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Diffstat (limited to 'Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices')
| -rw-r--r-- | Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch1.ipynb | 375 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch2.ipynb | 1542 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch3.ipynb | 337 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch4.ipynb | 1079 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch5.ipynb | 169 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch6.ipynb | 763 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch7.ipynb | 476 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch8.ipynb | 228 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/README.txt | 10 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/screenshots/energybands.png | bin | 0 -> 54573 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/screenshots/steadystatephoto.png | bin | 0 -> 47996 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/screenshots/transfercharateristics.png | bin | 0 -> 8684 bytes |
12 files changed, 4979 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch1.ipynb b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..34ecc51b --- /dev/null +++ b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,375 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": ""
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter 1:Semiconductor Marerials and Crystal Properties"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 1.1 Page No.23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 1.1\n",
+ "#Find the miller indices for a plane.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "#Length of intercept\n",
+ "l1=2.0\n",
+ "l2=3.0\n",
+ "l3=2.0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calcuation\n",
+ "#reciprocal of intercept\n",
+ "r1=1/l1\n",
+ "r2=1/l2\n",
+ "r3=1/l3\n",
+ "m1=6*r1\n",
+ "m2=6*r2\n",
+ "m3=6*r3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Miller indices of the given plane are\",m1,m2,m3\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Miller indices of the given plane are 3.0 2.0 3.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 1.2 Page No.24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 1.2\n",
+ "#Find the miller indices for a plane.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "#Length of intercept\n",
+ "l1=1.0\n",
+ "l2=2.0\n",
+ "l3=0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calcuation\n",
+ "#reciprocal of intercept\n",
+ "r1=1/l1\n",
+ "r2=1/l2\n",
+ "r3=0\n",
+ "m1=2*r1\n",
+ "m2=2*r2\n",
+ "m3=2*r3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Miller indices of the given plane are\",m1,m2,m3\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Miller indices of the given plane are 2.0 1.0 0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 6
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 1.3 Page No.24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 1.3\n",
+ "#Obtain lattice constant and radius of the atom.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "V=3*(10**22) #kg/m**3, density of SCC lattice\n",
+ "p=(1/3.0)*10**-22\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=1 #no. of lattice point \n",
+ "a=(n*p)**(1/3.0) #lattice constant\n",
+ "r=(a*10**8/2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Lattice constant is\",round(a*10**8,2),\"A\"\n",
+ "print\"radius of simple lattice is\",round(r,2),\"A\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Lattice constant is 3.22 A\n",
+ "radius of simple lattice is 1.61 A\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 17
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 1.4 Page no.25"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exampe 1.4\n",
+ "#Determine the density of crystal\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "r=1.278 #in Angstrum\n",
+ "AtomicWeight=63.5 #constant\n",
+ "AvogadroNo=6.023*10**23 #constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "#For FCC structure a=4*r/math.sqrt(2)\n",
+ "a=4*r*10**-10/math.sqrt(2) #in meter\n",
+ "V=a**3 #in meter**3\n",
+ "#mass of one atom = m\n",
+ "m=AtomicWeight/AvogadroNo #in gm\n",
+ "m=m/1000 #in Kg\n",
+ "n=4 # no. of atoms per unit cell for FCC structure\n",
+ "rho=m*n/V #in Kg/m**3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Density of crystal is\",round(rho,2),\"Kg/m**3\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Density of crystal is 8928.8 Kg/m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 18
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 1.5 Page no.26"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 1.5\n",
+ "#What is Density of silicon crystal .\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "n=4 # no. of atoms per unit cell of silicon\n",
+ "AtomicWeight=28 #constant\n",
+ "AvogadroNo=6.021*10**23 #constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "m=AtomicWeight/AvogadroNo #in gm\n",
+ "m=m/1000 #in Kg\n",
+ "a=5.3 #lattice constant in Angstrum\n",
+ "a=a*10**-10 #in meter\n",
+ "V=a**3 #in meter**3\n",
+ "rho=m*n/V #in Kg/m**3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"Density of silicon crystal is\",round(rho,0),\"Kg/m**3\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Density of silicon crystal is 1249.0 Kg/m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 19
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 1.6 Page no.26"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 1.5\n",
+ "#What is Surface density in FCC .\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "a=4.75 #lattice constant in Angstrum\n",
+ "a=a*10**-10 #in meter\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "dp=2.31/a**2 #in atom/m**2\n",
+ "dp=dp/10**6 #in atom/mm**2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Surface density in FCC on (111)Plane is %.e\",dp,\"atoms/mm**2\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Surface density in FCC on (111)Plane is %.e 1.02382271468e+13 atoms/mm**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 1.7 Page no. 28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 1.7\n",
+ "#find the Interpolar distance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "l=1.539 #in Angstrum\n",
+ "theta=22.5 #in degree\n",
+ "n=1 #order unitless\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d=n*l/(2*math.sin(theta*math.pi/180)) #in Angstrum\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \"Interpolar distance in Angstrum \",round(d,2),\"A\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Interpolar distance in Angstrum 2.01 A\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 28
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 1.8 Page no. 28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 1.8\n",
+ "#Find the wavelength of X-rays \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "theta=16.8/2.0 #in degree\n",
+ "n=2.0 #order unitless\n",
+ "d=0.4 #in nm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "l=(2*d*10**-9*sin(theta*math.pi/180.0))/n #in Angstrum\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \"wavelength of X-rays in Angstrum \",round(l*10**10,3),\"A\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelength of X-rays in Angstrum 0.584 A\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch2.ipynb b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch2.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0b7d4443 --- /dev/null +++ b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch2.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1542 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": ""
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter2 : Energy Bands and Charge Carriers in semiconductor"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.1 Page No.58"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.1\n",
+ "#Find probability of an electronic state\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "dE1=0.1 #eV\n",
+ "dE2=-0.1 #eV\n",
+ "k=8.61*10**-5 #Boltzman constant\n",
+ "T=300 #K\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calcualtion\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "FE1=1/(1+math.exp(dE1/(k*T)))\n",
+ "FE2=1/(1+math.exp(dE2/(k*T)))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Probability when the energy of the state is above 0.1 eV\",round(FE1,2)\n",
+ "print\"Probability when the energy of the state is below 0.1 eV\",round(FE2,2)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Probability when the energy of the state is above 0.1 eV 0.02\n",
+ "Probability when the energy of the state is below 0.1 eV 0.98\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.2 Page No. 58"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Calculate the temprature at which there is 1 percent probability\n",
+ "#that a state of 0.30 eV below the fermi energy level will not contain electrons.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Exa 2.2\n",
+ "Ef=6.25 #EV fermi energy level\n",
+ "dE=-0.30 #eV\n",
+ "k=8.61*10**-5 #Boltzman constant\n",
+ "fE=0.99\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "#From the probability formula fE=1/(1+math.exp(dE/(k*T)))\n",
+ "T=(dE)/(k*math.log(1/fE-1))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"The Temprature is\",round(T,1),\"K\" "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The Temprature is 758.3 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.3 Page No. 64"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.3\n",
+ "#Determine the fraction of total no. of electron\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "Eg=0.72 #eV\n",
+ "Ef=0.5*Eg\n",
+ "dE=Eg-Ef #eV\n",
+ "k=8.61*10**-5 #Boltzman constant\n",
+ "T=300 #K\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calcualtion\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "N=1/(1+math.exp(dE/(k*T)))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"the fraction of total no. of electron is \",round(N,9)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "the fraction of total no. of electron is 8.85e-07\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.4 Page No. 64"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.4\n",
+ "#Calculate the wave length\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "E=300*1.602*10**-19 #eV Energy\n",
+ "m=9.108*10**-31 #kg, mass of electron\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34 #Planck constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "v=math.sqrt(2*E/m)\n",
+ "lam=h*v/E\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The wavwlength is\",round(lam*10**10,3),\"A\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The wavwlength is 1.416 A\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 22
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.5 Page No. 70"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 2.5\n",
+ "#Find the ratio of electron to hole concentration ratio\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "ni=1.4*10**18\t\t\t#in atoms/m**3\n",
+ "Nd=1.4*10**24\t\t\t#in atoms/m**3\n",
+ "n=Nd\t\t\t\t#in atoms/m**3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "p=ni**2/n\t\t\t#in atoms/m**3\n",
+ "ratio=n/p\t\t\t#unitless\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Ratio of electron to hole concentration : \",round(ratio,2)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Ratio of electron to hole concentration : 1e+12\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 25
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.7 Page no 74"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.7\n",
+ "#Calculate the magnitude of current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "n=10**24 #Electron density\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19 #Electron charge\n",
+ "v=0.015 #m/s drift velocity\n",
+ "A=10**-4 #m**2 area\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "I=n*e*v/A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The magnitude of current is\",round(I/10**8,2),\"A\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The magnitude of current is 0.24 A\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 35
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.8 Page No. 74"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 2.8\n",
+ "#calculate (i) Relaxation time (ii)Resistivity of conductor (iii) velocity of electron \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "Ef=5.5\t\t\t#in eV\n",
+ "MUe=7.04*10**-3\t\t#in m**2/V-s\n",
+ "n=5.8*10**28\t\t#in m**-3\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\t\t#constant\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31\t\t#in Kg\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "#part (i)\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "tau=MUe*m/e\t\t#in sec\n",
+ "rho=1/(n*e*MUe)\t\t#in ohm-m\n",
+ "vF=math.sqrt(2*Ef*1.6*10**-19/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Relaxation time in sec : \",tau,\"s\"\n",
+ "print\"Resistivity of conductor in ohm-m : \",round(rho,11),\"ohm m\"\n",
+ "print\"velocity of electron with fermi energy is \",round(vF,0),\"m/s\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Relaxation time in sec : 4.004e-14 s\n",
+ "Resistivity of conductor in ohm-m : 1.531e-08 ohm m\n",
+ "velocity of electron with fermi energy is 1390707.0 m/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 32
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.9 Page No. 75"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.9\n",
+ "#Find (i)the valence electrons per unit volume (ii) mobility\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "rho=1.73*10**-8 #resistivity\n",
+ "Tav=2.42*10**-14 #Average Time\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\t\t#constant\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31\t\t#in Kg\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=m/(e**2*Tav*rho)\n",
+ "mu=(e*Tav)/m\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"NO. of free electrons are\",round(n,-26)\n",
+ "print\"mobility of electrons is\",round(mu,3),\"m**2/Vs\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "NO. of free electrons are 8.49e+28\n",
+ "mobility of electrons is 0.004 m**2/Vs\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 51
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.10 page No. 75"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.10\n",
+ "#calculate Relaxation time and drift velocity\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ef=100\t\t\t#in V/m Applied electric field\n",
+ "n=6*10**28\t\t#in m**-3\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\t\t#constant electronic charge\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31\t\t#in Kg mass of electron\n",
+ "rho=1.5*10**-8 #Density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "tau=m/(n*e**2*rho)\t\t#in sec\n",
+ "vF=e*Ef*tau/m\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Relaxation time in sec : \",round(tau,16),\"s\"\n",
+ "print\"velocity of electron with fermi energy is \",round(vF,1),\"m/s\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Relaxation time in sec : 3.95e-14 s\n",
+ "velocity of electron with fermi energy is 0.7 m/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 57
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.11 Page No.75"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exampl 2.11\n",
+ "#Determine charge density, current density ,Current flowing in the wire, Electron drift velocity\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "d=0.002 #m, diameter of pipe\n",
+ "s=5.8*10**7 #Conductivity S/m\n",
+ "mu=0.0032 #m**2/Vs, Electron mobility\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\t\t#constant electronic charge\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31\t\t#in Kg mass of electron\n",
+ "E=0.02 #V/m Electric field\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "#From eq 2.62\n",
+ "n=s/(e*mu)\n",
+ "J=s*E\n",
+ "I=J*(math.pi*d**2/4.0)\n",
+ "v=mu*E\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Charge density is\",round(n,-26),\"m**-3\"\n",
+ "print\"current density is\",round(J,6),\"A/m**2\"\n",
+ "print\"curret flowing is\",round(I,3),\"A\"\n",
+ "print\"electron drift velocityis\",round(v,6),\"m/s\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Charge density is 1.133e+29 m**-3\n",
+ "current density is 1160000.0 A/m**2\n",
+ "curret flowing is 3.644 A\n",
+ "electron drift velocityis 6.4e-05 m/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 69
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.12 page no 76"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#example 2.12\n",
+ "#calculate the drift velocity and time\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "rho=0.5 #ohm-m Resistivity\n",
+ "J=100 #A/m**2 Current density\n",
+ "mue=0.4 #m**2/Vs Electron mobility\n",
+ "d=10*10**-6 #m distance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "Ve=mue*J*rho\n",
+ "t=d/Ve\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The drift velocity is \",Ve,\"m/s\"\n",
+ "print\"Time taken by the electron is\",round(t,8),\"s\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The drift velocity is 20.0 m/s\n",
+ "Time taken by the electron is 5e-07 s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 156
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.13 Page No.76"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.13\n",
+ "#Calculate drift velocity and time\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\t\t#constant electronic charge\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31\t\t#in Kg mass of electron\n",
+ "rho=0.039 #ohm-cm resistivity\n",
+ "mu=3600 #cm**2/Vs Carrier mobility\n",
+ "ni=2.5*10**13\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation \n",
+ "Nd=(1/(rho*e*mu))\n",
+ "n=Nd\n",
+ "p=(ni**2/n)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Concentration of electron is\",round(n,-14),\"/cm**3\"\n",
+ "print\"Concentration of holes is\",round(p,0),\"/cm**3\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Concentration of electron is 4.45e+16 /cm**3\n",
+ "Concentration of holes is 14040000000.0 /cm**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 76
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.14 page No 76"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.14\n",
+ "#Determine concentration of holes and electrons\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "rho=5.32 #kg/m**3, density\n",
+ "Aw=72.6 #kg/K kmol atomic weight\n",
+ "ni=2.5*10**13\n",
+ "di=10**8 #Donor impurity\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19 #Electronic charge\n",
+ "mue=0.38 #m**/Vs\n",
+ "muh=0.18 #m**/Vs\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#CAlculation\n",
+ "N=6.023*10**23*rho/Aw #No 0f germanium atoms per cm**3\n",
+ "Nd=N/di\n",
+ "n=Nd\n",
+ "p=(ni**2/n)\n",
+ "s=n*e*mue*10**4\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Concentration of electrons is\",round(n,-12),\"atoms/cm**3\"\n",
+ "print\"Concentration of holes is\",round(p,-10),\"atoms/cm**3\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "if n > p:\n",
+ " \n",
+ " print\"Conductivity of N-type germanium\",round(s*100,1),\"/ohm-m\" \n",
+ "else:\n",
+ " print \"Calculate p-type germanium conductivity\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Concentration of electrons is 4.41e+14 atoms/cm**3\n",
+ "Concentration of holes is 1.42e+12 atoms/cm**3\n",
+ "Conductivity of N-type germanium 26.8 /ohm-m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.15 Page no.79"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.15\n",
+ "#Calculate the density and drift velocity\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19 #Electronic charge\n",
+ "mue=0.39 #m**/Vs\n",
+ "muh=0.19 #m**/Vs\n",
+ "rhoi=0.47 #ohm-m, intrinsic resistivity\n",
+ "E=10**4 #Electric field\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigmai=1/rhoi\n",
+ "ni=sigmai/(e*(mue+muh))\n",
+ "Vn=mue*E\n",
+ "Vh=muh*E\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Density of electrons is\",round(ni,-17),\"/m**3\"\n",
+ "print\"Drift velocity for electrons\",round(Vn,0),\"m/s\"\n",
+ "print\"Drift velocity for holes\",round(Vh,0),\"m/s\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Density of electrons is 2.29e+19 /m**3\n",
+ "Drift velocity for electrons 3900.0 m/s\n",
+ "Drift velocity for holes 1900.0 m/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 5
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.16 page No.80"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.16\n",
+ "#Calculate conductivity\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "i=10**7 #IMpurity in Ge atom\n",
+ "ni=2.5*10**13 #/cm**3\n",
+ "N=4.4*10**22 #No. of atoms of Ge\n",
+ "mue=3800 #cm**2/Vs\n",
+ "muh=1800 #cm**2/Vs\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19 #Electronic charge\n",
+ "E=400 #Electric field\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigmai=ni*e*(mue+muh)\n",
+ "Nd=N/i\n",
+ "n=Nd\n",
+ "p=ni**2/(Nd)\n",
+ "sigman=e*Nd*mue\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"Intrinsic conductivity of Ge is \",sigmai,\"ohm-cm**-1\"\n",
+ "print\"Conductivity of N type Ge semiconductor is\",round(sigman,2),\"ohm-cm**-1\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Intrinsic conductivity of Ge is 0.0224 ohm-cm**-1\n",
+ "Conductivity of N type Ge semiconductor is 2.68 ohm-cm**-1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 10
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.17 Page No. 80"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.17\n",
+ "#(i)Electron drift velocity & hole drift velocity .\n",
+ "#(ii)Intrinsic Conductivity of Ge,(iii)The total current .\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "V=10 #Volt\n",
+ "l=0.025 #m, length\n",
+ "w=0.004 #m width\n",
+ "t=0.0015 #m thickness\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ni=2.5*10**19 #/cm**3\n",
+ "mue=0.38 #m**2/Vs\n",
+ "muh=0.18 #m**2/Vs\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19 #Electronic charge\n",
+ "E=400 #Electric field\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E=V/l\n",
+ "Ve=mue*E\n",
+ "Vh=muh*E\n",
+ "sigmai=ni*e*(mue+muh)\n",
+ "I=sigmai*E*w*t\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"(i)Electron drift velocity is \",Ve,\"m/s\"\n",
+ "print\" hole drift velocity is \",Vh,\"m/s\"\n",
+ "print\"(ii)Intrinsic Conductivity of Ge is\",sigmai,\"ohm-m**-1\"\n",
+ "print\"(iii)The total current is \",I*1000,\"mA\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "(i)Electron drift velocity is 152.0 m/s\n",
+ " hole drift velocity is 72.0 m/s\n",
+ "(ii)Intrinsic Conductivity of Ge is 2.24 ohm-m**-1\n",
+ "(iii)The total current is 5.376 mA\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 8
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.18 page no.80"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.18\n",
+ "#What is ratio of electrons to holes\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "Ie=3/4.0 #Current due to electron\n",
+ "Ih=1-Ie #Current due to holes\n",
+ "Vh=1 #Hole velocity\n",
+ "Ve=3 #Electron velocity 3 times the hole velocity\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#ccalculation\n",
+ "R=(Ie*Vh/(Ih*Ve))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The ratio of electrons to holes drift velocity is \",R"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The ratio of electrons to holes drift velocity is 1.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 11
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.19 Page No.81"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 2.19\n",
+ "#Find the diffusion coefficients of electrons and holes\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\t\t\t#in coulamb\n",
+ "T=300\t\t\t\t#in Kelvin\n",
+ "MUh=0.025\t\t\t#in m**2/V-s\n",
+ "MUe=0.17\t\t\t#in m**2/V-s\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23\t\t\t#in J/K\n",
+ "De=MUe*k*T/e\t\t\t#in cm**2/s\n",
+ "Dh=MUh*k*T/e\t\t\t#in cm**2/s\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Diffusion constant of electron is \",round(De*10000,2),\"(in cm**2/s)\"\n",
+ "print\"Diffusion constant of hole is \",round(Dh*10000,2),\"(in cm**2/s)\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Diffusion constant of electron is 43.99 (in cm**2/s)\n",
+ "Diffusion constant of hole is 6.47 (in cm**2/s)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 17
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.20 Page no. 81 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.20\n",
+ "#Find intrinsic carries cncentration and conductivity\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "N=3*10**25 #No of atoms\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "Eg=1.1*e #eV\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23 #j/k boltzman's constant\n",
+ "T=300 #K\n",
+ "mue=0.14\n",
+ "muh=0.05\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "ni=N*math.exp(-Eg/(2*k*T))\n",
+ "sigma=ni*e*(mue+muh)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The intrinsic carries concentration is \",round(ni,-14),\"/m**3\"\n",
+ "print\"The conductivity of Si is \",round(sigma,5),\"S/m\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The intrinsic carries concentration is 1.76e+16 /m**3\n",
+ "The conductivity of Si is 0.00054 S/m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 40
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.21 Page No.84"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.21\n",
+ "#Find the effective density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "a=1.5 #a=me/mo\n",
+ "T=300 #K\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "#from eq. 2.29\n",
+ "Nc=4.82*10**21*(a)**(1.5)*T**(1.5)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The effective density is\",round(Nc,-23),\"/m**3\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The effective density is 4.6e+25 /m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 44
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.22 page no. 84"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.22\n",
+ "#Calculate the intrinsic concentration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "a=0.07 #a=me/mo\n",
+ "b=0.4 #b=mh/mo\n",
+ "T=300 #K\n",
+ "Eg=0.7 #eV\n",
+ "k=8.62*10**-5 # Boltzman constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "#From eq 2.101\n",
+ "ni=math.sqrt(2.33*10**43*(a*b)**(1.5)*T**3*math.exp(-Eg/(k*T)))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The intrinsic concentration of charge carrier is\",round(ni,-16),\"/m**3\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The intrinsic concentration of charge carrier is 2.27e+18 /m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 55
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.23 Page no. 85"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.23\n",
+ "#Find the value of absolute temprature\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "C=5*10**28 #atom/m**3, concentration of Si atoms\n",
+ "DL=2*10**8 #Doping level \n",
+ "m=1\n",
+ "me=m\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "Nd=C/DL\n",
+ "nc=Nd\n",
+ "T=((nc/(4.82*10**21))*(m/me)**(1.5))**(2/3.0)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The absolute temprature is\",round(T,2),\"K\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The absolute temprature is 0.14 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 61
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.24 Page No. 85"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.24\n",
+ "#Determine the effective density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "T1=300.0 #K temprature\n",
+ "T2=400.0\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23 #J/k\n",
+ "m=1.25*9.107*10**-31\n",
+ "h=6.625*10**-34\n",
+ "dE=0.3 #eV\n",
+ "k_=8.62*10**-5\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "nc1=2*(2*math.pi*m*k*T1/(h**2))**(1.5)\n",
+ "n1=nc1*math.exp(-(0.3/(k_*T1)))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "nc2=2*(2*math.pi*m*k*T2/(h**2))**(1.5)\n",
+ "n2=nc2*math.exp(-(0.3/(k_*T2)))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"The effective density at temprature 300 K is\",round(n1,-19),\"/m**3\"\n",
+ "print\"The effective density at temprature 400 K is\",round(n2,-19),\"/m**3\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The effective density at temprature 300 K is 3.2e+20 /m**3\n",
+ "The effective density at temprature 400 K is 8.98e+21 /m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 110
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.25 Page no.86"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#example 2.25\n",
+ "#determine the position of intrinsic fermi level\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "T=300.0\n",
+ "k=8.62*10**-5 #J/k\n",
+ "m=9.107*10**-31\n",
+ "me=0.6*m\n",
+ "mh=0.4*m\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "dE=-3*k*T*math.log((me/mh)**(1))/4.0 #dE=Ef-Emidgap\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The position of fermi level is\",round(dE,4),\"eV\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The position of fermi level is -0.0079 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 116
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.26 Page no 86"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#example 2.26\n",
+ "#determine the position of intrinsic fermi level\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "T=300.0\n",
+ "Eg=0.72 #eV Energy gap\n",
+ "k=8.62*10**-5 #J/k\n",
+ "me=1\n",
+ "mh=5.0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "#from Ef=Ec-kTlog(nc/Nd)\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "dE=(Eg/2.0)-3*k*T*math.log(me/mh)/4.0 #dE=Ef-Emidgap\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The position of fermi level is\",round(dE,4),\"eV\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The position of fermi level is 0.3912 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 131
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.27 Page no 87"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#example 2.27\n",
+ "#determine the position of intrinsic fermi level\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "T1=300.0\n",
+ "T2=350\n",
+ "Eg=0.24 #eV Energy gap\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "#from Ef=Ev+kTlog(nc/Nd)\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "dE=(T2/T1)*Eg\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The position of fermi level is\",round(dE,4),\"eV\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The position of fermi level is 0.28 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 134
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.28 Page no.88"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.28\n",
+ "#determine the position of intrinsic fermi level\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "T1=300.0\n",
+ "T2=400\n",
+ "Eg=0.27 #eV Energy gap\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "dE=(T2/T1)*Eg\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The position of fermi level is\",round(dE,4),\"eV\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The position of fermi level is 0.36 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 133
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.29 page no.88"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "##Example 2.29\n",
+ "#determine the position of intrinsic fermi level\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "dE1=0.3 #eV Energy gap\n",
+ "kT=0.026 #eV\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "x=math.exp(-dE1/kT) #x=Nd/nc\n",
+ "y=5 #y=Nd2/Nd1\n",
+ "dE2=-math.log(y)*kT+dE1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The position of fermi level is\",round(dE2,3),\"eV\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The position of fermi level is 0.258 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 137
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.30 Page no.89"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "##Example 2.30\n",
+ "#determine the position of intrinsic fermi level\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "dE1=0.39 #eV Energy gap\n",
+ "kT=0.026 #eV\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "x=math.exp(-dE1/kT) #x=NA1/nV\n",
+ "y=3 #y=NA2/NA1\n",
+ "dE2=((dE1/kT)-math.log(y))*kT\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The position of fermi level is\",round(dE2,2),\"eV\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The position of fermi level is 0.36 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 143
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.31 Page no.91"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#example 2.31\n",
+ "#Determine electron density and mobility\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "rho=1 #ohm-m Resistivity\n",
+ "Rh=100.0 #cm**3/coulomb\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "con=1/rho #Conductivity\n",
+ "R=1/Rh #Charge density\n",
+ "ED=R*10**6/e\n",
+ "mu=con/(R*10**6)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The electron density is\",ED,\"/m**3\"\n",
+ "print\"The mobility is %.e\"%mu,\"/m**3\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The electron density is 6.25e+22 /m**3\n",
+ "The mobility is 1e-04 /m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.32 Page no. 92"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 2.32\n",
+ "#Calculate Hall Voltage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "w=0.1 #m width\n",
+ "t=0.01 #m thickness\n",
+ "F=0.6 #T, field\n",
+ "Rh=3.8*10**-4 #Hall Coefficient\n",
+ "I=10 #mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "Vh=(Rh*F*I/w)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Hall Voltage is\",Vh*1000,\"micro V\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Hall Voltage is 22.8 micro V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 146
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.33 Page No. 92"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 2.33\n",
+ "#What is magnitude of Hall Voltage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\t\t\t#in coulamb\n",
+ "ND=10**17\t\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "Bz=0.1\t\t\t\t#in Wb/m**2\n",
+ "w=4\t\t\t\t#in mm\n",
+ "d=4\t\t\t\t#in mm\n",
+ "Ex=5\t\t\t\t#in V/cm\n",
+ "MUe=3800\t\t\t#in cm**2/V-s\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "v=MUe*Ex\t\t\t#in cm/s\n",
+ "v=v*10**-2\t\t\t#in m/s\n",
+ "VH=Bz*v*d\t\t\t#in mV\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Magnitude of hall voltage is\",VH,\"mV\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Magnitude of hall voltage is 76.0 mV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 19
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.34 Page No.92"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 2.34\n",
+ "#What is magnitude of hall voltage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\t\t\t#in coulamb\n",
+ "ND=10**21\t\t\t#in m**-3\n",
+ "Bz=0.2\t\t\t\t#in T\n",
+ "d=4\t\t\t\t#in mm\n",
+ "d=d*10**-3\t\t\t#in meter\n",
+ "J=600\t\t\t\t#in A/m**2\n",
+ "n=ND\t\t\t\t#in m**-3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "#formula : VH*w/(B*I)=1/(n*e)\n",
+ "VH=Bz*J*d/(n*e)\t\t\t#in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Magnitude of hall voltage is \",VH*10**3,\"mV\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Magnitude of hall voltage is 3.0 mV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 22
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.35 Page No."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 2.35\n",
+ "#Calculate hall angle\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\t\t\t#in coulamb\n",
+ "rho=0.00912\t\t\t#in ohm-m\n",
+ "B=0.48\t\t\t\t#in Wb/m**2\n",
+ "RH=3.55*10**-4\t\t\t#in m**3-coulamb**-1\n",
+ "SIGMA=1/rho\t\t\t#in (ohm=m)**-1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "THETAh=math.atan(SIGMA*B*RH)\t#in Degree\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"Hall angle is\",round(THETAh*180/3.14,4),\"degree\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Hall angle is 1.0709 degree\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 169
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch3.ipynb b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch3.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fcc2f572 --- /dev/null +++ b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch3.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,337 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": ""
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter3 : Excess Carriers in Semiconductor"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 3.2 Page No 111"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.2\n",
+ "#What is Minimum required energy \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "l=6000 #in Angstrum\n",
+ "h=6.6*10**(-34) #Planks constant\n",
+ "c=3*10**8 #speed of light in m/s\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**(-19) #Constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "phi=c*h/(e*l*10**(-10))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"Minimum required energy is\",round(phi,2),\"eV \"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Minimum required energy is 2.06 eV \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 3.3 Page No 112"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 3.3\n",
+ "#calculate Work function of the cathode material\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "Emax=2.5 #maximum energy of emitted electrons in eV \n",
+ "l=2537.0 #in Angstrum\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "EeV=12400.0/l #in eV\n",
+ "phi=EeV-Emax #in eV\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \"Work function of the cathode material is \",round(phi,2),\"eV\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Work function of the cathode material is 2.39 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 6
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 3.4 Page No 115"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.4\n",
+ "#Find (i)The fraction of each photon energy unit which is converted into heat\",f\n",
+ "#(ii)Energy converted into heat in ,((2-1.43)/2)*0.009,\"J/s\"\n",
+ "#(iii)Number of photons per second given off from recombination events \",0.009/(e*2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "t=0.46*10**-4 #in centi meters\n",
+ "hf1=2 #in ev\n",
+ "hf2=1.43\n",
+ "Pin=10 #in mW\n",
+ "alpha=50000 # in per cm\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19 #constant\n",
+ "Io=0.01 #in mW\n",
+ "\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "It=Io*math.exp(-alpha*t) #in mW\n",
+ "Iabs=Io-It\n",
+ "f=(hf1-hf2)/hf1\n",
+ "E=f*Iabs\n",
+ "N=Iabs/(e*hf1)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"(i)Thus power absorbed is \",round(Iabs,3),\"J/s\"\n",
+ "print\"(ii)Energy converted into heat is\",round(E,4),\"J/s\"\n",
+ "print\"(iii)Number of photons per second given off from recombination events \",round(N,-14)\n",
+ "#In book there is calculation mistake in Number of photons."
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "(i)Thus power absorbed is 0.009 J/s\n",
+ "(ii)Energy converted into heat is 0.0026 J/s\n",
+ "(iii)Number of photons per second given off from recombination events 2.81e+16\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 3.5 Page No 123"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.5\n",
+ "#What is Photoconductor gain \n",
+ "#Electron transit time.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "L=100 #in uM\n",
+ "A=10&-7 #in cm**2\n",
+ "th=10**-6 #in sec\n",
+ "V=12 #in Volts\n",
+ "ue=0.13 #in m**2/V-s\n",
+ "uh=0.05 #in m**2/V-s\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E=V/(L*10**-6) #in V/m\n",
+ "tn=(L*10**-6)/(ue*E)\n",
+ "Gain=(1+uh/ue)*(th/tn)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"Electron transit time in sec is \",round(tn,10),\"s\"\n",
+ "print\"Photoconductor gain is \",Gain"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Electron transit time in sec is 6.4e-09 s\n",
+ "Photoconductor gain is 216.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 29
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 3.6 Page No128"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example3.6\n",
+ "#Calculate Current flowing through diode .\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given datex\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "Io=0.15 #in uA\n",
+ "V=0.12 #in mVolt\n",
+ "Vt=26 #in mVolt\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "I=Io*10**-6*(math.exp(V/(Vt*10**-3))-1) #in A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"Current flowing through diode is \",round(I*10**6,2),\"micra A\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Current flowing through diode is 15.0 micra A\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 30
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 3.7 Page No 128"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 3.7\n",
+ "#Determine the Forward voltage \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "Io=2.5 #in uA\n",
+ "I=10 #in mA\n",
+ "Vt=26 #in mVolt\n",
+ "n=2 #for silicon\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "V=n*Vt*10**-3*math.log((I*10**-3)/(Io*10**-6))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Forward voltage is \",round(V,2),\"V\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Forward voltage is 0.43 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 31
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 3.8 Page No 128"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 3.8\n",
+ "#What is Reverse saturation current density \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "ND=10**21 #in m**-3\n",
+ "NA=10**22 #in m**-3\n",
+ "De=3.4*10**-3 #in m**2-s**-1\n",
+ "Dh=1.2*10**-3 #in m**2-s**-1\n",
+ "Le=7.1*10**-4 #in meters\n",
+ "Lh=3.5*10**-4 #in meters\n",
+ "ni=1.6*10**16 #in m**-3\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19 #constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "IoA=e*ni**2*(Dh/(Lh*ND)+De/(Le*NA))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Reverse saturation current density is \",round(IoA*10**6,2),\"uA \""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Reverse saturation current density is 0.16 uA \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 33
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch4.ipynb b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e41f2209 --- /dev/null +++ b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1079 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": ""
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter 4: Junction Properties"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.1 page No. 146"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa4.1\n",
+ "#find the Majority and Minority carrier hole concentration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "T=300\t\t\t #in Kelvin\n",
+ "ND=5*10**13\t\t #in cm**-3\n",
+ "NA=0\t\t\t #in cm**-3\n",
+ "ni=2.4*10**13\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "no=ND/2.0+math.sqrt((ND/2.0)**2+ni**2)\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "po=ni**2/no\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Majority carrier electron concentration is \",round(no,-11),\"cm**-3\"\n",
+ "print\"Minority carrier hole concentration is \",round(po,-11),\" cm**-3\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Majority carrier electron concentration is 5.97e+13 cm**-3\n",
+ "Minority carrier hole concentration is 9.7e+12 cm**-3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 14
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.2 Page No.146"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa4.2\n",
+ "#find the Majority and Minority carrier hole concentration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "T=300\t\t\t#in Kelvin\n",
+ "ND=10**16\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "NA=0\t\t\t #in cm**-3\n",
+ "ni=1.5*10**10\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "no=ND/2.0+math.sqrt((ND/2.0)**2+ni**2)\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "po=ni**2/no\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"Majority carrier electron concentration is \",no,\"cm**-3\"\n",
+ "print\"Minority carrier hole concentration is \",round(po,0),\" cm**-3\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Majority carrier electron concentration is 1e+16 cm**-3\n",
+ "Minority carrier hole concentration is 22500.0 cm**-3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 16
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.3 Page No. 147"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa4.3\n",
+ "#find the Majority and Minority carrier hole concentration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "T=300\t\t\t#in Kelvin\n",
+ "ND=3*10**15\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "NA=10**16\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "ni=1.6*10**10\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "po=(NA-ND)/2+math.sqrt(((NA-ND)/2.0)**2+ni**2.0)\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "no=ni**2/po\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Majority carrier hole concentration is\",round(po,-8),\" cm**-3\"\n",
+ "print\"Minority carrier electron concentration is \",round(no,0),\" cm**-3\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Majority carrier hole concentration is 7e+15 cm**-3\n",
+ "Minority carrier electron concentration is 36571.0 cm**-3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 19
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.4 Page No. 147"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 4.4\n",
+ "#What is maximum Temprature\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given \n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "ND=3*10**15\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "Eg=1.12 #eV\n",
+ "k=8.62*10**-5 #eV/k\n",
+ "Nc=2.8*10**19\n",
+ "Nv=1.04*10**19\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "# from the equation po=(NA-ND)/2+math.sqrt(((NA-ND)/2.0)**2+ni**2.0)\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "No=1.05*ND\n",
+ "ni=math.sqrt((No-ND/2.0)**2-0.25*ND**2)\n",
+ "#From ni**2=Nc*Nv*exp(-Eg/(k*t))\n",
+ "T=Eg/(-math.log(ni**2/(Nc*Nv))*k)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"The maximum Temprature is \",round(T,1),\"K\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The maximum Temprature is 642.0 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 45
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.5 Page No. 151"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa4.5\n",
+ "#determine the built in potential\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "T=300\t\t#in Kelvin\n",
+ "ND=10**15\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "NA=10**18\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "ni=1.5*10**10\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "VT=T/11600.0\t#in Volts\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Vbi=VT*math.log(NA*ND/ni**2)\t#in Volts\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"Built in potential barrier is\",round(Vbi,4),\"V\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Built in potential barrier is 0.7532 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 47
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.6 Page No.151"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa4.6\n",
+ "#What is Contact Potential.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "T=300\t\t #in Kelvin\n",
+ "ND=10**21\t #in m**-3\n",
+ "NA=10**21\t #in m**-3\n",
+ "ni=1.5*10**16 #in m**-3\n",
+ "VT=T/11600.0\t#in Volts\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "Vo=VT*math.log(NA*ND/ni**2)\t#in Volts\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"Contact potential is\",round(Vo,4),\"V\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Contact potential is 0.5745 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 52
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.7 Page No. 154"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa4.7\n",
+ "#Determine the space charge.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "T=300\t\t\t#in Kelvin\n",
+ "ND=10**15\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "NA=10**16\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "ni=1.5*10**10\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "VT=T/11600.0\t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\t #in Coulamb\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "epsilon=11.7*8.854*10**-14\t #constant\n",
+ "Vbi=VT*math.log(NA*ND/ni**2)\t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "SCW=math.sqrt((2*epsilon*Vbi/e)*(NA+ND)/(NA*ND))#in cm\n",
+ "SCW=SCW*10**4 #in uMeter\n",
+ "xn=0.864\t\t#in uM\n",
+ "xp=0.086\t\t#in uM\n",
+ "Emax=-e*ND*xn/epsilon\t#in V/cm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"Space charge width is\",round(SCW,2),\"micro meter\"\n",
+ "print\"At metallurgical junction, i.e for x=0 the electric field is \",round(Emax/10000,0),\"V\"#Note : Ans in the book is wrong"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Space charge width is 0.95 micro meter\n",
+ "At metallurgical junction, i.e for x=0 the electric field is -13345.0 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.8 Page No.160"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa4.8\n",
+ "#Find the new position of fermi level\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "Ecf=0.3 #in Volts\n",
+ "T=27.0+273.0 #in Kelvin\n",
+ "delT=55 #in degree centigrade\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "#formula : Ecf=Ec-Ef=K*T*math.log(nc/ND)\n",
+ "#let K*math.log(nc/ND)=y\n",
+ "#Ecf=Ec-Ef=T*y\n",
+ "y=Ecf/T #assumed\n",
+ "Tnew=273+55 #in Kelvin\n",
+ "EcfNEW=y*Tnew #in Volts\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"New position of fermi level is \",round(EcfNEW,4),\"V\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "New position of fermi level is 0.328 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.9 Page No. 161"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa4.9\n",
+ "#Determine the Contact Potential\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "T=300\t\t\t#in Kelvin\n",
+ "ND=8*10**14\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "NA=8*10**14\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "ni=2*10**13\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "k=8.61*10**-5\t\t#in eV/K\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "Vo=k*T*math.log(NA*ND/ni**2)\t#in Volts\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Contact potential is \",round(Vo,2),\"V\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Contact potential is 0.19 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.10 page No.161"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 4.10\n",
+ "#(i)Find the hole and electron concentration \n",
+ "#Is this Silicon P or N type\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "ND=2*10**16 #in cm**-3\n",
+ "NA=5*10**15 #in cm**-3\n",
+ "Ao=4.83*10**21 \t#constant\n",
+ "T=300.0\t\t\t #in Kelvin\n",
+ "EG=1.1\t \t \t #in eV\n",
+ "kT=0.026 \t\t#in eV\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "ni=Ao*T**(1.5)*math.exp(-EG/(2*kT))\t\t#in m**-3\n",
+ "p=(ni/10**6)**2/ND\t\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "n=((ni/10**6)**2)/NA\t\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"Hole concentration in cm**-3 : %.1e\"%round(p,0),\"/cm**3\"\n",
+ "print\"electron concentration in cm**-3 :%.1e\"%round(n,0),\"/cm**3\"\n",
+ "print\"\\nNOTE:\\nSlight Variation in answer due to wrong value of ni in book as 1.6*10**16 instead of\",ni\n",
+ "if n < e:\n",
+ " \n",
+ " print\"\\n\\nthe given Si is of P-type\" \n",
+ "else:\n",
+ " print \"\\nThe given Si is of N-type\"\n",
+ " "
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Hole concentration in cm**-3 : 1.3e+04 /cm**3\n",
+ "electron concentration in cm**-3 :5.3e+04 /cm**3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "NOTE:\n",
+ "Slight Variation in answer due to wrong value of ni in book as 1.6*10**16 instead of 1.63166259315e+16\n",
+ "\n",
+ "The given Si is of N-type\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 42
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.11 Page No. 168"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa4.11\n",
+ "#Determine current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#In given circuit \n",
+ "V=5\t\t #in volts\n",
+ "Vo=0.7\t #in Volts\n",
+ "R=100\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "I=(V-Vo)/R\t#in Ampere\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"Current flowing through the circuit is\",round(I*1000,0),\"mA\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Current flowing through the circuit is 43.0 mA\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 6
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.12 Page No. 168"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa4.12\n",
+ "#Find the Voltage VA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#In given circuit \n",
+ "V=15\t\t\t #in volts\n",
+ "Vo=0.7\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "R=7\t \t \t#in Kohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "I=(V-2*Vo)/R\n",
+ "I=(V-2*Vo)/R\t\t#in mAmpere\n",
+ "VA=I*R\t \t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"Voltagee VA is \",VA,\"V\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltagee VA is 13.6 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 20
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.13 Page No.169"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 4.13\n",
+ "#Determine the Voltage VA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "V=15 #V, voltage\n",
+ "Vb=0.3 #V, Barrier Potential #When supply is switched on\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "VA=V-Vb\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The Voltage VA is \",VA,\"V\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The Voltage VA is 14.7 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 23
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.14 Page No.172"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa4.14\n",
+ "#find Temperature coefficient f zener diode\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "Vz=5\t\t\t#in volts\n",
+ "to=25\t\t\t#in degree centigrade\n",
+ "t=100\t\t\t#in degree centigrade\n",
+ "Vdrop=4.8\t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "delVz=Vdrop-Vz\t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "delt=t-to\t\t#in degree centigrade\n",
+ "TempCoeff=delVz*100/(Vz*delt)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"Temperature coefficient f zener diode is \",round(TempCoeff,3),\"percent\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Temperature coefficient f zener diode is -0.053 percent\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 22
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.15 Page No. 174"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa4.15\n",
+ "#Find (a)output Voltage (b) Voltage across Rs (c) Current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "Vz=8.0\t\t\t#in volts\n",
+ "VS=12.0\t\t\t#in volts\n",
+ "RL=10.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+ "Rs=5.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#part (a)\n",
+ "Vout=Vz\t\t\t#in volts\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#part (b)\n",
+ "Vrs=VS-Vout\t\t#in volts\n",
+ "IL=Vout/RL \t\t#in mAmpere\n",
+ "Is=(VS-Vout)/Rs\t#in mAmpere\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#part c\n",
+ "Iz=Is-IL\t \t#in mAmpere\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"(a)Output voltage will be equal to Vout=\",Vout,\" Volts\"\n",
+ "print\"(b)Voltage across Rs is Rs=\",Vrs,\"V\"\n",
+ "print\"(c)Current through zener diode is Iz=\",round(Iz,1),\"mA\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "(a)Output voltage will be equal to Vout= 8.0 Volts\n",
+ "(b)Voltage across Rs is Rs= 4.0 V\n",
+ "(c)Current through zener diode is Iz= 0.0 mA\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 47
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.16 Page No. 175"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa4.16\n",
+ "#Find the min and max value of zener diode current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "Vz=50.\t\t\t#in volts\n",
+ "VSmax=120.0\t\t#in volts\n",
+ "VSmin=80.0\t\t#in volts\n",
+ "RL=10.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+ "Rs=5.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Vout=Vz\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "IL=Vout/RL\t\t#in mAmpere\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ISmax=(VSmax-Vout)/Rs\t#in mAmpere\n",
+ "Izmax=ISmax-IL\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "Ismin=(VSmin-Vout)/Rs#in mAmpere\n",
+ "Izmin=Ismin-IL#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Maximum zener diode current is \",Izmax,\"mA\"\n",
+ "print\"Minimum zener diode current is \",Izmin,\"mA\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum zener diode current is 9.0 mA\n",
+ "Minimum zener diode current is 1.0 mA\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 32
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.17 Page No. 175"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa4.17\n",
+ "#Design a regulator\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "Vz=15\t\t#in volts\n",
+ "Izk=6.0\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "Vout=15\t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "Vs=20\t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "ILmin=10.0\t#in mA\n",
+ "ILmax=20.0\t#in mA\n",
+ "RS=(Vs-Vz)*1000/(ILmax+Izk)\t#in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"sereis Resistance is \",round(RS,1),\"ohm\"\n",
+ "print\"The zener current will be minimum i.e. Izk = 6mA when load current is maximum i.e. ILmax = 20mA\"\n",
+ "print\"when the load current will decrease and become 10 mA, the zener current will increase and become 6+10 i.e. 16 mA. \\nThus the current through series resistance Rs will remain unchanged at 6+20 i.e. 26 mA. \\nThus voltage drop in series resistance Rs will remain constant. Consequently, the output voltage will also remain constant. \""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "sereis Resistance is 192.3 ohm\n",
+ "The zener current will be minimum i.e. Izk = 6mA when load current is maximum i.e. ILmax = 20mA\n",
+ "when the load current will decrease and become 10 mA, the zener current will increase and become 6+10 i.e. 16 mA. \n",
+ "Thus the current through series resistance Rs will remain unchanged at 6+20 i.e. 26 mA. \n",
+ "Thus voltage drop in series resistance Rs will remain constant. Consequently, the output voltage will also remain constant. \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 48
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.18 Page No. 175"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa4.18\n",
+ "#Determine Vl,Iz,Pz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "Vs=16.0\t\t #in volts\n",
+ "RL=1.2\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+ "Rs=1.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "#If zener open circuited\n",
+ "VL=Vs*RL/(Rs+RL)\t#in Volts\n",
+ "Iz=0\t\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "Pz=VL*Iz\t\t#in watts\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"When zener open circuited Voltage across load is \",round(VL,2),\"V\"\n",
+ "print\"Zener current is \",Iz,\"mA\"\n",
+ "print\"Power is\",Pz,\"watt\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "When zener open circuited Voltage across load is 8.73 V\n",
+ "Zener current is 0 mA\n",
+ "Power is 0.0 watt\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 52
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.19 Page No. 126"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa4.19\n",
+ "#determine VL,IL,IZ,IR\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "Vin=20\t\t\t#in volts\n",
+ "Rs=220.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+ "Vz=10\t\t \t#in volts\n",
+ "RL2=50.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+ "RL1=200\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "# part (i) RL=50\t#in Kohm\n",
+ "VL1=Vin*RL1/(RL+Rs)\n",
+ "IR=Vin/(Rs+RL)\t#in mA\n",
+ "IL=IR\t\t \t#in mA\n",
+ "IZ=0\t\t\t #in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "if VL1< Vz:\n",
+ " \n",
+ " print\"Zener diode will not conduct and VL=\",round(VL1,1),\"V\" \n",
+ "else:\n",
+ " print \"Zener diode will conduct\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"When RL=200 ohm\"\n",
+ "print\"IL is\",round(IL*1000,2),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print\"IR is\",round(IR*10**3,2),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print\"Iz in mA: \",round(IZ,0),\"mA\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# part (ii) RL=200#in Kohm\n",
+ "RL=200\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+ "VL2=Vin*RL2/(RL2+Rs)\n",
+ "IR=Vin/(Rs+RL2)\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "IL=IR\t\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "IZ=0\t\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "if VL2< Vz:\n",
+ " \n",
+ " print\"Zener diode will not conduct and VL=\",round(VL2,1),\"V\" \n",
+ "else:\n",
+ " print \"Zener diode will conduct\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"When RL=50 ohm\"\n",
+ "print\"IL is\",round(IL*1000,2),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print\"IR is\",round(IR*10**3,2),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print\"Iz in mA: \",IZ,\"mA\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Zener diode will not conduct and VL= 9.5 V\n",
+ "When RL=200 ohm\n",
+ "IL is 47.62 mA\n",
+ "IR is 47.62 mA\n",
+ "Iz in mA: 0.0 mA\n",
+ "Zener diode will not conduct and VL= 3.7 V\n",
+ "When RL=50 ohm\n",
+ "IL is 74.07 mA\n",
+ "IR is 74.07 mA\n",
+ "Iz in mA: 0 mA\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 64
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.20 Page No. 176"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa4.20\n",
+ "#Find the voltage drop across the resistance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "RL=10.0\t\t\t #in Kohm\n",
+ "Rs=5.0 #in Kohm\n",
+ "Vin=100\t\t\t #in Volts\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "V=Vin*RL/(RL+Rs)\t#in Volt\n",
+ "VZ=50\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "VL=VZ\t\t\t#in volts\n",
+ "#Apply KVL\n",
+ "VR=100-50\t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "VR=50\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "\n",
+ "if V< VZ:\n",
+ " \n",
+ " print\"Zener diode is OFF state\" \n",
+ "else:\n",
+ " print \"zener diode is ON state\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"Hence the voltage dropp across the 5 Kohm resistor in Volts is \",VR,\"V\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "zener diode is ON state\n",
+ "Hence the voltage dropp across the 5 Kohm resistor in Volts is 50 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 67
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.21 Page No. 176"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 4.21\n",
+ "#Find the input resistance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "RL=120.0\t\t\t#in ohm, load resistance\n",
+ "Izmin=20\t\t#in mA min. diode current\n",
+ "Izmax=200\t\t#in mA max. diode current\n",
+ "VL=12\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "VDCmin=15\t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "VDCmax=19.5\t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "Vz=12\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "IL=VL/RL\t\t#in Ampere\n",
+ "IL=IL*1000\t\t#in mAmpere\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "#For VDCmin = 15 volts\n",
+ "VSmin=VDCmin-Vz\t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "#For VDCmax = 19.5 volts\n",
+ "VSmax=VDCmax-Vz\t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "ISmin=Izmin+IL\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "Ri=VSmin/ISmin\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+ "Ri=Ri*10**3\t\t#in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"The resistance Ri is \",Ri,\"ohm\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The resistance Ri is 25.0 ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 72
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 4.22 Page No. 177"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa4.22\n",
+ "#Determine the range of Rl and Il\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "VRL=10\t\t\t#in Volts Diode resistance\n",
+ "Vi=50\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "R=1.0\t\t\t#in Kohm Resistance\n",
+ "Vz=10\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "VL=Vz\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "Izm=32\t\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "IR=(Vi-VL)/R\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Izmin=0\t\t\t #in mA\n",
+ "ILmax=IR-Izmin\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "RLmin=VL/ILmax\t\t#in Ohm\n",
+ "Izmax=32\t\t #in mA\n",
+ "ILmin=IR-Izmax\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "VL=Vz\t\t\t #in Volts\n",
+ "RLmax=VL/ILmin\t\t#in Ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Range of RL in Kohm : From \",RLmin*1000,\"ohm to \",RLmax,\"kohm\"\n",
+ "print\"Range of IL in mA : From \",ILmin,\"mA to \",ILmax,\"mA\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Range of RL in Kohm : From 250.0 ohm to 1.25 kohm\n",
+ "Range of IL in mA : From 8.0 mA to 40.0 mA\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 71
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch5.ipynb b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch5.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..49984e90 --- /dev/null +++ b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch5.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,169 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "El5"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter 5: Junction Properties (Continued)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 5.1 Page No 191"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 5.1\n",
+ "#Estimate the junction width in two cases.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "ND=10**17 #in atoms/cm**3\n",
+ "NA=0.5*10**16 #in atoms/cm**3\n",
+ "Vo=0.7 #in Volts\n",
+ "V=-10.0 #in Volts\n",
+ "ND=ND*10**6 #in atoms/m**3\n",
+ "NA=NA*10**6 #in atoms/m**3\n",
+ "epsilon=8.85*10**-11 #in F/m\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19 #coulamb\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "#part (i)\n",
+ "#print \"When no external voltage is applied i.e. V=0\"\n",
+ "#print\"VB = 0.7 volts\"\n",
+ "VB=0.7 #in Volts\n",
+ "W1=math.sqrt(2*epsilon*VB*(1/NA+1/ND)/e) #in m\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#part (ii)\n",
+ "#print\"When external voltage of -10 volt is applied\"\n",
+ "#print\"VB = Vo-V volts\"\n",
+ "VB=Vo-V #in Volts\n",
+ "W2=math.sqrt(2*epsilon*VB*(1/NA+1/ND)/e) #in m\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \"When no external voltage is applied, Junction width is \",round(W1,8),\"m\"\n",
+ "print\"When external voltage of -10 Volt is applied, Junction width is \",round(W2,7),\"m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "When no external voltage is applied, Junction width is 3.9e-07 m\n",
+ "When external voltage of -10 Volt is applied, Junction width is 1.5e-06 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 11
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 5.3 Page No 195"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 5.3\n",
+ "#Determine the junction capacitance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "CTzero=50 #in pF\n",
+ "VR=8 #in Volt\n",
+ "VK=0.7 #in Volt\n",
+ "n=1/3.0 #for Si\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "CT=CTzero/((1+VR/VK)**n) #in pF\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"Junction capacitance is\",round(CT,2),\"pF\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Junction capacitance is 21.59 pF\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 17
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 5.4 Page No.196"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 5.4\n",
+ "#Determine the tuning range of the circuit\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "L=12.5*10**-3 #mH inductance\n",
+ "C1=4.0 #pF Capacitance\n",
+ "C2=40.0 #pF Capacitance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Ctmin=(C1*C1)/(C1+C1) #Min value of total Capacitance\n",
+ "Ctmax=(C2*C2)/(C2+C2) #Max value of total Capacitance\n",
+ "Fmax=1/(2*math.pi*math.sqrt(L*Ctmin*10**-12))\n",
+ "Fmin=1/(2*math.pi*math.sqrt(L*Ctmax*10**-12))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"The tuning range of circuit lies between\",round(Fmin/1000,2),\"khz and\",round(Fmax/1000,0),\"Mhz\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The tuning range of circuit lies between 318.31 khz and 1007.0 Mhz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 22
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch6.ipynb b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch6.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e3eea147 --- /dev/null +++ b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch6.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,763 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": ""
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter 6: Bipolar junction Transistors (BJTs)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.1 page No.215"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 6.1\n",
+ "#find the Base current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "Ic=9.95\t\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "Ie=10 \t\t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Ib=Ie-Ic\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"Emitter current is \",Ib,\"mA\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Emitter current is 0.05 mA\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.2 page No. 216"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 6.2\n",
+ "#Find (i)Emitter current (ii)Current amplification factor (iii)Current gain factor \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "IC=0.98\t\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "IB=20.0\t\t\t#in uA\n",
+ "IB=IB*10**-3\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "#part (i)\n",
+ "IE=IB+IC\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#part (ii)\n",
+ "alpha=IC/IE\t\t#unitless\n",
+ "#part (iii)\n",
+ "Beta=IC/IB\t\t#unitless\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Emitter current is\",IE,\"mA\"\n",
+ "print\"Current amplification factor is \",alpha\n",
+ "print\"Current gain factor is \",Beta"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Emitter current is 1.0 mA\n",
+ "Current amplification factor is 0.98\n",
+ "Current gain factor is 49.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 13
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.3 page No.216"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 6.3\n",
+ "#Emitter current and Collector current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "alfaDC=0.98\t\t\t#unitless\n",
+ "ICBO=4\t\t\t\t#in uA\n",
+ "ICBO=ICBO*10**-3\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "IB=50\t\t\t\t#in uA\n",
+ "IB=IB*10**-3\t\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "#Formula : IC=alfaDC*(IB+IC)+ICBO\n",
+ "IC=alfaDC*IB/(1-alfaDC)+ICBO/(1-alfaDC)\t#in mA\n",
+ "IE=IC+IB\t\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Emitter current is \",IE,\"mA\"\n",
+ "print\"Collector current is \",IC,\"mA\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Emitter current is 2.7 mA\n",
+ "Collector current is 2.65 mA\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 16
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.4 page No. 216"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 6.4\n",
+ "#Find the collector current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "IB=10\t\t\t#in uA\n",
+ "IB=IB*10**-3\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "Beta=99\t\t\t#Unitless\n",
+ "ICO=1\t\t\t#in uA\n",
+ "ICO=ICO*10**-3\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "#Formula : IC=alfa*(IB+IC)+ICO\n",
+ "IC=Beta*IB+(1+Beta)*ICO\t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Collector current in mA : \",IC,\"mA\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Collector current in mA : 1.09 mA\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 17
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.5 Page No.216"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 6.5\n",
+ "#Find (i) alpha , beta and Ie \n",
+ "#(ii)New level of Ib\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "Ic=5*10**-3 #mA collector current\n",
+ "Ic_=10*10**-3 #mA collector current\n",
+ "Ib=50*10**-6 #mA, Base current\n",
+ "Icbo=1*10**-6 #micro A, Current to base open current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "beta=(Ic-Icbo)/(Ib+Icbo)\n",
+ "alpha=(beta/(1+beta))\n",
+ "Ie=Ib+Ic\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ib=(Ic_-(beta+1)*Icbo)/(beta)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"(i) Current gain factor is\",round(beta,0)\n",
+ "print\" Current amplification factor is\",round(alpha,2)\n",
+ "print\" Emitter Current is\",Ie*1000,\"mA\"\n",
+ "print\"(ii)New level of Ib is\",round(Ib*10**6,0),\"micro A\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "(i) Current gain factor is 98.0\n",
+ " Current amplification factor is 0.99\n",
+ " Emitter Current is 5.05 mA\n",
+ "(ii)New level of Ib is 101.0 micro A\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 6
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.6 page No. 222"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 6.6\n",
+ "#Find the dynamic input resistance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "delVEB=200\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "delIE=5\t\t\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "rin=delVEB/delIE\t\t#in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Dynamic input resistance is \",rin,\"mohm\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Dynamic input resistance is 40 mohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 18
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.7 page No. 222"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 6.7\n",
+ "#Determine Current gain and base current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "ICBO=12.5 \t\t\t#in uA\n",
+ "ICBO=ICBO*10**-3 \t\t#in mA\n",
+ "IE=2 \t\t\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "IC=1.97 \t\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "alfa=(IC-ICBO)/IE \t\t#unitless\n",
+ "IB=IE-IC \t\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"Current gain : \",round(alfa,3)\n",
+ "print\"Base current is \",IB,\"mA\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Current gain : 0.979\n",
+ "Base current is 0.03 mA\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 32
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.8 page No. 222"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 6.8\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "RL=4.0 \t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+ "VL=3.0\t\t\t#in volt\n",
+ "alfa=0.96 \t\t#unitless\n",
+ "IC=VL/RL \t\t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "IE=IC/alfa \t\t#in mA\n",
+ "IB=IE-IC \t\t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"Base current ia\",round(IB,2),\"mA\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Base current ia 0.03 mA\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 37
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.9 page No.227"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 6.9\n",
+ "#Determine Collector emitter voltage and base current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "VCC=10\t\t\t #in volt\n",
+ "RL=800\t\t\t #in ohm\n",
+ "VL=0.8\t\t\t #in volt\n",
+ "alfa=0.96\t\t #unitless\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "#VR=IC*RL\n",
+ "VCE=VCC-VL \t\t#in Volt\n",
+ "IC=VL*1000/RL \t\t#in mA\n",
+ "Beta=alfa/(1-alfa) \t#unitless\n",
+ "IB=IC/Beta \t\t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Collector-emitter Voltage is \",VCE,\"V\"\n",
+ "print\"Base current in uA : \",round(IB*1000,2),\"microA\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Collector-emitter Voltage is 9.2 V\n",
+ "Base current in uA : 41.67 microA\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 41
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.10 page No. 227"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 6.10\n",
+ "#Determine Collector Current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "alfao=0.98 \t\t#unitless\n",
+ "ICO=10 \t\t\t#in uA\n",
+ "ICO=ICO*10**-3 \t\t#in mA\n",
+ "IB=0.22 \t\t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "IC=(alfao*IB+ICO)/(1-alfao) \t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"Collector current is\",IC,\"mA\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Collector current is 11.28 mA\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 45
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.11 page No. 228"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 6.11\n",
+ "#determine Dynamic input resistance \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "delVEB=250 \t\t#in mVolts\n",
+ "delIE=1 \t\t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "rin=delVEB/delIE \t#in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"Dynamic input resistance is\",rin,\"ohm\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Dynamic input resistance is 250 ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 47
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.12 page No. 228"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 6.12\n",
+ "#Determine Dynamic output resistance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "delVCE=10-5 \t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "delIC=5.8-5\t \t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "rin=delVCE/delIC \t#in Kohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"Dynamic output resistance is \",rin,\"kohm\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Dynamic output resistance is 6.25 kohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 49
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.13 page No.232"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "%pylab inline"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 6.13\n",
+ "#Determine operating point\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data\n",
+ "VCC=10 \t\t\t#in volt\n",
+ "RC=8 \t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+ "Beta=40 \t\t#unitless\n",
+ "IB=15 \t\t\t#in uA\n",
+ "IB=IB*10**-3 \t\t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "# For VCE = 0 Volts\n",
+ "IC=VCC/RC \t\t#in mA\n",
+ "#For IC=0 VCE=VCC=10V :\n",
+ "IC=Beta*IB \t\t#in mA\n",
+ "VCE=VCC-IC*RC \t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"Operating point Q is (\",VCE,\"V,\",IC,\"mA)\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Plot\n",
+ "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+ "fig = plt.figure()\n",
+ "ax = fig.add_subplot(111)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vce=[0,10]\n",
+ "Ic=[1.25,0]\n",
+ "plt.xlabel('Vce,V')\n",
+ "plt.ylabel('Ic,mA')\n",
+ "ax.plot([5.2], [0.6], 'o')\n",
+ "ax.annotate('(5.2V,0.6 mA)', xy=(5.4,0.7))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "a=plot(Vce,Ic)\n",
+ "show(a)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Operating point Q is ( 5.2 V, 0.6 mA)\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data",
+ "png": 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RfGQ+mJo2FfHZ8WhsbhQ7FvURLAhE/YyBvgGWT12OksgSVN+ohjxVjt2luznL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\nFgQiIgLAgkBERPf8PzB3vekNwU7EAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
+ "text": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7a67da0>"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 17
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.14 page No. 232"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 6.14\n",
+ "#How will the Q point change when load resistance will be change\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data \n",
+ "Vcc=12 \t\t#in Volt collector supply voltage\n",
+ "Ic=1.2 #A, collector current\n",
+ "Rl=5 #kohm load resistance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "Vce=Vcc-Ic*Rl #Collector emitter voltage\n",
+ "Rl1=7.5\n",
+ "Vce1=Vcc-Ic*Rl1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"Operating point at load resistance 5 kohm is (\",Vce,\"V,\",Ic,\"mA)\"\n",
+ "print\"Operating point at load resistance 7.5 kohm is (\",Vce1,\"V,\",Ic,\"mA)\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Operating point at load resistance 5 kohm is ( 6.0 V, 1.2 mA)\n",
+ "Operating point at load resistance 7.5 kohm is ( 3.0 V, 1.2 mA)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 65
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.15 Page No.233"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Example 6.15\n",
+ "#Given\n",
+ "Vcc=20 # V, collector voltage\n",
+ "Rc=3.3*10**3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "#Appling kirchoff's Voltage Law\n",
+ "Ic=0 #for cut off point\n",
+ "Vce=Vcc\n",
+ "Ic=Vcc/Rc\n",
+ "print \"Collector to emitter voltage is (Vce)\",Vce,\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Collector current at saturation point is (Ic)\",round(Ic*1000,0),\"mA\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Plot\n",
+ "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+ "fig = plt.figure()\n",
+ "ax = fig.add_subplot(111)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vce=[0,20]\n",
+ "Ic=[6,0]\n",
+ "xlabel(\"Vce (V)\") \n",
+ "ylabel(\"Ic (mA)\") \n",
+ "plt.xlim((0,25))\n",
+ "plt.ylim((0,8))\n",
+ "ax.plot([0], [6], 'o')\n",
+ "ax.annotate('(0,6mA)', xy=(0,6))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ax.plot([20], [0], 'o')\n",
+ "ax.annotate('(20V,0)', xy=(20,0))\n",
+ "a=plot(Vce,Ic)\n",
+ "show(a)\n",
+ "\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Collector to emitter voltage is (Vce) 20 V\n",
+ "Collector current at saturation point is (Ic) 6.0 mA\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "output_type": "display_data",
+ "png": 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+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.16 page No. 233"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 6.16\n",
+ "#find collector voltage and base voltage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data \n",
+ "Beta=45 \t\t\t#Unitless\n",
+ "VBE=0.7 \t\t\t#in Volt\n",
+ "VCC=0 \t\t\t\t#in Volt\n",
+ "RB=10**5 \t\t\t#in ohm\n",
+ "RC=1.2*10**3 \t\t\t#in ohm\n",
+ "VEE=-9 \t\t\t\t#in Volt\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "#Applying Kirchoffs Voltage Law in input loop we have\n",
+ "#IB*RB+VBE+VEE=0\n",
+ "IB=-(VBE+VEE)/RB \t\t#in mA\n",
+ "IC=Beta*IB \t\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "VC=VCC-IC*RC \t\t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "VB=VBE+VEE \t\t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"collector voltage is \",round(VC,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "print\"Base voltage is \",VB,\"V\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "collector voltage is -4.5 V\n",
+ "Base voltage is -8.3 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 60
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch7.ipynb b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch7.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6700dc78 --- /dev/null +++ b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch7.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,476 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": ""
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter 7: Field effect Transistors"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.1 page no. 262"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 7.1\n",
+ "#What is Resistance between gate and source\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data \n",
+ "VGS=10\t\t\t#in Volt\n",
+ "IG=0.001\t\t#in uA\n",
+ "IG=IG*10**-6\t\t#in A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "RGS=VGS/IG\t\t#in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"Resistance between gate and source is \",RGS/10**6,\"ohm\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Resistance between gate and source is 10000.0 ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.2 page no.262"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 7.2\n",
+ "#What is AC drain resistance of JFET\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data \n",
+ "delVDS=1.5\t\t\t#in Volt\n",
+ "delID=120\t\t\t#in uA\n",
+ "delID=120*10**-6\t\t#in A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "rd=delVDS/delID\t\t\t#in Ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"AC drain resistance of JFET in Kohm \",rd*10**-3,\"kohm\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "AC drain resistance of JFET in Kohm 12.5 kohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.3 page no. 262"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 7.3\n",
+ "#Determine Transconductance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data \n",
+ "VP=-4.5\t\t\t#in Volt\n",
+ "IDSS=10.0\t\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "IDS=2.5\t\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "VGS=VP*(1-math.sqrt(IDS/IDSS))\t\t#in Volt\n",
+ "gm=(-2*IDSS/VP)*(1-VGS/VP)\t\t#in mA/Volt\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Transconductance is\",round(gm,2),\"mA/v\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Transconductance is 2.22 mA/v\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.4 page no. 262"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 7.4\n",
+ "#calculate Vgs off\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data \n",
+ "gm=10\t\t\t#in mS\n",
+ "IDSS=10\t\t\t#in uA\n",
+ "IDSS=IDSS-10**-6\t#in Ampere\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "VGS_OFF=-2*IDSS/gm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"VGS(OFF) is =\",round(VGS_OFF),\"mV\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "VGS(OFF) is = -2.0 mV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 6
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.5 page no. 262"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 7.5\n",
+ "#Determine The minimum value of VDS for pinch-OFF region is equal to VP.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data \n",
+ "VP=-4.0\t\t\t #in Volt\n",
+ "IDSS=10.0\t\t\t #in mA\n",
+ "IDSS=IDSS*10**-3\t#in Ampere\n",
+ "VGS=-2.0 #in Volt\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "ID=IDSS*(1.0-VGS/VP)**2\t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print \"Drain current=\",ID*1000,\"mA\"\n",
+ "print\"VDS(min) is : \",VP,\"V\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Drain current= 2.5 mA\n",
+ "VDS(min) is : -4.0 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 6
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.6 page no. 263"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 7.6\n",
+ "#Find the value of Id , gmo, gm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data \n",
+ "VP=-3.0\t\t\t#in Volt\n",
+ "IDSS=8.7\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "IDSS=IDSS*10**-3\t#in mA\n",
+ "VGS=-1\t\t\t#in Volt\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "ID=IDSS*(1-VGS/VP)**2\t#in Ampere\n",
+ "gmo=-2*IDSS/VP\t\t#in mS\n",
+ "gm=gmo*(1-VGS/VP)\t#in mS\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"ID is \",round(ID*1000,1),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print\"gmo is\",round(gmo*1000,1),\"mS\"\n",
+ "print\"gm is \",round(gm*1000,1),\"mS\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "ID is 3.9 mA\n",
+ "gmo is 5.8 mS\n",
+ "gm is 3.9 mS\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 13
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.7 page no.263"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 7.7\n",
+ "#Find gm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data \n",
+ "VP=-3.0 \t\t#in Volt\n",
+ "IDSS=8.4 \t#in mA\n",
+ "VGS=-1.5 \t#in Volt\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "ID=IDSS*(1-VGS/VP)**2 \t\t#in mA\n",
+ "gmo=-2*IDSS/VP \t\t\t#in mS\n",
+ "gm=gmo*(1-VGS/VP) \t\t#in mS\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"Drain current=\",ID,\"mA\"\n",
+ "print\"Transconductance is \",gm,\"mS\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Drain current= 2.1 mA\n",
+ "Transconductance is 2.8 mS\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.8 page no.263"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 7.8\n",
+ "#What is gm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data \n",
+ "VP=-4.5 \t\t #in Volt\n",
+ "IDSS=9 \t\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "IDSS=IDSS*10**-3 #in Ampere\n",
+ "IDS=3 \t\t\t #in mA\n",
+ "IDS=IDS*10**-3 \t\t#in Ampere\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "VGS=VP*(1-math.sqrt(IDS/IDSS)) \t#in Volt\n",
+ "gm=(-2*IDSS/VP)*(1-VGS/VP) \t\t#in mS\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"IDS = 3 mA when gm is \",round(gm*1000,2),\"mS\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "IDS = 3 mA when gm is 2.31 mS\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 17
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.9 page no.271"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 7.9\n",
+ "#given data :\n",
+ "Vp=-4.0 \t\t\t #in Volt\n",
+ "IDSS=10.0 \t\t #in mA\n",
+ "#From eq 7.1\n",
+ "Vgs1=0\n",
+ "Id1=IDSS # mA, at Vgs=0\n",
+ "Vgs2=1\n",
+ "Id2=Id1*(1-Vgs2/Vp)**2 #mA, at Vgs=1\n",
+ "Vgs3=-1\n",
+ "Id3=Id1*(1-Vgs3/Vp)**2 #mA, at Vgs=1\n",
+ "Vgs4=-2\n",
+ "Id4=Id1*(1-Vgs4/Vp)**2 #mA, at Vgs=-2\n",
+ "Vgs5=-4\n",
+ "Id5=Id1*(1-Vgs5/Vp)**2 #mA, at Vgs=-4\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Transfer Characteristics are in mA \",Id1,Id2,Id3,Id4,Id5\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Plot\n",
+ "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+ "fig = plt.figure()\n",
+ "ax = fig.add_subplot(111)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vgs=[-4,-2,-1,0,1]\n",
+ "Id=[0,2.5,5.625,10,15.625]\n",
+ "xlabel(\"Vgs (V)\") \n",
+ "ylabel(\"Id (mA)\") \n",
+ "plt.xlim((-4,2))\n",
+ "plt.ylim((0,18))\n",
+ "ax.plot([0], [10], 'o')\n",
+ "ax.annotate('(Idss)', xy=(0,10))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "a=plot(Vgs,Id)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Transfer Characteristics for N channel MOSFET Type\"\n",
+ "show(a)\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Transfer Characteristics are in mA 10.0 15.625 5.625 2.5 0.0\n",
+ "Transfer Characteristics for N channel MOSFET Type"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "output_type": "display_data",
+ "png": 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3T4flaksM2DwAyTnJ8LPzw+UPLiPp3SQsGrgI/Tv118rCr+2DjHUN90936fO+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\nRK5CYII=\n"
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 27
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 7.10 page no.275"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 7.10\n",
+ "#Determine the drain current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data \n",
+ "ID_on=5 \t\t#in mA\n",
+ "VGS=6 \t\t\t#in Volt\n",
+ "VGS_on=8.0 \t\t#in Volt\n",
+ "VGST=4 \t\t\t#in Volt\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "K=ID_on/(VGS_on-VGST)**2 \t\t#in mA/V**2\n",
+ "ID=K*(VGS-VGST)**2 \t\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#result\n",
+ "print\"When VGS=6V the drain current is \",ID,\"mA\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "When VGS=6V the drain current is 1.25 mA\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 20
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch8.ipynb b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch8.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..f4ce4661 --- /dev/null +++ b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/Ch8.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,228 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": ""
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter 8: Photonic Devices"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 8.1 Page no 293"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 8.1\n",
+ "#Find Steady state photocurrent density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data \n",
+ "NA=10**22 #in atoms/m**3\n",
+ "ND=10**22 #in atoms/m**3\n",
+ "De=25*10**-4 \t#in m**2/s\n",
+ "Dh=10**-3\t\t#in m**2/s\n",
+ "TAUeo=500\t\t#in ns\n",
+ "TAUho=100\t\t#in ns\n",
+ "ni=1.5*10**16\t\t#in atoms/m**3\n",
+ "VR=-10\t\t\t#in Volt\n",
+ "epsilon=11.6*8.854*10**-12\t#in F/m\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\t\t\t#in Coulamb\n",
+ "VT=26\t\t\t\t#in mV\n",
+ "GL=10**27\t\t\t#in m**-3 s**-1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "Le=math.sqrt(De*TAUeo*10**-9)\t#in um\n",
+ "Le=Le*10**6\t\t\t#in um\n",
+ "Lh=math.sqrt(Dh*TAUho*10**-9)\t#in um\n",
+ "Lh=Lh*10**6\t\t\t#in um\n",
+ "Vbi=VT*10**-3*math.log(NA*ND/ni**2)\t#in Volt\n",
+ "Vo=Vbi\t\t\t\t#in Volt\n",
+ "VB=Vo-VR\t\t\t#in Volt\n",
+ "W=math.sqrt((2*epsilon*VB/e)*(1/NA+1/ND))\t#in um\n",
+ "W=W*10**6\t\t\t#in um\n",
+ "JL=e*(W+Le+Lh)*10**-6*GL\t#in A/cm**2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Steady state photocurrent density is \",round(JL/10**4,3),\"A/cm**2\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Steady state photocurrent density is 0.726 A/cm**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 8.2 Page no 295"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 8.2\n",
+ "#Find Steady state photocurrent density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data \n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "W=25\t\t\t#in um\n",
+ "PhotonFlux=10**21\t#in m**2s**-1\n",
+ "alfa=10**5\t\t#in m**-1\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\t\t#in Coulambs\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculation\n",
+ "GL1=alfa*PhotonFlux\t#in m**-3s**-1\n",
+ "GL2=alfa*PhotonFlux*math.exp(-alfa*W*10**-6)\t#in m**-3s**-1\n",
+ "JL=e*PhotonFlux*(1-math.exp(-alfa*W*10**-6))\t#in mA/cm**2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Steady state photocurrent density is \",round(JL/10,2),\"mA/cm**2\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Steady state photocurrent density is 14.69 mA/cm**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 5
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 8.3 Page no 304"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 8.3\n",
+ "#DEtermine Open circuit voltage .\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#given data \n",
+ "NA=7.5*10**24\t\t#in atoms/m**3\n",
+ "ND=1.5*10**22\t\t#in atoms/m**3\n",
+ "De=25.0*10**-4\t\t#in m**2/s\n",
+ "Dh=10.0**-3\t\t#in m**2/s\n",
+ "TAUeo=500.0\t\t#in ns\n",
+ "TAUho=100.0\t\t#in ns\n",
+ "ni=1.5*10**16\t\t#in atoms/m**3\n",
+ "VR=-10.0\t\t\t#in Volt\n",
+ "epsilon=11.6*8.854*10**-12\t#in F/m\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\t\t#in Coulamb\n",
+ "VT=26.0\t\t\t#in mV\n",
+ "GL=10.0**27\t\t#in m**-3 s**-1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "Le=math.sqrt(De*TAUeo*10**-9)\t#in m\n",
+ "Le=Le*10**6\t\t\t#in um\n",
+ "Lh=math.sqrt(Dh*TAUho*10**-9)\t#in m\n",
+ "Lh=Lh*10**6\t\t\t#in um\n",
+ "JS=e*(ni**2)*(De/(Le*10**-6*NA)+Dh/(Lh*10**-6*ND))\t#in A/cm**2\n",
+ "JL=12.5\t\t\t\t#in mA/cm**2\n",
+ "VOC=VT*math.log(1.0+((JL*10**-3)/(JS*10**-4)))\t\t#in Volt\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Open circuit voltage is\",round(VOC/1000,3),\"V\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Open circuit voltage is 0.522 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 15
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 3,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 8.4 Page no 304"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Exa 8.4\n",
+ "#Find The total no. of cells required\n",
+ "#given data \n",
+ "Vout=28\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
+ "Vcell=0.45\t\t#in Volt\n",
+ "n=Vout/Vcell\t\t#Unitless\n",
+ "Iout=1\t\t\t#in A\n",
+ "Icell=50\t\t#in mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "m=Iout/(Icell*10**-3)\t#unitless\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The total no. of cells required : \",round(m*n)\n",
+ "#Note : Answer in the book is wrong."
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The total no. of cells required : 1244.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/README.txt b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/README.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..da7bc292 --- /dev/null +++ b/Fundamental_of_Electronics_Devices/README.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Contributed By: Rahul Garg +Course: btech +College/Institute/Organization: Gurgaon College of Engineering, MDU Rohtak +Department/Designation: Electronics Engineering +Book Title: Fundamental of Electronics Devices +Author: JB Gupta +Publisher: Katariya & Sons, New Delhi +Year of publication: 2010 +Isbn: 9380027745, 9789380027746 +Edition: 2
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