11.7*8.854*10**-14\t #constant\n",
"Vbi=VT*math.log(NA*ND/ni**2)\t\t#in Volts\n",
"SCW=math.sqrt((2*epsilon*Vbi/e)*(NA+ND)/(NA*ND))#in cm\n",
@@ -311,7 +275,6 @@ "xp=0.086\t\t#in uM\n",
"Emax=-e*ND*xn/epsilon\t#in V/cm\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Space charge width is\",round(SCW,2),\"micro meter\"\n",
"print\"At metallurgical junction, i.e for x=0 the electric field is \",round(Emax/10000,0),\"V\"#Note : Ans in the book is wrong"
],
@@ -341,24 +304,16 @@ "cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.8\n",
- "#Find the new position of fermi level\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"import math\n",
"Ecf=0.3 #in Volts\n",
"T=27.0+273.0 #in Kelvin\n",
"delT=55 #in degree centigrade\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
- "#formula : Ecf=Ec-Ef=K*T*math.log(nc/ND)\n",
- "#let K*math.log(nc/ND)=y\n",
- "#Ecf=Ec-Ef=T*y\n",
"y=Ecf/T #assumed\n",
"Tnew=273+55 #in Kelvin\n",
"EcfNEW=y*Tnew #in Volts\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"New position of fermi level is \",round(EcfNEW,4),\"V\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -386,10 +341,7 @@ "cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.9\n",
- "#Determine the Contact Potential\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"import math\n",
"T=300\t\t\t#in Kelvin\n",
"ND=8*10**14\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
@@ -397,10 +349,8 @@ "ni=2*10**13\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"k=8.61*10**-5\t\t#in eV/K\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"Vo=k*T*math.log(NA*ND/ni**2)\t#in Volts\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Contact potential is \",round(Vo,2),\"V\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -428,11 +378,7 @@ "cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 4.10\n",
- "#(i)Find the hole and electron concentration \n",
- "#Is this Silicon P or N type\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"ND=2*10**16 #in cm**-3\n",
"NA=5*10**15 #in cm**-3\n",
"Ao=4.83*10**21 \t#constant\n",
@@ -440,12 +386,10 @@ "EG=1.1\t \t \t #in eV\n",
"kT=0.026 \t\t#in eV\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"ni=Ao*T**(1.5)*math.exp(-EG/(2*kT))\t\t#in m**-3\n",
"p=(ni/10**6)**2/ND\t\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"n=((ni/10**6)**2)/NA\t\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"\n",
"print\"Hole concentration in cm**-3 : %.1e\"%round(p,0),\"/cm**3\"\n",
"print\"electron concentration in cm**-3 :%.1e\"%round(n,0),\"/cm**3\"\n",
@@ -488,18 +432,13 @@ "cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.11\n",
- "#Determine current\n",
"\n",
- "#In given circuit \n",
"V=5\t\t #in volts\n",
"Vo=0.7\t #in Volts\n",
"R=100\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"I=(V-Vo)/R\t#in Ampere\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Current flowing through the circuit is\",round(I*1000,0),\"mA\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -527,20 +466,15 @@ "cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.12\n",
- "#Find the Voltage VA\n",
"\n",
- "#In given circuit \n",
"V=15\t\t\t #in volts\n",
"Vo=0.7\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
"R=7\t \t \t#in Kohm\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"I=(V-2*Vo)/R\n",
"I=(V-2*Vo)/R\t\t#in mAmpere\n",
"VA=I*R\t \t\t#in Volts\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Voltagee VA is \",VA,\"V\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -568,17 +502,12 @@ "cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Example 4.13\n",
- "#Determine the Voltage VA\n",
"\n",
- "#Given\n",
"V=15 #V, voltage\n",
"Vb=0.3 #V, Barrier Potential #When supply is switched on\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"VA=V-Vb\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"The Voltage VA is \",VA,\"V\"\n",
"\n"
],
@@ -607,21 +536,16 @@ "cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.14\n",
- "#find Temperature coefficient f zener diode\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"Vz=5\t\t\t#in volts\n",
"to=25\t\t\t#in degree centigrade\n",
"t=100\t\t\t#in degree centigrade\n",
"Vdrop=4.8\t\t#in Volts\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
"delVz=Vdrop-Vz\t\t#in Volts\n",
"delt=t-to\t\t#in degree centigrade\n",
"TempCoeff=delVz*100/(Vz*delt)\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"Temperature coefficient f zener diode is \",round(TempCoeff,3),\"percent\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -649,27 +573,20 @@ "cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.15\n",
- "#Find (a)output Voltage (b) Voltage across Rs (c) Current\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"Vz=8.0\t\t\t#in volts\n",
"VS=12.0\t\t\t#in volts\n",
"RL=10.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"Rs=5.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"\n",
- "#part (a)\n",
"Vout=Vz\t\t\t#in volts\n",
"\n",
- "#part (b)\n",
"Vrs=VS-Vout\t\t#in volts\n",
"IL=Vout/RL \t\t#in mAmpere\n",
"Is=(VS-Vout)/Rs\t#in mAmpere\n",
"\n",
- "#part c\n",
"Iz=Is-IL\t \t#in mAmpere\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"(a)Output voltage will be equal to Vout=\",Vout,\" Volts\"\n",
"print\"(b)Voltage across Rs is Rs=\",Vrs,\"V\"\n",
"print\"(c)Current through zener diode is Iz=\",round(Iz,1),\"mA\""
@@ -701,17 +618,13 @@ "cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.16\n",
- "#Find the min and max value of zener diode current\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"Vz=50.\t\t\t#in volts\n",
"VSmax=120.0\t\t#in volts\n",
"VSmin=80.0\t\t#in volts\n",
"RL=10.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"Rs=5.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"Vout=Vz\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
"IL=Vout/RL\t\t#in mAmpere\n",
"\n",
@@ -720,7 +633,6 @@ "Ismin=(VSmin-Vout)/Rs#in mAmpere\n",
"Izmin=Ismin-IL#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Maximum zener diode current is \",Izmax,\"mA\"\n",
"print\"Minimum zener diode current is \",Izmin,\"mA\""
],
@@ -750,10 +662,7 @@ "cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.17\n",
- "#Design a regulator\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"Vz=15\t\t#in volts\n",
"Izk=6.0\t\t#in mA\n",
"Vout=15\t\t#in Volts\n",
@@ -762,7 +671,6 @@ "ILmax=20.0\t#in mA\n",
"RS=(Vs-Vz)*1000/(ILmax+Izk)\t#in ohm\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"sereis Resistance is \",round(RS,1),\"ohm\"\n",
"print\"The zener current will be minimum i.e. Izk = 6mA when load current is maximum i.e. ILmax = 20mA\"\n",
"print\"when the load current will decrease and become 10 mA, the zener current will increase and become 6+10 i.e. 16 mA. \\nThus the current through series resistance Rs will remain unchanged at 6+20 i.e. 26 mA. \\nThus voltage drop in series resistance Rs will remain constant. Consequently, the output voltage will also remain constant. \""
@@ -796,21 +704,15 @@ "cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.18\n",
- "#Determine Vl,Iz,Pz\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"Vs=16.0\t\t #in volts\n",
"RL=1.2\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"Rs=1.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
- "#If zener open circuited\n",
"VL=Vs*RL/(Rs+RL)\t#in Volts\n",
"Iz=0\t\t\t#in mA\n",
"Pz=VL*Iz\t\t#in watts\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"When zener open circuited Voltage across load is \",round(VL,2),\"V\"\n",
"print\"Zener current is \",Iz,\"mA\"\n",
"print\"Power is\",Pz,\"watt\""
@@ -842,18 +744,13 @@ "cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.19\n",
- "#determine VL,IL,IZ,IR\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"Vin=20\t\t\t#in volts\n",
"Rs=220.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"Vz=10\t\t \t#in volts\n",
"RL2=50.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"RL1=200\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
- "# part (i) RL=50\t#in Kohm\n",
"VL1=Vin*RL1/(RL+Rs)\n",
"IR=Vin/(Rs+RL)\t#in mA\n",
"IL=IR\t\t \t#in mA\n",
@@ -866,20 +763,17 @@ " print \"Zener diode will conduct\"\n",
"\n",
" \n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"When RL=200 ohm\"\n",
"print\"IL is\",round(IL*1000,2),\"mA\"\n",
"print\"IR is\",round(IR*10**3,2),\"mA\"\n",
"print\"Iz in mA: \",round(IZ,0),\"mA\"\n",
"\n",
- "# part (ii) RL=200#in Kohm\n",
"RL=200\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"VL2=Vin*RL2/(RL2+Rs)\n",
"IR=Vin/(Rs+RL2)\t\t#in mA\n",
"IL=IR\t\t\t#in mA\n",
"IZ=0\t\t\t#in mA\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"if VL2< Vz:\n",
" \n",
" print\"Zener diode will not conduct and VL=\",round(VL2,1),\"V\" \n",
@@ -925,19 +819,14 @@ "cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.20\n",
- "#Find the voltage drop across the resistance\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"RL=10.0\t\t\t #in Kohm\n",
"Rs=5.0 #in Kohm\n",
"Vin=100\t\t\t #in Volts\n",
"\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
"V=Vin*RL/(RL+Rs)\t#in Volt\n",
"VZ=50\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
"VL=VZ\t\t\t#in volts\n",
- "#Apply KVL\n",
"VR=100-50\t\t#in Volts\n",
"VR=50\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
"\n",
@@ -975,10 +864,7 @@ "cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa 4.21\n",
- "#Find the input resistance\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"RL=120.0\t\t\t#in ohm, load resistance\n",
"Izmin=20\t\t#in mA min. diode current\n",
"Izmax=200\t\t#in mA max. diode current\n",
@@ -989,16 +875,12 @@ "IL=VL/RL\t\t#in Ampere\n",
"IL=IL*1000\t\t#in mAmpere\n",
"\n",
- "#calculation\n",
- "#For VDCmin = 15 volts\n",
"VSmin=VDCmin-Vz\t\t#in Volts\n",
- "#For VDCmax = 19.5 volts\n",
"VSmax=VDCmax-Vz\t\t#in Volts\n",
"ISmin=Izmin+IL\t\t#in mA\n",
"Ri=VSmin/ISmin\t\t#in Kohm\n",
"Ri=Ri*10**3\t\t#in ohm\n",
"\n",
- "#result\n",
"print\"The resistance Ri is \",Ri,\"ohm\""
],
"language": "python",
@@ -1026,10 +908,7 @@ "cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
- "#Exa4.22\n",
- "#Determine the range of Rl and Il\n",
"\n",
- "#given data\n",
"VRL=10\t\t\t#in Volts Diode resistance\n",
"Vi=50\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
"R=1.0\t\t\t#in Kohm Resistance\n",
@@ -1046,7 +925,6 @@ "VL=Vz\t\t\t #in Volts\n",
"RLmax=VL/ILmin\t\t#in Ohm\n",
"\n",
- "#Result\n",
"print\"Range of RL in Kohm : From \",RLmin*1000,\"ohm to \",RLmax,\"kohm\"\n",
"print\"Range of IL in mA : From \",ILmin,\"mA to \",ILmax,\"mA\""
],
|