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diff --git a/Electric_Power_Distribution_System_Engineering_by_T._Gonen/ch8.ipynb b/Electric_Power_Distribution_System_Engineering_by_T._Gonen/ch8.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..af025a65 --- /dev/null +++ b/Electric_Power_Distribution_System_Engineering_by_T._Gonen/ch8.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,323 @@ +{ + "metadata": { + "name": "", + "signature": "sha256:82754afbe0b57de92c1b3631997744ed83c0b5bcb3ad977be765225d89fd57a7" + }, + "nbformat": 3, + "nbformat_minor": 0, + "worksheets": [ + { + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 1, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Chapter 8 : Application of Capacitors to Distribution Systems" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.1 Page No : 390" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "SL = 700.; #Load in kVA\n", + "pf1 = 65./100; #Power Factor\n", + "PL = SL*pf1; #Real Power\n", + "#From the Table of Power Factor Correction\n", + "CR = 0.74; #Co-relation factor\n", + "CS = PL*CR; #Capacitor Size\n", + "\n", + "CSr = 360.; #Next Higher standard Capacitor Size\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations\n", + "CRn = CSr/PL; #New Co-Relation Factor\n", + "\n", + "#From the table by linear interpolation\n", + "pfr = 93.; #In Percentage\n", + "pfn = pfr+(172./320);\n", + "\n", + "# Results\n", + "print 'a) The Correction Factor is %g'%(CR)\n", + "print 'b) The Capacitor Size Required is %g kVAr'%(CS)\n", + "print 'c) Resulting power factor if the next higher standard capacitor size is used is %g percent'%(pfn)\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "a) The Correction Factor is 0.74\n", + "b) The Capacitor Size Required is 336.7 kVAr\n", + "c) Resulting power factor if the next higher standard capacitor size is used is 93.5375 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 1 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.2 Page No : 393" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "Vll = 4.16; #Line to Line Voltage in kV\n", + "Pr = (500*0.7457); #Rating of motor in kW\n", + "pf1 = 0.75; #Initial Power Factor\n", + "pfn = 0.9; #Improved Power Factor\n", + "eff = 0.88; #Efficiency\n", + "P = Pr/eff; #Input Power of Induction Motor\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations\n", + "Q1 = P*math.degrees(math.atan(math.acos(pf1))); #Reactive Power\n", + "Q2 = P*math.degrees(math.atan(math.acos(pfn))); #REactive power of motor after power factor improvement\n", + "f = 60.; #Frequency of supply\n", + "w = 2.*math.pi*f; #Angular Frequency\n", + "Qc = Q1-Q2; #Reactive Power of Capacitor\n", + "Il = Qc/(math.sqrt(3)*Vll);\n", + "\n", + "#Capacitor Connectd in Delta\n", + "Ic1 = Il/(math.sqrt(3));\n", + "Xc1 = Vll*1000/Ic1; #Reacmath.tance of each capacitor\n", + "C1 = (10**6)/(w*Xc1); #Capacimath.tance in Micro Farad\n", + "\n", + "#Capacitor Connected in Wye\n", + "Ic2 = Il;\n", + "Xc2 = Vll*1000/(math.sqrt(3)*Ic2); #Reacmath.tance of each capacitor\n", + "C2 = (10**6)/(w*Xc2); #Capacimath.tance in Micro Farad\n", + "\n", + "# Results\n", + "print 'a) Rating of Capacitor Bank is %g kVAr'%(Qc)\n", + "print 'b) The Value of Capacimath.tance if there are connected in delta is %g micro F'%(C1)\n", + "print 'c) The Value of Capacimath.tance if there are connected in wye is %g micro F'%(C2)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "a) Rating of Capacitor Bank is 4906.48 kVAr\n", + "b) The Value of Capacimath.tance if there are connected in delta is 250.687 micro F\n", + "c) The Value of Capacimath.tance if there are connected in wye is 752.06 micro F\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 2 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.3 Page No : 396" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "V = 2.4; #Voltage in kV\n", + "I = 200; #Load Current\n", + "P = 360; #Real Load in kW\n", + "S1 = V*I; #Total Load in kVA\n", + "pf1 = P/S1; #Power Factor\n", + "Q1 = S1*math.sin(math.radians(math.acos(pf1))); #Reactive Load\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations\n", + "Qc = 300; #Capacitor Size\n", + "\n", + "Q2 = Q1-Qc; #The New Reactive Load\n", + "pf2 = P/math.sqrt((P**2)+((Q1-Qc)**2)); #Improved Power Factor\n", + "\n", + "# Results\n", + "print 'a) The Uncorrected power factor and reactive load is %g and %g kVAr'%(pf1,Q1)\n", + "print 'b) The New Corrected factor after the introduction of capacitor unit is %g'%(pf2)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "a) The Uncorrected power factor and reactive load is 0.75 and 6.0546 kVAr\n", + "b) The New Corrected factor after the introduction of capacitor unit is 0.77459\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 3 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.4 Page No : 398" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "S1 = 7800.; #Peak Load in kVA\n", + "T = 3*2000.; #Total Rating of the Transformer\n", + "pf1 = 0.89; #Load Power Factor\n", + "TC = 120./100; #Thermal Capability\n", + "Qc = 1000.; #Size of capacitor\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations\n", + "P = S1*pf1; #Real Load\n", + "Q1 = S1*math.sin(math.radians(math.acos(pf1))); #Reactive Load\n", + "\n", + "Q2 = Q1-Qc; #The New Reactive Load\n", + "pf2 = P/math.sqrt((P**2)+((Q1-Qc)**2)); #Improved Power Factor\n", + "\n", + "S2 = P/pf2; #Corrected Apprarent power\n", + "\n", + "ST = T*TC; #Transformer Capabilty\n", + "\n", + "pf3 = P/ST; #New Corrected Power factor required\n", + "\n", + "Q2new = P*math.degrees(math.atan(math.acos(pf3))); #Required Reactive Power\n", + "Qcadd = Q2-Q2new; #Additional Rating of the Capacitor\n", + "\n", + "# Results\n", + "print 'a) Since the Apparent Power%g kVAr is more than Transformer Capability %g kVAr),\\\n", + " Hence Additional Capacitors are required'%(S2,ST)\n", + "print 'b) The Rating of the Addtional capacitor is %g kVAr'%(Qcadd)\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "a) Since the Apparent Power7004.76 kVAr is more than Transformer Capability 7200 kVAr), Hence Additional Capacitors are required\n", + "b) The Rating of the Addtional capacitor is -105274 kVAr\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 4 + }, + { + "cell_type": "heading", + "level": 2, + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "Example 8.5 Page No : 411" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "collapsed": false, + "input": [ + "import math \n", + "from numpy import array\n", + "\n", + "# Variables\n", + "# 1 is Total Loss Reduction due to Capacitors\n", + "# 2 is Additional Loss Reduction due to Capacitor\n", + "# 3 is Total Demand Reduction due to capacitor\n", + "# 4 is Total required capacitor additions\n", + "\n", + "C90 = array([495165,85771,22506007,9810141]); #Characteristics at 90% Power Factor\n", + "C98 = array([491738,75343,21172616,4213297]); #Characteristics at 98% Power Factor\n", + "\n", + "#Responsibility Factors\n", + "RF90 = 1;\n", + "RF98 = 0.9;\n", + "\n", + "SLF = 0.17; #System Loss Factor\n", + "FCR = 0.2; #Fixed Charge Rate\n", + "DC = 250; #Demand Cost\n", + "ACC = 4.75; #Average Capacitor Cost\n", + "EC = 0.045; #Energy Cost\n", + "Cd = C90-C98; #Difference in Characteristics\n", + "\n", + "# Calculations\n", + "TAS = Cd[0]+Cd[1]; #Total Additional Kilowatt Savings\n", + "\n", + "ASDR1 = Cd[0]*RF90*DC*FCR;\n", + "ASDR2 = Cd[1]*RF98*DC*FCR;\n", + "TASDR = ASDR1+ASDR2; #Total Annual Savings due to demand\n", + "x = 27; # Cost for Per kVA of the capacity\n", + "TASTC = Cd[2]*FCR*x; #Annual Savings due to Transmission Capacity\n", + "TASEL = TAS*SLF*EC*8760; #Savings due to energy loss reduction\n", + "TACAC = Cd[3]*FCR*ACC; #Annual Cost of Additional Capacitors\n", + "Savings = TASEL+TASDR+TASTC; #Total Savings\n", + "\n", + "# Results\n", + "print 'a) The Resulting additional savings in kilowatt losses due to power factor improvement at the\\\n", + " substation buses is %g kW'%(Cd[0])\n", + "print 'b) The Resulting assitional savings in kilowatt losses due to the power factor improvement for feeders is %g kW'%(Cd[1])\n", + "print 'c) The Additional Kilowatt Savings is %g kW'%(TAS)\n", + "print 'd) The Additional savings in the system kilovoltampere capacity is %g kVA'%(Cd[2])\n", + "print 'e) The Additional Capacitors required are %g kVAr'%(Cd[3])\n", + "print 'f) The Annual Savings in demand reduction due to capacitors applied to distribution substation buses\\\n", + " is approximately is %g dollars/year'%(TASDR)\n", + "print 'g) The Annual Savings due to the additional released transmission capacity is %g dollars/year'%(TASTC)\n", + "print 'h) The Total Anuual Savings due to the energy loss reduction is %g dollars/year'%(TASEL)\n", + "print 'i) The Total Annual Cost of the additional capacitors is %g dollars/year'%(TACAC)\n", + "print 'j) The Total Annual Savings is %g dollars/year'%(Savings)\n", + "print 'k) No Since the total net annual savings is not zero'\n", + "\n" + ], + "language": "python", + "metadata": {}, + "outputs": [ + { + "output_type": "stream", + "stream": "stdout", + "text": [ + "a) The Resulting additional savings in kilowatt losses due to power factor improvement at the substation buses is 3427 kW\n", + "b) The Resulting assitional savings in kilowatt losses due to the power factor improvement for feeders is 10428 kW\n", + "c) The Additional Kilowatt Savings is 13855 kW\n", + "d) The Additional savings in the system kilovoltampere capacity is 1.33339e+06 kVA\n", + "e) The Additional Capacitors required are 5.59684e+06 kVAr\n", + "f) The Annual Savings in demand reduction due to capacitors applied to distribution substation buses is approximately is 640610 dollars/year\n", + "g) The Annual Savings due to the additional released transmission capacity is 7.20031e+06 dollars/year\n", + "h) The Total Anuual Savings due to the energy loss reduction is 928479 dollars/year\n", + "i) The Total Annual Cost of the additional capacitors is 5.317e+06 dollars/year\n", + "j) The Total Annual Savings is 8.7694e+06 dollars/year\n", + "k) No Since the total net annual savings is not zero\n" + ] + } + ], + "prompt_number": 6 + } + ], + "metadata": {} + } + ] +}
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