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+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# CHAPTER 6: DIGITAL VOLTMETERS AND FREQUENCY METERS"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 6-1, Page Number: 139"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum time t1 for the digital voltmeter is 1.33 ms\n",
+ "Ramp Generator Frequency can be 600 Hz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "f=1.5*10**6 #Clock frequency in Hz\n",
+ "N=1999 #Maximum count\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "clock_time_period=1/f #Clock time period in s\n",
+ "t1=N*clock_time_period #Maximum time in s\n",
+ "t2=0.25*t1 #Select t2=0.25*t1\n",
+ "t=t1+t2 #in s\n",
+ "fr=1/t #in Hz \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Maximum time t1 for the digital voltmeter is\",round(t1*10**3,2),\"ms\"\n",
+ "print \"Ramp Generator Frequency can be\",int(fr),\"Hz\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 6-2, Page Number: 149"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "For the analog meter,\n",
+ "Voltage Error=± 0.5 V\n",
+ "Error=± 2.5 %\n",
+ "\n",
+ "For the digital meter,\n",
+ "Voltage Error=± 0.22 V\n",
+ "Error=± 1.1 %\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V=20 #Voltage to be measured in V\n",
+ "analog_range=25 #Range of analog meter in V\n",
+ "analog_accuracy=2.0/100 #Accuracy of analog meter at FSD \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Analog Instrument:\n",
+ "voltage_error=analog_accuracy*analog_range #in V\n",
+ "\n",
+ "error=voltage_error*100/V #in percentage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"For the analog meter,\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage Error=±\",round(voltage_error,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Error=±\",round(error,1),\"%\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Digital Instrument:\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#For 20 V displayed on a 3 1/2 digit display\n",
+ "digit=0.1 #in V\n",
+ "digital_accuracy=0.6/100 \n",
+ "voltage_error=digital_accuracy*V+digit #in V \n",
+ "error=voltage_error*100/V #in percentage \n",
+ "print\n",
+ "print \"For the digital meter,\"\n",
+ "print \"Voltage Error=±\",round(voltage_error,2),\"V\"\n",
+ "print \"Error=±\",round(error,1),\"%\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 6-3, Page Number: 153"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "When 6 decade counters are used,f= 1.512 kHz\n",
+ "When 4 decade counters are used,f= 1.5 kHz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "\n",
+ "ft=1.0*10**6 #Clock generator frequency in Hz\n",
+ "fi=1.512*10**3 #Input frequency in Hz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "#Using 6 decade counters\n",
+ "d=6 #No. of decade counters used\n",
+ "f1=ft/10**d #Time base frequency in Hz\n",
+ "t1=1/f1 #Time period in s \n",
+ "n1=fi*t1 #No. of cycles counted \n",
+ "f=n1/t1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When 6 decade counters are used,f=\",round(f/1000,3),\"kHz\"\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Using 4 decade counters\n",
+ "d=4 #No.of decade counters used\n",
+ "f2=ft/10**d #Time base frequency in Hz\n",
+ "t2=1/f2 #Time period in s \n",
+ "n2=fi*t2 #No. of cycles counted\n",
+ "f=n2/t2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"When 4 decade counters are used,f=\",round(f/1000,1),\"kHz\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 6-4, Page Number: 154"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "At f=100 Hz,\n",
+ "error=± 1.0 count\n",
+ "%error=± 1.0 %\n",
+ "\n",
+ "At f=1 MHz\n",
+ "error=± 2.0 count\n",
+ "%error=± 2.0e-04 %\n",
+ "\n",
+ "At f=100 MHz,\n",
+ "error=± 101.0 count\n",
+ "%error=± 1.01e-04 %\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable Declaration\n",
+ "accuracy=10**-6 #Accuracy\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At f=100 Hz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "f=100 #Frequency in Hz\n",
+ "error=1+f*accuracy #in terms of counts\n",
+ "percentage_error=error*100/f #in percentage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"At f=100 Hz,\"\n",
+ "print \"error=±\",round(error),\"count\"\n",
+ "print \"%error=±\",round(percentage_error),\"%\"\n",
+ "print\n",
+ "#At f=1 MHz,\n",
+ "\n",
+ "f=1*10**6 #Frequency in Hz\n",
+ "error=1+f*accuracy #in terms of counts\n",
+ "percentage_error=error*100/f #in percentage\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"At f=1 MHz\"\n",
+ "print \"error=±\",round(error),\"count\"\n",
+ "print \"%error=± \",'%.1e' % percentage_error,\"%\"\n",
+ "print\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#At f=100 MHz\n",
+ "\n",
+ "f=100*10**6 #Frequency in Hz \n",
+ "error=1+f*accuracy #in terms of counts \n",
+ "percentage_error=error*100/f #in percentage\n",
+ "print \"At f=100 MHz,\"\n",
+ "print \"error=±\",round(error),\"count\"\n",
+ "print \"%error=±\",'%.2e' % percentage_error,\"%\"\n",
+ "print"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
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