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-{
- "metadata": {
- "name": "",
- "signature": "sha256:3d73f6bba1b33a0bbd48c706ad53709f1f38f4b901966e1c9494931ace163899"
- },
- "nbformat": 3,
- "nbformat_minor": 0,
- "worksheets": [
- {
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 1,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Laser"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example number 2.1, Page number 59 "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- " \n",
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "h=6.626*10**-34;\n",
- "c=3*10**8;\n",
- "lamda=632.8*10**-9; #wavelength in m\n",
- "P=5*10**-3; #output power in W\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "E=(h*c)/lamda; #energy of one photon\n",
- "E_eV=E/(1.6*10**-19); #converting J to eV\n",
- "E_eV=math.ceil(E_eV*1000)/1000; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n",
- "N=P/E; #number of photons emitted\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print(\"energy of one photon in eV is\",E_eV);\n",
- "print(\"number of photons emitted per second is\",N);\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "('energy of one photon in eV is', 1.964)\n",
- "('number of photons emitted per second is', 1.5917094275077976e+16)\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 1
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example number 2.2, Page number 60"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- " \n",
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "h=6.626*10**-34;\n",
- "c=3*10**8;\n",
- "lamda=632.8*10**-9; #wavelength in m\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "E=(h*c)/lamda; #energy of one photon\n",
- "E_eV=E/(1.6*10**-19); #converting J to eV\n",
- "E_eV=math.ceil(E_eV*1000)/1000; #rounding off to 3 decimals\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print(\"energy of one photon in eV is\",E_eV);\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "('energy of one photon in eV is', 1.964)\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 2
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example number 2.3, Page number 60"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- " \n",
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "E1=0; #value of 1st energy level in eV\n",
- "E2=1.4; #value of 2nd energy level in eV\n",
- "lamda=1.15*10**-6;\n",
- "h=6.626*10**-34;\n",
- "c=3*10**8;\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "E=(h*c)/lamda; #energy of one photon\n",
- "E_eV=E/(1.6*10**-19); #converting J to eV\n",
- "E3=E2+E_eV;\n",
- "E3=math.ceil(E3*100)/100; #rounding off to 2 decimals\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print(\"value of E3 in eV is\",E3);\n",
- "\n",
- "#answer given in the book for E3 is wrong"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "('value of E3 in eV is', 2.49)\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 3
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example number 2.4, Page number 60"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- " \n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "h=6.626*10**-34;\n",
- "c=3*10**8;\n",
- "E2=3.2; #value of higher energy level in eV\n",
- "E1=1.6; #value of lower energy level in eV\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "E=E2-E1; #energy difference in eV\n",
- "E_J=E*1.6*10**-19; #converting E from eV to J\n",
- "lamda=(h*c)/E_J; #wavelength of photon\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print(\"energy difference in eV\",E);\n",
- "print(\"wavelength of photon in m\",lamda);\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "('energy difference in eV', 1.6)\n",
- "('wavelength of photon in m', 7.76484375e-07)\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 6
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example number 2.5, Page number 60"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- " \n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "h=6.626*10**-34;\n",
- "c=3*10**8;\n",
- "E=1.42*1.6*10**-19; #band gap of GaAs in J\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "lamda=(h*c)/E; #wavelength of laser\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print(\"wavelength of laser emitted by GaAs in m\",lamda);\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "('wavelength of laser emitted by GaAs in m', 8.74911971830986e-07)\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 8
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example number 2.6, Page number 61"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- " \n",
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "T=300; #temperature in K\n",
- "lamda=500*10**-9; #wavelength in m\n",
- "h=6.626*10**-34;\n",
- "c=3*10**8;\n",
- "k=1.38*10**-23;\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "#from maxwell and boltzmann law, relative population is given by\n",
- "#N1/N2=exp(-E1/kT)/exp(-E2/kT)\n",
- "#hence N1/N2=exp(-(E1-E2)/kT)=exp((h*new)/(k*T));\n",
- "#new=c/lambda\n",
- "R=(h*c)/(lamda*k*T);\n",
- "RP=math.exp(R);\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print(\"relative population between N1 and N2 is\",RP);\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "('relative population between N1 and N2 is', 5.068255595981255e+41)\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 9
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example number 2.7, Page number 61"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- " \n",
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "T=300; #temperature in K\n",
- "h=6.626*10**-34;\n",
- "c=3*10**8;\n",
- "k=1.38*10**-23;\n",
- "lamda=600*10**-9; #wavelength in m\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "R=(h*c)/(lamda*k*T);\n",
- "Rs=1/(math.exp(R)-1);\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print(\"the ratio between stimulated emission to spontaneous emission is\",Rs);\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "('the ratio between stimulated emission to spontaneous emission is', 1.7617782449453023e-35)\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 11
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example number 2.8, Page number 62"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- " \n",
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "P=5*10**-3; #output power in W\n",
- "I=10*10**-3; #current in A\n",
- "V=3*10**3; #voltage in V\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "e=(P*100)/(I*V);\n",
- "e=math.ceil(e*10**6)/10**6; #rounding off to 6 decimals\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print(\"efficiency of laser in % is\",e);\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "('efficiency of laser in % is', 0.016667)\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 14
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example number 2.9, Page number 62"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- " \n",
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "P=1e-03; #output power in W\n",
- "d=1e-06; #diameter in m\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "r=d/2; #radius in m\n",
- "I=P/(math.pi*r**2); #intensity\n",
- "I=I/10**9;\n",
- "I=math.ceil(I*10**4)/10**4; #rounding off to 4 decimals\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result\n",
- "print(\"intensity of laser in W/m^2 is\",I,\"*10**9\");"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "('intensity of laser in W/m^2 is', 1.2733, '*10**9')\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 1
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example number 2.10, Page number 62"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- " \n",
- "#importing modules\n",
- "import math\n",
- "\n",
- "#Variable declaration\n",
- "lamda=632.8*10**-9; #wavelength in m\n",
- "D=5; #distance in m\n",
- "d=1*10**-3; #diameter in m\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculation\n",
- "deltatheta=lamda/d; #angular speed\n",
- "delta_theta=deltatheta*10**4;\n",
- "r=D*deltatheta;\n",
- "r1=r*10**3; #converting r from m to mm\n",
- "A=math.pi*r**2; #area of the spread\n",
- "\n",
- "#Result \n",
- "print(\"angular speed in radian is\",delta_theta,\"*10**-4\");\n",
- "print(\"radius of the spread in mm is\",r1);\n",
- "print(\"area of the spread in m^2 is\",A);\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "('angular speed in radian is', 6.328, '*10**-4')\n",
- "('radius of the spread in mm is', 3.164)\n",
- "('area of the spread in m^2 is', 3.1450157329451454e-05)\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 2
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": []
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {}
- }
- ]
-} \ No newline at end of file
generated by cgit (git 2.34.1) at 2024-12-20 17:59:52 +0000