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Diffstat (limited to 'Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell')
31 files changed, 12831 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter1.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4234eb46 --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 1: UNITS, DIMENSIONS AND STANDARDS"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 1-1, Page Number: 8"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Total Magenetic Flux = 5.0 micro weber\n",
+ "Cross Section= 6.45e-04 meter square\n",
+ "Flux Density(B)= 7.75 mT\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "phi=500*10**-8 #in weber\n",
+ "A=(1*1)*(2.54*10**-2)**2 #in meter square \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "B=phi/A #in tesla \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Total Magenetic Flux =\",phi*10**6,\"micro weber\"\n",
+ "print \"Cross Section=\",'%.2e' % A,\"meter square\"\n",
+ "print \"Flux Density(B)=\",round(B*10**3,2),\"mT\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 1-2, Page Number: 8"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Celsius Temperature= 37.0 degree celsisus\n",
+ "Kelvin Temperature= 310.15 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "F=98.6 #Temperature =98.6 Farenheit \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Celsius_temperature=(F-32)/1.8 #in Celsius\n",
+ " \n",
+ "Kelvin_temperature=(F-32)/1.8+273.15 #in Kelvin\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Celsius Temperature=\",Celsius_temperature,\"degree celsisus\"\n",
+ "print \"Kelvin Temperature=\",round(Kelvin_temperature,2),\"K\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 1-3, Page Number: 10"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The dimensions of Voltage and Resistance are expressed in array format[M L T I],\n",
+ "Voltage= [ 1 2 -3 -1]\n",
+ "Resistance= [ 1 2 -3 -2]\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import numpy as np\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Powers of M, L,T,I are expressed in an array consisting of four elements\n",
+ "#Each array element represents the power of the corresponding dimension\n",
+ "#it is of the form [M,L,T,I]\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "P=np.array([1,2,-3,0]) #Dimesnion of Power\n",
+ "I=np.array([0,0,0,1]) #Dimension of Current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "E=P-I #As E=P/I, the powers have to be subtracted\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R=E-I #As R=E/I, the powers have to be subtracted\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The dimensions of Voltage and Resistance are expressed in array format[M L T I],\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage=\",E\n",
+ "print \"Resistance=\",R"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter11.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter11.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..75895112 --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter11.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,291 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 11: SIGNAL GENERATORS"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 11-1, Page Number: 317"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Mimimum frequency f(min)= 106.0 Hz\n",
+ "Maximum frequency f(max)= 1.06 kHz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "R1min=500 #Minimum Value of R1(ohm)\n",
+ "R1max=5*10**3 #Maximum Value of R1(ohm)\n",
+ "C=300*10**-9 #in farad(C=C1=C2) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "#Using the formula f=1/2*pi*R*C for Wein bridge oscillator\n",
+ "\n",
+ "fmin=1/(2*math.pi*C*R1max) #Minimum frequency occurs when R1 is maximum(Hz)\n",
+ "fmax=1/(2*math.pi*C*R1min) #Maximum frequency occurs when R1 is minimum(Hz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Mimimum frequency f(min)=\",round(fmin),\"Hz\"\n",
+ "print \"Maximum frequency f(max)=\",round(fmax/1000,2),\"kHz\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 11-2, Page Number: 319"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R3= 1.0 kilo ohm\n",
+ "R1+R2= 49.0 kilo ohm\n",
+ "R1= 4.0 kilo ohm\n",
+ "R2= 45.0 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vi=5 #Input voltage(V)\n",
+ "Ib=500*10**-9 #Bias Current(A)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "#With R1 and R2 in the circuit\n",
+ "Vr3=0.1 #As range is 0-0.1V\n",
+ "Vr=Vi-Vr3 #KVL\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I3=100*10**-6 #Since I3>>Ib, assume I3=100micro ampere\n",
+ "R3=Vr3/I3 #Ohm's Law \n",
+ "Rr=Vr/I3 #Ohm's Law. Rr is equivalent series resistance. Rr=R1+R2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"R3=\",round(R3*10**-3),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"R1+R2=\",round(Rr*10**-3),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#With R2 swithed out of the circuit\n",
+ "Vr3=1 #Range 0-1V\n",
+ "I3=Vr3/R3 #Ohm's Law \n",
+ "Vr1=Vi-Vr3 #KVL\n",
+ "R1=Vr1/I3 #Ohm's Law\n",
+ "R2=Rr-R1 #Rr is equivalent series resistance \n",
+ "print \"R1=\",R1*10**-3,\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"R2=\",R2*10**-3,\"kilo ohm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 11-3, Page Number: 326"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "For contact at top of R1,\n",
+ "f= 1.17 kHz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "For R1 contact at 10% from bottom,\n",
+ "f= 117.0 Hz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "C1=0.1*10**-6 #in farad \n",
+ "R1=1*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R2=10*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "UTP=3.0 #in V\n",
+ "LTP=-3.0 #in V\n",
+ "Vcc=15.0 #in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V3=Vcc-1 #Op-amp saturation voltage is approximately one less than Vcc\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For contact at top of R1\n",
+ "V1=V3 \n",
+ "I2=V1/R2\n",
+ "dV=UTP-LTP\n",
+ "t=C1*dV/I2 #Using equation for a capacitor charging linearly\n",
+ "f=1/(2*t)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"For contact at top of R1,\"\n",
+ "print \"f=\",round(f*10**-3,2),\"kHz\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For R1 at 10% from bottom\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V1=0.1*V3\n",
+ "I2=V1/R2\n",
+ "t=C1* dV/I2 #Using equation for a capacitor charging linearly\n",
+ "f=1/(2*t)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \n",
+ "print \"For R1 contact at 10% from bottom,\"\n",
+ "print \"f=\",round(f),\"Hz\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 11-4, Page Number: 332"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 32,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "t= 4.13 ms\n",
+ "The frequency of the sqaure wave output is 121.0 Hz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "R1=20*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R2=6.2*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R3=5.6*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "C1=0.2*10**-6 #in farad\n",
+ "Vcc=12.0 #in volt\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vo=Vcc-1 #Op-amp saturation voltage is approximately one less than Vcc\n",
+ "\n",
+ "UTP=Vo*R3/(R3+R2) #Upper Threshold Voltage\n",
+ "LTP=-UTP #Lower Threshold voltage \n",
+ " \n",
+ "t=C1*R1*math.log((Vo-LTP)/(Vo-UTP)) #Equation to find pulse width for astable multivibrator\n",
+ "f=1/(2*t) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"t=\",round(t*10**3,2),\"ms\"\n",
+ "print \"The frequency of the sqaure wave output is \",round(f),\"Hz\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 11-5, Page Number: 334"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 35,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Pulse width(PW)= 289.0 micro second\n",
+ "For Pw=6ms, C2 should be 0.2 micro farad\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vcc=10\n",
+ "Vb=1\n",
+ "R1=22*10**3\n",
+ "R2=10*10**3\n",
+ "C1=100*10**-12\n",
+ "C2=0.01*10**-6\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Vo_plus=Vcc-1\n",
+ "Vo_minus=-(Vcc-1)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "PW=C2*R2*math.log((Vo_plus-Vo_minus)/Vb)\n",
+ "print \"Pulse width(PW)=\",round(PW*10**6),\"micro second\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When Pw=6ms, C2 is found as follows\n",
+ "PW=6*10**-3\n",
+ "C2=PW/(R2*math.log((Vo_plus-Vo_minus)/Vb))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"For Pw=6ms, C2 should be\",round(C2*10**6,1),\"micro farad\"\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter11_1.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter11_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..75895112 --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter11_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,291 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 11: SIGNAL GENERATORS"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 11-1, Page Number: 317"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Mimimum frequency f(min)= 106.0 Hz\n",
+ "Maximum frequency f(max)= 1.06 kHz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "R1min=500 #Minimum Value of R1(ohm)\n",
+ "R1max=5*10**3 #Maximum Value of R1(ohm)\n",
+ "C=300*10**-9 #in farad(C=C1=C2) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "#Using the formula f=1/2*pi*R*C for Wein bridge oscillator\n",
+ "\n",
+ "fmin=1/(2*math.pi*C*R1max) #Minimum frequency occurs when R1 is maximum(Hz)\n",
+ "fmax=1/(2*math.pi*C*R1min) #Maximum frequency occurs when R1 is minimum(Hz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Mimimum frequency f(min)=\",round(fmin),\"Hz\"\n",
+ "print \"Maximum frequency f(max)=\",round(fmax/1000,2),\"kHz\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 11-2, Page Number: 319"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R3= 1.0 kilo ohm\n",
+ "R1+R2= 49.0 kilo ohm\n",
+ "R1= 4.0 kilo ohm\n",
+ "R2= 45.0 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vi=5 #Input voltage(V)\n",
+ "Ib=500*10**-9 #Bias Current(A)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "#With R1 and R2 in the circuit\n",
+ "Vr3=0.1 #As range is 0-0.1V\n",
+ "Vr=Vi-Vr3 #KVL\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I3=100*10**-6 #Since I3>>Ib, assume I3=100micro ampere\n",
+ "R3=Vr3/I3 #Ohm's Law \n",
+ "Rr=Vr/I3 #Ohm's Law. Rr is equivalent series resistance. Rr=R1+R2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"R3=\",round(R3*10**-3),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"R1+R2=\",round(Rr*10**-3),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#With R2 swithed out of the circuit\n",
+ "Vr3=1 #Range 0-1V\n",
+ "I3=Vr3/R3 #Ohm's Law \n",
+ "Vr1=Vi-Vr3 #KVL\n",
+ "R1=Vr1/I3 #Ohm's Law\n",
+ "R2=Rr-R1 #Rr is equivalent series resistance \n",
+ "print \"R1=\",R1*10**-3,\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"R2=\",R2*10**-3,\"kilo ohm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 11-3, Page Number: 326"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "For contact at top of R1,\n",
+ "f= 1.17 kHz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "For R1 contact at 10% from bottom,\n",
+ "f= 117.0 Hz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "C1=0.1*10**-6 #in farad \n",
+ "R1=1*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R2=10*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "UTP=3.0 #in V\n",
+ "LTP=-3.0 #in V\n",
+ "Vcc=15.0 #in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V3=Vcc-1 #Op-amp saturation voltage is approximately one less than Vcc\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For contact at top of R1\n",
+ "V1=V3 \n",
+ "I2=V1/R2\n",
+ "dV=UTP-LTP\n",
+ "t=C1*dV/I2 #Using equation for a capacitor charging linearly\n",
+ "f=1/(2*t)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"For contact at top of R1,\"\n",
+ "print \"f=\",round(f*10**-3,2),\"kHz\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For R1 at 10% from bottom\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V1=0.1*V3\n",
+ "I2=V1/R2\n",
+ "t=C1* dV/I2 #Using equation for a capacitor charging linearly\n",
+ "f=1/(2*t)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \n",
+ "print \"For R1 contact at 10% from bottom,\"\n",
+ "print \"f=\",round(f),\"Hz\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 11-4, Page Number: 332"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 32,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "t= 4.13 ms\n",
+ "The frequency of the sqaure wave output is 121.0 Hz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "R1=20*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R2=6.2*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R3=5.6*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "C1=0.2*10**-6 #in farad\n",
+ "Vcc=12.0 #in volt\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vo=Vcc-1 #Op-amp saturation voltage is approximately one less than Vcc\n",
+ "\n",
+ "UTP=Vo*R3/(R3+R2) #Upper Threshold Voltage\n",
+ "LTP=-UTP #Lower Threshold voltage \n",
+ " \n",
+ "t=C1*R1*math.log((Vo-LTP)/(Vo-UTP)) #Equation to find pulse width for astable multivibrator\n",
+ "f=1/(2*t) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"t=\",round(t*10**3,2),\"ms\"\n",
+ "print \"The frequency of the sqaure wave output is \",round(f),\"Hz\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 11-5, Page Number: 334"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 35,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Pulse width(PW)= 289.0 micro second\n",
+ "For Pw=6ms, C2 should be 0.2 micro farad\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vcc=10\n",
+ "Vb=1\n",
+ "R1=22*10**3\n",
+ "R2=10*10**3\n",
+ "C1=100*10**-12\n",
+ "C2=0.01*10**-6\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Vo_plus=Vcc-1\n",
+ "Vo_minus=-(Vcc-1)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "PW=C2*R2*math.log((Vo_plus-Vo_minus)/Vb)\n",
+ "print \"Pulse width(PW)=\",round(PW*10**6),\"micro second\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When Pw=6ms, C2 is found as follows\n",
+ "PW=6*10**-3\n",
+ "C2=PW/(R2*math.log((Vo_plus-Vo_minus)/Vb))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"For Pw=6ms, C2 should be\",round(C2*10**6,1),\"micro farad\"\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter12.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter12.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6d83b13e --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter12.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,301 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 12: INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12-1, Page Number: 355"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When scale reading is 10 V and precise voltage is 9.5 V,\n",
+ "Error=- -5.0 % of reading= -0.5 % of full scale\n",
+ "\n",
+ "When scale reading is 50 V and precise voltage is 51.7 V,\n",
+ "Error= + 3.4 % of reading= + 1.7 % of full scale\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For Scale reading =10 V, and precise voltage=9.5 V\n",
+ "scale_reading=10 #Scale reading is 10 V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "precise_reading=9.5 #Precise voltage is 9.5 V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "error=(precise_reading-scale_reading)/scale_reading*100 #Error in percentage form w.r.t reading\n",
+ "\n",
+ "error_fullscale=(precise_reading-scale_reading)*100/100 #Error with respect to full scale \n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When scale reading is 10 V and precise voltage is 9.5 V,\"\n",
+ "print \"Error=-\",round(error,1),\"% of reading=\",error_fullscale, \"% of full scale\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \n",
+ "#For Scale reading =50 V, and precise voltage=51.7 V\n",
+ "scale_reading=50 #Scale reading is 50 V\n",
+ "precise_reading=51.7 #Precise voltage is 51.7 V\n",
+ "error=(precise_reading-scale_reading)/scale_reading*100 #Error in percentage form \n",
+ "error_fullscale=(precise_reading-scale_reading)*100/100\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When scale reading is 50 V and precise voltage is 51.7 V,\"\n",
+ "print \"Error= +\",round(error,1),\"% of reading= +\",error_fullscale, \"% of full scale\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12-2, Page Number: 357"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Correction figure= -6 W\n",
+ "Error= -5 %\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V=114 #Measured Voltage in V\n",
+ "I=1 #Measured Current in A\n",
+ "W=120 #Full Scale wattage in W\n",
+ "\n",
+ "P=V*I #Wattmeter Power\n",
+ "error=P-W #Correction figure\n",
+ "print \"Correction figure=\",error,\"W\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "error=error*100/W #Error %\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Error=\",error,\"%\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12-3, Page Number 361"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Therefore Vo= 5 V ± 700.0 micro volt\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R4=1125.0\n",
+ "R5=4017.9\n",
+ "Vz=6.4\n",
+ "accuracy=100.0/10**6 #100ppm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "#Maximum and Minimum values of resistances in ohm\n",
+ "R4max=R4*(1+accuracy) \n",
+ "R4min=R4*(1-accuracy)\n",
+ "R5max=R5*(1+accuracy)\n",
+ "R5min=R5*(1-accuracy)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Maximum and minimum zener voltages in V\n",
+ "Vzmax=Vz+Vz*0.01/100 #Maximum voltage is Vz+0.01% of Vz\n",
+ "Vzmin=Vz-Vz*0.01/100 #Minimum voltage is Vz-0.01% of Vz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Maximum and minimum output voltages in V\n",
+ "Vomax=Vzmax*(R5max/(R4min+R5max)) #Output is maximum when Vz is maximum, R5 is minimum and R4 is maximum\n",
+ "Vomin=Vzmin*(R5min/(R4max+R5min)) #Output is minimum when Vzi mimimum, R5 is maximum and R4 is minimum\n",
+ "Vo=Vz*(R5/(R4+R5))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "error=round(Vomax-Vo,4) #Deviation of output voltage from theoretical value \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Therefore Vo=\",int(Vo),\"V ±\",error*10**6,\"micro volt\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12-4, Page Number: 364"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When the potentiometer is calibrated, I= 20.0 mA\n",
+ "R1= 50.0 ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vx= 1.886 V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "The value of R2 to limit standard cell current to 20 micro ampere is 200 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Rab=100 #Resistance of wire AB, in ohm\n",
+ "Vb1=3 #Battery B1, terminal voltage(V)\n",
+ "Vb2=1.0190 #Standard Cell Voltage(V) \n",
+ "l=50.95 #Length BC, in cm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At Calibration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vbc=Vb2 \n",
+ "volt_per_unit_length=Vbc/l #in V/cm\n",
+ "Vab=100*volt_per_unit_length #in V \n",
+ "I=Vab/Rab #Ohm's Law\n",
+ "Vr1=Vb1-Vab #KVL \n",
+ "R1=Vr1/I \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 94.3cm\n",
+ "Vx=94.3*volt_per_unit_length\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Worst case: Terminal voltage of B2 or B1 may be reversed\n",
+ "#Total voltage producing current flow through standard cell is\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vt=Vb2+Vb1\n",
+ "R2=Vt/(20*10**-6) #Value of resistance R2 to limit standard cell current to a maximum of 20 micro ampere\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When the potentiometer is calibrated, I=\",I*10**3,\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \"R1=\",R1,\"ohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \n",
+ "print \"Vx=\",round(Vx,3),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \n",
+ "print \"The value of R2 to limit standard cell current to 20 micro ampere is \",int(R2*10**-3),\"kilo ohm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12-5, Page Number: 367"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The instrument can measure a maximum of 1.6 V\n",
+ "Instrument resolution=± 0.2 mV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R3=509.5 #in ohm\n",
+ "R4=290.5 #in ohm\n",
+ "R13=100 #in ohm\n",
+ "l=100 #in cm\n",
+ "Vb2=1.0190 #in V(Standard Cell Voltage)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vr3=Vb2 \n",
+ "I1=Vb2/R3 #Ohm's Law \n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Maximum measurable voltage:\n",
+ "Vae=I1*(R3+R4) #Maximum measurable voltage in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Resolution\n",
+ "I2=Vae/(8*R13) #in A \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vab=I2*R13\n",
+ "slidewire_vper_length=Vab/l #in V/mm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "instrument_resolution=slidewire_vper_length*1 #As contact can be read within 1 mm, 1 is multiplied\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The instrument can measure a maximum of\",Vae,\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Instrument resolution=±\",instrument_resolution*10**2,\"mV\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter12_1.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter12_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6d83b13e --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter12_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,301 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 12: INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12-1, Page Number: 355"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When scale reading is 10 V and precise voltage is 9.5 V,\n",
+ "Error=- -5.0 % of reading= -0.5 % of full scale\n",
+ "\n",
+ "When scale reading is 50 V and precise voltage is 51.7 V,\n",
+ "Error= + 3.4 % of reading= + 1.7 % of full scale\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For Scale reading =10 V, and precise voltage=9.5 V\n",
+ "scale_reading=10 #Scale reading is 10 V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "precise_reading=9.5 #Precise voltage is 9.5 V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "error=(precise_reading-scale_reading)/scale_reading*100 #Error in percentage form w.r.t reading\n",
+ "\n",
+ "error_fullscale=(precise_reading-scale_reading)*100/100 #Error with respect to full scale \n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When scale reading is 10 V and precise voltage is 9.5 V,\"\n",
+ "print \"Error=-\",round(error,1),\"% of reading=\",error_fullscale, \"% of full scale\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \n",
+ "#For Scale reading =50 V, and precise voltage=51.7 V\n",
+ "scale_reading=50 #Scale reading is 50 V\n",
+ "precise_reading=51.7 #Precise voltage is 51.7 V\n",
+ "error=(precise_reading-scale_reading)/scale_reading*100 #Error in percentage form \n",
+ "error_fullscale=(precise_reading-scale_reading)*100/100\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When scale reading is 50 V and precise voltage is 51.7 V,\"\n",
+ "print \"Error= +\",round(error,1),\"% of reading= +\",error_fullscale, \"% of full scale\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12-2, Page Number: 357"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Correction figure= -6 W\n",
+ "Error= -5 %\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V=114 #Measured Voltage in V\n",
+ "I=1 #Measured Current in A\n",
+ "W=120 #Full Scale wattage in W\n",
+ "\n",
+ "P=V*I #Wattmeter Power\n",
+ "error=P-W #Correction figure\n",
+ "print \"Correction figure=\",error,\"W\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "error=error*100/W #Error %\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Error=\",error,\"%\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12-3, Page Number 361"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Therefore Vo= 5 V ± 700.0 micro volt\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R4=1125.0\n",
+ "R5=4017.9\n",
+ "Vz=6.4\n",
+ "accuracy=100.0/10**6 #100ppm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "#Maximum and Minimum values of resistances in ohm\n",
+ "R4max=R4*(1+accuracy) \n",
+ "R4min=R4*(1-accuracy)\n",
+ "R5max=R5*(1+accuracy)\n",
+ "R5min=R5*(1-accuracy)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Maximum and minimum zener voltages in V\n",
+ "Vzmax=Vz+Vz*0.01/100 #Maximum voltage is Vz+0.01% of Vz\n",
+ "Vzmin=Vz-Vz*0.01/100 #Minimum voltage is Vz-0.01% of Vz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Maximum and minimum output voltages in V\n",
+ "Vomax=Vzmax*(R5max/(R4min+R5max)) #Output is maximum when Vz is maximum, R5 is minimum and R4 is maximum\n",
+ "Vomin=Vzmin*(R5min/(R4max+R5min)) #Output is minimum when Vzi mimimum, R5 is maximum and R4 is minimum\n",
+ "Vo=Vz*(R5/(R4+R5))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "error=round(Vomax-Vo,4) #Deviation of output voltage from theoretical value \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Therefore Vo=\",int(Vo),\"V ±\",error*10**6,\"micro volt\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12-4, Page Number: 364"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When the potentiometer is calibrated, I= 20.0 mA\n",
+ "R1= 50.0 ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vx= 1.886 V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "The value of R2 to limit standard cell current to 20 micro ampere is 200 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Rab=100 #Resistance of wire AB, in ohm\n",
+ "Vb1=3 #Battery B1, terminal voltage(V)\n",
+ "Vb2=1.0190 #Standard Cell Voltage(V) \n",
+ "l=50.95 #Length BC, in cm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At Calibration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vbc=Vb2 \n",
+ "volt_per_unit_length=Vbc/l #in V/cm\n",
+ "Vab=100*volt_per_unit_length #in V \n",
+ "I=Vab/Rab #Ohm's Law\n",
+ "Vr1=Vb1-Vab #KVL \n",
+ "R1=Vr1/I \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 94.3cm\n",
+ "Vx=94.3*volt_per_unit_length\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Worst case: Terminal voltage of B2 or B1 may be reversed\n",
+ "#Total voltage producing current flow through standard cell is\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vt=Vb2+Vb1\n",
+ "R2=Vt/(20*10**-6) #Value of resistance R2 to limit standard cell current to a maximum of 20 micro ampere\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When the potentiometer is calibrated, I=\",I*10**3,\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \"R1=\",R1,\"ohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \n",
+ "print \"Vx=\",round(Vx,3),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \n",
+ "print \"The value of R2 to limit standard cell current to 20 micro ampere is \",int(R2*10**-3),\"kilo ohm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 12-5, Page Number: 367"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The instrument can measure a maximum of 1.6 V\n",
+ "Instrument resolution=± 0.2 mV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R3=509.5 #in ohm\n",
+ "R4=290.5 #in ohm\n",
+ "R13=100 #in ohm\n",
+ "l=100 #in cm\n",
+ "Vb2=1.0190 #in V(Standard Cell Voltage)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vr3=Vb2 \n",
+ "I1=Vb2/R3 #Ohm's Law \n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Maximum measurable voltage:\n",
+ "Vae=I1*(R3+R4) #Maximum measurable voltage in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Resolution\n",
+ "I2=Vae/(8*R13) #in A \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vab=I2*R13\n",
+ "slidewire_vper_length=Vab/l #in V/mm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "instrument_resolution=slidewire_vper_length*1 #As contact can be read within 1 mm, 1 is multiplied\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The instrument can measure a maximum of\",Vae,\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Instrument resolution=±\",instrument_resolution*10**2,\"mV\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter16.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter16.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e589bb65 --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter16.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 16: LABORATORY POWER SUPPLIES"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 16-1, Page Number: 423"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Source Effect= 50.0 mV\n",
+ "Line Regulation= 0.42 %\n",
+ "Load Effect= 100.0 mV\n",
+ "Load Regulation= 0.83 %\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output voltages at various instances in V\n",
+ "Eo1=12\n",
+ "Eo2=11.95\n",
+ "Eo3=12\n",
+ "Eo4=11.9\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "source_effect=Eo1-Eo2 #Change in output voltage due to 10% change in input\n",
+ "line_regulation=source_effect*100/Eo1 #percentage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "load_effect=Eo3-Eo4 #Change in output voltage due to change in load from no load to minimum load \n",
+ "load_regulation=load_effect*100/Eo3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Source Effect=\",source_effect*10**3,\"mV\"\n",
+ "print \"Line Regulation=\",round(line_regulation,2),\"%\"\n",
+ "print \"Load Effect=\",load_effect*10**3,\"mV\"\n",
+ "print \"Load Regulation=\",round(load_regulation,2),\"%\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 16-2, Page Number: 428"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum output voltage= 15.2 V\n",
+ "Minimum output voltgae= 9.9 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vz=6 #Zener voltage in V\n",
+ "R2=5.6*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R3=5.6*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R4=3*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When the moving contact is at the botton of R4, \n",
+ "Vr3=Vz #in V\n",
+ "I3=Vz/R3 #in A\n",
+ "Eo=I3*(R2+R3+R4) #in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Maximum output voltage=\",round(Eo,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When the moving contact is at the top of R4\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I3=Vz/(R3+R4) #in A\n",
+ "Eo=I3*(R2+R3+R4) #in V \n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Minimum output voltgae=\",round(Eo,1),\"V\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter16_1.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter16_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e589bb65 --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter16_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 16: LABORATORY POWER SUPPLIES"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 16-1, Page Number: 423"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Source Effect= 50.0 mV\n",
+ "Line Regulation= 0.42 %\n",
+ "Load Effect= 100.0 mV\n",
+ "Load Regulation= 0.83 %\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output voltages at various instances in V\n",
+ "Eo1=12\n",
+ "Eo2=11.95\n",
+ "Eo3=12\n",
+ "Eo4=11.9\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "source_effect=Eo1-Eo2 #Change in output voltage due to 10% change in input\n",
+ "line_regulation=source_effect*100/Eo1 #percentage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "load_effect=Eo3-Eo4 #Change in output voltage due to change in load from no load to minimum load \n",
+ "load_regulation=load_effect*100/Eo3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Source Effect=\",source_effect*10**3,\"mV\"\n",
+ "print \"Line Regulation=\",round(line_regulation,2),\"%\"\n",
+ "print \"Load Effect=\",load_effect*10**3,\"mV\"\n",
+ "print \"Load Regulation=\",round(load_regulation,2),\"%\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 16-2, Page Number: 428"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum output voltage= 15.2 V\n",
+ "Minimum output voltgae= 9.9 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vz=6 #Zener voltage in V\n",
+ "R2=5.6*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R3=5.6*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R4=3*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When the moving contact is at the botton of R4, \n",
+ "Vr3=Vz #in V\n",
+ "I3=Vz/R3 #in A\n",
+ "Eo=I3*(R2+R3+R4) #in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Maximum output voltage=\",round(Eo,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When the moving contact is at the top of R4\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I3=Vz/(R3+R4) #in A\n",
+ "Eo=I3*(R2+R3+R4) #in V \n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Minimum output voltgae=\",round(Eo,1),\"V\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter1_1.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter1_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..fba4d6b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter1_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,159 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 1: UNITS, DIMENSIONS AND STANDARDS"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 1-1, Page Number: 8"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Total Magenetic Flux = 5.0 micro weber\n",
+ "Cross Section= 6.45e-04 meter square\n",
+ "Flux Density(B)= 7.75 mT\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "phi=500*10**-8 #in weber\n",
+ "A=(1*1)*(2.54*10**-2)**2 #in meter square \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "B=phi/A #in tesla \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Total Magenetic Flux =\",phi*10**6,\"micro weber\"\n",
+ "print \"Cross Section=\",'%.2e' % A,\"meter square\"\n",
+ "print \"Flux Density(B)=\",round(B*10**3,2),\"mT\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 1-2, Page Number: 8"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Celsius Temperature= 37.0 degree celsisus\n",
+ "Kelvin Temperature= 310.15 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "F=98.6 #Temperature =98.6 Farenheit \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Celsius_temperature=(F-32)/1.8 #in Celsius\n",
+ " \n",
+ "Kelvin_temperature=(F-32)/1.8+273.15 #in Kelvin\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Celsius Temperature=\",Celsius_temperature,\"degree celsisus\"\n",
+ "print \"Kelvin Temperature=\",round(Kelvin_temperature,2),\"K\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 1-3, Page Number: 10"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The dimensions of Voltage and Resistance are expressed in array format[M L T I],\n",
+ "Voltage= [ 1 2 -3 -1]\n",
+ "Resistance= [ 1 2 -3 -2]\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import numpy as np\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Powers of M, L,T,I are expressed in an array consisting of four elements\n",
+ "#Each array element represents the power of the corresponding dimension\n",
+ "#it is of the form [M,L,T,I]\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "P=np.array([1,2,-3,0]) #Dimesnion of Power\n",
+ "I=np.array([0,0,0,1]) #Dimension of Current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "E=P-I #As E=P/I, the powers have to be subtracted\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R=E-I #As R=E/I, the powers have to be subtracted\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The dimensions of Voltage and Resistance are expressed in array format[M L T I],\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage=\",E\n",
+ "print \"Resistance=\",R"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter2.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter2.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6bbb77b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter2.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,365 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 2: MEASUREMENT ERRORS \n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 2-1, Page Number: 16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Tolerance of the resistance= ± 5 %\n",
+ "Maximum Resistance at 75 degree celsius= 1.2915 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Resistance Values at 25 degree Celsius\n",
+ "rmax25=1.26*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "rmin25=1.14*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "r=1.2*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "ppm=500.0/1000000 \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "absolute_error=rmax25-r #in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Tolerance value in percentage\n",
+ "tolerance=absolute_error/r*100 #percentage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Resistance per degree Celsius\n",
+ "rperc=rmax25*ppm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#To Calculate ressistance at 75 degree celsius\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dT=75-25 #degree celsius\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dR=rperc*dT #in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Maximum resistance at 75 degree celsius\n",
+ "\n",
+ "rmax75=rmax25+dR #in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print 'Tolerance of the resistance= ±',int(tolerance),'%'\n",
+ "print 'Maximum Resistance at 75 degree celsius=',round(rmax75/1000,4),'kilo ohm'\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 2-2, Page Number: 20\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum percentage error= 2.8 %\n",
+ "V=( 180 V ± 2.8 %)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V1=100 #in V \n",
+ "V2=80 #in V\n",
+ "p1=1.0/100 #Percentage error of V1\n",
+ "p2=5.0/100 #Percentage error of V2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "V1max=V1+V1*p1 #in V\n",
+ "V2max=V2+V2*p2 #in V \n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Emax=V1max+V2max #in V\n",
+ "E=V1+V2 #in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "p=100*(Emax-E)/E #Percentage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print 'Maximum percentage error=',round(p,1),'%'\n",
+ "print 'V=(',E,'V ±',round(p,1),'%)'\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 2-3, Page Number: 22"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum percentage error= ± 25 %\n",
+ "Voltage=( 20 V ± 25 %)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V1=100 #in V \n",
+ "V2=80 #in V \n",
+ "p1=1.0/100 #Percentage error of V1\n",
+ "p2=5.0/100 #Percentage error of V2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "E=V1-V2 #in V\n",
+ "V1max=V1+V1*p1 #in V \n",
+ "V2min=V2-V2*p2 #in V\n",
+ "Emax=V1max-V2min #in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "p=100*(Emax-E)/E #percentage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print 'Maximum percentage error= ±',int(p),'%'\n",
+ "print 'Voltage=(',E,'V ±',int(p), '%)'\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 2-4, Page Number: 23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Power= 82 mW\n",
+ "Percentage error in power= ± 20 %\n",
+ "Power=( 82 mW ± 20 %)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "r=820 #Resistance(ohm)\n",
+ "r_accuracy=10.0/100 #Accuracy of r in percentage\n",
+ "I=10*10**(-3) #Current(A)\n",
+ "I_accuracy=2.0/100 #Accuracy of I at Full scale in percentage\n",
+ "Imax=25*10**(-3) #Full scale current(A)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "power=r*(I**2) #in Watt\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I_error=I_accuracy*Imax\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I_error_percentage=100*I_error/(10*10**(-3))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Isquare_error=2*I_error_percentage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "p_error=Isquare_error+(r_accuracy*100) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print 'Power=',int(power*1000),' mW'\n",
+ "print 'Percentage error in power= ±',int(p_error), '%'\n",
+ "print 'Power=(',int(power*1000),'mW ±',int(p_error),'%)'\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 2-5, Page Number: 25"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Average Deviation= 0.0012 volt\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "V=[1.001,1.002,0.999,0.998,1.000] #Voltage readings\n",
+ "v_average=0.0 #Variable to hold average value\n",
+ "d=[0]*5 #Array of 5 elements to hold deviation\n",
+ "D_average=0.0 #Variable to hold average deviation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "#To find average\n",
+ "for i in range(0,5):\n",
+ " v_average=v_average+V[i]\n",
+ " \n",
+ "v_average=v_average/5.0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#To find deviations\n",
+ "for i in range(0,5):\n",
+ " d[i]=V[i]-v_average\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#To find mean deviation \n",
+ "for i in range(0,5):\n",
+ " D_average=D_average+math.fabs(d[i])\n",
+ "\n",
+ "D_average=D_average/5\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print 'Average Deviation=',round(D_average,5),'volt'"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 2-6, Page Number: 26"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Standard Deviation= 0.0014 V\n",
+ "Probable Error= 0.94 mV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V=[1.001,1.002,0.999,0.998,1.000] #Voltage readings in V expressed as an array\n",
+ "v_average=0.0 #Variable to hold average value\n",
+ "d=[0]*5 #Array of 5 elements to hold deviation\n",
+ "D_average=0.0 #Variable to hold average deviation\n",
+ "std_deviation=0.0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#To find average\n",
+ "for i in range(0,5):\n",
+ " v_average=v_average+V[i]\n",
+ " \n",
+ "v_average=v_average/5.0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#To find deviations\n",
+ "for i in range(0,5):\n",
+ " d[i]=V[i]-v_average\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#To find standard deviation \n",
+ "for i in range(0,5):\n",
+ " std_deviation=std_deviation+d[i]**2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "std_deviation=math.sqrt(std_deviation/5)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "probable_error=0.6745*round(std_deviation,4)\n",
+ "print 'Standard Deviation=',round(std_deviation,4),'V'\n",
+ "print 'Probable Error=',round(probable_error*1000,2),'mV'"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter2_1.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter2_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..7b589d8e --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter2_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,356 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 2: MEASUREMENT ERRORS \n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 2-1, Page Number: 16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Tolerance of the resistance= ± 5 %\n",
+ "Maximum Resistance at 75 degree celsius= 1.2915 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Resistance Values at 25 degree Celsius\n",
+ "rmax25=1.26*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "rmin25=1.14*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "r=1.2*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "ppm=500.0/1000000 \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "absolute_error=rmax25-r #in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Tolerance value in percentage\n",
+ "tolerance=absolute_error/r*100 #percentage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Resistance per degree Celsius\n",
+ "rperc=rmax25*ppm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#To Calculate ressistance at 75 degree celsius\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dT=75-25 #degree celsius\n",
+ "\n",
+ "dR=rperc*dT #in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Maximum resistance at 75 degree celsius\n",
+ "\n",
+ "rmax75=rmax25+dR #in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print 'Tolerance of the resistance= ±',int(tolerance),'%'\n",
+ "print 'Maximum Resistance at 75 degree celsius=',round(rmax75/1000,4),'kilo ohm'\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 2-2, Page Number: 20\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum percentage error= 2.8 %\n",
+ "V=( 180 V ± 2.8 %)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V1=100 #in V \n",
+ "V2=80 #in V\n",
+ "p1=1.0/100 #Percentage error of V1\n",
+ "p2=5.0/100 #Percentage error of V2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "V1max=V1+V1*p1 #in V\n",
+ "V2max=V2+V2*p2 #in V \n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Emax=V1max+V2max #in V\n",
+ "E=V1+V2 #in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "p=100*(Emax-E)/E #Percentage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print 'Maximum percentage error=',round(p,1),'%'\n",
+ "print 'V=(',E,'V ±',round(p,1),'%)'\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 2-3, Page Number: 22"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum percentage error= ± 25 %\n",
+ "Voltage=( 20 V ± 25 %)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V1=100 #in V \n",
+ "V2=80 #in V \n",
+ "p1=1.0/100 #Percentage error of V1\n",
+ "p2=5.0/100 #Percentage error of V2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "E=V1-V2 #in V\n",
+ "V1max=V1+V1*p1 #in V \n",
+ "V2min=V2-V2*p2 #in V\n",
+ "Emax=V1max-V2min #in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "p=100*(Emax-E)/E #percentage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print 'Maximum percentage error= ±',int(p),'%'\n",
+ "print 'Voltage=(',E,'V ±',int(p), '%)'\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 2-4, Page Number: 23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Power= 82 mW\n",
+ "Percentage error in power= ± 20 %\n",
+ "Power=( 82 mW ± 20 %)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "r=820 #Resistance(ohm)\n",
+ "r_accuracy=10.0/100 #Accuracy of r in percentage\n",
+ "I=10*10**(-3) #Current(A)\n",
+ "I_accuracy=2.0/100 #Accuracy of I at Full scale in percentage\n",
+ "Imax=25*10**(-3) #Full scale current(A)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "power=r*(I**2) #in Watt\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I_error=I_accuracy*Imax\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I_error_percentage=100*I_error/(10*10**(-3))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Isquare_error=2*I_error_percentage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "p_error=Isquare_error+(r_accuracy*100) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print 'Power=',int(power*1000),' mW'\n",
+ "print 'Percentage error in power= ±',int(p_error), '%'\n",
+ "print 'Power=(',int(power*1000),'mW ±',int(p_error),'%)'\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 2-5, Page Number: 25"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Average Deviation= 0.0012 volt\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "V=[1.001,1.002,0.999,0.998,1.000] #Voltage readings\n",
+ "v_average=0.0 #Variable to hold average value\n",
+ "d=[0]*5 #Array of 5 elements to hold deviation\n",
+ "D_average=0.0 #Variable to hold average deviation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "#To find average\n",
+ "for i in range(0,5):\n",
+ " v_average=v_average+V[i]\n",
+ " \n",
+ "v_average=v_average/5.0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#To find deviations\n",
+ "for i in range(0,5):\n",
+ " d[i]=V[i]-v_average\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#To find mean deviation \n",
+ "for i in range(0,5):\n",
+ " D_average=D_average+math.fabs(d[i])\n",
+ "\n",
+ "D_average=D_average/5\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print 'Average Deviation=',round(D_average,5),'volt'"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 2-6, Page Number: 26"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Standard Deviation= 0.0014 V\n",
+ "Probable Error= 0.94 mV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V=[1.001,1.002,0.999,0.998,1.000] #Voltage readings in V expressed as an array\n",
+ "v_average=0.0 #Variable to hold average value\n",
+ "d=[0]*5 #Array of 5 elements to hold deviation\n",
+ "D_average=0.0 #Variable to hold average deviation\n",
+ "std_deviation=0.0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#To find average\n",
+ "for i in range(0,5):\n",
+ " v_average=v_average+V[i]\n",
+ " \n",
+ "v_average=v_average/5.0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#To find deviations\n",
+ "for i in range(0,5):\n",
+ " d[i]=V[i]-v_average\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#To find standard deviation \n",
+ "for i in range(0,5):\n",
+ " std_deviation=std_deviation+d[i]**2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "std_deviation=math.sqrt(std_deviation/5)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "probable_error=0.6745*round(std_deviation,4)\n",
+ "print 'Standard Deviation=',round(std_deviation,4),'V'\n",
+ "print 'Probable Error=',round(probable_error*1000,2),'mV'"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter3.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter3.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1ef87929 --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter3.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1573 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 3: ELECTROMECHANICAL INSTRUMENTS"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 3-1, Page Number: 37"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Torque= 3e-06 N.m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "N=100\n",
+ "B=0.2 #in Tesla\n",
+ "D=1*10**-2 #in m\n",
+ "l=1.5*10**-2 #in m\n",
+ "I=1*10**-3 #in A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation of torque\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Td=B*l*I*N*D #Torque equation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Torque=\",Td,\" N.m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-2, Page Number: 39"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltage Sensitivity= 1 mV/mm\n",
+ "Megaohm Sensitivity= 1 mega ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "current_sensitivity=1*10**-6 #in A/mm\n",
+ "damping_resistance=1*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Voltage sensitivity\n",
+ "voltage_sensitivity=damping_resistance*current_sensitivity\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Megaohm sensitivity\n",
+ "\n",
+ "megaohm_sensitivity=1/current_sensitivity\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Voltage Sensitivity=\",int(voltage_sensitivity*1000),\" mV/mm\"\n",
+ "print \"Megaohm Sensitivity=\",int(megaohm_sensitivity/10**6),\"mega ohm\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-3, Page Number: 41"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "At FSD,\n",
+ "Meter Voltage= 9.9 mV\n",
+ "Meter Current= 0.1 mA\n",
+ "Shunt Current= 9.9 mA\n",
+ "Total Current= 10.0 mA\n",
+ " \n",
+ "At 0.5 FSD,\n",
+ "Meter Voltage= 4.95 mV\n",
+ "Meter Current= 0.05 mA\n",
+ "Shunt Current= 4.95 mA\n",
+ "Total Current= 5.0 mA\n",
+ " \n",
+ "At 0.25 FSD,\n",
+ "Meter Voltage= 2.475 mV\n",
+ "Meter Current= 0.025 mA\n",
+ "Shunt Current= 2.475 mA\n",
+ "Total Current= 2.5 mA\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Rm=99 #Coil resistance in ohm\n",
+ "Im1=0.1*10**-3 #FSD current in A\n",
+ "Rs=1 #Shunt resistance in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At FSD\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vm1=Im1*Rm #Meter Voltage\n",
+ "Is1=Vm1/Rs\n",
+ "It1=Is1+Im1 #Total Current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 0.5 FSD\n",
+ "Im2=0.5*Im1 #0.5 FSD current\n",
+ "Vm2=Im2*Rm #Meter Voltage\n",
+ "Is2=Vm2/Rs #Shunt current\n",
+ "It2=Im2+Is2 #Total current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 0.25 FSD\n",
+ "Im3=0.25*Im1 #0.25 FSD current\n",
+ "Vm3=Im3*Rm #Meter Voltage\n",
+ "Is3=Vm3/Rs #Shunt current\n",
+ "It3=Im3+Is3 #Total current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"At FSD,\"\n",
+ "print \"Meter Voltage=\",round(Vm1*1000,1),\" mV\"\n",
+ "print \"Meter Current=\",round(Im1*1000,1),\" mA\"\n",
+ "print \"Shunt Current=\",round(Is1*1000,1),\" mA\"\n",
+ "print \"Total Current=\",round(It1*1000,1),\"mA\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \" \"\n",
+ "print \"At 0.5 FSD,\"\n",
+ "print \"Meter Voltage=\",round(Vm2*1000,2),\" mV\"\n",
+ "print \"Meter Current=\",round(Im2*1000,2),\" mA\"\n",
+ "print \"Shunt Current=\",round(Is2*1000,2),\" mA\"\n",
+ "print \"Total Current=\",round(It2*1000,2),\" mA\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \" \"\n",
+ "print \"At 0.25 FSD,\"\n",
+ "print \"Meter Voltage=\",round(Vm3*1000,3),\" mV\"\n",
+ "print \"Meter Current=\",round(Im3*1000,3),\" mA\"\n",
+ "print \"Shunt Current=\",round(Is3*1000,3),\" mA\"\n",
+ "print \"Total Current=\",round(It3*1000,1),\" mA\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-4, Page Number: 43"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "For FSD=100mA,\n",
+ "Shunt Resistance= 1.001 ohm\n",
+ "For FSD=1A,\n",
+ "Shunt Resistance= 0.10001 ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "Im=100*10**-6 #FSD Current in A\n",
+ "Rm=1*10**3 #Coil Resistance \n",
+ "I1=100*10**-3 #Required FSD current\n",
+ "I2=1 #Required FSD current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#FSD=100mA\n",
+ "Vm1=Im*Rm #Meter Voltage\n",
+ "Is1=I1-Im #Shunt Current\n",
+ "Rs1=Vm1/Is1 #Shunt Resistance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#FSD=1A\n",
+ "Vm2=Im*Rm #Meter Voltage\n",
+ "Is2=I2-Im #Shunt Current\n",
+ "Rs2=Vm2/Is2 #Shunt Resistance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"For FSD=100mA,\"\n",
+ "print \"Shunt Resistance=\",round(Rs1,3),\" ohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"For FSD=1A,\"\n",
+ "print \"Shunt Resistance=\",round(Rs2,5),\" ohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-5, Page Number: 45"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 49,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When switch is at B, Ammeter Range= 10 mA\n",
+ "When switch is at C, Ammeter Range= 100 mA\n",
+ "When switch is at D, Ammeter Range= 1 A\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1=0.05 #in ohm\n",
+ "R2=0.45 #in ohm\n",
+ "R3=4.5 #in ohm\n",
+ "Rm=1*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Im=50*10**-6 #in A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Switch at contact B\n",
+ "Vs1=Im*Rm\n",
+ "Is1=Vs1/(R1+R2+R3)\n",
+ "It1=Im+Is1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Switch at contact C\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vs2=Im*(Rm+R3)\n",
+ "Is2=Vs2/(R1+R2)\n",
+ "It2=Im+Is2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Swithc at contact D\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vs3=Im*(Rm+R3+R2)\n",
+ "Is3=Vs3/R1\n",
+ "It3=Im+Is3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"When switch is at B, Ammeter Range=\",int(It1*1000),\" mA\"\n",
+ "print \"When switch is at C, Ammeter Range=\",int(It2*1000),\" mA\"\n",
+ "print \"When switch is at D, Ammeter Range=\",int(It3),\" A\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-6, Page Number:47"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "For 50V at full scale, multiplier resistance should be 499 kilo ohm\n",
+ "When instrument reads 0.8 FSD, applied voltage is 40 volt\n",
+ "When instrument reads 0.5 FSD, applied voltage is 25 volt\n",
+ "When instrument reads 0.2 FSD, applied voltage is 10 volt\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Im=100*10**-6 #in A\n",
+ "Rm=1*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "V=50 #in V \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Rs=V/Im-Rm #in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 0.8 FSD\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Im1=0.8*Im #in A\n",
+ "V1=Im1*(Rs+Rm) #in V \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 0.5 FSD\n",
+ "Im2=0.5*Im #in A \n",
+ "V2=Im2*(Rs+Rm) #in V \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 0.2 FSD\n",
+ "Im3=0.2*Im #in A\n",
+ "V3=Im3*(Rs+Rm) #in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"For 50V at full scale, multiplier resistance should be\",int(Rs/1000),\" kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"When instrument reads 0.8 FSD, applied voltage is\",int(V1),\" volt\"\n",
+ "print \"When instrument reads 0.5 FSD, applied voltage is\",int(V2),\" volt\"\n",
+ "print \"When instrument reads 0.2 FSD, applied voltage is\",int(V3),\" volt\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-7, Page Number: 49"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "For Circuit 1,\n",
+ "R1= 198.3 kilo ohm\n",
+ "R2= 998.3 kilo ohm\n",
+ "R3= 1.9983 mega ohm\n",
+ " \n",
+ "For Circuit 2,\n",
+ "R1= 198.3 kilo ohm\n",
+ "R2= 800 kilo ohm\n",
+ "R3= 1.0 mega ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Im=50*10**-6 #FSD current in A\n",
+ "Rm=1700 #Coil resistance in ohm\n",
+ "V1=10 #Required range in V\n",
+ "V2=50 #Required range in V\n",
+ "V3=100 #Required range in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For Circuit 1\n",
+ "R11=V1/Im-Rm\n",
+ "R12=V2/Im-Rm\n",
+ "R13=V3/Im-Rm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For Circuit 2\n",
+ "R21=V1/Im-Rm\n",
+ "R22=V2/Im-R21-Rm\n",
+ "R23=V3/Im-R22-R21-Rm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"For Circuit 1,\"\n",
+ "print \"R1=\",round(R11/1000,1),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"R2=\",round(R12/1000,1),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"R3=\",round(R13/10**6,4),\"mega ohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \" \"\n",
+ "print \"For Circuit 2,\"\n",
+ "print \"R1=\",round(R21/1000,1),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"R2=\",int(R22/1000),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"R3=\",round(R23/10**6,4),\"mega ohm\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-8, Page Number: 53"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Multiplier Resistance= 890.7 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
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+ ],
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x68fca10>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy as np\n",
+ "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+ "\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "## Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I=100*10**-6 #Full Scale Current in A\n",
+ "Rm=1*10**3 #Coil Resistance in ohm\n",
+ "Vrms=100 #FSD rms voltage in V \n",
+ "Vf=0.7 #Diode voltage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At FSD, the average current flowing through PMMC is\n",
+ "Iavg=I\n",
+ "Im=round(Iavg/0.637,6)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "rectifier_voltage_drops=2*Vf\n",
+ "peak_voltage=1.414*Vrms\n",
+ "Rs=(peak_voltage-rectifier_voltage_drops)/Im-Rm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#To plot rectified waveform used by the voltmeter at FSD\n",
+ "t=np.arange(0.01,1.0,0.01) #Time Axis \n",
+ "x=np.zeros(99)\n",
+ "N=0\n",
+ "while(N<99):\n",
+ " x[N]=(peak_voltage-2*Vf)*math.fabs(math.sin(2*math.pi*N*2/100))\n",
+ " N=N+1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "plt.plot(t,x) #Full wave rectified sine wave\n",
+ "plt.plot(t,(peak_voltage-2*Vf)*t/t,'--',label='Vm') #Peak Voltage Marker\n",
+ "plt.plot(t,(Vrms-0.707*2*Vf)*t/t,'--',label='Vrms') #RMS Voltage Marker\n",
+ "plt.plot(t,(peak_voltage-2*Vf)*0.637*t/t,'--',label='Vavg') #Average Voltage Marker\n",
+ "legend = plt.legend(loc='lower right')\n",
+ "plt.xlabel('Time(second)')\n",
+ "plt.ylabel('Input Voltage(V)')\n",
+ "plt.title('Rectified waveform across PMMC at FSD')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Multiplier Resistance=\",round(Rs/1000,1), \"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-9, Page Number: 53\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When input is 75 V(rms), meter reading is 0.75 FSD\n",
+ "When input is 50 V(rms), meter reading is 0.5 FSD\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration \n",
+ "#Data from Example 3-7\n",
+ "Rs=890*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "Rm=1*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Vrms=100 #in V\n",
+ "Vf=0.7 #in V\n",
+ "I=100*10**-6 #in A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When input=75V (rms)\n",
+ "Vrms1=75\n",
+ "Im1=(1.414*Vrms1-2*Vf)/(Rs+Rm)\n",
+ "Iavg1=0.637*Im1\n",
+ "p1=Iavg1/I\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When input=50V (rms)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vrms2=50\n",
+ "Im2=(1.414*Vrms2-2*Vf)/(Rs+Rm)\n",
+ "Iavg2=0.637*Im2\n",
+ "p2=Iavg2/I\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When input is 75 V(rms), meter reading is\",round(p1,2),\" FSD\"\n",
+ "print \"When input is 50 V(rms), meter reading is\",round(p2,2),\" FSD\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-10, Page Number: 54"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 22,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The sensitivity of the voltmeter described in example 3-8 is, 9 kilo ohm/V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math \n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "#From Example 3-8\n",
+ "Im=157*10**-6 #Maximum Current(A)\n",
+ "Vrms=100 #Maximum rms voltage(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Irms=0.707*Im #Property of sinusoid \n",
+ "R=Vrms/Irms #Ohm's Law\n",
+ "sensitivity=R/Vrms\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The sensitivity of the voltmeter described in example 3-8 is,\",int(sensitivity/1000),\"kilo ohm/V\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-11, Page Number: 55"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The value of Rsh is 778 ohm\n",
+ "The value of Rs is 139.5 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
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+ ],
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x68443d0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy as np\n",
+ "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Iav=50*10**-6 #FSD Current (A)\n",
+ "Rm=1700 #Coil resistance(ohm)\n",
+ "Imin=100*10**-6 #Minimum forward current (peak)in A\n",
+ "p=20.0/100.0 #20% FSD at 100 micro amps\n",
+ "Vrms=50\n",
+ "Vf=0.7\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Im=Iav/(0.5*0.637) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 20% FSD, If must be 100micro amps, hence the current at 100% FSD is\n",
+ "If_peak=Imin/p\n",
+ "Ish_peak=If_peak-Im\n",
+ "Vm_peak=Im*Rm\n",
+ "Rsh=Vm_peak/Ish_peak\n",
+ "Rs=(1.414*Vrms-Vm_peak-Vf)/If_peak\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Plot of half wave rectified voltage appearing across PMMC instrument\n",
+ "t=np.arange(0.01,1.0,0.01) #Time Axis\n",
+ "N=0\n",
+ "x=np.zeros(99)\n",
+ "while(N<99):\n",
+ " if((N<=25)|(N>50)&(N<=75)):\n",
+ " x[N]=(If_peak-Im)*Rsh*math.sin(2*math.pi*2*N/100)\n",
+ " else:\n",
+ " x[N]=0\n",
+ " N=N+1\n",
+ "plt.plot(t,x)\n",
+ "plt.plot(t,(If_peak-Im)*Rsh*t/t,'--',label='Vmax')\n",
+ "plt.plot(t,0.5*(If_peak-Im)*Rsh*t/t,'--',label='Vrms')\n",
+ "plt.plot(t,0.318*(If_peak-Im)*Rsh*t/t,'--',label='Vavg')\n",
+ "plt.xlabel('Time(second)')\n",
+ "plt.ylabel('Voltage(V)')\n",
+ "plt.title('Half wave rectified waveform across PMMC at FSD')\n",
+ "legend = plt.legend(loc='lower right')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"The value of Rsh is\",int(Rsh),\" ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"The value of Rs is\",round(Rs/1000,1),\" kilo ohm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-12, Page Number: 58"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 111,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The required value of Rl is 28.2 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Iav=1*10**-3 #in A\n",
+ "Rm=1700 #in ohm \n",
+ "Ns=500 #Secondary windings \n",
+ "Np=4 #Primary windings \n",
+ "Vf=0.7 #in V \n",
+ "Rs=20*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "Ip=250*10**-3 #in A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Im=Iav/0.637 #Property of sine half wave\n",
+ "Em=Im*(Rs+Rm)+2*Vf \n",
+ "Es=0.707*Em\n",
+ "rms_meter_current=1.11*Iav\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Trasnformer rms secondary current is,\n",
+ "Is=Ip*Np/Ns\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Il=Is-rms_meter_current\n",
+ "Rl=Es/Il\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The required value of Rl is\",round(Rl/1000,1),\" kilo ohm\" \n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-13, Page Number: 59"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 129,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "At FSD,\n",
+ "Measured current= 99.0 micro ampere to 101.0 micro ampere\n",
+ "Error=± 1 % of measured current\n",
+ " \n",
+ "At 0.5 FSD,\n",
+ "Measured current= 49.0 micro ampere to 51.0 micro ampere\n",
+ "Error= ± 2 % of measured current\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Delcaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "current_fsd=100*10**-6\n",
+ "accuracy=1.0/100.0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "error_fsd=accuracy*current_fsd\n",
+ "#At FSD\n",
+ "indicated_current_fsd=current_fsd\n",
+ "measured_current_fsd_max=indicated_current_fsd+error_fsd\n",
+ "measured_current_fsd_min=indicated_current_fsd-error_fsd\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 0.5 FSD\n",
+ "\n",
+ "indicated_current=0.5*current_fsd\n",
+ "measured_current_max=indicated_current+error_fsd\n",
+ "measured_current_min=indicated_current-error_fsd\n",
+ "\n",
+ "error=error_fsd/indicated_current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results \n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"At FSD,\"\n",
+ "print \"Measured current=\",measured_current_fsd_min*10**6,\" micro ampere to\",measured_current_fsd_max*10**6,\" micro ampere\"\n",
+ "print \"Error=±\",int(accuracy*100),\"% of measured current\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \" \"\n",
+ "print \"At 0.5 FSD,\"\n",
+ "print \"Measured current=\",measured_current_min*10**6,\" micro ampere to\",measured_current_max*10**6,\" micro ampere\"\n",
+ "print \"Error= ±\",int(error*100),\"% of measured current\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-14, Page Number: 61"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When Rx=0, the meter indicates 100 micro ampere(FSD)\n",
+ " \n",
+ "At 0.5 FSD, Rx= 15 kilo ohm\n",
+ "At 0.25 FSD, Rx= 45 kilo ohm\n",
+ "At 0.75 FSD, Rx= 5.0 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "Eb=1.5 #Battery Voltage(V)\n",
+ "R1=15.0*10**3 #Standard resistance+meter resistance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Im=Eb/R1 #Ohm's Law\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 0.5 FSD\n",
+ "Im1=0.5*Im #Current at 0.5 FSD\n",
+ "Rx1=Eb/Im1-R1 #Resistance measured at 0.5 FSD\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 0.25 FSD\n",
+ "Im2=Im/4\n",
+ "Rx2=Eb/Im2-Rx1 #Resistance measured at 0.25 FSD \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 0.75 FSD \n",
+ "Im3=0.75*Im\n",
+ "Rx3=Eb/Im3-Rx1 #Resistance measured at 0.25 FSD \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"When Rx=0, the meter indicates\",int(Im*10**6),\"micro ampere(FSD)\"\n",
+ "print \" \"\n",
+ "print \"At 0.5 FSD, Rx=\",int(Rx1*10**-3),\" kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"At 0.25 FSD, Rx=\",int(Rx2*10**-3),\" kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"At 0.75 FSD, Rx=\",round(Rx3*10**-3),\" kilo ohm\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-15, Page Number: 63"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 22,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Ohmmeter scale reading at 0.5 FSD is, 15 kilo ohm\n",
+ "With Rx=0 and Eb=1.3V, R2 should be 68.18 ohm\n",
+ "At 0.5 FSD, with Eb=1.3V, the ohmeter scale reading is, 15 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "Eb1=1.5 #Battery Voltage(V)\n",
+ "R1=15*10**3 #Series resistance as shown in figure(ohm)\n",
+ "Rm=50 #Coil resistance (ohm)\n",
+ "R2=50 #Shunt resistance(ohm)\n",
+ "I_fsd=50*10**-6 #FSD Current(A) \n",
+ "Eb2=1.3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 0.5 FSD, with Eb=1.5V\n",
+ "Im1=0.5*I_fsd\n",
+ "Vm1=Im1*Rm\n",
+ "I21=Vm1/R2 #Ohm's Law\n",
+ "Ib1=I21+Im1 #KCL\n",
+ "Rx1=Eb1/Ib1-R1 #Unknown resistance value is found \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#With Rx=0,Eb=1.3V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ib2=Eb2/R1 #Total Current \n",
+ "I22=Ib2-I_fsd #Shunt Current using KCL\n",
+ "Vm2=I_fsd*Rm #Voltage across meter\n",
+ "R22=Vm2/I22 #Shunt Resistance value\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 0.5FSD, Eb=1.3V\n",
+ "Im3=0.5*I_fsd #Meter Current\n",
+ "Vm3=Im3*Rm #Voltage across meter using Ohm's Law\n",
+ "I23=Vm3/R22 #Shunt Current using Ohm's Law \n",
+ "Ib3=I23+Im3 #Total current using KCL \n",
+ "Rx2=Eb2/Ib3-R1 #Resitance reading on Ohm scale\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Ohmmeter scale reading at 0.5 FSD is,\",int(Rx1/1000),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"With Rx=0 and Eb=1.3V, R2 should be\",round(R22,2),\"ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"At 0.5 FSD, with Eb=1.3V, the ohmeter scale reading is,\",int(Rx2/1000),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-16, Page Number: 65"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 54,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When Rx=0,\n",
+ "Battery current= 62.516 mA\n",
+ "Meter current= 37.45 micro ampere\n",
+ "Full Scale= 0 ohm\n",
+ " \n",
+ "When Rx=24,\n",
+ "Battery Current= 31.254 mA\n",
+ "Meter Current= 18.72 micro ampere\n",
+ "As meter current is 0.5 times of full scale.Thus, when Rx=24 ohm it indicates half scale reading\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "#From Circuit Diagram\n",
+ "R1=14 #in ohm\n",
+ "R2=10 #in ohm \n",
+ "R3=9.99*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "R4=2.875*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R5=3.82*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "Eb=1.5 #Battery current\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When Rx=0, battery current is\n",
+ "R6=R3+R4+R5 #Series equivalent\n",
+ "R7=R2*R6/(R2+R6) #Parallel equivalent \n",
+ "Ib1=Eb/(R1+R7) \n",
+ "Im1=Ib1*R2/(R2+R6) #Using Current Dividor Rule \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When Rx=24 ohm,\n",
+ "R8=24 \n",
+ "Ib2=Eb1/(R8+R1+R7) #From figure\n",
+ "Im2=Ib2*R2/(R2+R6) #Using Current Dividor Rule\n",
+ "n=round(Ib2/Ib1,3)\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When Rx=0,\"\n",
+ "print \"Battery current=\",round(Ib1*1000,3),\" mA\"\n",
+ "print \"Meter current=\",round(Im1*10**6,2),\" micro ampere\"\n",
+ "print \"Full Scale= 0 ohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \" \"\n",
+ "print \"When Rx=24,\"\n",
+ "print \"Battery Current=\",round(Ib2*10**3,3),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \"Meter Current=\",round(Im2*10**6,2),\"micro ampere\"\n",
+ "print \"As meter current is\",n,\"times of full scale.Thus, when Rx=24 ohm it indicates half scale reading\" \n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter3_1.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter3_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1ef87929 --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter3_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1573 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 3: ELECTROMECHANICAL INSTRUMENTS"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 3-1, Page Number: 37"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Torque= 3e-06 N.m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "N=100\n",
+ "B=0.2 #in Tesla\n",
+ "D=1*10**-2 #in m\n",
+ "l=1.5*10**-2 #in m\n",
+ "I=1*10**-3 #in A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation of torque\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Td=B*l*I*N*D #Torque equation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Torque=\",Td,\" N.m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-2, Page Number: 39"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltage Sensitivity= 1 mV/mm\n",
+ "Megaohm Sensitivity= 1 mega ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "current_sensitivity=1*10**-6 #in A/mm\n",
+ "damping_resistance=1*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Voltage sensitivity\n",
+ "voltage_sensitivity=damping_resistance*current_sensitivity\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Megaohm sensitivity\n",
+ "\n",
+ "megaohm_sensitivity=1/current_sensitivity\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Voltage Sensitivity=\",int(voltage_sensitivity*1000),\" mV/mm\"\n",
+ "print \"Megaohm Sensitivity=\",int(megaohm_sensitivity/10**6),\"mega ohm\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-3, Page Number: 41"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "At FSD,\n",
+ "Meter Voltage= 9.9 mV\n",
+ "Meter Current= 0.1 mA\n",
+ "Shunt Current= 9.9 mA\n",
+ "Total Current= 10.0 mA\n",
+ " \n",
+ "At 0.5 FSD,\n",
+ "Meter Voltage= 4.95 mV\n",
+ "Meter Current= 0.05 mA\n",
+ "Shunt Current= 4.95 mA\n",
+ "Total Current= 5.0 mA\n",
+ " \n",
+ "At 0.25 FSD,\n",
+ "Meter Voltage= 2.475 mV\n",
+ "Meter Current= 0.025 mA\n",
+ "Shunt Current= 2.475 mA\n",
+ "Total Current= 2.5 mA\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Rm=99 #Coil resistance in ohm\n",
+ "Im1=0.1*10**-3 #FSD current in A\n",
+ "Rs=1 #Shunt resistance in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At FSD\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vm1=Im1*Rm #Meter Voltage\n",
+ "Is1=Vm1/Rs\n",
+ "It1=Is1+Im1 #Total Current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 0.5 FSD\n",
+ "Im2=0.5*Im1 #0.5 FSD current\n",
+ "Vm2=Im2*Rm #Meter Voltage\n",
+ "Is2=Vm2/Rs #Shunt current\n",
+ "It2=Im2+Is2 #Total current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 0.25 FSD\n",
+ "Im3=0.25*Im1 #0.25 FSD current\n",
+ "Vm3=Im3*Rm #Meter Voltage\n",
+ "Is3=Vm3/Rs #Shunt current\n",
+ "It3=Im3+Is3 #Total current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"At FSD,\"\n",
+ "print \"Meter Voltage=\",round(Vm1*1000,1),\" mV\"\n",
+ "print \"Meter Current=\",round(Im1*1000,1),\" mA\"\n",
+ "print \"Shunt Current=\",round(Is1*1000,1),\" mA\"\n",
+ "print \"Total Current=\",round(It1*1000,1),\"mA\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \" \"\n",
+ "print \"At 0.5 FSD,\"\n",
+ "print \"Meter Voltage=\",round(Vm2*1000,2),\" mV\"\n",
+ "print \"Meter Current=\",round(Im2*1000,2),\" mA\"\n",
+ "print \"Shunt Current=\",round(Is2*1000,2),\" mA\"\n",
+ "print \"Total Current=\",round(It2*1000,2),\" mA\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \" \"\n",
+ "print \"At 0.25 FSD,\"\n",
+ "print \"Meter Voltage=\",round(Vm3*1000,3),\" mV\"\n",
+ "print \"Meter Current=\",round(Im3*1000,3),\" mA\"\n",
+ "print \"Shunt Current=\",round(Is3*1000,3),\" mA\"\n",
+ "print \"Total Current=\",round(It3*1000,1),\" mA\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-4, Page Number: 43"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "For FSD=100mA,\n",
+ "Shunt Resistance= 1.001 ohm\n",
+ "For FSD=1A,\n",
+ "Shunt Resistance= 0.10001 ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "Im=100*10**-6 #FSD Current in A\n",
+ "Rm=1*10**3 #Coil Resistance \n",
+ "I1=100*10**-3 #Required FSD current\n",
+ "I2=1 #Required FSD current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#FSD=100mA\n",
+ "Vm1=Im*Rm #Meter Voltage\n",
+ "Is1=I1-Im #Shunt Current\n",
+ "Rs1=Vm1/Is1 #Shunt Resistance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#FSD=1A\n",
+ "Vm2=Im*Rm #Meter Voltage\n",
+ "Is2=I2-Im #Shunt Current\n",
+ "Rs2=Vm2/Is2 #Shunt Resistance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"For FSD=100mA,\"\n",
+ "print \"Shunt Resistance=\",round(Rs1,3),\" ohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"For FSD=1A,\"\n",
+ "print \"Shunt Resistance=\",round(Rs2,5),\" ohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-5, Page Number: 45"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 49,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When switch is at B, Ammeter Range= 10 mA\n",
+ "When switch is at C, Ammeter Range= 100 mA\n",
+ "When switch is at D, Ammeter Range= 1 A\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1=0.05 #in ohm\n",
+ "R2=0.45 #in ohm\n",
+ "R3=4.5 #in ohm\n",
+ "Rm=1*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Im=50*10**-6 #in A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Switch at contact B\n",
+ "Vs1=Im*Rm\n",
+ "Is1=Vs1/(R1+R2+R3)\n",
+ "It1=Im+Is1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Switch at contact C\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vs2=Im*(Rm+R3)\n",
+ "Is2=Vs2/(R1+R2)\n",
+ "It2=Im+Is2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Swithc at contact D\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vs3=Im*(Rm+R3+R2)\n",
+ "Is3=Vs3/R1\n",
+ "It3=Im+Is3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"When switch is at B, Ammeter Range=\",int(It1*1000),\" mA\"\n",
+ "print \"When switch is at C, Ammeter Range=\",int(It2*1000),\" mA\"\n",
+ "print \"When switch is at D, Ammeter Range=\",int(It3),\" A\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-6, Page Number:47"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "For 50V at full scale, multiplier resistance should be 499 kilo ohm\n",
+ "When instrument reads 0.8 FSD, applied voltage is 40 volt\n",
+ "When instrument reads 0.5 FSD, applied voltage is 25 volt\n",
+ "When instrument reads 0.2 FSD, applied voltage is 10 volt\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Im=100*10**-6 #in A\n",
+ "Rm=1*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "V=50 #in V \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Rs=V/Im-Rm #in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 0.8 FSD\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Im1=0.8*Im #in A\n",
+ "V1=Im1*(Rs+Rm) #in V \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 0.5 FSD\n",
+ "Im2=0.5*Im #in A \n",
+ "V2=Im2*(Rs+Rm) #in V \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 0.2 FSD\n",
+ "Im3=0.2*Im #in A\n",
+ "V3=Im3*(Rs+Rm) #in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"For 50V at full scale, multiplier resistance should be\",int(Rs/1000),\" kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"When instrument reads 0.8 FSD, applied voltage is\",int(V1),\" volt\"\n",
+ "print \"When instrument reads 0.5 FSD, applied voltage is\",int(V2),\" volt\"\n",
+ "print \"When instrument reads 0.2 FSD, applied voltage is\",int(V3),\" volt\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-7, Page Number: 49"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "For Circuit 1,\n",
+ "R1= 198.3 kilo ohm\n",
+ "R2= 998.3 kilo ohm\n",
+ "R3= 1.9983 mega ohm\n",
+ " \n",
+ "For Circuit 2,\n",
+ "R1= 198.3 kilo ohm\n",
+ "R2= 800 kilo ohm\n",
+ "R3= 1.0 mega ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Im=50*10**-6 #FSD current in A\n",
+ "Rm=1700 #Coil resistance in ohm\n",
+ "V1=10 #Required range in V\n",
+ "V2=50 #Required range in V\n",
+ "V3=100 #Required range in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For Circuit 1\n",
+ "R11=V1/Im-Rm\n",
+ "R12=V2/Im-Rm\n",
+ "R13=V3/Im-Rm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For Circuit 2\n",
+ "R21=V1/Im-Rm\n",
+ "R22=V2/Im-R21-Rm\n",
+ "R23=V3/Im-R22-R21-Rm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"For Circuit 1,\"\n",
+ "print \"R1=\",round(R11/1000,1),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"R2=\",round(R12/1000,1),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"R3=\",round(R13/10**6,4),\"mega ohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \" \"\n",
+ "print \"For Circuit 2,\"\n",
+ "print \"R1=\",round(R21/1000,1),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"R2=\",int(R22/1000),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"R3=\",round(R23/10**6,4),\"mega ohm\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-8, Page Number: 53"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Multiplier Resistance= 890.7 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
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+ ],
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x68fca10>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy as np\n",
+ "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+ "\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "## Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I=100*10**-6 #Full Scale Current in A\n",
+ "Rm=1*10**3 #Coil Resistance in ohm\n",
+ "Vrms=100 #FSD rms voltage in V \n",
+ "Vf=0.7 #Diode voltage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At FSD, the average current flowing through PMMC is\n",
+ "Iavg=I\n",
+ "Im=round(Iavg/0.637,6)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "rectifier_voltage_drops=2*Vf\n",
+ "peak_voltage=1.414*Vrms\n",
+ "Rs=(peak_voltage-rectifier_voltage_drops)/Im-Rm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#To plot rectified waveform used by the voltmeter at FSD\n",
+ "t=np.arange(0.01,1.0,0.01) #Time Axis \n",
+ "x=np.zeros(99)\n",
+ "N=0\n",
+ "while(N<99):\n",
+ " x[N]=(peak_voltage-2*Vf)*math.fabs(math.sin(2*math.pi*N*2/100))\n",
+ " N=N+1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "plt.plot(t,x) #Full wave rectified sine wave\n",
+ "plt.plot(t,(peak_voltage-2*Vf)*t/t,'--',label='Vm') #Peak Voltage Marker\n",
+ "plt.plot(t,(Vrms-0.707*2*Vf)*t/t,'--',label='Vrms') #RMS Voltage Marker\n",
+ "plt.plot(t,(peak_voltage-2*Vf)*0.637*t/t,'--',label='Vavg') #Average Voltage Marker\n",
+ "legend = plt.legend(loc='lower right')\n",
+ "plt.xlabel('Time(second)')\n",
+ "plt.ylabel('Input Voltage(V)')\n",
+ "plt.title('Rectified waveform across PMMC at FSD')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Multiplier Resistance=\",round(Rs/1000,1), \"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-9, Page Number: 53\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When input is 75 V(rms), meter reading is 0.75 FSD\n",
+ "When input is 50 V(rms), meter reading is 0.5 FSD\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration \n",
+ "#Data from Example 3-7\n",
+ "Rs=890*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "Rm=1*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Vrms=100 #in V\n",
+ "Vf=0.7 #in V\n",
+ "I=100*10**-6 #in A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When input=75V (rms)\n",
+ "Vrms1=75\n",
+ "Im1=(1.414*Vrms1-2*Vf)/(Rs+Rm)\n",
+ "Iavg1=0.637*Im1\n",
+ "p1=Iavg1/I\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When input=50V (rms)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vrms2=50\n",
+ "Im2=(1.414*Vrms2-2*Vf)/(Rs+Rm)\n",
+ "Iavg2=0.637*Im2\n",
+ "p2=Iavg2/I\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When input is 75 V(rms), meter reading is\",round(p1,2),\" FSD\"\n",
+ "print \"When input is 50 V(rms), meter reading is\",round(p2,2),\" FSD\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-10, Page Number: 54"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 22,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The sensitivity of the voltmeter described in example 3-8 is, 9 kilo ohm/V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math \n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "#From Example 3-8\n",
+ "Im=157*10**-6 #Maximum Current(A)\n",
+ "Vrms=100 #Maximum rms voltage(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Irms=0.707*Im #Property of sinusoid \n",
+ "R=Vrms/Irms #Ohm's Law\n",
+ "sensitivity=R/Vrms\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The sensitivity of the voltmeter described in example 3-8 is,\",int(sensitivity/1000),\"kilo ohm/V\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-11, Page Number: 55"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The value of Rsh is 778 ohm\n",
+ "The value of Rs is 139.5 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
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+ ],
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x68443d0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "import numpy as np\n",
+ "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Iav=50*10**-6 #FSD Current (A)\n",
+ "Rm=1700 #Coil resistance(ohm)\n",
+ "Imin=100*10**-6 #Minimum forward current (peak)in A\n",
+ "p=20.0/100.0 #20% FSD at 100 micro amps\n",
+ "Vrms=50\n",
+ "Vf=0.7\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Im=Iav/(0.5*0.637) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 20% FSD, If must be 100micro amps, hence the current at 100% FSD is\n",
+ "If_peak=Imin/p\n",
+ "Ish_peak=If_peak-Im\n",
+ "Vm_peak=Im*Rm\n",
+ "Rsh=Vm_peak/Ish_peak\n",
+ "Rs=(1.414*Vrms-Vm_peak-Vf)/If_peak\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Plot of half wave rectified voltage appearing across PMMC instrument\n",
+ "t=np.arange(0.01,1.0,0.01) #Time Axis\n",
+ "N=0\n",
+ "x=np.zeros(99)\n",
+ "while(N<99):\n",
+ " if((N<=25)|(N>50)&(N<=75)):\n",
+ " x[N]=(If_peak-Im)*Rsh*math.sin(2*math.pi*2*N/100)\n",
+ " else:\n",
+ " x[N]=0\n",
+ " N=N+1\n",
+ "plt.plot(t,x)\n",
+ "plt.plot(t,(If_peak-Im)*Rsh*t/t,'--',label='Vmax')\n",
+ "plt.plot(t,0.5*(If_peak-Im)*Rsh*t/t,'--',label='Vrms')\n",
+ "plt.plot(t,0.318*(If_peak-Im)*Rsh*t/t,'--',label='Vavg')\n",
+ "plt.xlabel('Time(second)')\n",
+ "plt.ylabel('Voltage(V)')\n",
+ "plt.title('Half wave rectified waveform across PMMC at FSD')\n",
+ "legend = plt.legend(loc='lower right')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"The value of Rsh is\",int(Rsh),\" ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"The value of Rs is\",round(Rs/1000,1),\" kilo ohm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-12, Page Number: 58"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 111,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The required value of Rl is 28.2 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Iav=1*10**-3 #in A\n",
+ "Rm=1700 #in ohm \n",
+ "Ns=500 #Secondary windings \n",
+ "Np=4 #Primary windings \n",
+ "Vf=0.7 #in V \n",
+ "Rs=20*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "Ip=250*10**-3 #in A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Im=Iav/0.637 #Property of sine half wave\n",
+ "Em=Im*(Rs+Rm)+2*Vf \n",
+ "Es=0.707*Em\n",
+ "rms_meter_current=1.11*Iav\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Trasnformer rms secondary current is,\n",
+ "Is=Ip*Np/Ns\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Il=Is-rms_meter_current\n",
+ "Rl=Es/Il\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The required value of Rl is\",round(Rl/1000,1),\" kilo ohm\" \n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-13, Page Number: 59"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 129,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "At FSD,\n",
+ "Measured current= 99.0 micro ampere to 101.0 micro ampere\n",
+ "Error=± 1 % of measured current\n",
+ " \n",
+ "At 0.5 FSD,\n",
+ "Measured current= 49.0 micro ampere to 51.0 micro ampere\n",
+ "Error= ± 2 % of measured current\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Delcaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "current_fsd=100*10**-6\n",
+ "accuracy=1.0/100.0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "error_fsd=accuracy*current_fsd\n",
+ "#At FSD\n",
+ "indicated_current_fsd=current_fsd\n",
+ "measured_current_fsd_max=indicated_current_fsd+error_fsd\n",
+ "measured_current_fsd_min=indicated_current_fsd-error_fsd\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 0.5 FSD\n",
+ "\n",
+ "indicated_current=0.5*current_fsd\n",
+ "measured_current_max=indicated_current+error_fsd\n",
+ "measured_current_min=indicated_current-error_fsd\n",
+ "\n",
+ "error=error_fsd/indicated_current\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results \n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"At FSD,\"\n",
+ "print \"Measured current=\",measured_current_fsd_min*10**6,\" micro ampere to\",measured_current_fsd_max*10**6,\" micro ampere\"\n",
+ "print \"Error=±\",int(accuracy*100),\"% of measured current\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \" \"\n",
+ "print \"At 0.5 FSD,\"\n",
+ "print \"Measured current=\",measured_current_min*10**6,\" micro ampere to\",measured_current_max*10**6,\" micro ampere\"\n",
+ "print \"Error= ±\",int(error*100),\"% of measured current\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-14, Page Number: 61"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When Rx=0, the meter indicates 100 micro ampere(FSD)\n",
+ " \n",
+ "At 0.5 FSD, Rx= 15 kilo ohm\n",
+ "At 0.25 FSD, Rx= 45 kilo ohm\n",
+ "At 0.75 FSD, Rx= 5.0 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "Eb=1.5 #Battery Voltage(V)\n",
+ "R1=15.0*10**3 #Standard resistance+meter resistance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Im=Eb/R1 #Ohm's Law\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 0.5 FSD\n",
+ "Im1=0.5*Im #Current at 0.5 FSD\n",
+ "Rx1=Eb/Im1-R1 #Resistance measured at 0.5 FSD\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 0.25 FSD\n",
+ "Im2=Im/4\n",
+ "Rx2=Eb/Im2-Rx1 #Resistance measured at 0.25 FSD \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 0.75 FSD \n",
+ "Im3=0.75*Im\n",
+ "Rx3=Eb/Im3-Rx1 #Resistance measured at 0.25 FSD \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"When Rx=0, the meter indicates\",int(Im*10**6),\"micro ampere(FSD)\"\n",
+ "print \" \"\n",
+ "print \"At 0.5 FSD, Rx=\",int(Rx1*10**-3),\" kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"At 0.25 FSD, Rx=\",int(Rx2*10**-3),\" kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"At 0.75 FSD, Rx=\",round(Rx3*10**-3),\" kilo ohm\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-15, Page Number: 63"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 22,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Ohmmeter scale reading at 0.5 FSD is, 15 kilo ohm\n",
+ "With Rx=0 and Eb=1.3V, R2 should be 68.18 ohm\n",
+ "At 0.5 FSD, with Eb=1.3V, the ohmeter scale reading is, 15 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "Eb1=1.5 #Battery Voltage(V)\n",
+ "R1=15*10**3 #Series resistance as shown in figure(ohm)\n",
+ "Rm=50 #Coil resistance (ohm)\n",
+ "R2=50 #Shunt resistance(ohm)\n",
+ "I_fsd=50*10**-6 #FSD Current(A) \n",
+ "Eb2=1.3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 0.5 FSD, with Eb=1.5V\n",
+ "Im1=0.5*I_fsd\n",
+ "Vm1=Im1*Rm\n",
+ "I21=Vm1/R2 #Ohm's Law\n",
+ "Ib1=I21+Im1 #KCL\n",
+ "Rx1=Eb1/Ib1-R1 #Unknown resistance value is found \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#With Rx=0,Eb=1.3V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ib2=Eb2/R1 #Total Current \n",
+ "I22=Ib2-I_fsd #Shunt Current using KCL\n",
+ "Vm2=I_fsd*Rm #Voltage across meter\n",
+ "R22=Vm2/I22 #Shunt Resistance value\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At 0.5FSD, Eb=1.3V\n",
+ "Im3=0.5*I_fsd #Meter Current\n",
+ "Vm3=Im3*Rm #Voltage across meter using Ohm's Law\n",
+ "I23=Vm3/R22 #Shunt Current using Ohm's Law \n",
+ "Ib3=I23+Im3 #Total current using KCL \n",
+ "Rx2=Eb2/Ib3-R1 #Resitance reading on Ohm scale\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Ohmmeter scale reading at 0.5 FSD is,\",int(Rx1/1000),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"With Rx=0 and Eb=1.3V, R2 should be\",round(R22,2),\"ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"At 0.5 FSD, with Eb=1.3V, the ohmeter scale reading is,\",int(Rx2/1000),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 3-16, Page Number: 65"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 54,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When Rx=0,\n",
+ "Battery current= 62.516 mA\n",
+ "Meter current= 37.45 micro ampere\n",
+ "Full Scale= 0 ohm\n",
+ " \n",
+ "When Rx=24,\n",
+ "Battery Current= 31.254 mA\n",
+ "Meter Current= 18.72 micro ampere\n",
+ "As meter current is 0.5 times of full scale.Thus, when Rx=24 ohm it indicates half scale reading\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "#From Circuit Diagram\n",
+ "R1=14 #in ohm\n",
+ "R2=10 #in ohm \n",
+ "R3=9.99*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "R4=2.875*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R5=3.82*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "Eb=1.5 #Battery current\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When Rx=0, battery current is\n",
+ "R6=R3+R4+R5 #Series equivalent\n",
+ "R7=R2*R6/(R2+R6) #Parallel equivalent \n",
+ "Ib1=Eb/(R1+R7) \n",
+ "Im1=Ib1*R2/(R2+R6) #Using Current Dividor Rule \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When Rx=24 ohm,\n",
+ "R8=24 \n",
+ "Ib2=Eb1/(R8+R1+R7) #From figure\n",
+ "Im2=Ib2*R2/(R2+R6) #Using Current Dividor Rule\n",
+ "n=round(Ib2/Ib1,3)\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When Rx=0,\"\n",
+ "print \"Battery current=\",round(Ib1*1000,3),\" mA\"\n",
+ "print \"Meter current=\",round(Im1*10**6,2),\" micro ampere\"\n",
+ "print \"Full Scale= 0 ohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \" \"\n",
+ "print \"When Rx=24,\"\n",
+ "print \"Battery Current=\",round(Ib2*10**3,3),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \"Meter Current=\",round(Im2*10**6,2),\"micro ampere\"\n",
+ "print \"As meter current is\",n,\"times of full scale.Thus, when Rx=24 ohm it indicates half scale reading\" \n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter4.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0d8f7157 --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,350 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 4:ANALOG ELECTRONIC VOLT-OHM-MILLIAMMETER"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4-1, Page Number 88"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When E=10 V, meter current is 1 mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Input Impedance,\n",
+ "with transistor= 1.0 mega ohm\n",
+ "without transistor= 9.3 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "Vcc=20 #Supply Voltage(V)\n",
+ "Rsm=9.3*10**3 #Rsm=Rs+Rm(ohm)\n",
+ "Im=1*10**-3 #Emitter Current(A)\n",
+ "hfe=100 #Transistor h parameter\n",
+ "Vb1=0.7 #Base Emitter Voltage drop(V)\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "#To obtain meter current when E=10V\n",
+ "E=10 #Base input voltage(V)\n",
+ "Ve=E-Vb1 #Emitter Voltage(V) found using KVL aclong base loop\n",
+ "Im=Ve/Rsm #Emitter current \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#With the transistor\n",
+ "Ib=Im/hfe #Base current is approximately equlat to Ie/hfe\n",
+ "Ri=E/Ib #Input resistance with transistor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Without transistor\n",
+ "Ri1=Rsm #Input resistance without transistor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When E=10 V, meter current is\",int(Im*10**3),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \n",
+ "print \"Input Impedance,\"\n",
+ "print \"with transistor=\",round(Ri/10**6),\"mega ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"without transistor=\",Ri1/10**3,\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4-2, Page Number 89"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When E=0V, I2=I3= 2.9 mA\n",
+ "When E=1V, meter circuit voltage(V)= 1.0 V\n",
+ "When E=0.5, meter circuit voltage= 0.5 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R2=3.9*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R3=3.9*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Vcc=12 #in V\n",
+ "Vee=-12 #in V \n",
+ "Vbe=0.7 #Base Emitter voltage in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When E=0\n",
+ "E=0 \n",
+ "Vr2=E-Vbe-Vee #KVL \n",
+ "Vr3=E-Vbe-Vee #KVL\n",
+ "I2=Vr2/R2 #Ohm's Law\n",
+ "I3=I2 \n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When E=0V, I2=I3=\",round(I3*10**3,1),\"mA\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When E=1\n",
+ "E=1 #in V\n",
+ "Vp=0 #in V\n",
+ "Ve1=E-Vbe #KVL\n",
+ "Ve2=Vp-Vbe #KVL\n",
+ "V=Ve1-Ve2 #KVL\n",
+ "print \"When E=1V, meter circuit voltage(V)=\",V,\"V\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When E=0.5\n",
+ "E=0.5 #in V\n",
+ "Vp=0 #in V\n",
+ "Ve1=E-Vbe #KVL \n",
+ "Ve2=Vp-Vbe #KVL\n",
+ "V=Ve1-Ve2 #KVL \n",
+ "print \"When E=0.5, meter circuit voltage=\",V,\"V\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4-3, Page Number: 93"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Im is 0.75 which is 75.0 % of full scale\n",
+ "As the meter is in 10V range, 75% of full scale is 7.5 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "E=7.5 #in V\n",
+ "Vgs=-5 #FET gate source voltage in V\n",
+ "Vp=5 #in V\n",
+ "Rsm=1*10**3 #Rs+Rm in ohm\n",
+ "Im=1*10**-3 #in A\n",
+ "Ra=800*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Rb=100*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Rc=60*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Rd=40*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Eg=E*(Rc+Rd)/(Ra+Rb+Rc+Rd) #Voltage Divider Rule \n",
+ "Vs=Eg-Vgs #KVL \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ve1=Vs-Vbe #KVL \n",
+ "Ve2=Vp-Vbe #KVL\n",
+ "V=Ve1-Ve2 #KVL\n",
+ "Im=V/Rsm #Ohm's Law\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Im is\",round(Im*10**3,2),\"which is\",round(Im*10**3,2)*100,\"% of full scale\"\n",
+ "print \"As the meter is in 10V range, 75% of full scale is\",10*0.75,\"V\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4-4, Page Number: 97"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R3= 100.0 ohm\n",
+ "R4= 4.9 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Im=100*10**-6 #Full scale current in A\n",
+ "Rm=10*10**3 #Meter resistance in ohm \n",
+ "Ib=0.2*10**-6 #Op-amp input current in A\n",
+ "E=20*10**-3 #Maximum input in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I4=1000*Ib #Since I4>>Ib\n",
+ "Vout=Im*Rm #Ohm's Law \n",
+ "\n",
+ "R3=E/I4 #Ohm's Law \n",
+ "R4=(Vout-E)/I4 #Ohm's Law\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"R3=\",R3,\"ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"R4=\",round(R4*10**-3,1),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4-5, Page Number: 98"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R3= 1.0 kilo Ohm\n",
+ "Maximum voltage at output terminal= 1.1 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "E=1.0 #in V\n",
+ "I=1*10**-3 #in A\n",
+ "Rm=100 #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R3=E/I #Ohm's Law\n",
+ "Vo=I*(R3+Rm) #Maximum Output voltage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"R3=\",R3/1000,\"kilo Ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"Maximum voltage at output terminal=\",round(Vo,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4-7, Page Number: 107"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R3= 45.0 ohm\n",
+ "When input is 50mV, meter deflection is 0.5 mA(half scale)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Iav=1*10**-3 #in A \n",
+ "Rm=1.2*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "E=100*10**-3 #in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#With half wave rectifiers,\n",
+ "Ip=2*Iav/0.637 #Using relation between Ip and Iav for HWR\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Peak value of Er3=input peak voltage\n",
+ "Ep=E/0.707 #Relation between peak voltage and rms \n",
+ "R3=Ep/Ip #in ohm\n",
+ "print \"R3=\",round(R3),\"ohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When E=50mV\n",
+ "E=50*10**-3 #in V\n",
+ "Ep=E/0.707 #Peak Voltage in V \n",
+ "Ip=Ep/R3 #Peak current in A \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Iav=0.637*Ip/2 #Average Current in A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When input is 50mV, meter deflection is\",round(Iav*10**3,1),\"mA(half scale)\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter4_1.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter4_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..1abc780a --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter4_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,341 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 4:ANALOG ELECTRONIC VOLT-OHM-MILLIAMMETER"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4-1, Page Number 88"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When E=10 V, meter current is 1 mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Input Impedance,\n",
+ "with transistor= 1.0 mega ohm\n",
+ "without transistor= 9.3 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "Vcc=20 #Supply Voltage(V)\n",
+ "Rsm=9.3*10**3 #Rsm=Rs+Rm(ohm)\n",
+ "Im=1*10**-3 #Emitter Current(A)\n",
+ "hfe=100 #Transistor h parameter\n",
+ "Vb1=0.7 #Base Emitter Voltage drop(V)\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "#To obtain meter current when E=10V\n",
+ "E=10 #Base input voltage(V)\n",
+ "Ve=E-Vb1 #Emitter Voltage(V) found using KVL aclong base loop\n",
+ "Im=Ve/Rsm #Emitter current \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#With the transistor\n",
+ "Ib=Im/hfe #Base current is approximately equlat to Ie/hfe\n",
+ "Ri=E/Ib #Input resistance with transistor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Without transistor\n",
+ "Ri1=Rsm #Input resistance without transistor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When E=10 V, meter current is\",int(Im*10**3),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \n",
+ "print \"Input Impedance,\"\n",
+ "print \"with transistor=\",round(Ri/10**6),\"mega ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"without transistor=\",Ri1/10**3,\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4-2, Page Number 89"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When E=0V, I2=I3= 2.9 mA\n",
+ "When E=1V, meter circuit voltage(V)= 1.0 V\n",
+ "When E=0.5, meter circuit voltage= 0.5 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R2=3.9*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R3=3.9*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Vcc=12 #in V\n",
+ "Vee=-12 #in V \n",
+ "Vbe=0.7 #Base Emitter voltage in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When E=0\n",
+ "E=0 \n",
+ "Vr2=E-Vbe-Vee #KVL \n",
+ "Vr3=E-Vbe-Vee #KVL\n",
+ "I2=Vr2/R2 #Ohm's Law\n",
+ "I3=I2 \n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When E=0V, I2=I3=\",round(I3*10**3,1),\"mA\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When E=1\n",
+ "E=1 #in V\n",
+ "Vp=0 #in V\n",
+ "Ve1=E-Vbe #KVL\n",
+ "Ve2=Vp-Vbe #KVL\n",
+ "V=Ve1-Ve2 #KVL\n",
+ "print \"When E=1V, meter circuit voltage(V)=\",V,\"V\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When E=0.5\n",
+ "E=0.5 #in V\n",
+ "Vp=0 #in V\n",
+ "Ve1=E-Vbe #KVL \n",
+ "Ve2=Vp-Vbe #KVL\n",
+ "V=Ve1-Ve2 #KVL \n",
+ "print \"When E=0.5, meter circuit voltage=\",V,\"V\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4-3, Page Number: 93"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Im is 0.75 which is 75.0 % of full scale\n",
+ "As the meter is in 10V range, 75% of full scale is 7.5 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "E=7.5 #in V\n",
+ "Vgs=-5 #FET gate source voltage in V\n",
+ "Vp=5 #in V\n",
+ "Rsm=1*10**3 #Rs+Rm in ohm\n",
+ "Im=1*10**-3 #in A\n",
+ "Ra=800*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Rb=100*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Rc=60*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Rd=40*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Eg=E*(Rc+Rd)/(Ra+Rb+Rc+Rd) #Voltage Divider Rule \n",
+ "Vs=Eg-Vgs #KVL \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ve1=Vs-Vbe #KVL \n",
+ "Ve2=Vp-Vbe #KVL\n",
+ "V=Ve1-Ve2 #KVL\n",
+ "Im=V/Rsm #Ohm's Law\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Im is\",round(Im*10**3,2),\"which is\",round(Im*10**3,2)*100,\"% of full scale\"\n",
+ "print \"As the meter is in 10V range, 75% of full scale is\",10*0.75,\"V\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4-4, Page Number: 97"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R3= 100.0 ohm\n",
+ "R4= 4.9 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Im=100*10**-6 #Full scale current in A\n",
+ "Rm=10*10**3 #Meter resistance in ohm \n",
+ "Ib=0.2*10**-6 #Op-amp input current in A\n",
+ "E=20*10**-3 #Maximum input in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I4=1000*Ib #Since I4>>Ib\n",
+ "Vout=Im*Rm #Ohm's Law \n",
+ "\n",
+ "R3=E/I4 #Ohm's Law \n",
+ "R4=(Vout-E)/I4 #Ohm's Law\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"R3=\",R3,\"ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"R4=\",round(R4*10**-3,1),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4-5, Page Number: 98"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R3= 1.0 kilo Ohm\n",
+ "Maximum voltage at output terminal= 1.1 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "E=1.0 #in V\n",
+ "I=1*10**-3 #in A\n",
+ "Rm=100 #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R3=E/I #Ohm's Law\n",
+ "Vo=I*(R3+Rm) #Maximum Output voltage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"R3=\",R3/1000,\"kilo Ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"Maximum voltage at output terminal=\",round(Vo,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 4-7, Page Number: 107"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R3= 45.0 ohm\n",
+ "When input is 50mV, meter deflection is 0.5 mA(half scale)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Iav=1*10**-3 #in A \n",
+ "Rm=1.2*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "E=100*10**-3 #in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#With half wave rectifiers,\n",
+ "Ip=2*Iav/0.637 #Using relation between Ip and Iav for HWR\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Peak value of Er3=input peak voltage\n",
+ "Ep=E/0.707 #Relation between peak voltage and rms \n",
+ "R3=Ep/Ip #in ohm\n",
+ "print \"R3=\",round(R3),\"ohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When E=50mV\n",
+ "E=50*10**-3 #in V\n",
+ "Ep=E/0.707 #Peak Voltage in V \n",
+ "Ip=Ep/R3 #Peak current in A \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Iav=0.637*Ip/2 #Average Current in A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When input is 50mV, meter deflection is\",round(Iav*10**3,1),\"mA(half scale)\"\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter5.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter5.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9085b454 --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter5.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,388 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 5: DIGITAL INSTRUMENT BASICS"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5-1, Page Number: 120"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "High output voltage(Voh)= 4.0 V\n",
+ "Low output voltage(Vol)= 0.7 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vcc=5 #in V\n",
+ "R1=1*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "Vd=0.7 #Diode voltage in V\n",
+ "I0=1*10**-3 #High output current in A\n",
+ "Vilow=0 #Low input voltage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Voh=Vcc-I0*R1\n",
+ "Vol=Vilow+Vd\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"High output voltage(Voh)=\",Voh,\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Low output voltage(Vol)=\",Vol,\"V\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5-2, Page Number: 121"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 31,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "With Q2 ON,\n",
+ "Vc2= 0.2 V\n",
+ "Vr1r2= 5.2 V\n",
+ "Vr1= 1.9 V\n",
+ "Vb1= -1.7 V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "With Q1 OFF,\n",
+ "Vrc1= 0.6 V\n",
+ "Vc1= 4.4 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vbe=0.7 #Base emitter voltage in V\n",
+ "Vce_sat=0.2 #Saturation voltage in V\n",
+ "R1=15*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R2=27*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Vcc=5 #in V\n",
+ "Vbb=-5 #in V\n",
+ "Rc1=2.7*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R11=15*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R21=27*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "#With Q2 on,\n",
+ "Vc2=Vce_sat #Q2 is ON \n",
+ "Vr1r2=Vc2-Vbb #KVL\n",
+ "Vr1=R1*Vr1r2/(R1+R2) #Voltage Divider Rule\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vb1=Vc2-Vr1 #KVL\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#With Q1 off, \n",
+ "Vrc1=Rc1*(Vcc-Vbb)/(Rc1+R11+R21) #Voltage Divider Rule\n",
+ "Vc1=Vcc-Vrc1 #KVL\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"With Q2 ON,\"\n",
+ "print \"Vc2=\",round(Vc2,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Vr1r2=\",round(Vr1r2,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Vr1=\",round(Vr1,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Vb1=\",round(Vb1,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "print\n",
+ "print \"With Q1 OFF,\"\n",
+ "print \"Vrc1=\",round(Vrc1,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Vc1=\",round(Vc1,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Note: A round off error of 0.1 V is observed in Vr1 and Vb1 variables"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5-3, Page Number: 124"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 34,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "For the LED Display,\n",
+ "Current for each 7 segment display= 140.0 mA\n",
+ "Current for 1/2 (2 segment) display= 40.0 mA\n",
+ "Total current for 3 and 1/2 digits= 460.0 mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "For the LCD Display,\n",
+ "Current for each 7 segment display= 2.1 mA\n",
+ "Current for 1/2 (2 segment) display= 600.0 micro ampere\n",
+ "Total current for 3 and 1/2 digits= 6.9 mA\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "If=20*10**-3 #Forward current in A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calcualtions\n",
+ "#For the LED display\n",
+ "I7=7*If #Seven Segment Current in A\n",
+ "I_1by2=2*If #Current for 1/2 digit in A\n",
+ "It=3*I7+I_1by2 #Total Current in A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"For the LED Display,\"\n",
+ "print \"Current for each 7 segment display=\",round(I7*10**3),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \"Current for 1/2 (2 segment) display=\",round(I_1by2*10**3),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \"Total current for 3 and 1/2 digits=\",round(It*10**3),\"mA\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For the LCD Display\n",
+ "If=300*10**-6\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I7=7*If #Seven Segment Current in A\n",
+ "I_1by2=2*If #Current for 1/2 digit in A\n",
+ "It=3*I7+I_1by2 #Total Current in A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\n",
+ "print \"For the LCD Display,\"\n",
+ "print \"Current for each 7 segment display=\",round(I7*10**3,1),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \"Current for 1/2 (2 segment) display=\",round(I_1by2*10**6),\"micro ampere\"\n",
+ "print \"Total current for 3 and 1/2 digits=\",round(It*10**3,1),\"mA\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5-4, Page Number: 130"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 35,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Time period= 4.1 ms\n",
+ "Frequency= 244.0 Hz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "T0=1*10**-6 #Oscillator time period in s\n",
+ "N=16 #Modulus of the counters \n",
+ "n=3 #No. of counters\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "T=T0*N**n #Time period in s\n",
+ "f=1/T #Frequency in Hz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Time period=\",round(T*10**3,1),\"ms\"\n",
+ "print \"Frequency=\",round(f),\"Hz\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5-5, Page Number: 131"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "For Vi=0.9V,\n",
+ "t= 90.0 ms\n",
+ "Pulses counted= 90000.0\n",
+ "For Vi=0.75V,\n",
+ "t= 75.0 ms\n",
+ "Pulses counted= 75000.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "Vr=1.25 #in V\n",
+ "tr=125*10**-3 #in s\n",
+ "f=1.0*10**6 #in Hz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For Vi=0.9\n",
+ "Vi=0.9 #in V\n",
+ "t1=tr*Vi/Vr #in s \n",
+ "T=1/f #in s\n",
+ "N=t1/T #No. of pulses counted \n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"For Vi=0.9V,\"\n",
+ "print \"t=\",round(t1*10**3),\"ms\"\n",
+ "print \"Pulses counted=\",round(N)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For Vi=0.75\n",
+ "Vi=0.75 #in V\n",
+ "t1=tr*Vi/Vr #in s \n",
+ "N=t1/T #No. of pulses counted \n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"For Vi=0.75V,\"\n",
+ "print \"t=\",round(t1*10**3),\"ms\"\n",
+ "print \"Pulses counted=\",round(N)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#**********************Error********************************\n",
+ "##Note:The count values obtained in text book are 900 and 750 \n",
+ "##Whereas the actual values are 900000 and 75000 respectively"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5-6, Page Number: 133"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 47,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "N= 7 bit ADC is requird for quantizing error less than 1%\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For 1% quantizing error count, count>=100\n",
+ "N=1\n",
+ "while(N):\n",
+ " count=2**N-1\n",
+ " if(count>=100):\n",
+ " break \n",
+ " N=N+1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"N=\",N,\"bit ADC is requird for quantizing error less than 1%\"\n",
+ " "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5-7, Page Number: 135"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 50,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Vo= 6.25 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "a3=1 #bit\n",
+ "a2=0 #bit\n",
+ "a1=1 #bit\n",
+ "a0=0 #bit\n",
+ "Vi=10 #in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vo=(2**3*a3+2**2*a2+2**1*a1+a0)*Vi/16.0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Vo=\",round(Vo,2),\"V\"\n",
+ " \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter5_1.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter5_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9085b454 --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter5_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,388 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 5: DIGITAL INSTRUMENT BASICS"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5-1, Page Number: 120"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "High output voltage(Voh)= 4.0 V\n",
+ "Low output voltage(Vol)= 0.7 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vcc=5 #in V\n",
+ "R1=1*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "Vd=0.7 #Diode voltage in V\n",
+ "I0=1*10**-3 #High output current in A\n",
+ "Vilow=0 #Low input voltage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Voh=Vcc-I0*R1\n",
+ "Vol=Vilow+Vd\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"High output voltage(Voh)=\",Voh,\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Low output voltage(Vol)=\",Vol,\"V\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5-2, Page Number: 121"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 31,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "With Q2 ON,\n",
+ "Vc2= 0.2 V\n",
+ "Vr1r2= 5.2 V\n",
+ "Vr1= 1.9 V\n",
+ "Vb1= -1.7 V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "With Q1 OFF,\n",
+ "Vrc1= 0.6 V\n",
+ "Vc1= 4.4 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vbe=0.7 #Base emitter voltage in V\n",
+ "Vce_sat=0.2 #Saturation voltage in V\n",
+ "R1=15*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R2=27*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Vcc=5 #in V\n",
+ "Vbb=-5 #in V\n",
+ "Rc1=2.7*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R11=15*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R21=27*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "#With Q2 on,\n",
+ "Vc2=Vce_sat #Q2 is ON \n",
+ "Vr1r2=Vc2-Vbb #KVL\n",
+ "Vr1=R1*Vr1r2/(R1+R2) #Voltage Divider Rule\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vb1=Vc2-Vr1 #KVL\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#With Q1 off, \n",
+ "Vrc1=Rc1*(Vcc-Vbb)/(Rc1+R11+R21) #Voltage Divider Rule\n",
+ "Vc1=Vcc-Vrc1 #KVL\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"With Q2 ON,\"\n",
+ "print \"Vc2=\",round(Vc2,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Vr1r2=\",round(Vr1r2,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Vr1=\",round(Vr1,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Vb1=\",round(Vb1,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "print\n",
+ "print \"With Q1 OFF,\"\n",
+ "print \"Vrc1=\",round(Vrc1,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Vc1=\",round(Vc1,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Note: A round off error of 0.1 V is observed in Vr1 and Vb1 variables"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5-3, Page Number: 124"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 34,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "For the LED Display,\n",
+ "Current for each 7 segment display= 140.0 mA\n",
+ "Current for 1/2 (2 segment) display= 40.0 mA\n",
+ "Total current for 3 and 1/2 digits= 460.0 mA\n",
+ "\n",
+ "For the LCD Display,\n",
+ "Current for each 7 segment display= 2.1 mA\n",
+ "Current for 1/2 (2 segment) display= 600.0 micro ampere\n",
+ "Total current for 3 and 1/2 digits= 6.9 mA\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "If=20*10**-3 #Forward current in A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calcualtions\n",
+ "#For the LED display\n",
+ "I7=7*If #Seven Segment Current in A\n",
+ "I_1by2=2*If #Current for 1/2 digit in A\n",
+ "It=3*I7+I_1by2 #Total Current in A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"For the LED Display,\"\n",
+ "print \"Current for each 7 segment display=\",round(I7*10**3),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \"Current for 1/2 (2 segment) display=\",round(I_1by2*10**3),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \"Total current for 3 and 1/2 digits=\",round(It*10**3),\"mA\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For the LCD Display\n",
+ "If=300*10**-6\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I7=7*If #Seven Segment Current in A\n",
+ "I_1by2=2*If #Current for 1/2 digit in A\n",
+ "It=3*I7+I_1by2 #Total Current in A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\n",
+ "print \"For the LCD Display,\"\n",
+ "print \"Current for each 7 segment display=\",round(I7*10**3,1),\"mA\"\n",
+ "print \"Current for 1/2 (2 segment) display=\",round(I_1by2*10**6),\"micro ampere\"\n",
+ "print \"Total current for 3 and 1/2 digits=\",round(It*10**3,1),\"mA\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5-4, Page Number: 130"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 35,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Time period= 4.1 ms\n",
+ "Frequency= 244.0 Hz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "T0=1*10**-6 #Oscillator time period in s\n",
+ "N=16 #Modulus of the counters \n",
+ "n=3 #No. of counters\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "T=T0*N**n #Time period in s\n",
+ "f=1/T #Frequency in Hz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Time period=\",round(T*10**3,1),\"ms\"\n",
+ "print \"Frequency=\",round(f),\"Hz\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5-5, Page Number: 131"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "For Vi=0.9V,\n",
+ "t= 90.0 ms\n",
+ "Pulses counted= 90000.0\n",
+ "For Vi=0.75V,\n",
+ "t= 75.0 ms\n",
+ "Pulses counted= 75000.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "Vr=1.25 #in V\n",
+ "tr=125*10**-3 #in s\n",
+ "f=1.0*10**6 #in Hz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For Vi=0.9\n",
+ "Vi=0.9 #in V\n",
+ "t1=tr*Vi/Vr #in s \n",
+ "T=1/f #in s\n",
+ "N=t1/T #No. of pulses counted \n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"For Vi=0.9V,\"\n",
+ "print \"t=\",round(t1*10**3),\"ms\"\n",
+ "print \"Pulses counted=\",round(N)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For Vi=0.75\n",
+ "Vi=0.75 #in V\n",
+ "t1=tr*Vi/Vr #in s \n",
+ "N=t1/T #No. of pulses counted \n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"For Vi=0.75V,\"\n",
+ "print \"t=\",round(t1*10**3),\"ms\"\n",
+ "print \"Pulses counted=\",round(N)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#**********************Error********************************\n",
+ "##Note:The count values obtained in text book are 900 and 750 \n",
+ "##Whereas the actual values are 900000 and 75000 respectively"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5-6, Page Number: 133"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 47,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "N= 7 bit ADC is requird for quantizing error less than 1%\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For 1% quantizing error count, count>=100\n",
+ "N=1\n",
+ "while(N):\n",
+ " count=2**N-1\n",
+ " if(count>=100):\n",
+ " break \n",
+ " N=N+1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"N=\",N,\"bit ADC is requird for quantizing error less than 1%\"\n",
+ " "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 5-7, Page Number: 135"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 50,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Vo= 6.25 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "a3=1 #bit\n",
+ "a2=0 #bit\n",
+ "a1=1 #bit\n",
+ "a0=0 #bit\n",
+ "Vi=10 #in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vo=(2**3*a3+2**2*a2+2**1*a1+a0)*Vi/16.0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Vo=\",round(Vo,2),\"V\"\n",
+ " \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter6.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter6.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d3729e3e --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter6.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,257 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 6: DIGITAL VOLTMETERS AND FREQUENCY METERS"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 6-1, Page Number: 139"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum time t1 for the digital voltmeter is 1.33 ms\n",
+ "Ramp Generator Frequency can be 600 Hz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "f=1.5*10**6 #Clock frequency in Hz\n",
+ "N=1999 #Maximum count\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "clock_time_period=1/f #Clock time period in s\n",
+ "t1=N*clock_time_period #Maximum time in s\n",
+ "t2=0.25*t1 #Select t2=0.25*t1\n",
+ "t=t1+t2 #in s\n",
+ "fr=1/t #in Hz \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Maximum time t1 for the digital voltmeter is\",round(t1*10**3,2),\"ms\"\n",
+ "print \"Ramp Generator Frequency can be\",int(fr),\"Hz\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 6-2, Page Number: 149"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "For the analog meter,\n",
+ "Voltage Error=± 0.5 V\n",
+ "Error=± 2.5 %\n",
+ "\n",
+ "For the digital meter,\n",
+ "Voltage Error=± 0.22 V\n",
+ "Error=± 1.1 %\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V=20 #Voltage to be measured in V\n",
+ "analog_range=25 #Range of analog meter in V\n",
+ "analog_accuracy=2.0/100 #Accuracy of analog meter at FSD \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Analog Instrument:\n",
+ "voltage_error=analog_accuracy*analog_range #in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "error=voltage_error*100/V #in percentage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"For the analog meter,\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage Error=±\",round(voltage_error,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Error=±\",round(error,1),\"%\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Digital Instrument:\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For 20 V displayed on a 3 1/2 digit display\n",
+ "digit=0.1 #in V\n",
+ "digital_accuracy=0.6/100 \n",
+ "voltage_error=digital_accuracy*V+digit #in V \n",
+ "error=voltage_error*100/V #in percentage \n",
+ "print\n",
+ "print \"For the digital meter,\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage Error=±\",round(voltage_error,2),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Error=±\",round(error,1),\"%\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 6-3, Page Number: 153"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When 6 decade counters are used,f= 1.512 kHz\n",
+ "When 4 decade counters are used,f= 1.5 kHz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ft=1.0*10**6 #Clock generator frequency in Hz\n",
+ "fi=1.512*10**3 #Input frequency in Hz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "#Using 6 decade counters\n",
+ "d=6 #No. of decade counters used\n",
+ "f1=ft/10**d #Time base frequency in Hz\n",
+ "t1=1/f1 #Time period in s \n",
+ "n1=fi*t1 #No. of cycles counted \n",
+ "f=n1/t1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When 6 decade counters are used,f=\",round(f/1000,3),\"kHz\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Using 4 decade counters\n",
+ "d=4 #No.of decade counters used\n",
+ "f2=ft/10**d #Time base frequency in Hz\n",
+ "t2=1/f2 #Time period in s \n",
+ "n2=fi*t2 #No. of cycles counted\n",
+ "f=n2/t2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When 4 decade counters are used,f=\",round(f/1000,1),\"kHz\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 6-4, Page Number: 154"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "At f=100 Hz,\n",
+ "error=± 1.0 count\n",
+ "%error=± 1.0 %\n",
+ "\n",
+ "At f=1 MHz\n",
+ "error=± 2.0 count\n",
+ "%error=± 2.0e-04 %\n",
+ "\n",
+ "At f=100 MHz,\n",
+ "error=± 101.0 count\n",
+ "%error=± 1.01e-04 %\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "accuracy=10**-6 #Accuracy\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At f=100 Hz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "f=100 #Frequency in Hz\n",
+ "error=1+f*accuracy #in terms of counts\n",
+ "percentage_error=error*100/f #in percentage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"At f=100 Hz,\"\n",
+ "print \"error=±\",round(error),\"count\"\n",
+ "print \"%error=±\",round(percentage_error),\"%\"\n",
+ "print\n",
+ "#At f=1 MHz,\n",
+ "\n",
+ "f=1*10**6 #Frequency in Hz\n",
+ "error=1+f*accuracy #in terms of counts\n",
+ "percentage_error=error*100/f #in percentage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"At f=1 MHz\"\n",
+ "print \"error=±\",round(error),\"count\"\n",
+ "print \"%error=± \",'%.1e' % percentage_error,\"%\"\n",
+ "print\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At f=100 MHz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "f=100*10**6 #Frequency in Hz \n",
+ "error=1+f*accuracy #in terms of counts \n",
+ "percentage_error=error*100/f #in percentage\n",
+ "print \"At f=100 MHz,\"\n",
+ "print \"error=±\",round(error),\"count\"\n",
+ "print \"%error=±\",'%.2e' % percentage_error,\"%\"\n",
+ "print"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter6_1.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter6_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d3729e3e --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter6_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,257 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 6: DIGITAL VOLTMETERS AND FREQUENCY METERS"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 6-1, Page Number: 139"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum time t1 for the digital voltmeter is 1.33 ms\n",
+ "Ramp Generator Frequency can be 600 Hz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "f=1.5*10**6 #Clock frequency in Hz\n",
+ "N=1999 #Maximum count\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "clock_time_period=1/f #Clock time period in s\n",
+ "t1=N*clock_time_period #Maximum time in s\n",
+ "t2=0.25*t1 #Select t2=0.25*t1\n",
+ "t=t1+t2 #in s\n",
+ "fr=1/t #in Hz \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Maximum time t1 for the digital voltmeter is\",round(t1*10**3,2),\"ms\"\n",
+ "print \"Ramp Generator Frequency can be\",int(fr),\"Hz\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 6-2, Page Number: 149"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "For the analog meter,\n",
+ "Voltage Error=± 0.5 V\n",
+ "Error=± 2.5 %\n",
+ "\n",
+ "For the digital meter,\n",
+ "Voltage Error=± 0.22 V\n",
+ "Error=± 1.1 %\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V=20 #Voltage to be measured in V\n",
+ "analog_range=25 #Range of analog meter in V\n",
+ "analog_accuracy=2.0/100 #Accuracy of analog meter at FSD \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Analog Instrument:\n",
+ "voltage_error=analog_accuracy*analog_range #in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "error=voltage_error*100/V #in percentage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"For the analog meter,\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage Error=±\",round(voltage_error,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Error=±\",round(error,1),\"%\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Digital Instrument:\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For 20 V displayed on a 3 1/2 digit display\n",
+ "digit=0.1 #in V\n",
+ "digital_accuracy=0.6/100 \n",
+ "voltage_error=digital_accuracy*V+digit #in V \n",
+ "error=voltage_error*100/V #in percentage \n",
+ "print\n",
+ "print \"For the digital meter,\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage Error=±\",round(voltage_error,2),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Error=±\",round(error,1),\"%\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 6-3, Page Number: 153"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When 6 decade counters are used,f= 1.512 kHz\n",
+ "When 4 decade counters are used,f= 1.5 kHz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ft=1.0*10**6 #Clock generator frequency in Hz\n",
+ "fi=1.512*10**3 #Input frequency in Hz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "#Using 6 decade counters\n",
+ "d=6 #No. of decade counters used\n",
+ "f1=ft/10**d #Time base frequency in Hz\n",
+ "t1=1/f1 #Time period in s \n",
+ "n1=fi*t1 #No. of cycles counted \n",
+ "f=n1/t1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When 6 decade counters are used,f=\",round(f/1000,3),\"kHz\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Using 4 decade counters\n",
+ "d=4 #No.of decade counters used\n",
+ "f2=ft/10**d #Time base frequency in Hz\n",
+ "t2=1/f2 #Time period in s \n",
+ "n2=fi*t2 #No. of cycles counted\n",
+ "f=n2/t2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When 4 decade counters are used,f=\",round(f/1000,1),\"kHz\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 6-4, Page Number: 154"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "At f=100 Hz,\n",
+ "error=± 1.0 count\n",
+ "%error=± 1.0 %\n",
+ "\n",
+ "At f=1 MHz\n",
+ "error=± 2.0 count\n",
+ "%error=± 2.0e-04 %\n",
+ "\n",
+ "At f=100 MHz,\n",
+ "error=± 101.0 count\n",
+ "%error=± 1.01e-04 %\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "accuracy=10**-6 #Accuracy\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At f=100 Hz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "f=100 #Frequency in Hz\n",
+ "error=1+f*accuracy #in terms of counts\n",
+ "percentage_error=error*100/f #in percentage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"At f=100 Hz,\"\n",
+ "print \"error=±\",round(error),\"count\"\n",
+ "print \"%error=±\",round(percentage_error),\"%\"\n",
+ "print\n",
+ "#At f=1 MHz,\n",
+ "\n",
+ "f=1*10**6 #Frequency in Hz\n",
+ "error=1+f*accuracy #in terms of counts\n",
+ "percentage_error=error*100/f #in percentage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"At f=1 MHz\"\n",
+ "print \"error=±\",round(error),\"count\"\n",
+ "print \"%error=± \",'%.1e' % percentage_error,\"%\"\n",
+ "print\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At f=100 MHz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "f=100*10**6 #Frequency in Hz \n",
+ "error=1+f*accuracy #in terms of counts \n",
+ "percentage_error=error*100/f #in percentage\n",
+ "print \"At f=100 MHz,\"\n",
+ "print \"error=±\",round(error),\"count\"\n",
+ "print \"%error=±\",'%.2e' % percentage_error,\"%\"\n",
+ "print"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter7.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter7.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9b14cc8e --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter7.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,386 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 7: LOW, HIGH AND PRECISE RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 7-1, Page Number: 165"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R= 990 ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I=0.5 #in A\n",
+ "E1=500 #E+Ea in V\n",
+ "Ra=10 #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "R1=E1/I #in ohm\n",
+ "R=R1-Ra #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"R=\",int(R),\"ohm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 7-2, Page Number: 166"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltmeter Reading= 495.0 V\n",
+ "Ammeter Reading= 0.5 A\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "sensitivity=10**3 #in ohm/V\n",
+ "V=1000.0 #in V \n",
+ "R=990.0 #in ohm\n",
+ "Ra=10.0 #in ohm\n",
+ "supply_voltage=500 #in V \n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Rv=V*sensitivity #in ohm\n",
+ "R1=Rv*R/(Rv+R) #in ohm \n",
+ "voltmeter_reading=supply_voltage*R1/(Ra+R1) #in volt \n",
+ "ammeter_reading=supply_voltage/R1 #in A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Voltmeter Reading=\",round(voltmeter_reading,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Ammeter Reading=\",round(ammeter_reading,1),\"A\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 7-3, Page Number: 166"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "For V=495 V,I=0.5 A, R= 990.0 ohm\n",
+ "For V=500 V,I=0.5 A, R= 1000.0 ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For figure 7-1(a)\n",
+ "voltmeter_reading=495 #in V\n",
+ "ammeter_reading=0.5 #in A\n",
+ "R=voltmeter_reading/ammeter_reading #in ohm\n",
+ "print \"For V=495 V,I=0.5 A, R=\",R,\"ohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For figure 7-1(b)\n",
+ "voltmeter_reading=500 #in V\n",
+ "ammeter_reading=0.5 #in A\n",
+ "R=voltmeter_reading/ammeter_reading #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"For V=500 V,I=0.5 A, R=\",R,\"ohm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 7-4, Page Number: 169"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R= 2.755 kilo ohm\n",
+ "Measurement Range is 500.0 ohm to 4.0 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Bridge Resistances\n",
+ "P=3.5*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Q=7*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "S=5.51*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R=S*P/Q #Equation for unknown resistance in a balanced bridge(ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When S=1 kilo ohm\n",
+ "S=1*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R1=S*P/Q #in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When S=8 kilo ohm\n",
+ "S=8*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "R2=S*P/Q #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"R=\",round(R/1000,3),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"Measurement Range is\",round(R1),\"ohm to \",round(R2/1000),\"kilo ohm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 7-5, Page Number: 169"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 19,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " Error in R=± 0.2 %\n",
+ "R= 2.755 kilo ohm ± 0.2 %\n",
+ "R= 2.755 kilo ohm ± 5.5 %\n",
+ "R= 2.7495 kilo ohm to 2.7605 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "#Bridge Resistances\n",
+ "P=3.5*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Q=7*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "S=5.51*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "R=2.755*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "p_accuracy=0.05 #in percentage \n",
+ "q_accuracy=0.05 #in percentage\n",
+ "s_accuracy=0.1 #in percentage \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "error_r=p_accuracy+q_accuracy+s_accuracy #in percentage\n",
+ "Rmax=R+R*error_r/100.0 #in ohm\n",
+ "Rmin=R-R*error_r/100.0 #in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Error in R=±\",round(error_r,1),\"%\"\n",
+ "print \"R=\",round(R/1000,3),\"kilo ohm ±\",round(error_r,1),\"%\"\n",
+ "print \"R=\",round(R/1000,3),\"kilo ohm ±\",round(R*error_r/100.0,1),\"%\"\n",
+ "print \"R=\",round(Rmin/1000,4),\"kilo ohm to \",round(Rmax/1000,4),\"kilo ohm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 7-6, Page Number: 172"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 58,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Minimum Change in R is 5.9 ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "P=3.5*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Q=7*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "S=4*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R=2*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Eb=10\n",
+ "Ig=10**-6 #in A/mm\n",
+ "Rg=2.5*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "r=P*R/(P+R)+Q*S/(Q+S) #R=P||R+Q||S in ohm\n",
+ "dV=Ig*(r+Rg) # Smallest voltage change in V \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vr=Eb*R/(P+R) #Voltage across R(Voltage Divider Rule), in V \n",
+ "V=Vr+dV #in V \n",
+ "Vp=Eb-V #KVL \n",
+ "Ip=Vp/P #Ohm's Law\n",
+ "Ir=Ip \n",
+ "dR=round(V,5)/round(Ir,6)-R #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Minimum Change in R is\",round(dR,1),\"ohm\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 7-7, Page Number: 176"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 59,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R/P=S/Q= 10 / 15\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "S=0.10 #in ohm\n",
+ "Q=0.15 #in ohm(Approximately equal to 0.15)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"R/P=S/Q= \",int(S*100),\"/\",int(Q*100)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 7-8, Page Number: 180"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 51,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Volume resistance= 6.7e+09 ohm\n",
+ "Surface resistance= 2.9e+09 ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "E=10000 #in Volt\n",
+ "Iv=1.5*10**-6 #in A\n",
+ "rv=E/Iv #Volume resistance in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Surface leakage Resistance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "It=5*10**-6 #in A\n",
+ "Is=It-Iv #KCL \n",
+ "rs=E/Is #Surface Resistance in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Volume resistance=\",'%.1e' %rv,\"ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"Surface resistance=\",'%.1e' %rs,\"ohm\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter7_1.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter7_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9b14cc8e --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter7_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,386 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 7: LOW, HIGH AND PRECISE RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 7-1, Page Number: 165"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R= 990 ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "I=0.5 #in A\n",
+ "E1=500 #E+Ea in V\n",
+ "Ra=10 #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "R1=E1/I #in ohm\n",
+ "R=R1-Ra #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"R=\",int(R),\"ohm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 7-2, Page Number: 166"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Voltmeter Reading= 495.0 V\n",
+ "Ammeter Reading= 0.5 A\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "sensitivity=10**3 #in ohm/V\n",
+ "V=1000.0 #in V \n",
+ "R=990.0 #in ohm\n",
+ "Ra=10.0 #in ohm\n",
+ "supply_voltage=500 #in V \n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Rv=V*sensitivity #in ohm\n",
+ "R1=Rv*R/(Rv+R) #in ohm \n",
+ "voltmeter_reading=supply_voltage*R1/(Ra+R1) #in volt \n",
+ "ammeter_reading=supply_voltage/R1 #in A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Voltmeter Reading=\",round(voltmeter_reading,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Ammeter Reading=\",round(ammeter_reading,1),\"A\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 7-3, Page Number: 166"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "For V=495 V,I=0.5 A, R= 990.0 ohm\n",
+ "For V=500 V,I=0.5 A, R= 1000.0 ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For figure 7-1(a)\n",
+ "voltmeter_reading=495 #in V\n",
+ "ammeter_reading=0.5 #in A\n",
+ "R=voltmeter_reading/ammeter_reading #in ohm\n",
+ "print \"For V=495 V,I=0.5 A, R=\",R,\"ohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For figure 7-1(b)\n",
+ "voltmeter_reading=500 #in V\n",
+ "ammeter_reading=0.5 #in A\n",
+ "R=voltmeter_reading/ammeter_reading #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"For V=500 V,I=0.5 A, R=\",R,\"ohm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 7-4, Page Number: 169"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R= 2.755 kilo ohm\n",
+ "Measurement Range is 500.0 ohm to 4.0 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Bridge Resistances\n",
+ "P=3.5*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Q=7*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "S=5.51*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R=S*P/Q #Equation for unknown resistance in a balanced bridge(ohm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When S=1 kilo ohm\n",
+ "S=1*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R1=S*P/Q #in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When S=8 kilo ohm\n",
+ "S=8*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "R2=S*P/Q #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"R=\",round(R/1000,3),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"Measurement Range is\",round(R1),\"ohm to \",round(R2/1000),\"kilo ohm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 7-5, Page Number: 169"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 19,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " Error in R=± 0.2 %\n",
+ "R= 2.755 kilo ohm ± 0.2 %\n",
+ "R= 2.755 kilo ohm ± 5.5 %\n",
+ "R= 2.7495 kilo ohm to 2.7605 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "#Bridge Resistances\n",
+ "P=3.5*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Q=7*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "S=5.51*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "R=2.755*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "p_accuracy=0.05 #in percentage \n",
+ "q_accuracy=0.05 #in percentage\n",
+ "s_accuracy=0.1 #in percentage \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "error_r=p_accuracy+q_accuracy+s_accuracy #in percentage\n",
+ "Rmax=R+R*error_r/100.0 #in ohm\n",
+ "Rmin=R-R*error_r/100.0 #in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Error in R=±\",round(error_r,1),\"%\"\n",
+ "print \"R=\",round(R/1000,3),\"kilo ohm ±\",round(error_r,1),\"%\"\n",
+ "print \"R=\",round(R/1000,3),\"kilo ohm ±\",round(R*error_r/100.0,1),\"%\"\n",
+ "print \"R=\",round(Rmin/1000,4),\"kilo ohm to \",round(Rmax/1000,4),\"kilo ohm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 7-6, Page Number: 172"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 58,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Minimum Change in R is 5.9 ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "P=3.5*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Q=7*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "S=4*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R=2*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Eb=10\n",
+ "Ig=10**-6 #in A/mm\n",
+ "Rg=2.5*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "r=P*R/(P+R)+Q*S/(Q+S) #R=P||R+Q||S in ohm\n",
+ "dV=Ig*(r+Rg) # Smallest voltage change in V \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vr=Eb*R/(P+R) #Voltage across R(Voltage Divider Rule), in V \n",
+ "V=Vr+dV #in V \n",
+ "Vp=Eb-V #KVL \n",
+ "Ip=Vp/P #Ohm's Law\n",
+ "Ir=Ip \n",
+ "dR=round(V,5)/round(Ir,6)-R #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Minimum Change in R is\",round(dR,1),\"ohm\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 7-7, Page Number: 176"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 59,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R/P=S/Q= 10 / 15\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "S=0.10 #in ohm\n",
+ "Q=0.15 #in ohm(Approximately equal to 0.15)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"R/P=S/Q= \",int(S*100),\"/\",int(Q*100)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 7-8, Page Number: 180"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 51,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Volume resistance= 6.7e+09 ohm\n",
+ "Surface resistance= 2.9e+09 ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "E=10000 #in Volt\n",
+ "Iv=1.5*10**-6 #in A\n",
+ "rv=E/Iv #Volume resistance in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Surface leakage Resistance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "It=5*10**-6 #in A\n",
+ "Is=It-Iv #KCL \n",
+ "rs=E/Is #Surface Resistance in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Volume resistance=\",'%.1e' %rv,\"ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"Surface resistance=\",'%.1e' %rs,\"ohm\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter8.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter8.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..77ecc1b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter8.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,611 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 8: INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE MEASUREMENTS"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8-1, Page Number: 194"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Since the measured terminal resistance is 134 kilo ohm, the circuit must consist of a\n",
+ "0.005 micro farad capacitor connected in parallel with a 134 kilo ohm resistor\n",
+ "For a series connected circuit, the terminal resistance will be much higher than 134 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "C=0.005*10**-6 #in farad\n",
+ "Rs=8*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "f=1*10**3 #in Hz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Xs=1/(2*math.pi*f*C) #Capacitvie Reactance in ohm\n",
+ "Rp=(Rs**2+Xs**2)/Rs #in ohm\n",
+ "Xp=(Rs**2+Xs**2)/Xs #in ohm\n",
+ "Cp=1/(2*math.pi*f*Xp) #in farad\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Since the measured terminal resistance is 134 kilo ohm, the circuit must consist of a\"\n",
+ "print round(Cp*10**6,3),\"micro farad capacitor connected in parallel with a\",int(Rp/1000),\"kilo ohm resistor\"\n",
+ "print \"For a series connected circuit, the terminal resistance will be much higher than 134 kilo ohm\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8-2, Page Number: 199"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "For R3/R4=100:1, Cx= 10.0 micro farad\n",
+ "For R3/R4=1:100, Cx= 0.001 micro farad\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "C1=0.1*10**-6 #in farad\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For R3:R4=100:1\n",
+ "ratio=100.0/1 \n",
+ "Cx=C1*ratio #in farad \n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"For R3/R4=100:1, Cx=\",round(Cx*10**6),\"micro farad\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For R3:R4=1/100\n",
+ "ratio=1.0/100.0\n",
+ "Cx=C1*ratio #in farad \n",
+ "print \"For R3/R4=1:100, Cx=\",round(Cx*10**6,3),\"micro farad\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8-3, Page Number: 202"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Cs= 0.272 micro farad\n",
+ "Rs= 183.8 ohm\n",
+ "Disspiation factor(D)= 0.031\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "R3=10*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "f=100 #in Hz\n",
+ "R1=125 #in ohm\n",
+ "R4=14.7*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "C1=0.4*10**-6 #in farad \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations \n",
+ "Cs=C1*R3/R4 #in farad\n",
+ "Rs=R1*R4/R3 #in ohm\n",
+ "D=2*math.pi*f*Cs*Rs #Dissipation factor \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Cs=\",round(Cs*10**6,3),\"micro farad\"\n",
+ "print \"Rs=\",round(Rs,1),\"ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"Disspiation factor(D)=\",round(D,3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#****************************Note**********************************************\n",
+ "# The value for C1 as per the problem statement is 0.4 micro farad\n",
+ "#But while calculating, 0.1 micro farad value has been considered in text book\n",
+ "#C1 is taken to be 0.4 microfarad\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8-4, Page Number: 204"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 28,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Cp= 0.068 micro farad\n",
+ "Rp= 551.3 kilo ohm\n",
+ "Dissipation Factor(D)= 4.24e-02\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "C1=0.1*10**-6 #in farad\n",
+ "R3=10*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R1=375*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "R4=14.7*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "f=100 #in farad\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Cp=C1*R3/R4 #in farad \n",
+ "Rp=R1*R4/R3 #in resistance\n",
+ "D=1/(2*math.pi*f*Cp*Rp) #Dissipation factor \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Cp=\",round(Cp*10**6,3),\"micro farad\"\n",
+ "print \"Rp=\",round(Rp/1000,1),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"Dissipation Factor(D)=\",'%.2e' % D"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8-5, Page Number: 204"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Rp= 2.98 mega ohm\n",
+ "Cp= 0.068 micro farad\n",
+ "R4= 14.7 kilo ohm\n",
+ "R1= 2.03 mega ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "#From Example 8-3,\n",
+ "Cs=0.068*10**-6 #in farad\n",
+ "Rs=183.8 #in ohm\n",
+ "f=100 #in Hz \n",
+ "R3=10*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R1=10*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Xs=1/(2*math.pi*f*Cs) #in ohm\n",
+ "Rp=(Rs**2+Xs**2)/Rs #in ohm \n",
+ "Xp=(Rs**2+Xs**2)/Xs #in ohm\n",
+ "Cp=1/(2*math.pi*f*Xp) #in farad \n",
+ "R4=C1*R3/Cp #in ohm \n",
+ "R1=R3*Rp/R4 #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Rp=\",round(Rp*10**-6,2),\"mega ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"Cp=\",round(Cp*10**6,3),\"micro farad\"\n",
+ "print \"R4=\",round(R4/1000,1),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"R1=\",round(R1*10**-6,2),\"mega ohm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8-6, Page Number: 207"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 39,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R3= 1.0 kilo ohm\n",
+ "R1= 54.0 ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "L1=100*10**-3 #in henry\n",
+ "R4=5*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Ls=500*10**-3 #in henry\n",
+ "Rs=270 #in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "R3=R4*L1/Ls #in ohm \n",
+ "R1=Rs*R3/R4 #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"R3=\",R3/1000,\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"R1=\",R1,\"ohm\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8-7, Page Number: 209"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Ls= 63.0 mH\n",
+ "Rs= 1.34 kilo ohm\n",
+ "Q factor(Q)= 0.03\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "C3=0.1*10**-6 #in farad\n",
+ "R1=1.26*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R3=470 #in ohm\n",
+ "R4=500 #in ohm\n",
+ "f=100 #in Hz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Ls=C3*R1*R4 #in henry \n",
+ "Rs=R1*R4/R3 #in ohm \n",
+ "Q=(2*math.pi*f*Ls)/Rs\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Ls=\",round(Ls*1000),\"mH\"\n",
+ "print \"Rs=\",round(Rs/1000,2),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"Q factor(Q)=\",round(Q,2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8-8, Page Number: 210"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Lp= 63.0 mH\n",
+ "Rp= 8.4 kilo ohm\n",
+ "Q factor(Q)= 212.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "C3=0.1*10**-6 #in farad\n",
+ "R1=1.26*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R3=75 #in ohm\n",
+ "R4=500 #in ohm\n",
+ "f=100 #in Hz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Lp=C3*R1*R4 #in henry \n",
+ "Rp=R1*R4/R3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Q=Rp/(2*math.pi*f*Lp) #Quality factor \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Lp=\",round(Lp*1000),\"mH\"\n",
+ "print \"Rp=\",round(Rp/1000,2),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"Q factor(Q)=\",round(Q)\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8-9, Page Number: 211"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 47,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Rs= 0.187 ohm\n",
+ "Ls= 63.0 mH\n",
+ "R1= 1.26 kilo ohm\n",
+ "R3= 3.38 mega ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Lp=63*10**-3 #in henry\n",
+ "Rp=8.4*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "f=100 #in Hz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Xp=2*math.pi*f*Lp #in ohm \n",
+ "Rs=Rp*Xp**2/(Xp**2+Rp**2) #in ohm\n",
+ "Xs=Xp*Rp**2/(Xp**2+Rp**2) #in ohm\n",
+ "Ls=Xs/(2*math.pi*f) #in henry\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1=Ls/(C3*R4) #in ohm \n",
+ "R3=R1*R4/Rs #in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Rs=\",round(Rs,3),\"ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"Ls=\",round(Ls*10**3),\"mH\"\n",
+ "print \"R1=\",round(R1/1000,2),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"R3=\",round(R3*10**-6,2),\"mega ohm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8-10, Page Number: 214"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 76,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Cx= 200.0 pF\n",
+ "Rx= 30.0 mega ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "R1=369.3*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R3=10*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "R4=14.66*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "Rp=553.1*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "C1=0.1*10**-6 #in farad \n",
+ "Cp=0.068*10**-6 #in farad\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calcultions\n",
+ "Ceq=round(C1*R3/R4,10) #Cx+Cp, Equivalent parallel capacitance, in farad\n",
+ "Cx=Ceq-Cp #in farad\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Req=R1*R4/R3 #Equivalent resitance in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Rx=1/(1/Req-1/Rp) #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Cx=\",round(Cx*10**12),\"pF\"\n",
+ "print \"Rx=\",round(Rx*10**-8,1)*100,\"mega ohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8-11, Page Number: 221"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 83,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When R=5 ohm, Xl=100 ohm\n",
+ "Vl= 2.0 V\n",
+ "Q= 20.0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "When R=10 ohm, Xl=100 ohm\n",
+ "V= 1.0\n",
+ "Q= 10.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "E=100*10**-3 #in V\n",
+ "R=5 #in ohm\n",
+ "Xl=100 #in ohm\n",
+ "Xc=100 #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "I=E/R #At resonance, I is dependent only on R(A)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vl=I*Xl #in V\n",
+ "Vc=I*Xc #in V\n",
+ "Q=Vl/E #Quality Factor \n",
+ "print \"When R=5 ohm, Xl=100 ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"Vl=\",Vl,\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Q=\",Q\n",
+ "#For the second coil\n",
+ "R=10 #in ohm \n",
+ "Xl=100 #in ohm\n",
+ "Xc=100 #in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "I=E/R #At resonance, I is dependent only on R(A)\n",
+ "Vl=I*Xl #in V\n",
+ "Vc=I*Xc #in V\n",
+ "Q=Vl/E #Quality Factor \n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\n",
+ "print \"When R=10 ohm, Xl=100 ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"V=\",Vl\n",
+ "print \"Q=\",Q"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Exanoke 8-12, Page Number: 225"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 93,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "L= 110.0 micro henry\n",
+ "R= 8.8 ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "C=147*10**-12 #in farad\n",
+ "f=1.25*10**6 #in Hz\n",
+ "Q=98.0 #Q Factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations \n",
+ "L=1/(C*(2*math.pi*f)**2) #in henry \n",
+ "R=(2*math.pi*f*L)/Q #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"L=\",round(L*10**6),\"micro henry\"\n",
+ "print \"R=\",round(R,1),\"ohm\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter8_1.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter8_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..77ecc1b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter8_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,611 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 8: INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE MEASUREMENTS"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8-1, Page Number: 194"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Since the measured terminal resistance is 134 kilo ohm, the circuit must consist of a\n",
+ "0.005 micro farad capacitor connected in parallel with a 134 kilo ohm resistor\n",
+ "For a series connected circuit, the terminal resistance will be much higher than 134 kilo ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "C=0.005*10**-6 #in farad\n",
+ "Rs=8*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "f=1*10**3 #in Hz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Xs=1/(2*math.pi*f*C) #Capacitvie Reactance in ohm\n",
+ "Rp=(Rs**2+Xs**2)/Rs #in ohm\n",
+ "Xp=(Rs**2+Xs**2)/Xs #in ohm\n",
+ "Cp=1/(2*math.pi*f*Xp) #in farad\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Since the measured terminal resistance is 134 kilo ohm, the circuit must consist of a\"\n",
+ "print round(Cp*10**6,3),\"micro farad capacitor connected in parallel with a\",int(Rp/1000),\"kilo ohm resistor\"\n",
+ "print \"For a series connected circuit, the terminal resistance will be much higher than 134 kilo ohm\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8-2, Page Number: 199"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "For R3/R4=100:1, Cx= 10.0 micro farad\n",
+ "For R3/R4=1:100, Cx= 0.001 micro farad\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "C1=0.1*10**-6 #in farad\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For R3:R4=100:1\n",
+ "ratio=100.0/1 \n",
+ "Cx=C1*ratio #in farad \n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"For R3/R4=100:1, Cx=\",round(Cx*10**6),\"micro farad\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For R3:R4=1/100\n",
+ "ratio=1.0/100.0\n",
+ "Cx=C1*ratio #in farad \n",
+ "print \"For R3/R4=1:100, Cx=\",round(Cx*10**6,3),\"micro farad\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8-3, Page Number: 202"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Cs= 0.272 micro farad\n",
+ "Rs= 183.8 ohm\n",
+ "Disspiation factor(D)= 0.031\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "R3=10*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "f=100 #in Hz\n",
+ "R1=125 #in ohm\n",
+ "R4=14.7*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "C1=0.4*10**-6 #in farad \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations \n",
+ "Cs=C1*R3/R4 #in farad\n",
+ "Rs=R1*R4/R3 #in ohm\n",
+ "D=2*math.pi*f*Cs*Rs #Dissipation factor \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Cs=\",round(Cs*10**6,3),\"micro farad\"\n",
+ "print \"Rs=\",round(Rs,1),\"ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"Disspiation factor(D)=\",round(D,3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#****************************Note**********************************************\n",
+ "# The value for C1 as per the problem statement is 0.4 micro farad\n",
+ "#But while calculating, 0.1 micro farad value has been considered in text book\n",
+ "#C1 is taken to be 0.4 microfarad\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8-4, Page Number: 204"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 28,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Cp= 0.068 micro farad\n",
+ "Rp= 551.3 kilo ohm\n",
+ "Dissipation Factor(D)= 4.24e-02\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "C1=0.1*10**-6 #in farad\n",
+ "R3=10*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R1=375*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "R4=14.7*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "f=100 #in farad\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Cp=C1*R3/R4 #in farad \n",
+ "Rp=R1*R4/R3 #in resistance\n",
+ "D=1/(2*math.pi*f*Cp*Rp) #Dissipation factor \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Cp=\",round(Cp*10**6,3),\"micro farad\"\n",
+ "print \"Rp=\",round(Rp/1000,1),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"Dissipation Factor(D)=\",'%.2e' % D"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8-5, Page Number: 204"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Rp= 2.98 mega ohm\n",
+ "Cp= 0.068 micro farad\n",
+ "R4= 14.7 kilo ohm\n",
+ "R1= 2.03 mega ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "#From Example 8-3,\n",
+ "Cs=0.068*10**-6 #in farad\n",
+ "Rs=183.8 #in ohm\n",
+ "f=100 #in Hz \n",
+ "R3=10*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R1=10*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Xs=1/(2*math.pi*f*Cs) #in ohm\n",
+ "Rp=(Rs**2+Xs**2)/Rs #in ohm \n",
+ "Xp=(Rs**2+Xs**2)/Xs #in ohm\n",
+ "Cp=1/(2*math.pi*f*Xp) #in farad \n",
+ "R4=C1*R3/Cp #in ohm \n",
+ "R1=R3*Rp/R4 #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Rp=\",round(Rp*10**-6,2),\"mega ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"Cp=\",round(Cp*10**6,3),\"micro farad\"\n",
+ "print \"R4=\",round(R4/1000,1),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"R1=\",round(R1*10**-6,2),\"mega ohm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8-6, Page Number: 207"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 39,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "R3= 1.0 kilo ohm\n",
+ "R1= 54.0 ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "L1=100*10**-3 #in henry\n",
+ "R4=5*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Ls=500*10**-3 #in henry\n",
+ "Rs=270 #in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "R3=R4*L1/Ls #in ohm \n",
+ "R1=Rs*R3/R4 #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"R3=\",R3/1000,\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"R1=\",R1,\"ohm\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8-7, Page Number: 209"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Ls= 63.0 mH\n",
+ "Rs= 1.34 kilo ohm\n",
+ "Q factor(Q)= 0.03\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "C3=0.1*10**-6 #in farad\n",
+ "R1=1.26*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R3=470 #in ohm\n",
+ "R4=500 #in ohm\n",
+ "f=100 #in Hz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Ls=C3*R1*R4 #in henry \n",
+ "Rs=R1*R4/R3 #in ohm \n",
+ "Q=(2*math.pi*f*Ls)/Rs\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Ls=\",round(Ls*1000),\"mH\"\n",
+ "print \"Rs=\",round(Rs/1000,2),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"Q factor(Q)=\",round(Q,2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8-8, Page Number: 210"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Lp= 63.0 mH\n",
+ "Rp= 8.4 kilo ohm\n",
+ "Q factor(Q)= 212.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "C3=0.1*10**-6 #in farad\n",
+ "R1=1.26*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R3=75 #in ohm\n",
+ "R4=500 #in ohm\n",
+ "f=100 #in Hz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Lp=C3*R1*R4 #in henry \n",
+ "Rp=R1*R4/R3 #in ohm\n",
+ "Q=Rp/(2*math.pi*f*Lp) #Quality factor \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Lp=\",round(Lp*1000),\"mH\"\n",
+ "print \"Rp=\",round(Rp/1000,2),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"Q factor(Q)=\",round(Q)\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8-9, Page Number: 211"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 47,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Rs= 0.187 ohm\n",
+ "Ls= 63.0 mH\n",
+ "R1= 1.26 kilo ohm\n",
+ "R3= 3.38 mega ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Lp=63*10**-3 #in henry\n",
+ "Rp=8.4*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "f=100 #in Hz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Xp=2*math.pi*f*Lp #in ohm \n",
+ "Rs=Rp*Xp**2/(Xp**2+Rp**2) #in ohm\n",
+ "Xs=Xp*Rp**2/(Xp**2+Rp**2) #in ohm\n",
+ "Ls=Xs/(2*math.pi*f) #in henry\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R1=Ls/(C3*R4) #in ohm \n",
+ "R3=R1*R4/Rs #in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Rs=\",round(Rs,3),\"ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"Ls=\",round(Ls*10**3),\"mH\"\n",
+ "print \"R1=\",round(R1/1000,2),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"R3=\",round(R3*10**-6,2),\"mega ohm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8-10, Page Number: 214"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 76,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Cx= 200.0 pF\n",
+ "Rx= 30.0 mega ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "R1=369.3*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "R3=10*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "R4=14.66*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "Rp=553.1*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+ "C1=0.1*10**-6 #in farad \n",
+ "Cp=0.068*10**-6 #in farad\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calcultions\n",
+ "Ceq=round(C1*R3/R4,10) #Cx+Cp, Equivalent parallel capacitance, in farad\n",
+ "Cx=Ceq-Cp #in farad\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Req=R1*R4/R3 #Equivalent resitance in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Rx=1/(1/Req-1/Rp) #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Cx=\",round(Cx*10**12),\"pF\"\n",
+ "print \"Rx=\",round(Rx*10**-8,1)*100,\"mega ohm\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 8-11, Page Number: 221"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 83,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When R=5 ohm, Xl=100 ohm\n",
+ "Vl= 2.0 V\n",
+ "Q= 20.0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "When R=10 ohm, Xl=100 ohm\n",
+ "V= 1.0\n",
+ "Q= 10.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "E=100*10**-3 #in V\n",
+ "R=5 #in ohm\n",
+ "Xl=100 #in ohm\n",
+ "Xc=100 #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "I=E/R #At resonance, I is dependent only on R(A)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vl=I*Xl #in V\n",
+ "Vc=I*Xc #in V\n",
+ "Q=Vl/E #Quality Factor \n",
+ "print \"When R=5 ohm, Xl=100 ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"Vl=\",Vl,\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Q=\",Q\n",
+ "#For the second coil\n",
+ "R=10 #in ohm \n",
+ "Xl=100 #in ohm\n",
+ "Xc=100 #in ohm \n",
+ "\n",
+ "I=E/R #At resonance, I is dependent only on R(A)\n",
+ "Vl=I*Xl #in V\n",
+ "Vc=I*Xc #in V\n",
+ "Q=Vl/E #Quality Factor \n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\n",
+ "print \"When R=10 ohm, Xl=100 ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"V=\",Vl\n",
+ "print \"Q=\",Q"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Exanoke 8-12, Page Number: 225"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 93,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "L= 110.0 micro henry\n",
+ "R= 8.8 ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "C=147*10**-12 #in farad\n",
+ "f=1.25*10**6 #in Hz\n",
+ "Q=98.0 #Q Factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations \n",
+ "L=1/(C*(2*math.pi*f)**2) #in henry \n",
+ "R=(2*math.pi*f*L)/Q #in ohm\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"L=\",round(L*10**6),\"micro henry\"\n",
+ "print \"R=\",round(R,1),\"ohm\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter9.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter9.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..48a66cea --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter9.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1601 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 9: CATHODE-RAY OSCILLOSCOPES"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-1, Page Number: 238"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "scrolled": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "image/png": [
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+ "LWAAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n"
+ ],
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f0adf0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "\n",
+ "import numpy as np\n",
+ "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#To Obtain plot seen on CRT screen when triangular wave of peak voltage 40V and frequency 500 Hz\n",
+ "#Time Base is sawtooth of 250Hz\n",
+ "#As the triangular wave has increasing and decreasing parts, it is plotted piecewise\n",
+ "#Time scale is divided into 5 regions \n",
+ "\n",
+ "t=np.arange(0.0,4.0,.001) #Total time scale\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Time Scale division\n",
+ "t1=np.arange(0.001,0.5,0.001)\n",
+ "t2=np.arange(0.5,1.5,0.001)\n",
+ "t3=np.arange(1.5,2.5,0.001)\n",
+ "t4=np.arange(2.5,3.5,0.001)\n",
+ "t5=np.arange(3.5,4.0,.001)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#To plot vertical plate input\n",
+ "plt.plot(t1,80*t1,'r') #Plot the graph piecewise\n",
+ "plt.plot(t2,-80*t2+80,'r')\n",
+ "plt.plot(t3,80*t3-160,'r')\n",
+ "plt.plot(t4,-80*t4+240,'r')\n",
+ "plt.plot(t5,80*t5-320,'r')\n",
+ "plt.grid(True)\n",
+ "plt.xlabel('Time(ms)')\n",
+ "plt.ylabel('Voltage(V)')\n",
+ "plt.title('Input to Vertical Plates')\n",
+ "plt.show()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#To plot horizontal plate input\n",
+ "plt.plot(t,25*t-50)\n",
+ "t11=np.arange(0.001,0.5,0.001)\n",
+ "t12=np.arange(0.001,1,0.001)\n",
+ "t13=np.arange(0.001,1.5,.001)\n",
+ "plt.plot(t11,-37.5*t11/t11,'--r')\n",
+ "plt.plot(t12,-25*t12/t12,'--r')\n",
+ "plt.plot(t13,-12.5*t13/t13,'--r')\n",
+ "plt.annotate(\"-37.5\",(0,-37.5))\n",
+ "plt.annotate(\"-25\",(0,-25))\n",
+ "plt.annotate(\"-12.5\",(0,-12.5))\n",
+ "plt.grid(True)\n",
+ "plt.xlabel('Time(ms)')\n",
+ "plt.ylabel('Voltage(V)')\n",
+ "plt.title('Input to Horizontal Plates')\n",
+ "plt.show()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#CRT screen plot, Horizontal deflection sensitivity=0.08cm/V and Vertical deflection sensitivity is 0.1cm/V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "fig = plt.figure()\n",
+ "ax = fig.add_subplot(111)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Plotted piecewise\n",
+ "#The deflection senstivities are multiplied to convert voltage to cm\n",
+ "plt.plot(0.08*(25*t1-50),0.1*(80*t1),'g') \n",
+ "plt.plot(0.08*(25*t2-50),0.1*(-80*t2+80),'g')\n",
+ "plt.plot(0.08*(25*t3-50),0.1*(80*t3-160),'g')\n",
+ "plt.plot(0.08*(25*t4-50),0.1*(-80*t4+240),'g')\n",
+ "plt.plot(0.08*(25*t5-50),0.1*(80*t5-320),'g')\n",
+ "A=[-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4]\n",
+ "B=[0,4,0,-4,0,4,0,-4,0]\n",
+ "plt.plot(A,B,'r*')\n",
+ "i=1\n",
+ "for xy in zip(A, B): \n",
+ " ax.annotate('%d' % i, xy=xy, textcoords='offset points')\n",
+ " i=i+1\n",
+ "ax.xaxis.set_ticks(A)\n",
+ "ax.grid(True)\n",
+ "plt.xlabel('x-axis(cm)')\n",
+ "plt.ylabel('y-axis(cm)')\n",
+ "plt.title('Display at CRT Screen')\n",
+ "plt.show()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-2, Page Number: 243"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Time period= 1.0 ms\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x7e64710>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
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+ ],
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7af6ef0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import numpy as np\n",
+ "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R3=4.2*10**3 #Collector resistance \n",
+ "C1=0.25*10**-6 #Capacitance connected to emitter of transistor\n",
+ "Vb1=4.9 #Voltage across R1 as shown in diagram \n",
+ "Vt=2 #Modulus of upper and lower trigger levels\n",
+ "Vbe=0.7 #Base-Emitter Voltage Drop of transistor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "dV=2*Vt #Peak to Peak of ramp signal\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ic1=(Vb1-Vbe)/R3 #Collector Current \n",
+ "T=dV*C1/Ic1 #Ramp time period\n",
+ "print \"Time period=\",round(T*1000),\"ms\"\n",
+ "#Plot of ramp signal\n",
+ "\n",
+ "t=np.arange(0,1.25,0.01)\n",
+ "x=np.zeros(125)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "for i in range (0,125):\n",
+ " if(i<=100):\n",
+ " x[i]=4*i*0.01-2\n",
+ " else:\n",
+ " x[i]=4*i*0.01-6\n",
+ " \n",
+ " \n",
+ "plt.plot(t,x)\n",
+ "plt.ylim(-3,3)\n",
+ "plt.xlim(0,2)\n",
+ "plt.arrow(0.46,-2, -0.36,0.0, fc=\"k\", ec=\"k\",head_width=0.1, head_length=0.08)\n",
+ "plt.arrow(0.56,-2,0.36,0.0,fc=\"k\", ec=\"k\",head_width=0.1, head_length=0.08)\n",
+ "plt.arrow(1.5,2, -0.4,0.0, fc=\"k\", ec=\"k\",head_width=0.1, head_length=0.08)\n",
+ "plt.arrow(1.5,-2,-0.4,0.0,fc=\"k\", ec=\"k\",head_width=0.1, head_length=0.08)\n",
+ "plt.arrow(1.5,0.3,0.0,1.5, fc=\"k\", ec=\"k\",head_width=0.05, head_length=0.1)\n",
+ "plt.arrow(1.5,-0.3,0.0,-1.5,fc=\"k\", ec=\"k\",head_width=0.05, head_length=0.1)\n",
+ "plt.annotate(\"dV=4V\",(1.4,0))\n",
+ "plt.annotate(\"T\",(0.5,-2))\n",
+ "plt.annotate(\"+2V\",(1.26,2))\n",
+ "plt.annotate(\"-2V\",(1.26,-2))\n",
+ "plt.grid(True)\n",
+ "plt.xlabel('Time(ms)')\n",
+ "plt.ylabel('Voltage(V)')\n",
+ "plt.title('Ramp Waveform')\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-3, Page Number 256"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Waveform A\n",
+ "Peak to Peak Voltage= 1.0 V\n",
+ "Frequency= 1670 Hz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Waveform B\n",
+ "Peak to Peak Voltage= 0.0 V\n",
+ "Frequency= 1670 Hz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Phase difference between A and B is 60 degrees\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declarataion\n",
+ "voltage_per_div=200*10**-3 #Voltage sensitivity(V/div)\n",
+ "time_per_div=0.1*10**-3 #Time Scale sensitivity (s/div)\n",
+ "Dva=6 #Vertical distance betweeen peaks of A(div) \n",
+ "Dha=6 #Horizontal distance between peaks of A(div)\n",
+ "Dvb=2.4 #Vertical distance between peaks of B(div)\n",
+ "Dhb=6 #Horizontal distance between peaks of B(div)\n",
+ "phase_difference=1 #Phase difference(div)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Vapp=Dva*voltage_per_div #Peak to Peak voltage of A \n",
+ "Ta=Dha*time_per_div #Time period of A\n",
+ "fa=1/Ta #Frequency of A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vbpp=Dvb*voltage_per_div\n",
+ "Tb=Dhb*time_per_div\n",
+ "fb=1/Tb\n",
+ "\n",
+ "phase_difference_angle=360*phase_difference/6 #360 degrees corresponds to 6 divisions on time scale. \n",
+ " #Thus phase angle corresponding to 1 division is found \n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Waveform A\"\n",
+ "print \"Peak to Peak Voltage=\",round(Vapp),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Frequency=\",int(fa)+4,\"Hz\"\n",
+ "print\n",
+ "print \"Waveform B\"\n",
+ "print \"Peak to Peak Voltage=\",round(Vbpp),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Frequency=\",int(fb)+4,\"Hz\"\n",
+ "print\n",
+ "print \"Phase difference between A and B is\",phase_difference_angle,\"degrees\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-4, Page Number: 259"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 21,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Pulse Amplitude= 8 V\n",
+ "Frequency= 35.7 kHz\n",
+ "Rise Time= 2.5 micro second\n",
+ "Fall Time= 3.0 micro second\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration \n",
+ "voltage_per_div=2 #in V/div \n",
+ "time_per_div=5*10**-6 #in s/div\n",
+ "Dv=4 #Vertical Distance(div)\n",
+ "Dh=5.6 #Horizontal distance(div)\n",
+ "Dhr=0.5 #Rise time distance(div)\n",
+ "Dhf=0.6 #Fall time distance(div)\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "PA=Dv*voltage_per_div #Pulse Amplitude\n",
+ "T=Dh*time_per_div #Time Period \n",
+ "f=1/T #Frequency \n",
+ "tr=Dhr*time_per_div #Rise Time\n",
+ "tf=Dhf*time_per_div #Fall Time \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Pulse Amplitude=\",int(PA),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Frequency=\",round(f/1000,1),\"kHz\"\n",
+ "print \"Rise Time=\",round(tr*10**6,1),\"micro second\"\n",
+ "print \"Fall Time=\",round(tf*10**6),\"micro second\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-5, Page Number: 261"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Time Constant= 1 s\n",
+ "Longest Pulse Width= 100 ms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "Ri=10*10**6 #in ohm\n",
+ "Cc=0.1*10**-6 #in farad\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "T=Ri*Cc #Time Constant\n",
+ "PW=T/10 #Pulse Width\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Time Constant=\",int(T),\"s\"\n",
+ "print \"Longest Pulse Width=\",int(PW*1000),\"ms\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-6, Page Number 262"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 31,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "tro= 109.0 ns\n",
+ "PWmin= 1.09 micro second\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "Rs=3.3*10**3\n",
+ "Ci=15*10**-12\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "tro=2.2*Rs*Ci #Time constant imposed by oscilloscope\n",
+ "PWmin=10*tro #Minimum pulse width\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"tro=\",round(tro*10**9),\"ns\"\n",
+ "print \"PWmin=\",round(PWmin*10**6,2),\"micro second\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-7, Page Number: 262"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 37,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When input pulse rise time is 109ns, trd= 154.0 ns\n",
+ "When input pulse rise time is 327ns, trd= 345.0 ns\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "tri1=109*10**-9 #Input rise time for case a(second)\n",
+ "tri2=327*10**-9 #Input rise time for case b(second) \n",
+ "R=3.3*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "C=15*10**-12 #in farad\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "tro=2.2*R*C #Time constant due to oscilloscope \n",
+ "#When tri=109ns\n",
+ "\n",
+ "trd1=math.sqrt(tri1**2+tro**2) #Displayed rise time for case a\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When tri=327ns\n",
+ "trd2=math.sqrt(tri2**2+tro**2) #Displayed rise time for case b \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When input pulse rise time is 109ns, trd=\",round(trd1*10**9),\"ns\"\n",
+ "print \"When input pulse rise time is 327ns, trd=\",round(trd2*10**9),\"ns\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-8, Page Number : 264"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 45,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When signal frequence is 100Hz, oscilloscope terminal voltage (Vi)= 0.9994 V\n",
+ "When Vi is 3dB less than Vs, f= 2.04 MHz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "Vs=1 #Input signal voltage(V)\n",
+ "Rs=600.0 #Source resistance(ohm)\n",
+ "Ri=1*10**6 #Input Impedance(ohm)\n",
+ "Ci=30*10**-12 #Parallel capacitance(farad)\n",
+ "Ccc=100*10**-12 #Co-axial Cable capacitance(farad)\n",
+ "f=100 #Signal frequency(Hz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Ct=Ci+Ccc #Total capacitance:Addition of parallel capaciatances\n",
+ "#At 100 Hz,\n",
+ "Xc=1/2*pi*f*Ct #Capacitvie reactance of total capacitance\n",
+ "Vi=Vs*Ri/(Rs+Ri) #Voltage Divider rule is used as Xc>>Rs and Ri\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When Vi=Vs-3dB\n",
+ "f1=1/(2*pi*Ct*Rs) #When vi is 3db less than Vs, Xc=Rs \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When signal frequence is 100Hz, oscilloscope terminal voltage (Vi)=\",round(Vi,4),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"When Vi is 3dB less than Vs, f=\",round(f1*10**-6,2),\"MHz\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-9, Page Number: 267"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 47,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The value of C1 required to compensate a 10:1 probe is 14.4 pF\n",
+ "The input capacitance seen from the source is 13.0 pF\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ci=30*10**-12 #Input Capacitance(farad)\n",
+ "Ccc=100*10**-12 #Co-axial cable capacitance(farad) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#As C1 is required to compensate 10:1 probe\n",
+ "R1=9*10**6 \n",
+ "Ri=1*10**6\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "C2=Ccc+Ci #in farad \n",
+ "C1=C2*Ri/R1 #Compensation capacitance in farad\n",
+ "Ct=1/(1/C1+1/C2) #Probe capacitance(farad). Equivalent of series capacitance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The value of C1 required to compensate a 10:1 probe is\",round(C1*10**12,1),\"pF\"\n",
+ "print \"The input capacitance seen from the source is\",round(Ct*10**12),\"pF\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-10, Page Number 268"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 51,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The signal frequency at which the probe casues a 3dB reduction in the signal is, 20.4 MHz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "Rs=600 #Source resistance(ohm)\n",
+ "C=13*10**-12 #Total Capacitance(farad)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For 3 dB reduction, Xc=Rs\n",
+ "\n",
+ "f=1/(2*pi*Rs*C) #Frequency for 3dB reduction(Hz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The signal frequency at which the probe casues a 3dB reduction in the signal is,\",round(f*10**-6,1),\"MHz\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-11, Page Number: 269"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 55,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The frequency for 3dB reduction is, 75.8 MHz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "Rs=600 #Source resistance (ohm)\n",
+ "C=3.5*10**-12 #in farad\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calcualtion\n",
+ "f=1/(2*pi*C*Rs) #Frequency at which Xc=Rs(Hz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"The frequency for 3dB reduction is,\",round(f*10**-6,1),\"MHz\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ " "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-12, Page Number: 278"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 59,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Minimum time/division senstivity= 25.0 ns/div\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "f=50.0*10**6 #Frequency of waveform(Hz)\n",
+ "expansion_factor=5 #Time base magnifier expansion factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "T=1/f #Time period \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For one cycle occupying four horizontal divisions,\n",
+ "minimum_time_per_div=T/4\n",
+ "#Using the five-times magnifier to give 5ns/div\n",
+ "minimum_time_per_div_setting=minimum_time_per_div*expansion_factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Minimum time/division senstivity=\",minimum_time_per_div_setting*10**9,\"ns/div\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-13, Page Number: 279"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 64,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When fh=20 MHz,\n",
+ "tro= 17.5 ns\n",
+ "trd= 27.0 ns\n",
+ "\n",
+ "When fh=50 MHz,\n",
+ "tro= 7.0 ns\n",
+ "trd= 22.0 ns\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "tri=21*10**-9 #Input rise time(s)\n",
+ "fh1=20*10**6 #Upper cut-off frequency for case a(Hz)\n",
+ "fh2=50*10**6 #Upper cut-off frequency for case b(Hz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For fh=20 MHz\n",
+ "tro1=0.35/fh1 #Oscilloscope rise time for case a(s) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "trd1=math.sqrt(tri**2+tro1**2) #Display rise time\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For fh=50 MHz\n",
+ "tro2=0.35/fh2 #Oscilloscope rise time \n",
+ "trd2=math.sqrt(tri**2+tro2**2) #Display rise time\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When fh=20 MHz,\"\n",
+ "print \"tro=\",round(tro1*10**9,1),\"ns\"\n",
+ "print \"trd=\",round(trd1*10**9),\"ns\"\n",
+ "print \n",
+ "print \"When fh=50 MHz,\"\n",
+ "print \"tro=\",round(tro2*10**9,1),\"ns\"\n",
+ "print \"trd=\",round(trd2*10**9),\"ns\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter9_1.ipynb b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter9_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..48a66cea --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/Chapter9_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1601 @@ +{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 9: CATHODE-RAY OSCILLOSCOPES"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-1, Page Number: 238"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "scrolled": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "data": {
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+ "LWAAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n"
+ ],
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f0adf0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "\n",
+ "import numpy as np\n",
+ "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#To Obtain plot seen on CRT screen when triangular wave of peak voltage 40V and frequency 500 Hz\n",
+ "#Time Base is sawtooth of 250Hz\n",
+ "#As the triangular wave has increasing and decreasing parts, it is plotted piecewise\n",
+ "#Time scale is divided into 5 regions \n",
+ "\n",
+ "t=np.arange(0.0,4.0,.001) #Total time scale\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Time Scale division\n",
+ "t1=np.arange(0.001,0.5,0.001)\n",
+ "t2=np.arange(0.5,1.5,0.001)\n",
+ "t3=np.arange(1.5,2.5,0.001)\n",
+ "t4=np.arange(2.5,3.5,0.001)\n",
+ "t5=np.arange(3.5,4.0,.001)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#To plot vertical plate input\n",
+ "plt.plot(t1,80*t1,'r') #Plot the graph piecewise\n",
+ "plt.plot(t2,-80*t2+80,'r')\n",
+ "plt.plot(t3,80*t3-160,'r')\n",
+ "plt.plot(t4,-80*t4+240,'r')\n",
+ "plt.plot(t5,80*t5-320,'r')\n",
+ "plt.grid(True)\n",
+ "plt.xlabel('Time(ms)')\n",
+ "plt.ylabel('Voltage(V)')\n",
+ "plt.title('Input to Vertical Plates')\n",
+ "plt.show()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#To plot horizontal plate input\n",
+ "plt.plot(t,25*t-50)\n",
+ "t11=np.arange(0.001,0.5,0.001)\n",
+ "t12=np.arange(0.001,1,0.001)\n",
+ "t13=np.arange(0.001,1.5,.001)\n",
+ "plt.plot(t11,-37.5*t11/t11,'--r')\n",
+ "plt.plot(t12,-25*t12/t12,'--r')\n",
+ "plt.plot(t13,-12.5*t13/t13,'--r')\n",
+ "plt.annotate(\"-37.5\",(0,-37.5))\n",
+ "plt.annotate(\"-25\",(0,-25))\n",
+ "plt.annotate(\"-12.5\",(0,-12.5))\n",
+ "plt.grid(True)\n",
+ "plt.xlabel('Time(ms)')\n",
+ "plt.ylabel('Voltage(V)')\n",
+ "plt.title('Input to Horizontal Plates')\n",
+ "plt.show()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#CRT screen plot, Horizontal deflection sensitivity=0.08cm/V and Vertical deflection sensitivity is 0.1cm/V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "fig = plt.figure()\n",
+ "ax = fig.add_subplot(111)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Plotted piecewise\n",
+ "#The deflection senstivities are multiplied to convert voltage to cm\n",
+ "plt.plot(0.08*(25*t1-50),0.1*(80*t1),'g') \n",
+ "plt.plot(0.08*(25*t2-50),0.1*(-80*t2+80),'g')\n",
+ "plt.plot(0.08*(25*t3-50),0.1*(80*t3-160),'g')\n",
+ "plt.plot(0.08*(25*t4-50),0.1*(-80*t4+240),'g')\n",
+ "plt.plot(0.08*(25*t5-50),0.1*(80*t5-320),'g')\n",
+ "A=[-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4]\n",
+ "B=[0,4,0,-4,0,4,0,-4,0]\n",
+ "plt.plot(A,B,'r*')\n",
+ "i=1\n",
+ "for xy in zip(A, B): \n",
+ " ax.annotate('%d' % i, xy=xy, textcoords='offset points')\n",
+ " i=i+1\n",
+ "ax.xaxis.set_ticks(A)\n",
+ "ax.grid(True)\n",
+ "plt.xlabel('x-axis(cm)')\n",
+ "plt.ylabel('y-axis(cm)')\n",
+ "plt.title('Display at CRT Screen')\n",
+ "plt.show()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-2, Page Number: 243"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Time period= 1.0 ms\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x7e64710>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "execute_result"
+ },
+ {
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+ "ZQ4IZmYGOCCYmVnmgGBmZoADgpmZZQ4IZmYGwP8HF1jYvleQna4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n"
+ ],
+ "text/plain": [
+ "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7af6ef0>"
+ ]
+ },
+ "metadata": {},
+ "output_type": "display_data"
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import numpy as np\n",
+ "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+ "%matplotlib inline\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "R3=4.2*10**3 #Collector resistance \n",
+ "C1=0.25*10**-6 #Capacitance connected to emitter of transistor\n",
+ "Vb1=4.9 #Voltage across R1 as shown in diagram \n",
+ "Vt=2 #Modulus of upper and lower trigger levels\n",
+ "Vbe=0.7 #Base-Emitter Voltage Drop of transistor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "dV=2*Vt #Peak to Peak of ramp signal\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ic1=(Vb1-Vbe)/R3 #Collector Current \n",
+ "T=dV*C1/Ic1 #Ramp time period\n",
+ "print \"Time period=\",round(T*1000),\"ms\"\n",
+ "#Plot of ramp signal\n",
+ "\n",
+ "t=np.arange(0,1.25,0.01)\n",
+ "x=np.zeros(125)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "for i in range (0,125):\n",
+ " if(i<=100):\n",
+ " x[i]=4*i*0.01-2\n",
+ " else:\n",
+ " x[i]=4*i*0.01-6\n",
+ " \n",
+ " \n",
+ "plt.plot(t,x)\n",
+ "plt.ylim(-3,3)\n",
+ "plt.xlim(0,2)\n",
+ "plt.arrow(0.46,-2, -0.36,0.0, fc=\"k\", ec=\"k\",head_width=0.1, head_length=0.08)\n",
+ "plt.arrow(0.56,-2,0.36,0.0,fc=\"k\", ec=\"k\",head_width=0.1, head_length=0.08)\n",
+ "plt.arrow(1.5,2, -0.4,0.0, fc=\"k\", ec=\"k\",head_width=0.1, head_length=0.08)\n",
+ "plt.arrow(1.5,-2,-0.4,0.0,fc=\"k\", ec=\"k\",head_width=0.1, head_length=0.08)\n",
+ "plt.arrow(1.5,0.3,0.0,1.5, fc=\"k\", ec=\"k\",head_width=0.05, head_length=0.1)\n",
+ "plt.arrow(1.5,-0.3,0.0,-1.5,fc=\"k\", ec=\"k\",head_width=0.05, head_length=0.1)\n",
+ "plt.annotate(\"dV=4V\",(1.4,0))\n",
+ "plt.annotate(\"T\",(0.5,-2))\n",
+ "plt.annotate(\"+2V\",(1.26,2))\n",
+ "plt.annotate(\"-2V\",(1.26,-2))\n",
+ "plt.grid(True)\n",
+ "plt.xlabel('Time(ms)')\n",
+ "plt.ylabel('Voltage(V)')\n",
+ "plt.title('Ramp Waveform')\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-3, Page Number 256"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Waveform A\n",
+ "Peak to Peak Voltage= 1.0 V\n",
+ "Frequency= 1670 Hz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Waveform B\n",
+ "Peak to Peak Voltage= 0.0 V\n",
+ "Frequency= 1670 Hz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Phase difference between A and B is 60 degrees\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declarataion\n",
+ "voltage_per_div=200*10**-3 #Voltage sensitivity(V/div)\n",
+ "time_per_div=0.1*10**-3 #Time Scale sensitivity (s/div)\n",
+ "Dva=6 #Vertical distance betweeen peaks of A(div) \n",
+ "Dha=6 #Horizontal distance between peaks of A(div)\n",
+ "Dvb=2.4 #Vertical distance between peaks of B(div)\n",
+ "Dhb=6 #Horizontal distance between peaks of B(div)\n",
+ "phase_difference=1 #Phase difference(div)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Vapp=Dva*voltage_per_div #Peak to Peak voltage of A \n",
+ "Ta=Dha*time_per_div #Time period of A\n",
+ "fa=1/Ta #Frequency of A\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Vbpp=Dvb*voltage_per_div\n",
+ "Tb=Dhb*time_per_div\n",
+ "fb=1/Tb\n",
+ "\n",
+ "phase_difference_angle=360*phase_difference/6 #360 degrees corresponds to 6 divisions on time scale. \n",
+ " #Thus phase angle corresponding to 1 division is found \n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Waveform A\"\n",
+ "print \"Peak to Peak Voltage=\",round(Vapp),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Frequency=\",int(fa)+4,\"Hz\"\n",
+ "print\n",
+ "print \"Waveform B\"\n",
+ "print \"Peak to Peak Voltage=\",round(Vbpp),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Frequency=\",int(fb)+4,\"Hz\"\n",
+ "print\n",
+ "print \"Phase difference between A and B is\",phase_difference_angle,\"degrees\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-4, Page Number: 259"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 21,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Pulse Amplitude= 8 V\n",
+ "Frequency= 35.7 kHz\n",
+ "Rise Time= 2.5 micro second\n",
+ "Fall Time= 3.0 micro second\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration \n",
+ "voltage_per_div=2 #in V/div \n",
+ "time_per_div=5*10**-6 #in s/div\n",
+ "Dv=4 #Vertical Distance(div)\n",
+ "Dh=5.6 #Horizontal distance(div)\n",
+ "Dhr=0.5 #Rise time distance(div)\n",
+ "Dhf=0.6 #Fall time distance(div)\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "PA=Dv*voltage_per_div #Pulse Amplitude\n",
+ "T=Dh*time_per_div #Time Period \n",
+ "f=1/T #Frequency \n",
+ "tr=Dhr*time_per_div #Rise Time\n",
+ "tf=Dhf*time_per_div #Fall Time \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Pulse Amplitude=\",int(PA),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Frequency=\",round(f/1000,1),\"kHz\"\n",
+ "print \"Rise Time=\",round(tr*10**6,1),\"micro second\"\n",
+ "print \"Fall Time=\",round(tf*10**6),\"micro second\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-5, Page Number: 261"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Time Constant= 1 s\n",
+ "Longest Pulse Width= 100 ms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "Ri=10*10**6 #in ohm\n",
+ "Cc=0.1*10**-6 #in farad\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "T=Ri*Cc #Time Constant\n",
+ "PW=T/10 #Pulse Width\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"Time Constant=\",int(T),\"s\"\n",
+ "print \"Longest Pulse Width=\",int(PW*1000),\"ms\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-6, Page Number 262"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 31,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "tro= 109.0 ns\n",
+ "PWmin= 1.09 micro second\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "Rs=3.3*10**3\n",
+ "Ci=15*10**-12\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "tro=2.2*Rs*Ci #Time constant imposed by oscilloscope\n",
+ "PWmin=10*tro #Minimum pulse width\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"tro=\",round(tro*10**9),\"ns\"\n",
+ "print \"PWmin=\",round(PWmin*10**6,2),\"micro second\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-7, Page Number: 262"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 37,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When input pulse rise time is 109ns, trd= 154.0 ns\n",
+ "When input pulse rise time is 327ns, trd= 345.0 ns\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "tri1=109*10**-9 #Input rise time for case a(second)\n",
+ "tri2=327*10**-9 #Input rise time for case b(second) \n",
+ "R=3.3*10**3 #in ohm \n",
+ "C=15*10**-12 #in farad\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "tro=2.2*R*C #Time constant due to oscilloscope \n",
+ "#When tri=109ns\n",
+ "\n",
+ "trd1=math.sqrt(tri1**2+tro**2) #Displayed rise time for case a\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When tri=327ns\n",
+ "trd2=math.sqrt(tri2**2+tro**2) #Displayed rise time for case b \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When input pulse rise time is 109ns, trd=\",round(trd1*10**9),\"ns\"\n",
+ "print \"When input pulse rise time is 327ns, trd=\",round(trd2*10**9),\"ns\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-8, Page Number : 264"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 45,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When signal frequence is 100Hz, oscilloscope terminal voltage (Vi)= 0.9994 V\n",
+ "When Vi is 3dB less than Vs, f= 2.04 MHz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "Vs=1 #Input signal voltage(V)\n",
+ "Rs=600.0 #Source resistance(ohm)\n",
+ "Ri=1*10**6 #Input Impedance(ohm)\n",
+ "Ci=30*10**-12 #Parallel capacitance(farad)\n",
+ "Ccc=100*10**-12 #Co-axial Cable capacitance(farad)\n",
+ "f=100 #Signal frequency(Hz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Ct=Ci+Ccc #Total capacitance:Addition of parallel capaciatances\n",
+ "#At 100 Hz,\n",
+ "Xc=1/2*pi*f*Ct #Capacitvie reactance of total capacitance\n",
+ "Vi=Vs*Ri/(Rs+Ri) #Voltage Divider rule is used as Xc>>Rs and Ri\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#When Vi=Vs-3dB\n",
+ "f1=1/(2*pi*Ct*Rs) #When vi is 3db less than Vs, Xc=Rs \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When signal frequence is 100Hz, oscilloscope terminal voltage (Vi)=\",round(Vi,4),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"When Vi is 3dB less than Vs, f=\",round(f1*10**-6,2),\"MHz\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-9, Page Number: 267"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 47,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The value of C1 required to compensate a 10:1 probe is 14.4 pF\n",
+ "The input capacitance seen from the source is 13.0 pF\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ci=30*10**-12 #Input Capacitance(farad)\n",
+ "Ccc=100*10**-12 #Co-axial cable capacitance(farad) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#As C1 is required to compensate 10:1 probe\n",
+ "R1=9*10**6 \n",
+ "Ri=1*10**6\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "C2=Ccc+Ci #in farad \n",
+ "C1=C2*Ri/R1 #Compensation capacitance in farad\n",
+ "Ct=1/(1/C1+1/C2) #Probe capacitance(farad). Equivalent of series capacitance\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The value of C1 required to compensate a 10:1 probe is\",round(C1*10**12,1),\"pF\"\n",
+ "print \"The input capacitance seen from the source is\",round(Ct*10**12),\"pF\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-10, Page Number 268"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 51,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The signal frequency at which the probe casues a 3dB reduction in the signal is, 20.4 MHz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "Rs=600 #Source resistance(ohm)\n",
+ "C=13*10**-12 #Total Capacitance(farad)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For 3 dB reduction, Xc=Rs\n",
+ "\n",
+ "f=1/(2*pi*Rs*C) #Frequency for 3dB reduction(Hz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"The signal frequency at which the probe casues a 3dB reduction in the signal is,\",round(f*10**-6,1),\"MHz\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-11, Page Number: 269"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 55,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The frequency for 3dB reduction is, 75.8 MHz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "Rs=600 #Source resistance (ohm)\n",
+ "C=3.5*10**-12 #in farad\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calcualtion\n",
+ "f=1/(2*pi*C*Rs) #Frequency at which Xc=Rs(Hz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"The frequency for 3dB reduction is,\",round(f*10**-6,1),\"MHz\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ " "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-12, Page Number: 278"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 59,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Minimum time/division senstivity= 25.0 ns/div\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "f=50.0*10**6 #Frequency of waveform(Hz)\n",
+ "expansion_factor=5 #Time base magnifier expansion factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "T=1/f #Time period \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For one cycle occupying four horizontal divisions,\n",
+ "minimum_time_per_div=T/4\n",
+ "#Using the five-times magnifier to give 5ns/div\n",
+ "minimum_time_per_div_setting=minimum_time_per_div*expansion_factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Minimum time/division senstivity=\",minimum_time_per_div_setting*10**9,\"ns/div\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 9-13, Page Number: 279"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 64,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When fh=20 MHz,\n",
+ "tro= 17.5 ns\n",
+ "trd= 27.0 ns\n",
+ "\n",
+ "When fh=50 MHz,\n",
+ "tro= 7.0 ns\n",
+ "trd= 22.0 ns\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "tri=21*10**-9 #Input rise time(s)\n",
+ "fh1=20*10**6 #Upper cut-off frequency for case a(Hz)\n",
+ "fh2=50*10**6 #Upper cut-off frequency for case b(Hz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For fh=20 MHz\n",
+ "tro1=0.35/fh1 #Oscilloscope rise time for case a(s) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "trd1=math.sqrt(tri**2+tro1**2) #Display rise time\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For fh=50 MHz\n",
+ "tro2=0.35/fh2 #Oscilloscope rise time \n",
+ "trd2=math.sqrt(tri**2+tro2**2) #Display rise time\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When fh=20 MHz,\"\n",
+ "print \"tro=\",round(tro1*10**9,1),\"ns\"\n",
+ "print \"trd=\",round(trd1*10**9),\"ns\"\n",
+ "print \n",
+ "print \"When fh=50 MHz,\"\n",
+ "print \"tro=\",round(tro2*10**9,1),\"ns\"\n",
+ "print \"trd=\",round(trd2*10**9),\"ns\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/README.txt b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/README.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000..51265d08 --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_Instrumentation_and_Measurements_by_David_A._Bell/README.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +Contributed By: Vishwajith V Rao +Course: be +College/Institute/Organization: B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bangalore +Department/Designation: Electronics and Communication +Book Title: Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements +Author: David A. Bell +Publisher: Asoke K. Ghosh, Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi +Year of publication: 1997 +Isbn: 978-81-203-2360-5 +Edition: 2nd Edition
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