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diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter10.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter10.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8dbddd08 --- /dev/null +++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter10.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,167 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter10 - Optical Amplifiers" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 10.1 : Page 254" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "refrative index is : 3.75\n", + "spectral bandwidth = 2.09 GHz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi, asin, sqrt\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "#refractive index and bandwidth\n", + "#given data :\n", + "lamda=1.55*10**-6## in m\n", + "del_lamda=1*10**-9## in m\n", + "L=320*10**-6## in m\n", + "n=(lamda)**2/(2*del_lamda*L)#\n", + "Gs=10**(5/10)## 5 dB is equivalent to 3.16\n", + "R1=30/100#\n", + "R2=R1#\n", + "c=3*10**8## in m/s\n", + "del_v=(c/(pi*n*L))*asin((1-(Gs*sqrt(R1*R2)))/(sqrt(4*Gs*sqrt(R1*R2))))#\n", + "print \"refrative index is : %0.2f\"%n\n", + "print \"spectral bandwidth = %0.2f GHz\"%(del_v*10**-9)\n", + "#bandwidth is calculated wrong in the textbook" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 10.2 : Page 260" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "small signal gain of EDFA = 32.91 dB\n", + "maximum possible achievable gain = 84.71 dB\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import log10, exp\n", + "#small-signal gain of EDFA and maximum pssible achievable gain\n", + "ts=0.80##\n", + "sa=4.6444*10**-25##in m**2\n", + "n12=6*10**24##m**-3\n", + "se=4.644*10**-25##m**2\n", + "n21=0.70##\n", + "l=7##in meter\n", + "x=((sa*n12*l*(((se/sa)+1)*n21-1)))##\n", + "G=ts*exp(x)##\n", + "Gdb=10*log10(G)##\n", + "Gmax=exp(se*n12*l)##\n", + "Gmaxdb=10*log10(Gmax)##\n", + "print \"small signal gain of EDFA = %0.2f dB\"%Gdb\n", + "print \"maximum possible achievable gain = %0.2f dB\"%Gmaxdb" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 10.3 : Page 264" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "part (a)\n", + "output signal power for forward pumping = 4.60 micro Watt\n", + "part (b)\n", + "overall gain = 6.63 dB\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#output signal power and overall gain\n", + "print \"part (a)\"\n", + "psin=1*10**-6##in watts\n", + "ppin=1##in watts\n", + "gr=5*10**-14##mW**-1\n", + "ap1=60*10**-12##m**2\n", + "l=2000##meter\n", + "asdb=0.15##dB/km\n", + "As=3.39*10**-5##m**-1\n", + "apdb=0.20##db/km\n", + "ap=4.50*10**-5##m**-1\n", + "z=(1-exp(-ap*l))/ap##\n", + "y=(gr/ap1)##\n", + "y1=z*y##\n", + "y2=y1-(As*l)##\n", + "psl=psin*exp(y2)##\n", + "print \"output signal power for forward pumping = %0.2f micro Watt\"%(psl*10**6)\n", + "print \"part (b)\"\n", + "y1=z*y##\n", + "y2=y1-(As*l)##\n", + "psl=psin*exp(y2)##\n", + "gfra=psl/(psin)##\n", + "Gdb=10*log10(gfra)##\n", + "print \"overall gain = %0.2f dB\"%Gdb" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter11.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter11.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..613347fe --- /dev/null +++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter11.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,143 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter11 - Wavelength-division multiplexing" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 11.1 : Page 277" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "interaction length = 0.785 \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import sqrt, pi, asin\n", + "#interaction length \n", + "po=1##assume\n", + "p1=po/2##\n", + "p2=p1##\n", + "kl=asin(sqrt(p1))##in degree\n", + "print \"interaction length = %0.3f \"%kl\n", + "#answer is in the form of pi in the textbook" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 11.2 : Page 279" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "output port positioned at 0.7492 mm with respect to the input port will gather signals at h1=1310nm\n", + "output port positioned at 0.6117 mm with respect to the input port will gather signals at h1=1550nm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#position \n", + "a=8.2##in micro meter\n", + "n1=1.45##\n", + "n2=1.446##\n", + "h1=1.31##in micro meter\n", + "h2=1.55##/in micro meter\n", + "v1=((2*pi*a*sqrt(n1**2-n2**2))/h1)##\n", + "v2=((2*pi*a*sqrt(n1**2-n2**2))/h2)##\n", + "db=2.439##\n", + "Del=5.5096*10**-3##\n", + "k1=1.0483##mm**-1##\n", + "k2=1.2839#/m**-1\n", + "l1=((pi)/(4*k1))##in mm\n", + "l2=((pi)/(4*k2))##in mm\n", + "print \"output port positioned at %0.4f\"%(l1),\" mm with respect to the input port will gather signals at h1=1310nm\"\n", + "print \"output port positioned at %0.4f\"%(l2),\" mm with respect to the input port will gather signals at h1=1550nm\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 11.4 : Page 286" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "required order of the arrayed waveguide, = 121.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# ARRAYED GUIDE\n", + "#given data\n", + "c=3*10**8#\n", + "lamda_c=1.55*10**-6## in m\n", + "vc=c/lamda_c#\n", + "n=16## number of channel\n", + "f=100*10**9## in Hz\n", + "delV_FSR=n*f#\n", + "m=round(vc/delV_FSR)#\n", + "print \"required order of the arrayed waveguide, = \",m" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter12.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter12.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e76e4fcc --- /dev/null +++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter12.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,259 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter12 - Fiber-optic communiation systems" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 12.1 : Page 299" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "maximum possible link length = 8.00 km\n", + "total rise time of the system in ns is 30.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import sqrt, pi\n", + "#link length and reise time\n", + "af=2.5##dB/km\n", + "ac=0.5##dB/splice\n", + "nc=1##\n", + "lc=1##dB\n", + "ncc=2##\n", + "plx=-10##dBm\n", + "prx=-42##dBm\n", + "Ms=6##dB\n", + "L=((plx-prx-Ms-(lc*ncc))/(af+ac))##\n", + "TTX=12##NS\n", + "TRX=11##NS\n", + "NS1=3##NS/KM\n", + "NS2=1##NS/KM\n", + "tmat=(NS1*L)##ns\n", + "tint=(NS2*L)##ns\n", + "tsys=sqrt((TTX**2+tmat**2+tint**2+TRX**2))##ns\n", + "print\"maximum possible link length = %0.2f km\"% L\n", + "print \"total rise time of the system in ns is\",round(tsys)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 12.2: Page 305" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "part (a)\n", + "maximum possible link length = 4.71 km\n", + "part (b)\n", + "system bandwidth = 8.00 MHz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "## link length and bandwidth\n", + "print \"part (a)\"\n", + "af=3##dB/km\n", + "ac=0.5##dB/splice\n", + "nc=1##\n", + "lc=1##dB\n", + "ncc=1.5##\n", + "plx=0##dBm\n", + "prx=-25##dBm\n", + "Ms=7##dB\n", + "L=((plx-prx-Ms-(lc*ncc))/(af+ac))##\n", + "TTX=12##NS\n", + "TRX=11##NS\n", + "NS1=3##NS/KM\n", + "NS2=1##NS/KM\n", + "tmat=(NS1*L)##ns\n", + "tint=(NS2*L)##ns\n", + "tsys=sqrt((TTX**2+tmat**2+tint**2+TRX**2))##ns\n", + "print \"maximum possible link length = %0.2f km\"%L\n", + "print \"part (b)\"\n", + "af=3##dB/km\n", + "ac=0.5##dB/splice\n", + "nc=1##\n", + "lc=1##dB\n", + "ncc=1.5##\n", + "plx=-0##dBm\n", + "prx=-25##dBm\n", + "Ms=7##dB\n", + "L=((plx-prx-Ms-(lc*ncc))/(af+ac))##\n", + "TTX=1##NS\n", + "TRX=5##NS\n", + "NS1=9##NS/KM\n", + "NS2=2##NS/KM\n", + "tf=((NS1*L)**2+(NS2*L)**2)##\n", + "tsys=sqrt((TTX**2+tf+TRX**2))##ns\n", + "df=0.35/(tsys*10**-3)##\n", + "print \"system bandwidth = %0.2f MHz\"%round(df)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 12.3 : Page 310" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "no. of subscribers are 38.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import log10\n", + "#no. of subscribers\n", + "pt=1##mW\n", + "pn=-40##dBm\n", + "pn1=10**(pn/10)##\n", + "c=0.05##\n", + "d=0.11##\n", + "x=((pn1)/(pt*c))##\n", + "y=((log10(x))/(log10((1-d)*(1-c))))##\n", + "n=y+1##\n", + "print \"no. of subscribers are\",round(n)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 12.4: Page 311" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Total power, P_tot = 92.4 mW\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# Total power\n", + "#given data :\n", + "L_eff=20## in km\n", + "del_lamdaC=125## in nm\n", + "gR=6*10**-14## m/W\n", + "A_eff=55*10**-12## in m**2#\n", + "del_lamdaS=0.8## in nm\n", + "N=32## number of channels\n", + "F=0.1## constant\n", + "P_tot=(4*F*del_lamdaC*A_eff)/(gR*del_lamdaS*L_eff*(N-1))#\n", + "print \"Total power, P_tot = %0.1f mW\"%P_tot" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 12.5 : Page 312" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "SBS threshold power for the worst case = 8.66 mW\n", + "SBS threshold power for the best possible case = 17.33 mW\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#SBS threshold power\n", + "#given data :\n", + "gb=4*10**-11## in m/W\n", + "A_eff=55*10**-12## in m**2\n", + "L_eff=20## in km\n", + "lamda_p=1.55## micro-m\n", + "n=1.46## constant\n", + "Va=5960## for the silica fiber in m-s**-1\n", + "Vb=(2*n*Va)/lamda_p#\n", + "del_v=100*10**6## in Hz\n", + "del_Vb=20*10**6## in Hz\n", + "b1=1#\n", + "b2=2#\n", + "P_th=((21*b1*A_eff)/(gb*L_eff))*(1+(del_v/del_Vb))\n", + "P_th1=((21*b2*A_eff)/(gb*L_eff))*(1+(del_v/del_Vb))\n", + "print \"SBS threshold power for the worst case = %0.2f mW\"%P_th\n", + "print \"SBS threshold power for the best possible case = %0.2f mW\"%P_th1" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter13.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter13.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6d9c9985 --- /dev/null +++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter13.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,185 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter13 - Fiber-optic sensors" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 13.1: Page 327" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 24, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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fqDewpD7ge8A0YFNgb0mb1OnvWOBioKcPO5jV41RqNjKlnhOVtAHwAWAHYFLu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\nkRLLTnneXwa2yJ/9FNinOI9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kdYBfRMTuA0w3CeiNiMm5+2hgYUQcXxjnd8DXI+LG3H0NcFREzKia11TghYj4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\nZtYEDqhmZmZN4IBqZmbWBP8ftXlamgMlDP4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n", + "text/plain": [ + "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f99806db610>" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "#plot\n", + "lod=[0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 160] #in micro meter\n", + "slong=[1.0, 0.95, 0.92, 0.89, 0.86, 0.83, 0.80]\n", + "lad=[0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100] #in micro meter\n", + "slat=[0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0]\n", + "add=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]\n", + "sang=[0, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, .12]\n", + "from numpy import arange\n", + "t=arange(0,201,20)\n", + "s1=arange(1.0,0.7,-0.03)\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot, subplot, title, xlabel, ylabel, show\n", + "#subplot(131)\n", + "plot(t,s1)\n", + "title(\"Variation of Slong as a function of delta x (with deltay=fi and delta theta=fi) \")\n", + "xlabel(\"Longitudinal displacement delta x (micro meter)\")\n", + "ylabel(\"Slong (normalised)\")\n", + "show()\n", + "t1=arange(0,101,10)\n", + "s2=arange(1,-0.1,-0.1)\n", + "\n", + "#subplot(132)\n", + "plot(t1,s2)##\n", + "title(\"Variation of Slat as a function of delta y (with deltax=fi and delta theta=fi) \")\n", + "xlabel(\"Lateral displacement delta y (micro meter)\")\n", + "ylabel(\"Slat (normalised)\")\n", + "show()\n", + "t2=arange(0,11,1)\n", + "s3=arange(1.0,0.7,-0.03)\n", + "#subplot(133)\n", + "plot(t2,s3)##\n", + "title(\"Variation of Sang as a function of delta theta (with deltax=fi and deltay=fi) \")\n", + "xlabel(\"Angular displacement delta theta (deg)\")\n", + "ylabel(\"Sang (normalised)\")\n", + "show()" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 13.2: Page 332" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 25, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "phase change = 106.60 rad/m°C\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import sqrt, pi\n", + "#phase change\n", + "#given data :\n", + "n=1.45## index of core\n", + "a=10**-5## in C**-1\n", + "b=5.1*10**-7## in C**-1\n", + "lamda=.633*10**-6## in m\n", + "# formula:- (1/L)*(del_fi/del_T)=((2*PI)/lamda)[(n/L)*(del_L/del_T)+(del_n/del_T)]\n", + "#let we assume a=del_n/del_T, b=(1/L)*(del_L/del_T), c=(1/L)*(del_fi/del_T)\n", + "c=((2*pi)/lamda)*((n*b)+a)#\n", + "print \"phase change = %0.2f rad/m°C\"%c" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 13.3: Page 335" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 26, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "phase shift, del_fi = 8.99e-05 rad\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#phase shift\n", + "#given data :\n", + "L=500## in m\n", + "D=0.1##in m\n", + "ohm=7.3*10**-5## in rad s**-1\n", + "lamda=0.85*10**-6## in m\n", + "c=3*10**8## in m/s\n", + "del_fi=(2*pi*L*D*ohm)/(c*lamda)#\n", + "print \"phase shift, del_fi = %0.2e rad\"%del_fi" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter14.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter14.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..86ebfbec --- /dev/null +++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter14.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,210 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter14 - Laser-based systems" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 14.1 : Page 351" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "part (a)\n", + "energy = 1.7 J cm**-2\n", + "part (b)\n", + "threshold energy = 113.9 J cm**-2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#energy and threshold electrical energy\n", + "print \"part (a)\"\n", + "no=1.9*10**19##cm**-3##\n", + "hc=6.6*10**-34##\n", + "v=5.45*10**14##Hz\n", + "av=2##\n", + "nv=1##\n", + "n2=no/2##\n", + "eng=((n2*hc*v)/(av*nv))## J cm**-2\n", + "print \"energy = %0.1f J cm**-2\"%eng\n", + "print \"part (b)\"\n", + "oe=0.50##\n", + "mr=0.15##\n", + "lr=0.20##\n", + "teng=eng/(oe*mr*lr)##\n", + "print \"threshold energy = %0.1f J cm**-2\"%teng\n", + "#electrical energy is calculated wrong in the textbook" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 14.3 : Page 360" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "maximum power = 157028.23 MW\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import log, exp\n", + "#output power\n", + "h=0.6943*10**-6##\n", + "lm=10##in cm\n", + "r1=1.0##\n", + "r2=0.8##\n", + "t1=0.98##\n", + "As=1##cm**2##\n", + "Ls=2##cm\n", + "gth=((1/(2*lm))*log((1/(r1*r2*(t1)**8))))+(As*Ls)/lm##\n", + "sg=1.5*10**-20##\n", + "ndth=gth/sg##cm**-3##\n", + "nth=ndth*As*lm##atoms\n", + "ni=5*nth##atoms\n", + "ng=1.78##\n", + "ns=2.7##\n", + "lair=2##\n", + "c=3*10**10##\n", + "trt=((2*ng*lm)/c)+((2*ns*Ls)/c)+((2*lair)/c)##seconds\n", + "npmax=((ni-nth)/2)-(nth/2)*log(ni/nth)##photons\n", + "L=14##cm\n", + "at=((As*Ls)/L)+((1/(2*L))*log(1/(r1*t1**8)))##\n", + "aext=((1/(2*L))*log(1/r2))##\n", + "tp=((trt)/(1-(r1*r2*t1**8*exp(-2*As*Ls))))##seconds\n", + "hc=6.6*10**-34##\n", + "pmax=((aext/at)*hc*c*npmax)/(h*tp)##in watts\n", + "print \"maximum power = %0.2f MW\"%(pmax*10**-6)\n", + "#answer is wrong in the textbook" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 14.4 : Page 365" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "part (a)\n", + "pulse width,del_v = 0.67 ns\n", + "spatial length, Lp = 20.00 cm \n", + "part (b)\n", + "pulse width, del_v = 16.67 ps\n", + "spatial length, Lp = 5.00 mm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#pulse width and spatial length \n", + "print \"part (a)\"\n", + "#given data :\n", + "del_v=1.5*10**9## in Hz\n", + "tau_p=1/del_v#\n", + "C=3*10**8## constant\n", + "print \"pulse width,del_v = %0.2f ns\"%(tau_p*10**9)\n", + "Lp=C*tau_p#\n", + "print \"spatial length, Lp = %0.2f cm \"%(Lp*10**2)\n", + "#spatial length is calculated wrong in the textbook\n", + "print \"part (b)\"\n", + "del_v=6*10**10## in Hz\n", + "tau_p=1/del_v#\n", + "C=3*10**8## constant\n", + "print \"pulse width, del_v = %0.2f ps\"%(tau_p*10**12)\n", + "Lp=C*tau_p*10**3#\n", + "print \"spatial length, Lp = %0.2f mm\"%(Lp)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 14.5 : Page 366" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "time difference is = 0.44 micro-seconds\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#time difference\n", + "n=1.33##\n", + "x=2##\n", + "l=50##m\n", + "c=3*10**8##m/s\n", + "dt=((n*x*l)/c)##s\n", + "print \"time difference is = %0.2f micro-seconds\"%(dt*10**6)" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter2.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter2.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..37280337 --- /dev/null +++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter2.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,245 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter2 - Ray propagation in optical fiber" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.1 : Page 21" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "part (a)\n", + "numerical aperture is 0.244\n", + "part (b)\n", + "angle αm = 14.13 degree\n", + "angle Om = 9.37 degree\n", + "angle Φc = 80.63 degree\n", + "part (c)\n", + "pulse broadning per unit length = 6.76e-11 sm**-1\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import degrees, asin, sqrt\n", + "#NA ,angles and pulse broadning\n", + "print \"part (a)\"\n", + "n1=1.5##core refrative index\n", + "n2=1.48##claddin refractive index\n", + "a=100/2##radius in micro meter\n", + "na=1##air refrative index\n", + "NA=sqrt(n1**2-n2**2)##numerical aperture\n", + "print \"numerical aperture is %0.3f\"%NA\n", + "print \"part (b)\"\n", + "am=(asin(NA))##\n", + "tm=asin(NA/n1)##\n", + "tc=asin(n2/n1)##\n", + "print \"angle αm = %0.2f degree\"%degrees(am)\n", + "print \"angle Om = %0.2f degree\"%degrees(tm)\n", + "print \"angle Φc = %0.2f degree\"%degrees(tc)\n", + "print \"part (c)\"\n", + "c=3*10**8##speed of light in m/s\n", + "dtl=((n1/n2)*(n1-n2)/c)##pulse broadning per unit length\n", + "print \"pulse broadning per unit length = %0.2e sm**-1\"%dtl" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.2 : Page 22" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "all other rays will suffer reflections between these two extremes of : 0 and 1650.0 m**-1\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import tan\n", + "#minimum and maximum number of reflections\n", + "n1=1.5##core refrative index\n", + "n2=1.48##claddin refractive index\n", + "a=100/2##radius in micro meter\n", + "na=1##air refrative index\n", + "NA=sqrt(n1**2-n2**2)##numerical aperture\n", + "am=(asin(NA))##\n", + "tm=asin(NA/n1)##\n", + "tc=asin(n2/n1)##\n", + "L=((a*10**-6)/(tan(tm)))##length in meter\n", + "x=(1/(2*L))##maximum number of reflections per meter\n", + "print \"all other rays will suffer reflections between these two extremes of :\",(0),\" and \",round(x),\" m**-1\"\n", + "#answer is wrong in the textbook" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.3 : Page 27" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "pulse broadning = 2.45 ns km**-1\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#pulse broadning\n", + "h=0.85##WAVELENGTH IN MICRO METER\n", + "y=0.035##spectral width\n", + "c=0.021##constant\n", + "cl=3##speed of light in m/s\n", + "dtl=(y/cl)*c##\n", + "print \"pulse broadning = %0.2f ns km**-1\"%(dtl*10**4)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.4 : Page 27" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "part (a)\n", + "material dispersion = 253.20 ns when h=850nm\n", + "part (b)\n", + "material dispersion = 6.72 ns when h=1300nm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#pulse broadning\n", + "print \"part (a)\"\n", + "h=850##WAVELENGTH IN NANO METER\n", + "l=80##fiber length in Km\n", + "dh=30##in Nano Meter\n", + "m1=105.5##material dispersion for h=850nm in ps/nm-Km\n", + "m2=2.8##material dispersion for h=1300nm in ps/nm-Km\n", + "t=m1*l*dh*10**-3##material dispersion in ns when h=850nm\n", + "print \"material dispersion = %0.2f ns when h=850nm\"%t\n", + "print \"part (b)\"\n", + "h=1300##WAVELENGTH IN NANO METER\n", + "l=80##fiber length in Km\n", + "dh=30##in Nano Meter\n", + "m1=105.5##material dispersion for h=850nm in ps/nm-Km\n", + "m2=2.8##material dispersion for h=1300nm in ps/nm-Km\n", + "t=m2*l*dh*10**-3##material dispersion in ns when h=850nm\n", + "print \"material dispersion = %0.2f ns when h=1300nm\"%t" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.5 : Page 28" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "part (a)\n", + "material dispersion = 16.88 ns when h=850nm\n", + "part (b)\n", + "material dispersion = 0.448 ns when h=1300nm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# pulse broadning\n", + "print \"part (a)\"\n", + "h=850##WAVELENGTH IN NANO METER\n", + "l=80##fiber length in Km\n", + "dh=2##in Nano Meter\n", + "m1=105.5##material dispersion for h=850nm in ps/nm-Km\n", + "m2=2.8##material dispersion for h=1300nm in ps/nm-Km\n", + "t=m1*l*dh*10**-3##material dispersion in ns when h=850nm\n", + "print \"material dispersion = %0.2f ns when h=850nm\"%t\n", + "print \"part (b)\"\n", + "h=1300##WAVELENGTH IN NANO METER\n", + "l=80##fiber length in Km\n", + "dh=2##in Nano Meter\n", + "m1=105.5##material dispersion for h=850nm in ps/nm-Km\n", + "m2=2.8##material dispersion for h=1300nm in ps/nm-Km\n", + "t=m2*l*dh*10**-3##material dispersion in ns when h=850nm\n", + "print \"material dispersion = %0.3f ns when h=1300nm\"%t" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter3.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter3.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9d40ec6f --- /dev/null +++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter3.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,226 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter3 - Wave propagation in planor waveguides" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.1 : Page 45" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "range of propagation constant is 1.10880e+07 to 1.1014e+07 m**-1\n", + "number of modes are 4.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi, sqrt\n", + "#range of propagation constants and maximum no. of modes\n", + "n1=1.5##core refractive index\n", + "n2=1.49##cladding refrative index\n", + "t=9.83##thickness of guided layer in micro meter\n", + "h=0.85##wavelength in µm\n", + "b1=((2*pi*n1)/(h*10**-6))##phase propagation constant in m**-1\n", + "b2=((2*pi*n2)/(h*10**-6))##phase propagation constant in m**-1\n", + "m=((4*t)/h)*(sqrt(n1**2-n2**2))##number of modes\n", + "print \"range of propagation constant is %0.5e\"%(b1),\" to %0.4e\"%(b2),\" m**-1\"\n", + "print\"number of modes are\",round(m/2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.2 : Page 51" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "thicknes of the slab should not be greater than 0.794 µm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import sqrt\n", + "#thickness\n", + "n1=3.6##core refractive index\n", + "n2=3.56##cladding refrative index\n", + "h=0.85##wavelength in µm\n", + "a=((h/(2*sqrt(n1**2-n2**2))))##thickness in µm\n", + "print \"thicknes of the slab should not be greater than %0.3f\"%(a),\" µm\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.3 : Page 52" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "part (a)\n", + "number of modes are : 5.0\n", + "part (b)\n", + "m \tuma(rad) \tum(m**-1) \twma(rad) \twm(m**-1) \tbm((wma/v)**2] \t\n", + "\n", + "0 1.30644 2.5845e+05 4.8263 9.5476e+05 0.93077\n", + "1 2.59574 5.1350e+05 4.27342 8.4538e+05 0.72974\n", + "2 3.83747 7.5914e+05 3.20529 6.3408e+05 0.41053\n", + "3 4.9063 9.7058e+05 0.963466 1.9060e+05 0.03709\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi, sqrt\n", + "#no. of modes\n", + "print \"part (a)\"\n", + "n1=1.5##core refractive index\n", + "n2=1.48##cladding refrative index\n", + "t=10.11##thickness of guided layer in micro meter\n", + "h=1.55##wavelength in µm\n", + "b1=((2*pi*n1)/(h*10**-6))##phase propagation constant in m**-1\n", + "b2=((2*pi*n2)/(h*10**-6))##phase propagation constant in m**-1\n", + "m=((2*pi*t)/h)*(sqrt(n1**2-n2**2))##number of modes\n", + "print \"number of modes are : \",round(m/2)\n", + "\n", + "print \"part (b)\"\n", + "t1=10.11##thickness of guided layer in micro meter\n", + "t=t1/2#\n", + "h=1.55##wavelength in µm\n", + "b1=((2*pi*n1)/(h*10**-6))##phase propagation constant in m**-1\n", + "b2=((2*pi*n2)/(h*10**-6))##phase propagation constant in m**-1\n", + "mo=(((2*pi*t1)/h)*(sqrt(n1**2-n2**2)))/2##number of modes\n", + "uma0=1.30644## for m=0 from the curve\n", + "uma1=2.59574## for m=1 from the curve\n", + "uma2=3.83747## for m=2 from the curve\n", + "uma3=4.9063## for m=3 from the curve\n", + "wma0=4.8263## for m=0 from the curve\n", + "wma1=4.27342## for m=1 from the curve\n", + "wma2=3.20529## for m=2 from the curve\n", + "wma3=0.963466## for m=3 from the curve\n", + "um0=uma0/(t*10**-6)##in m**-1\n", + "um1=uma1/(t*10**-6)##in m**-1\n", + "um2=uma2/(t*10**-6)##in m**-1\n", + "um3=uma3/(t*10**-6)##in m**-1\n", + "wm0=wma0/(t*10**-6)##in m**-1\n", + "wm1=wma1/(t*10**-6)##in m**-1\n", + "wm2=wma2/(t*10**-6)##in m**-1\n", + "wm3=wma3/(t*10**-6)##in m**-1\n", + "bm0=((wm0*t*10**-6)/mo)**2##for m=0 \n", + "bm1=((wm1*t*10**-6)/mo)**2##for m=1\n", + "bm2=((wm2*t*10**-6)/mo)**2##for m=2 \n", + "bm3=((wm3*t*10**-6)/mo)**2##for m=3\n", + "m0=sqrt((bm0*(b1**2-b2**2))+b2**2)##for m=0 in m**-1\n", + "m1=sqrt((bm1*(b1**2-b2**2))+b2**2)##for m=1 in m**-1\n", + "m2=sqrt((bm2*(b1**2-b2**2))+b2**2)##for m=2 in m**-1\n", + "m3=sqrt((bm3*(b1**2-b2**2))+b2**2)##for m=3 in m**-1\n", + "params = [\"m\", \"uma(rad)\", \"um(m**-1)\", \"wma(rad)\", \"wm(m**-1)\", \"bm((wma/v)**2]\" ]\n", + "for x in params:\n", + " print x,'\\t',\n", + "\n", + "print '\\n'\n", + "a = range(0,4)\n", + "b = [uma0, uma1, uma2, uma3]\n", + "c = [um0, um1, um2, um3]\n", + "d = [wma0, wma1, wma2, wma3]\n", + "e = [wm0, wm1, wm2, wm3]\n", + "f = [bm0, bm1, bm2, bm3]\n", + "from numpy import nditer\n", + "for k,l,m,n,o,p in nditer([a,b,c,d,e,f]) :\n", + " print k,' ',l,' %0.4e'%m,' ',n,' %0.4e'%o,' %0.5f'%p\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.4 : Page 56" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "G factor is 0.5622\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import sin, cos, pi\n", + "#G factor\n", + "d=0.793##in micro meter\n", + "v=pi/2##point of intersection\n", + "ua=0.934##\n", + "wa=1.262##\n", + "Y=(wa*(1+(sin(ua*pi/180))*(cos(ua*pi/180))/ua))\n", + "G=(1+((cos(ua*pi/180))**2)/Y)**(-1)\n", + "print \"G factor is %0.4f\"%G\n", + "#answer is wrong in the textbook" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter4.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter4.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8a02517e --- /dev/null +++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,218 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter4 - Wave propagation in cylindrical waveguides" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.1 : Page 70" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "part (a)\n", + "normalised frequency parameter = 3.01\n", + "part (b)\n", + "propogation constants are Bo1 = 5.911e+06 and B11 = 5.885e+06\n", + "part (c)\n", + "phase velocity are (Vp)01 = 2.06e+08 ms**-1 and (Vp)11 = 2.07e+08 ms**-1 \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import pi, sqrt\n", + "#normalised frequency,propagation constants and phase velocity\n", + "print \"part (a)\"\n", + "n1=1.46#core refrative index\n", + "di=7.2#core diameter \n", + "n=1.46#core refrative index\n", + "d=1#relative differnce\n", + "h=1.55 # in micro meter\n", + "v=((2*pi*(di*10**-6)/2)*n*sqrt(2*(d/100)))/(h*10**-6)#normalised frequency parameter\n", + "print \"normalised frequency parameter = %0.2f\"%v\n", + "print \"part (b)\"\n", + "b1=(2*pi*n1)/(h*10**-6)# in m**-1\n", + "n2=n1-(d/100)#cladding refrative index\n", + "b2=(2*pi*n2)/(h*10**-6)# in m**-1\n", + "bo1=0.82#\n", + "b11=0.18#\n", + "B01=(b2**2+(bo1*(b1**2-b2**2)))**(1/2)#\n", + "B11=(b2**2+(b11*(b1**2-b2**2)))**(1/2)#\n", + "print \"propogation constants are Bo1 = %0.3e\"%(B01),\" and B11 = %0.3e\"%(B11)\n", + "#propogation constants are calculated wrong in the text bOOK\n", + "print \"part (c)\"\n", + "c=3*10**8# in ms**-1\n", + "vp1=(2*pi*c)/(h*10**-6*B01)#IN MS**-1\n", + "vp2=(2*pi*c)/(h*10**-6*B11)#IN MS**-1\n", + "print \"phase velocity are (Vp)01 = %0.2e \"%(vp1),\" ms**-1 and (Vp)11 = %0.2e\"%(vp2),\" ms**-1 \"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.2 : Page 73" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "power for LP01 mode is = 11 %\n", + "power for LP11 mode is = 35 %\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#frational power\n", + "p01=0.11#from the graph\n", + "p11=0.347#from the graph\n", + "print \"power for LP01 mode is = %0.f %%\"%(p01*100)\n", + "print \"power for LP11 mode is = %0.f %%\" %(p11*100)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.3 : Page 76" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Number of modes : 1974\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Number of the modes\n", + "h= 0.85# Wavelenght in micrometers\n", + "a= 50# Core radius in micrometers\n", + "NA=0.17#\n", + "v1=(2*pi*a*NA)/h#\n", + "m2= round((v1**2)/2)#\n", + "print \"Number of modes : %d\"%m2" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.4 : Page 76" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "core diameter = 62 micro meter\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#core diameter\n", + "d=0.02#difference\n", + "n1=1.5#core refrative index\n", + "m=1000# number of modes\n", + "h= 1.3# Wavelenght in micrometers\n", + "a=((h/(pi*n1))*(m/d)**(1/2))#core diamter in micro meter\n", + "print \"core diameter = %0.f micro meter\"%a" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 4.5 : Page 76" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "maximum core diameter = 4.82 micro meter\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#core diameter\n", + "d=0.02#difference\n", + "a1=75#in micro meter\n", + "n1=1.45#core refrative index\n", + "m=700# number of modes\n", + "v=sqrt(4*m)#\n", + "h=((2*pi*(a1/2)*n1*sqrt(2*(d/100)))/v)#in micro meter\n", + "vc=2.405*sqrt(2)#for single mode fiber\n", + "a=((vc*h)/(pi*n1*sqrt(2*(d/100))))#core diamter in micro meter\n", + "print \"maximum core diameter = %0.2f micro meter\"%a" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter5.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter5.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..34442a71 --- /dev/null +++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter5.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,226 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter5 - Single mode fibers" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.1 : Page 86" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + " w = 4.7086 and wp = 4.6184 micro meter when wavelength is 1.30 micro meter\n", + " w = 5.5109 and wp = 5.3570 micro meter when wavelength is 1.55 micro meter\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import pi, sqrt\n", + "#w and wp\n", + "n=1.46#core refractive index\n", + "d=0.003#differnce in core-cladding refrative index\n", + "a=4#core radius in micro meter\n", + "h1=1.30# inmicro meter\n", + "h2=1.55#in micro meter\n", + "v1=((2*pi*(a*10**-6))*n*sqrt(2*(d)))/(h1*10**-6)#normalised frequency parameter\n", + "v2=((2*pi*(a*10**-6))*n*sqrt(2*(d)))/(h2*10**-6)#normalised frequency parameter\n", + "w1=(a*10**-6)*(0.65+((1.619)/(v1)**(3/2))+(2.879/(v1)**6))#in meter\n", + "wp1=w1-(a*10**-6)*(0.016+((1.567)/(v1)**7))#in micro meter\n", + "w2=(a*10**-6)*(0.65+((1.619)/(v2)**(3/2))+(2.879/(v2)**6))#in meter\n", + "wp2=w2-(a*10**-6)*(0.016+((1.567)/(v2)**7))#in micro meter\n", + "print \" w = %0.4f\"%(w1*10**6),\"and wp = %0.4f\"%(wp1*10**6),\"micro meter when wavelength is 1.30 micro meter\"\n", + "print \" w = %0.4f\"%(w2*10**6),\"and wp = %0.4f\"%(wp2*10**6),\"micro meter when wavelength is 1.55 micro meter\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.2 : Page 88" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "part (a)\n", + "difference between propogation constant = 62.83 m**-1\n", + "part (b)\n", + "modal birefringence = 1e-05\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#difference between propogation constant and modal birefringence\n", + "print \"part (a)\"\n", + "bl=10#beat length in cm\n", + "h=1#in micro meter\n", + "db=((2*pi)/(bl*10**-2))#in m**-1\n", + "print \"difference between propogation constant = %0.2f m**-1\"%db\n", + "print \"part (b)\"\n", + "mb=db*((h*10**-6)/(2*pi))#modal birefringence\n", + "print \"modal birefringence = %0.e\"%mb\n", + "#answer is approximately equal to the answer in the book" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.3 : Page 93" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + " waveguide dispersion factor = -3.149 ps nm**-1 km**-1 at wavelength 1.3 micro meter\n", + " waveguide dispersion factor = -5.537 ps nm**-1 km**-1 at wavelength 1.55 micro meter\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#waveguide dispersion factor\n", + "n=1.45#core refractive index\n", + "d=0.003#differnce in core-cladding refrative index\n", + "n2=1.45*(1-d)#cladding refractive index\n", + "d1=8.2#core diameter in micro meter\n", + "a=d1/2#core radius in micro meter\n", + "h1=1.30# inmicro meter\n", + "h2=1.55#in micro meter\n", + "v1=(2*pi*a*n*sqrt(2*d))/h1#normalised frequency parameter\n", + "v2=((2*pi*(a))*n*sqrt(2*(d)))/(h2)#normalised frequency parameter\n", + "v1dv=0.080+0.549*(2.834-v1)**2#\n", + "v2dv=0.080+0.549*(2.834-v2)**2#\n", + "c=3*10**8# in m/s\n", + "dw1=-((n2*d*v1dv)/(c*h1))*10**12#waveguide dispersion factor in ps nm**-1 km**-1\n", + "dw2=-((n2*d*v2dv)/(c*h2))*10**12#waveguide dispersion factor in ps nm**-1 km**-1\n", + "print \" waveguide dispersion factor = %0.3f\"%(dw1),\"ps nm**-1 km**-1 at wavelength 1.3 micro meter\"\n", + "print \" waveguide dispersion factor = %0.3f\"%(dw2),\"ps nm**-1 km**-1 at wavelength 1.55 micro meter\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.4 : Page 95" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "diameter of the core = 7.10 micro meter\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#diameter of the core\n", + "c=3*10**8#in m/s\n", + "dm=6#material dispersion in ps nm**-1 km**-1\n", + "h=1.55#in micro meter\n", + "n1=1.45#core refrative index\n", + "d=0.005#differnce\n", + "n2=n1*(1-d)#cladding refrative index\n", + "x=((-dm/(((-n2*d)/(c*h))*10**12))-0.080)/0.549#\n", + "v=-(sqrt(x)-2.834)#\n", + "d=((v*h)/(pi*n1*sqrt(2*d)))#diameter in micro meter\n", + "print \"diameter of the core = %0.2f micro meter\"%d" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.5 : Page 100" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "splice loss = 0.20 dB when wavelength is 1.30 micro meter\n", + "splice loss = 0.15 dB when wavelength is 1.55 micro meter\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#splice loss\n", + "h1=1.30#in micro meter\n", + "wp1=4.6155#in micro meter\n", + "h2=1.55#in micro meter\n", + "wp2=5.355#in micro meter\n", + "sl1=4.34*(1/wp1)**2#splice loss in dB\n", + "sl2=4.34*(1/wp2)**2#splice loss in dB\n", + "print \"splice loss = %0.2f dB when wavelength is 1.30 micro meter\"%sl1\n", + "print \"splice loss = %0.2f dB when wavelength is 1.55 micro meter\"%sl2" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter6.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter6.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..042791db --- /dev/null +++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter6.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,246 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter6 - Optical fiber cables and connections" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 6.1 : Page 119" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "refractive index = 1.59\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "#refractive index\n", + "l=0.47##in db\n", + "nf=10**((l/-10))##\n", + "from sympy import symbols, solve\n", + "x=symbols(\"x\")\n", + "p=1+-2.22*x+x**2##\n", + "y=solve(p,x)##\n", + "print \"refractive index = %0.2F\"%y[1]" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 6.2 : Page 121" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "part (a)\n", + "insertion loss at the joint = 0.64 dB\n", + "part (b)\n", + "insertion loss at the joint = 0.286 dB\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import log10, acos, pi\n", + "#loss\n", + "print \"part (a)\"\n", + "dya=0.1##\n", + "n1=1.50##refrative index\n", + "na=1##\n", + "k1=n1/n1##\n", + "k2=1##\n", + "nf=((16*(n1)**2)/((n1+1)**4))##\n", + "nlat=(2/(3.14))*(acos(dya/2)-(dya/2)*(1-(dya/2)**2)**(1/2))##\n", + "nt=nf*nlat##\n", + "lt=(-10*log10(nt))##in dB\n", + "print \"insertion loss at the joint = %0.2f dB\"%lt\n", + "print \"part (b)\"\n", + "dya=0.1##\n", + "n1=1.50##refrative index\n", + "na=1##\n", + "k1=n1/n1##\n", + "k2=1##\n", + "nf=((16*(n1)**2)/((n1+1)**4))##\n", + "nlat=(2/(pi))*(acos(dya/2)-(dya/2)*(1-(dya/2)**2)**(1/2))#\n", + "nt=k2*nlat##\n", + "lt=(-10*log10(nt))##in dB\n", + "print \"insertion loss at the joint = %0.3f dB\"%lt" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 6.3 : Page 122" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "total loss = 0.75 dB\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import sqrt\n", + "#loss\n", + "d=100##micro meter\n", + "dx=0##\n", + "dy=3##in micro mete\n", + "dth=3##in degree\n", + "dthr=dth*(pi/180)##\n", + "dya=0.02##\n", + "n1=1.48##refrative index\n", + "na=1##\n", + "k1=n1/n1##\n", + "k2=1##\n", + "nf=((16*(n1)**2)/((n1+1)**4))##\n", + "nlat=(2/(pi))*(acos(dy/100)-(dy/100)*(1-(dy/100)**2)**(1/2))##\n", + "NA=n1*(sqrt(2*dya))##\n", + "nang=((1-(na*dthr)/(pi*NA)))##\n", + "nt=nf*nlat*nang##\n", + "lt=(-10*log10(nt))##in dB\n", + "print \"total loss = %0.2f dB\"%lt" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 6.4 : Page 124" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "total loss = 4.1260 dB\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from scipy import log10\n", + "#loss\n", + "d1=80##micro meter\n", + "na1=0.25##\n", + "alpha1=2##\n", + "d2=60##in micro meter\n", + "na2=0.21##\n", + "alpha2=1.9##\n", + "ncd=(d2/d1)**2##\n", + "nna=(na2/na1)**2##\n", + "nalpha=((1+(2/alpha1))/(1+((2/alpha2))))##\n", + "nt=ncd*nna*nalpha##\n", + "lt=(-10*log10(nt))##in dB\n", + "print \"total loss = %0.4f dB\"%lt" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 6.5 : Page 125" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "total loss forward direction = 3.52 dB\n", + "total loss backward direction = 0.217 dB\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#loss\n", + "d1=60##micro meter\n", + "na1=0.25##\n", + "alpha1=2.1##\n", + "d2=50##in micro meter\n", + "na2=0.20##\n", + "alpha2=1.9##\n", + "ncd=(d2/d1)**2##\n", + "nna=(na2/na1)**2##\n", + "nalpha1=1##\n", + "nalpha=((1+(2/alpha1))/(1+((2/alpha2))))##\n", + "ncd1=1##\n", + "nna1=1##\n", + "nt=ncd*nna*nalpha1##\n", + "ltf=(-10*log10(nt))##in dB\n", + "nt1=ncd1*nna1*nalpha##\n", + "ltb=(-10*log10(nt1))##in dB\n", + "print \"total loss forward direction = %0.2f dB\"%ltf\n", + "print \"total loss backward direction = %0.3f dB\"%ltb" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter7.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter7.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a97cee35 --- /dev/null +++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter7.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,334 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter7 - Optoelectronic sources" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.1: Page 153" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Intrinsic carrier concentration ,ni = 2.2e+12 m**-3\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import sqrt, pi, exp\n", + "#Intrinsic carrier\n", + "#given data :\n", + "m=9.11*10**-31## in kg\n", + "k=1.38*10**-23## in JK**-1\n", + "h=6.626*10**-34## in Js\n", + "ev=1.6*10**-19## in J\n", + "T=300## in K\n", + "me=0.07*m## in kg\n", + "mh=0.56*m## in kg\n", + "Eg=1.43*ev## in J\n", + "ni=2*((2*pi*k*T)/h**2)**(3/2)*(me*mh)**(3/4)*exp(-Eg/(2*k*T))#\n", + "print \"Intrinsic carrier concentration ,ni = %0.1e m**-3\"%ni" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.2: Page 155" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Diffusion potential, Vd = 1.234 V\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Diffusion potential\n", + "from math import log\n", + "#given data :\n", + "Na=5*10**23## in m**-3\n", + "Nd=5*10**21## in m**-3\n", + "T=300## in K\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19## in J\n", + "k=1.38*10**-23## in JK**-1\n", + "V=(k*T)/e#\n", + "ni=2.2*10**12## in m**-3\n", + "Vd=V*log((Na*Nd)/ni**2)#\n", + "print \"Diffusion potential, Vd = %0.3f V\"%Vd" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.3: Page 161" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Injection efficiency, eta_inj = 0.8247\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Injection efficiency\n", + "#given data :\n", + "Na=10**23## in m**-3\n", + "Nd=10**21## in m**-3\n", + "T=300## in K\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19## in J\n", + "k=1.38*10**-23## in JK**-1\n", + "mue=0.85## in m**2V**-1s**-1\n", + "muh=0.04## in m**2V**-1s**-1\n", + "De=(mue*k*T)/e## in m**2s**-1\n", + "Dh=(muh*k*T)/e## in m**2s**-1\n", + "Le=1#\n", + "Lh=Le#\n", + "eta_inj=1/(1+((De/Dh)*(Lh/Le)*(Nd/Na)))#\n", + "print \"Injection efficiency, eta_inj = %0.4f\"%eta_inj" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.4: Page 171" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "part (a)\n", + "Internal quantum efficiency = 0.50\n", + "part (b)\n", + "External quantum efficiency = 0.0337\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Internal and quantum efficiency\n", + "#given data :\n", + "print \"part (a)\"\n", + "tau_rr=1#\n", + "tau_nr=tau_rr#\n", + "eta_int=1/(1+(tau_rr/tau_nr))#\n", + "print \"Internal quantum efficiency = %0.2f\"%eta_int\n", + "print \"part (b)\"\n", + "ns=3.7#\n", + "na=1.5#\n", + "As=0#\n", + "eta_ext=eta_int*(1-As)*((2*na**3)/(ns*(ns+na)**2))#\n", + "print \"External quantum efficiency = %0.4f\"%eta_ext" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.5: Page 180" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The number of longitudinal modes excited = 1.001e-03 nm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#The number of longitudinal modes excited\n", + "#given data :\n", + "lamda=632.8*10**-9## in m\n", + "n=1#\n", + "L=20*10**-2## in m\n", + "del_lamda=((lamda)**2/(2*n*L))*10**9#\n", + "print \"The number of longitudinal modes excited = %0.3e nm\"%del_lamda" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.6: Page 183" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "part (a)\n", + "The reduction in threshold gain = 1.31 mm**-1\n", + "part (b)\n", + "Differential quantum efficiency = 0.42\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#The reduction and Differential quantum efficiency\n", + "#given data :\n", + "print \"part (a)\"\n", + "alfa_eff=1.5## in mm**-1\n", + "gama=0.8#\n", + "L=0.5## in mm\n", + "R1=0.35#\n", + "R2=R1#\n", + "R2a=1.0#\n", + "g_th1=(1/gama)*(alfa_eff+(1/(2*L))*log(1/(R1*R2)))#\n", + "g_th2=(1/gama)*(alfa_eff+(1/(2*L))*log(1/(R1*R2a)))#\n", + "del_gth=g_th1-g_th2#\n", + "print \"The reduction in threshold gain = %0.2f mm**-1\"%del_gth\n", + "print \"part (b)\"\n", + "eta_D=(gama*(g_th2-alfa_eff))/(g_th2)#\n", + "print \"Differential quantum efficiency = %0.2f\"%eta_D" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 7.7: Page 192" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "part (a)\n", + "The internal power efficiency = 0.48\n", + "part (b)\n", + "The external power efficiency = 0.012\n", + "part (c)\n", + "The overall source fiber power coupling efficiency = 8.51e-04\n", + "The optical loss = 30.70 dB\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import log10\n", + "#Internal and external power efficiency\n", + "#given data :\n", + "print \"part (a)\"\n", + "As=0##\n", + "ns=3.7## assuming that the example 7.4\n", + "eta_int=0.50## internal efficiency\n", + "V=1.5## in V\n", + "I=120*10**-3## in A\n", + "IBYe=120*10**-3## \n", + "Eph=1.43## in eV\n", + "eta_int=0.50## internal efficiency\n", + "fi_int=eta_int*IBYe*Eph#\n", + "t_power=I*V#\n", + "P_int=fi_int/t_power#\n", + "print \"The internal power efficiency = %0.2f\"%P_int\n", + "print \"part (b)\"\n", + "eta_ext=eta_int*(1-As)*2/(ns*(ns+1)**2)#\n", + "fi_ext=eta_ext*IBYe*Eph#\n", + "t_power=I*V#\n", + "P_ext=fi_ext/t_power#\n", + "print \"The external power efficiency = %0.3f\"%P_ext\n", + "print \"part (c)\"\n", + "V=1.5## in V\n", + "I=120*10**-3## in A\n", + "IBYe=120*10**-3## \n", + "Eph=1.43## in eV\n", + "n1=1.5#\n", + "n2=1.48#\n", + "na=n1#\n", + "eta_ext=0.0337#\n", + "eta_T=eta_ext*((n1**2-n2**2)/na**2)#\n", + "fi_T=eta_T*IBYe*Eph#\n", + "t_power=I*V#\n", + "sfpc=fi_T/t_power#\n", + "O_loss=-10*log10(sfpc)#\n", + "print \"The overall source fiber power coupling efficiency = %0.2e\"%sfpc\n", + "print \"The optical loss = %0.2f dB\"%O_loss" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter8.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter8.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..688bc50d --- /dev/null +++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter8.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,375 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter8 - Optoelectronic detectors" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.1 : Page 204" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false, + "scrolled": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "part (a)\n", + "The photon energy = 1.31 micro-m \n", + "part (b)\n", + "The optical power = 4.07 micro W \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "#The photon energy and optical power\n", + "#given data :\n", + "print \"part (a)\"\n", + "h=6.626*10**-34## in Js\n", + "c=3*10**8## in ms**-1\n", + "E=1.52*10**-19## in J\n", + "lamda=((h*c)/E)*10**6#\n", + "print \"The photon energy = %0.2f micro-m \"%lamda\n", + "print \"part (b)\"\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19## in J\n", + "Ip=3*10**6## in A\n", + "E=1.52*10**-19## in J\n", + "eta=70/100#\n", + "R=(eta*e)/E#\n", + "P_in=(Ip/R)*10**-6#\n", + "print \"The optical power = %0.2f micro W \"%P_in" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.2 : Page 205" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "part (a)\n", + "The quantum efficiency, eta = 50.00 %\n", + "part (b)\n", + "Maximum possible band gap energy,Eg = 1.46 eV \n", + "part (c)\n", + "The mean output, Ip = 3.42 micro A\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#The quantum efficiency,Maximum possible band gap energy and mean output\n", + "#given data :\n", + "print \"part (a)\"\n", + "e=1## electron\n", + "p=2## photon\n", + "eta=(e/p)*100#\n", + "print \"The quantum efficiency, eta = %0.2f %%\"%eta\n", + "print \"part (b)\"\n", + "h=6.626*10**-34##in Js\n", + "c=3*10**8## in m s**-1\n", + "lamda_c=0.85*10**-6## in m\n", + "Eg=((h*c)/lamda_c)/1.6*10**19#\n", + "print \"Maximum possible band gap energy,Eg = %0.2f eV \"%Eg\n", + "print \"part (c)\"\n", + "e=1## electron\n", + "p=2## photon\n", + "eta=(e/p)#\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19## in J\n", + "h=6.626*10**-34##in Js\n", + "c=3*10**8## in m s**-1\n", + "lamda_c=0.85*10**-6## in m\n", + "Eg=((h*c)/lamda_c)#\n", + "P_in=10*10**-6## in W\n", + "Ip=((eta*e*P_in)/Eg)*10**6#\n", + "print \"The mean output, Ip = %0.2f micro A\"%Ip" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.3 : Page 205" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "part (a)\n", + "The quantum efficiency = 0.4\n", + "part (b)\n", + "The responsivity of the diode,R = 0.29 AW**-1\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#The quantum efficiency and The responsivity of the diode\n", + "#given data :\n", + "print \"part (a)\"\n", + "e=2*10**10## in s**-1\n", + "p=5*10**10## in s**-1\n", + "eta=e/p#\n", + "print \"The quantum efficiency = \",eta\n", + "print \"part (b)\"\n", + "e=2*10**10## in s**-1\n", + "p=5*10**10## in s**-1\n", + "eta=e/p#\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19## in J\n", + "h=6.626*10**-34##in Js\n", + "c=3*10**8## in m s**-1\n", + "lamda=0.90*10**-6## in m\n", + "R=(eta*e*lamda)/(h*c)#\n", + "print \"The responsivity of the diode,R = %0.2f AW**-1\"%R" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.4 : Page 210" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The multiplication factor,M = 47.8\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#The multiplication\n", + "#given data :\n", + "eta=40/100##\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19## in J\n", + "h=6.626*10**-34##in Js\n", + "c=3*10**8## in m s**-1\n", + "lamda=1.3*10**-6## in m\n", + "P_in=0.3*10**-6## in W\n", + "I=6*10**-6## in A\n", + "M=(I*h*c)/(P_in*eta*e*lamda)#\n", + "print \"The multiplication factor,M = %0.1f\"%M" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.5 : Page 210" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Photon incident rate = 1.74e+07 s**-1\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Photon rate\n", + "#given data :\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19## in J\n", + "M=800#\n", + "eta=90/100## quantum efficiency\n", + "I=2*10**-9## in A\n", + "P_rate=I/(e*eta*M)#\n", + "print \"Photon incident rate = %0.2e s**-1\"%P_rate" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.6 : Page 212" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "part (a)\n", + "the gain = 58.95\n", + "part (b)\n", + "The output photo-current, I = 2.313e-04 A\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi\n", + "#Gain and The output photocurrent\n", + "#given data :\n", + "print \"part (a)\"\n", + "tf=6*10**-12## in s\n", + "del_f=450*10**6## in Hz\n", + "G=1/(2*pi*tf*del_f)#\n", + "print \"the gain = %0.2f\"%G\n", + "print \"part (b)\"\n", + "tf=6*10**-12## in s\n", + "del_f=450*10**6## in Hz\n", + "G=1/(2*pi*tf*del_f)#\n", + "eta=75/100#\n", + "P_in=5*10**-6## in W\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19## in J\n", + "lamda=1.3*10**-6#\n", + "h=6.626*10**-34##in Js\n", + "c=3*10**8## in m s**-1\n", + "I=(G*eta*P_in*e*lamda)/(h*c)#\n", + "print \"The output photo-current, I = %0.3e A\"%I" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8.7 : Page 215" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "part (a)\n", + "rms value of shot noise current is = 1.712 nA\n", + "rms value of dark current is = 0.20 nA\n", + "rms value of thermal noise current is = 20.35 nA \n", + "part (b)\n", + "S/N ratio = 321\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import sqrt\n", + "#rms value of shot noise ,dark noise and thermal noise current and S/N ratio\n", + "print \"part (a)\"\n", + "n=0.7##efficiency\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19##charge\n", + "h=1.3##in micro meter\n", + "hc=6.626*10**-34##plack constant\n", + "c=3*10**8##m/s\n", + "pin=500##nW\n", + "Ip=((n*e*h*10**-6*pin*10**-9)/(hc*c))##in amperes\n", + "df=25##Mhz\n", + "f1=1##\n", + "is2=(2*e*Ip*df*10**6*f1)##\n", + "Is=sqrt(is2)##in amperes\n", + "Id=5*10**-9##amperes\n", + "id2=(2*e*Id*df*10**6)##\n", + "Id=sqrt(id2)##in amperes\n", + "k=1.38*10**-23##\n", + "t=300##in kelvin\n", + "rl=1000##ohms\n", + "it2=((4*k*t*df*10**6)/rl)##\n", + "it=sqrt(it2)##in amperes\n", + "print \"rms value of shot noise current is = %0.3f nA\"%(Is*10**9)\n", + "print \"rms value of dark current is = %0.2f nA\"%(Id*10**9)\n", + "print \"rms value of thermal noise current is = %0.2f nA \"%(it*10**9)\n", + "print \"part (b)\"\n", + "n=0.7##efficiency\n", + "e=1.6*10**-19##charge\n", + "h=1.3##in micro meter\n", + "hc=6.626*10**-34##plack constant\n", + "c=3*10**8##m/s\n", + "pin=500##nW\n", + "Ip=((n*e*h*10**-6*pin*10**-9)/(hc*c))##in amperes\n", + "df=25##Mhz\n", + "f1=1##\n", + "is2=(2*e*Ip*df*10**6*f1)##\n", + "Is=sqrt(is2)##in amperes\n", + "Id=5*10**-9##amperes\n", + "id2=(2*e*Id*df*10**6)##\n", + "Id=sqrt(id2)##in amperes\n", + "k=1.38*10**-23##\n", + "t=300##in kelvin\n", + "rl=1000##ohms\n", + "it2=((4*k*t*df*10**6)/rl)##\n", + "it=sqrt(it2)##in amperes\n", + "itt2=is2+id2+it2##in A**2\n", + "ip2=Ip**2##\n", + "sn=ip2/itt2##\n", + "print \"S/N ratio = %d\"%sn\n", + "#S/N ratio is calculated wrong in the textbook" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter9.ipynb b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter9.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..535780ec --- /dev/null +++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/Chapter9.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,242 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter9 - Optoelectronics modulators" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 9.1 : Page 227" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The thickness of the a quarter wave plate,x = 0.0164 mm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#The thickness\n", + "#given data :\n", + "lamda=589.3*10**-9## in m\n", + "ne=1.553#J\n", + "no=1.544#\n", + "x=(lamda/(4*(ne-no)))*10**3#\n", + "print \"The thickness of the a quarter wave plate,x = %0.4f mm\"%x" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 9.2 : Page 228" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The thickness of the a quarter wave plate,x = 0.0017 mm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#The thickness\n", + "#given data :\n", + "lamda=589.3*10**-9## in m\n", + "ne=1.486#\n", + "no=1.658#\n", + "x=(lamda/(2*(no-ne)))*10**3#\n", + "print \"The thickness of the a quarter wave plate,x = %0.4f mm\"%x" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 9.3: Page 234" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "change in refrative index = 1.032\n", + "net phase shift = 2.065 \n", + "Vpi = 7.61 kV\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import pi\n", + "#change in refractive index ,net phase shiftand Vpi\n", + "v=5##kV\n", + "l=1##cm\n", + "ez=(v*10**3)/(l*10**-2)##in V/m\n", + "no=1.51##\n", + "r63=10.5*10**-12##m/V\n", + "dn=((1/2)*no**3*r63*ez)##\n", + "h=550##nm\n", + "dfi=((2*pi*dn*l*10**-2)/(h*10**-9))##\n", + "fi=2*dfi##\n", + "vpi=((h*10**-9)/(2*no**3*r63))*10**-3##kV\n", + "print \"change in refrative index = %0.3f\"%dfi\n", + "print \"net phase shift = %0.3f \"%fi\n", + "print \"Vpi = %0.2f kV\"%vpi\n", + "#refractive index and phase shift is in the form of pi in the textbook" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 9.4: Page 237" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "part (a)\n", + "phase differnce = 1.371e+04\n", + "part (b)\n", + "additional phase differnce = 1.246\n", + "part (c)\n", + "Vpi = 504.25 V\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "#phase difference,additional phase difference and Vpi\n", + "print \"part (a)\"\n", + "h=550##nm\n", + "l=3##cm\n", + "no=1.51##\n", + "ne=1.47##\n", + "dfi=((2*pi*l*10**-2*(no-ne))/(h*10**-9))##\n", + "print \"phase differnce = %0.3e\"%dfi\n", + "#phase difference is in the form of pi in the textbook\n", + "print \"part (b)\"\n", + "no=1.51##\n", + "r63=26.4*10**-12##m/V\n", + "V=200##\n", + "d=0.25##cm\n", + "dfi=((pi*r63*no**3*(V)*(l*10**-2))/(h*10**-9*d*10**-2))##\n", + "print \"additional phase differnce = %0.3f\"%dfi\n", + "#additional phase difference is in the form of pi in the textbook\n", + "print \"part (c)\"\n", + "r63=26.4*10**-12##m/V\n", + "V=200##\n", + "d=0.25##cm\n", + "dfi=((pi*r63*no**3*(V)*(l*10**-2))/(h*10**-9*d*10**-2))##\n", + "vpi=((h*10**-9)/(no**3*r63))*(d/l)##V\n", + "print \"Vpi = %0.2f V\"%vpi" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 9.5 : Page 239" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "part (a)\n", + "angle = 0.09 degree\n", + "part (b)\n", + "The relative intensity = 0.246\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import asin,degrees\n", + "#angle and relative intensity\n", + "#given data :\n", + "print \"part (a)\"\n", + "m=1#\n", + "l=633*10**-9## in m\n", + "f=5*10**6## in Hz\n", + "v=1500##in m/s\n", + "n=1.33## for water\n", + "A=v/f#\n", + "theta=asin((l/(n*A)))#\n", + "print \"angle = %0.2f degree\"%degrees(theta)\n", + "print \"part (b)\"\n", + "del_n=10**-5#\n", + "L=1*10**-2## in m\n", + "lamda=633*10**-9## in m\n", + "eta=(pi**2*del_n**2*L**2)/lamda**2#\n", + "print \"The relative intensity = %0.3f\"%eta" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/screenshots/1.png b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/screenshots/1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..cc78d8c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/screenshots/1.png diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/screenshots/2.png b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/screenshots/2.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..a95c8de6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/screenshots/2.png diff --git a/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/screenshots/3.png b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/screenshots/3.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..42e4e5be --- /dev/null +++ b/Fiber_Optics_and_Optoelectronics_by_R._P._Khare/screenshots/3.png diff --git a/sample_notebooks/LalitKumar/Ch3.ipynb b/sample_notebooks/LalitKumar/Ch3.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9c58334b --- /dev/null +++ b/sample_notebooks/LalitKumar/Ch3.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,683 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Ch-3 Electron Ballistics" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.1 : Page 225" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Speed of the electron, v =sqrt(2*q*V/m) = 4.19e+07 m/s\n", + "The kinetic energy = q x V = 5000 eV\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import sqrt\n", + "q=1.6*10**-19 #charge of electron\n", + "V=5000 #potential difference\n", + "m=9.1*10**-31 #mass of electron\n", + "v=sqrt(2*q*V/m) #speed of electron\n", + "print \"Speed of the electron, v =sqrt(2*q*V/m) = %0.2e m/s\"% v\n", + "ke=(q*V)/(1.6*10**-9) #kinetic energyin eV\n", + "x1=ke*10**10\n", + "print \"The kinetic energy = q x V = %0.f eV\"%x1" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.2 Page 225" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Mass of the charged particle = 1000 times the mass of an electron = 9.10e-28 kg\n", + "The charge of the partical = 1.6*10**-19 C\n", + "Therefore, The velocity, v = sqrt(2*q*V/me) = 5.93e+05 m/s\n", + "Kinetic energy = q x V = 1000.00 eV\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "me=1000*9.1*10**-31\n", + "print \"Mass of the charged particle = 1000 times the mass of an electron = %0.2e kg\"%me\n", + "print \"The charge of the partical = 1.6*10**-19 C\"\n", + "q=1.6*10**-19 #charge of the particle\n", + "V=1000 #potential difference\n", + "format(8)\n", + "v=sqrt(2*q*V/me)\n", + "print \"Therefore, The velocity, v = sqrt(2*q*V/me) = %0.2e m/s\"%v\n", + "ke=(q*V)/(1.6*10**-19) # in eV\n", + "print \"Kinetic energy = q x V = %0.2f eV\"%ke" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.3 : Page 226" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 17, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Therefore, E = V / d = 5.83e+04 \n", + " ax = qE / m = 1.03e+16 m/s**2\n", + "We know that,\n", + " x = vox*t + 0.5*a*t**2\n", + " vx = vox + ax*t\n", + "(i) Consider x = 3*10**-3 m\n", + "3*10**-3 = 3*10**6*t + 5.13*10**15*t**2\n", + "Solving this equation,\n", + "t = 5.26e-10 seconds \n", + "vx = 8.40e+06 m/s \n", + "(ii) Consider x = 6*10**-6 m\n", + "t**2+(5.85*10**-10)*t-(1.17*10**-18) = 0\n", + "Solving this equation,\n", + "t = 8.28e-10 seconds \n", + "vx = 1.15e+07 m/s\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "d=6*10**-3\n", + "q=1.6*10**-19\n", + "m=9.1*10**-31\n", + "vax=3*10**6\n", + "E=350/d\n", + "print \"Therefore, E = V / d = %0.2e \"%E\n", + "ax=q*E/m\n", + "print \" ax = qE / m = %0.2e m/s**2\"%ax\n", + "print \"We know that,\"\n", + "print \" x = vox*t + 0.5*a*t**2\"\n", + "print \" vx = vox + ax*t\"\n", + "print \"(i) Consider x = 3*10**-3 m\"\n", + "print \"3*10**-3 = 3*10**6*t + 5.13*10**15*t**2\"\n", + "print \"Solving this equation,\"\n", + "from sympy import symbols, solve\n", + "t=symbols('t')\n", + "p1=(5.13*10**15)*t**2+(3*10**6)*t-3*10**-3\n", + "t1=solve(p1,t)\n", + "ans1=t1[1]\n", + "print \"t = %0.2e seconds \"%ans1\n", + "vx=(3*10**6)+((1.026*10**16)*(5.264*10**-10))\n", + "print \"vx = %0.2e m/s \"%vx\n", + "print \"(ii) Consider x = 6*10**-6 m\"\n", + "print \"t**2+(5.85*10**-10)*t-(1.17*10**-18) = 0\"\n", + "print \"Solving this equation,\"\n", + "t=symbols('t')\n", + "p2=t**2+(5.85*10**-10)*t-1.17*10**-18\n", + "t2=solve(p2, t)\n", + "ans2=t2[1]\n", + "print \"t = %0.2e seconds \"%ans2\n", + "vx1=(3*10**6)+((8.28*10**-10)*(1.026*10**16))\n", + "print \"vx = %0.2e m/s\"%vx1" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.4 : Page 227" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 21, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "(i)The electron starts from rest at plate A, therefore, the initial velocity is zero. The velocity of electron on reaching plate B is\n", + "v = sqrt(2*q*V/m) = 8.39e+06 m/s\n", + "(ii)Time taken by the electron to travel from plate A to plate B can be calculated from the average velocity of the electron in transit.The average velocity is,\n", + "vaverage = (Initial velocity + Final velocity) / 2 = 4.19e+06 m/s\n", + "Therefore, time taken for travel is,\n", + "Time = Separation between the plates / Average velocity = 7.16e-10 seconds\n", + "(iii)Kinetic energy of the electron on reaching the plate B is\n", + "Kinetic energy = q V = 3.20e-17 Joules\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "V=200\n", + "m=9.1*10**-31\n", + "format(8)\n", + "v=sqrt(2*q*V/m)\n", + "print \"(i)The electron starts from rest at plate A, therefore, the initial velocity is zero. The velocity of electron on reaching plate B is\"\n", + "print \"v = sqrt(2*q*V/m) = %0.2e m/s\"%v\n", + "iv=0 #initial velocity\n", + "fv=8.38*10**6 #final velocity\n", + "va=(iv+fv)/2 #average velocity of electron in transit\n", + "print \"(ii)Time taken by the electron to travel from plate A to plate B can be calculated from the average velocity of the electron in transit.The average velocity is,\"\n", + "print \"vaverage = (Initial velocity + Final velocity) / 2 = %0.2e m/s\"%va\n", + "sp=3*10**-3 #separation between the plates\n", + "time=sp/va\n", + "print \"Therefore, time taken for travel is,\"\n", + "print \"Time = Separation between the plates / Average velocity = %0.2e seconds\"%time\n", + "ke=q*V\n", + "print \"(iii)Kinetic energy of the electron on reaching the plate B is\"\n", + "print \"Kinetic energy = q V = %0.2e Joules\"%ke" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.5 : Page 228" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 22, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The speed acquired by electron due to the applied voltage is\n", + "v = sqrt(vinitial**2+(2*q*V/m)) = 1.03e+07 m/s\n", + "The average velocity,\n", + "vaverage = (vinitial + vfinal) / 2 = 5.66e+06 m/s\n", + "Therefore, time for travel = seperation between plates / vaverage = 1.41e-09 seconds\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "vinitial=1*10**6\n", + "q=1.6*10**-19\n", + "V=300\n", + "m=9.1*10**-31\n", + "vfinal=10.33*10**6\n", + "sp=8*10**-3 #separation between plates\n", + "v=sqrt(vinitial**2+(2*q*V/m))\n", + "print \"The speed acquired by electron due to the applied voltage is\"\n", + "print \"v = sqrt(vinitial**2+(2*q*V/m)) = %0.2e m/s\"%v\n", + "va=(vinitial+vfinal)/2\n", + "print \"The average velocity,\"\n", + "print \"vaverage = (vinitial + vfinal) / 2 = %0.2e m/s\"%va\n", + "time=sp/va\n", + "print \"Therefore, time for travel = seperation between plates / vaverage = %0.2e seconds\"%time" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.6 : Page 229" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 24, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The electric field intensity,\n", + "E = -5t / d*10*-9 = -5t / 10**-9*1*10**-2 = 5*10**11*t (for 0 < t < t1)\n", + " = 0 (for t1 < t < infinity)\n", + "(i) The position of the electron after 1ns,\n", + " d(um) = (5*10**11)*(1.76*10**11)*((1*10**-9)**3/6) = 14.67 um\n", + "(ii) The rest of the distance to be covered by the electron = 0.8cm - 14.7 um = 0.80\n", + "Since, the potential difference drops to zero volt, after 1ns, the electron will travel the distance of 0.799 cm with a constant velocity of\n", + "vx = (5*10**11)*(q/m)*(t**2/2) = 4.40e+04 m/s\n", + "Therefore, the time t2 = d / vx = 1.81e-07 seconds\n", + "The total time of transit of electron from cathode to anode = 1.82e-07 seconds\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "d=(5*10**11*1.76*10**11)*(((1*10**-9)**3)/6)\n", + "x1=d*10**6\n", + "print \"The electric field intensity,\"\n", + "print \"E = -5t / d*10*-9 = -5t / 10**-9*1*10**-2 = 5*10**11*t (for 0 < t < t1)\"\n", + "print \" = 0 (for t1 < t < infinity)\"\n", + "print \"(i) The position of the electron after 1ns,\"\n", + "print \" d(um) = (5*10**11)*(1.76*10**11)*((1*10**-9)**3/6) = %0.2f um\"%x1\n", + "x2=0.8-(d*10**2)\n", + "print \"(ii) The rest of the distance to be covered by the electron = 0.8cm - 14.7 um = %0.2f\"%x2\n", + "print \"Since, the potential difference drops to zero volt, after 1ns, the electron will travel the distance of 0.799 cm with a constant velocity of\"\n", + "vx=(5*10**11*1.76*10**11)*(((1*10**-9)**2)/2)\n", + "print \"vx = (5*10**11)*(q/m)*(t**2/2) = %0.2e m/s\"%vx\n", + "x3=(x2/vx)*10**-2\n", + "print \"Therefore, the time t2 = d / vx = %0.2e seconds\"%x3\n", + "x4=(1*10**-9)+x3\n", + "print \"The total time of transit of electron from cathode to anode = %0.2e seconds\"%x4" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.7 : Page 230" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 27, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The velocity of the electron is = sqrt(2qVa/m) = 3.75e+06 m/s\n", + "The time taken for one revolution is T = 2*pi*m / B*q = 3.93e-11 seconds\n", + "The pitch = T*v*cos(theta) = 1.28e-04 meters\n", + "Thus, the electron has travelled = 1.28e-04 meters\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi\n", + "q=1.6*10**-19\n", + "Va=40\n", + "m=9.1*10**-31\n", + "B=0.91\n", + "ve=sqrt(2*q*Va/m)\n", + "print \"The velocity of the electron is = sqrt(2qVa/m) = %0.2e m/s\"%ve\n", + "tt=(2*pi*m)/(B*q)\n", + "print \"The time taken for one revolution is T = 2*pi*m / B*q = %0.2e seconds\"%tt\n", + "p=tt*ve*(sqrt(3)/2) #cos(30)=sqrt(3)/2\n", + "print \"The pitch = T*v*cos(theta) = %0.2e meters\"%p\n", + "print \"Thus, the electron has travelled = %0.2e meters\"%p" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.8 : Page 231" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 30, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "(i) The velocity of the charged particle before entering the field is,\n", + "v = sqrt(2aV/m) * sqrt(2(3q)V/2m) = sqrt(6qV/2m) = 5.14e+06 m/s\n", + "(ii) The radius of the helical path is\n", + "r = Mvsine(theta) / QB = 2mvsine(theta) / 3qB = 0.41 mm\n", + "(iii) Time for one revolution,\n", + "T = 2*pi*M / B*Q = 2*pi*(2m) / B(3q) = 1.19e-09 seconds\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import radians as rdn, sin\n", + "radians=rdn(25)\n", + "q=1.6*10**-19\n", + "m=9.1*10**-31\n", + "V=50\n", + "Q=3*q\n", + "M=2*m\n", + "v=sqrt(2*Q*V/M)\n", + "print \"(i) The velocity of the charged particle before entering the field is,\"\n", + "print \"v = sqrt(2aV/m) * sqrt(2(3q)V/2m) = sqrt(6qV/2m) = %0.2e m/s\"%v\n", + "B=0.02\n", + "r=(M*v*sin(radians))/(Q*B)\n", + "r1=r*10**3\n", + "print \"(ii) The radius of the helical path is\"\n", + "print \"r = Mvsine(theta) / QB = 2mvsine(theta) / 3qB = %0.2f mm\"%r1\n", + "T=(2*pi*M)/(B*Q)\n", + "print \"(iii) Time for one revolution,\"\n", + "print \"T = 2*pi*M / B*Q = 2*pi*(2m) / B(3q) = %0.2e seconds\"%T" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.9 : Page 232" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 32, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Given, T = 35.5/B *10**-12 s, B = 0.01 Wb/m**3, Va = 900V\n", + "Therefore, T = 3.55*10**-9 s\n", + "Velocity, v(m/s) = sqrt(2qVa/m) = 1.78e+07 m/s\n", + "Radius, r(mm) = mv/qB = v/(q/m)B = 10.11 mm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "print \"Given, T = 35.5/B *10**-12 s, B = 0.01 Wb/m**3, Va = 900V\"\n", + "print \"Therefore, T = 3.55*10**-9 s\"\n", + "T = 3.55*10**-9\n", + "Va=900\n", + "v=sqrt(2*(1.76*10**11)*900)\n", + "print \"Velocity, v(m/s) = sqrt(2qVa/m) = %0.2e m/s\"%v\n", + "r=(17.799*10**6)/(0.01*1.76*10**11)\n", + "x1=r*10**3\n", + "print \"Radius, r(mm) = mv/qB = v/(q/m)B = %0.2f mm\"%x1" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.10 : Page 232" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 33, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "(i) The velocity of the electron, v = 1.45e+07 m/s\n", + "(ii) ma = qE\n", + "Thus, acceleration, a(m/s)= qE / m = (q/m)(Vd/d) = 4.40e+14 m/s\n", + "(iii) The deflection on the screen, D(cm)= ILVd / 2Vad = 1.46 cm\n", + "(iv) Deflection sensitivity(cm/V)= D / Vd = 0.07 cm/V\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "Va=600\n", + "l=3.5\n", + "d=0.8\n", + "L=20\n", + "Vd=20\n", + "format(9)\n", + "q=1.6*10**-19\n", + "m=9.1*10**-31\n", + "v=sqrt(2*q*Va/m)\n", + "print \"(i) The velocity of the electron, v = %0.2e m/s\"%v\n", + "a=(q/m)*(Vd/d)\n", + "a1=a*10**2\n", + "print \"(ii) ma = qE\"\n", + "print \"Thus, acceleration, a(m/s)= qE / m = (q/m)(Vd/d) = %0.2e m/s\"%a1\n", + "D=(l*L*Vd)/(2*Va*d)\n", + "print\"(iii) The deflection on the screen, D(cm)= ILVd / 2Vad = %0.2f cm\"% D\n", + "Ds=D/Vd\n", + "print \"(iv) Deflection sensitivity(cm/V)= D / Vd = %0.2f cm/V\"%Ds" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.11 : Page 233" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 34, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "(i) The velocity of the beam, v = sqrt(2qVa / m) = 1.68e+07 m/s\n", + "(ii) The deflection of the beam, D = lLVd / 2dVa\n", + "Therefore, the voltage that must be applied to the plates, Vd = 20.00 V\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "q=1.6*10**-19\n", + "m=9.1*10**-31\n", + "Va=800\n", + "l=2\n", + "d=0.5\n", + "L=20\n", + "D=1\n", + "v=sqrt(2*q*Va/m)\n", + "print \"(i) The velocity of the beam, v = sqrt(2qVa / m) = %0.2e m/s\"%v\n", + "Vd=(D*2*d*Va)/(l*L)\n", + "print \"(ii) The deflection of the beam, D = lLVd / 2dVa\"\n", + "print \"Therefore, the voltage that must be applied to the plates, Vd = %0.2f V\"%Vd" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.12 : Page 234" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 50, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "(i) Velocity of beam, v = sqrt(2qVa/m) = 1.88e+07 m/s\n", + "(ii) Deflection sensitivity = D/Vd\n", + "where D = l*L*Vd / 2*Va*d = 0.01 cm\n", + "Therefore, the deflection sensitivity = 4.00e-04 cm/V\n", + "(iii) To find the angle of deflection, theta :\n", + " tan(theta) = D/L-l\n", + "Therefore, theta = tan**-1(D/L-l) = 0.032 degrees\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import degrees, atan\n", + "v=sqrt((2*(1.6*10**-19)*1000)/(9.1*10**-31))\n", + "print \"(i) Velocity of beam, v = sqrt(2qVa/m) = %0.2e m/s\"%v\n", + "D=((2*10**-2)*(20*10**-2)*25)/(2*1000*(0.5*10**-2))\n", + "print \"(ii) Deflection sensitivity = D/Vd\"\n", + "print \"where D = l*L*Vd / 2*Va*d = %0.2f cm\"%D\n", + "ds=D/25\n", + "print \"Therefore, the deflection sensitivity = %0.2e cm/V\"%ds\n", + "theta=degrees(atan(1/1800))\n", + "print \"(iii) To find the angle of deflection, theta :\"\n", + "print \" tan(theta) = D/L-l\"\n", + "print \"Therefore, theta = tan**-1(D/L-l) = %0.3f degrees\"%theta" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.13 : Page 235" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 52, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The electron starts moving in the +y direction, but, since acceleration is along the -y direction, its velocity isreduced to zero at time t=t''\n", + "v0y = v0 * cos(theta) = 1.50e+05 m/s\n", + "ay = qE / m = 1.60e+14 m/s**2\n", + "t'' = v0y / ay = 0.94 ns\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import cos\n", + "v0=3*10**5\n", + "E=910\n", + "theta=60\n", + "m=9.109*10**-31\n", + "q=1.6*10**-19\n", + "print \"The electron starts moving in the +y direction, but, since acceleration is along the -y direction, its velocity isreduced to zero at time t=t''\"\n", + "v0y=v0*cos(theta*pi/180)\n", + "print \"v0y = v0 * cos(theta) = %0.2e m/s\"%v0y\n", + "ay=(q*E)/m\n", + "print \"ay = qE / m = %0.2e m/s**2\"%ay\n", + "tdash=v0y/ay\n", + "x1=tdash*10**9\n", + "print \"t'' = v0y / ay = %0.2f ns\"%x1" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.14 : Page 235" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 43, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The deflection of the spot,\n", + "D = (IBL/sqrt(Va))*sqrt(q/2m) = 0.42 cm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "D=(((2*10**-2)*(1*10**-4)*(20*10**-2))/sqrt(800))*sqrt((1.6*10**-19)/(2*9.1*10**-31))\n", + "x1=D*10**2\n", + "print \"The deflection of the spot,\"\n", + "print \"D = (IBL/sqrt(Va))*sqrt(q/2m) = %0.2f cm\"%x1" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 3.15 : Page 236" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 44, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The magnetostatic deflection, D = (IBL/sqrt(Va))*sqrt(q/2m)\n", + "The electrostatic deflection, D = lLVd / 2dVa\n", + "For returning the beam back to the centre, the electrostatic deflection and the magnetostatic deflection must be equal, i.e.,\n", + "(IBL/sqrt(Va))*sqrt(q/2m) = lLVd / 2dVa\n", + "Therefore,\n", + "Vd = dB*sqrt(2*Va*q/m) = 33.55 V\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "print \"The magnetostatic deflection, D = (IBL/sqrt(Va))*sqrt(q/2m)\"\n", + "print \"The electrostatic deflection, D = lLVd / 2dVa\"\n", + "print \"For returning the beam back to the centre, the electrostatic deflection and the magnetostatic deflection must be equal, i.e.,\"\n", + "print \"(IBL/sqrt(Va))*sqrt(q/2m) = lLVd / 2dVa\"\n", + "print \"Therefore,\"\n", + "Vd=(1*10**-2*2*10**-4)*sqrt((2*800*1.6*10**-19)/(9.1*10**-31))\n", + "print \"Vd = dB*sqrt(2*Va*q/m) = %0.2f V\"%Vd" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} |
