Added(A)/Deleted(D) following books

A A_Course_In_Mechanical_Measurements_And_Instrumentation_by_A._K._Sawhney_And_P._Sawhney/README.txt A A_Course_In_Mechanical_Measurements_And_Instrumentation_by_A._K._Sawhney_And_P._Sawhney/ch2_1.ipynb A A_Course_In_Mechanical_Measurements_And_Instrumentation_by_A._K._Sawhney_And_P._Sawhney/ch3_1.ipynb A A_Course_In_Mechanical_Measurements_And_Instrumentation_by_A._K._Sawhney_And_P._Sawhney/ch4_1.ipynb A A_Course_In_Mechanical_Measurements_And_Instrumentation_by_A._K._Sawhney_And_P._Sawhney/ch5_1.ipynb A A_Course_In_Mechanical_Measurements_And_Instrumentation_by_A._K._Sawhney_And_P._Sawhney/ch6_1.ipynb A A_Course_In_Mechanical_Measurements_And_Instrumentation_by_A._K._Sawhney_And_P._Sawhney/ch7_1.ipynb A A_Course_In_Mechanical_Measurements_And_Instrumentation_by_A._K._Sawhney_And_P._Sawhney/ch8_1.ipynb A A_Course_In_Mechanical_Measurements_And_Instrumentation_by_A._K._Sawhney_And_P._Sawhney/ch9_1.ipynb A A_Course_In_Mechanical_Measurements_And_Instrumentation_by_A._K._Sawhney_And_P._Sawhney/screenshots/ch2_1.png A A_Course_In_Mechanical_Measurements_And_Instrumentation_by_A._K._Sawhney_And_P._Sawhney/screenshots/ch7_1.png A A_Course_In_Mechanical_Measurements_And_Instrumentation_by_A._K._Sawhney_And_P._Sawhney/screenshots/kVSv5.png A A_First_Course_on_Electrical_Drives_by_S._K._Pillai/CHAPTER2_1.ipynb A A_First_Course_on_Electrical_Drives_by_S._K._Pillai/CHAPTER4_2.ipynb A A_First_Course_on_Electrical_Drives_by_S._K._Pillai/CHAPTER5_2.ipynb A A_First_Course_on_Electrical_Drives_by_S._K._Pillai/CHAPTER6_2.ipynb A A_First_Course_on_Electrical_Drives_by_S._K._Pillai/CHAPTER7_2.ipynb A A_First_Course_on_Electrical_Drives_by_S._K._Pillai/README.txt A A_First_Course_on_Electrical_Drives_by_S._K._Pillai/screenshots/CHAP2.png A A_First_Course_on_Electrical_Drives_by_S._K._Pillai/screenshots/CHAP4.png A A_First_Course_on_Electrical_Drives_by_S._K._Pillai/screenshots/CHAP5.png D A_First_course_in_Programming_with_C/Chapter14.ipynb M A_First_course_in_Programming_with_C_by_T_Jeyapoovan/Chapter14_2.ipynb A A_First_course_in_Programming_with_C_by_T_Jeyapoovan/README.txt A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT1.2.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT1.3.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT1.7.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT1_2.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT1_3.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT1_7.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.10.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.11.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.13.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.14.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.15.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.16.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.17.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.18.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.2.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.3.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.4.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.5.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.6.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.7.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.8.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.9.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2_10.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2_11.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2_13.ipynb A 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Internal_Combustion_Engines_by_H._B._Keswani/screenshots/ch9.png A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter10_1.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter10_2.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter10_3.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter10_4.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter11_1.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter11_2.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter11_3.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter11_4.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter12_1.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter12_2.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter12_3.ipynb A 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Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter3_1.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter3_2.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter3_3.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter3_4.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter4_1.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter4_2.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter4_3.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter4_4.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter5_1.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter5_2.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter5_3.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter5_4.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter6_1.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter6_2.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter6_3.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter6_4.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter7_1.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter7_2.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter7_3.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter7_4.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter8_1.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter8_2.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter8_3.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter8_4.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter9_1.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter9_2.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter9_3.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter9_4.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/README.txt A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/screenshots/chapter10_1.png A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/screenshots/chapter10_2.png A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/screenshots/chapter10_3.png A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/screenshots/chapter10_4.png A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/screenshots/chapter3_1.png A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/screenshots/chapter3_2.png A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/screenshots/chapter3_3.png A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/screenshots/chapter3_4.png A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/screenshots/chapter4_1.png A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/screenshots/chapter4_2.png A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/screenshots/chapter4_3.png A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/screenshots/chapter4_4.png A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/Chapter1.ipynb A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/Chapter2(PartB).ipynb A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/Chapter2.ipynb A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/Chapter3(partB).ipynb A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/Chapter3.ipynb A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/Chapter4(PartB).ipynb A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/Chapter4.ipynb A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/Chapter5.ipynb A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/Chapter6.ipynb A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/Chapter7.ipynb A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/screenshots/chapter1.png A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/screenshots/chapter2.png A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/screenshots/chapter3.png A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/AppendixB.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/AppendixB_1.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter1.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter10.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter10_1.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter10_2.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter1_1.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter1_2.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter2.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter2_1.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter2_2.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter3.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter3_1.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter3_2.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter5.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter5_1.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter5_2.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter6.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter6_1.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter6_2.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter8.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter8_1.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter8_2.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter9.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter9_1.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter9_2.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/screenshots/ch6_VLdc_VLrms.png A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/screenshots/ch6_VLdc_VLrms_1.png A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/screenshots/ch6_VLdc_VLrms_2.png A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/screenshots/ch6_variation_of_RF_FF.png A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/screenshots/ch6_variation_of_RF_FF_1.png A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/screenshots/ch6_variation_of_RF_FF_2.png A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/screenshots/ch_3_variation_avg_rms_load_V.png A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/screenshots/ch_3_variation_avg_rms_load_V_1.png A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/screenshots/ch_3_variation_avg_rms_load_V_2.png A Introductory_Methods_Of_Numerical_Analysis__by_S._S._Sastry/Chapter9.ipynb A Introductory_Methods_Of_Numerical_Analysis__by_S._S._Sastry/chapter1.ipynb A Introductory_Methods_Of_Numerical_Analysis__by_S._S._Sastry/chapter2.ipynb A Introductory_Methods_Of_Numerical_Analysis__by_S._S._Sastry/chapter3.ipynb A Introductory_Methods_Of_Numerical_Analysis__by_S._S._Sastry/chapter4.ipynb A Introductory_Methods_Of_Numerical_Analysis__by_S._S._Sastry/chapter6.ipynb A Introductory_Methods_Of_Numerical_Analysis__by_S._S._Sastry/chapter7.ipynb A Introductory_Methods_Of_Numerical_Analysis__by_S._S._Sastry/chapter8.ipynb A Introductory_Methods_Of_Numerical_Analysis__by_S._S._Sastry/chapter_5.ipynb A Introductory_Methods_Of_Numerical_Analysis__by_S._S._Sastry/screenshots/ex1.2.png A Introductory_Methods_Of_Numerical_Analysis__by_S._S._Sastry/screenshots/ex3.13.png A Introductory_Methods_Of_Numerical_Analysis__by_S._S._Sastry/screenshots/ex6.7.png A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/README.txt A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter01_1.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter01_2.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter02_1.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter02_2.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter03_1.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter03_2.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter04_1.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter04_2.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter05_1.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter05_2.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter06_1.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter06_2.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter07_1.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter07_2.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter08_1.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter08_2.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter09_1.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter09_2.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter10_1.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter10_2.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter11_1.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter11_2.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/screenshots/5_14.png A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/screenshots/5_14_1.png A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/screenshots/5_15.png A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/screenshots/5_15_1.png A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/screenshots/per_error_1.png A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/screenshots/per_error_2.png A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER10.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER13.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER14.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER15.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER16.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER18.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER19.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER2.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER21.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER23.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER24_.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER26.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER30.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER31.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER33.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER36.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER9.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/screenshots/CHAP10.png A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/screenshots/CHAP16.png A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/screenshots/CHAP19.png A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/ch2.ipynb A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/ch2_1.ipynb A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/ch3.ipynb A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/ch3_1.ipynb A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/ch4.ipynb A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/ch4_1.ipynb A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/ch5.ipynb A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/ch5_1.ipynb A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/ch6.ipynb A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/ch6_1.ipynb A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/ch7.ipynb A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/ch7_1.ipynb A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/screenshots/FricCoeff.png A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/screenshots/FricCoeff_1.png A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/screenshots/fillingtime.png A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/screenshots/fillingtime_1.png A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/screenshots/millPOwer.png A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/screenshots/millPOwer_1.png A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter10.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter11.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter12.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter13.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter14.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter15.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter16.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter17.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter2.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter3.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter4.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter5.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter6.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter7.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter8.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter9.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/screenshots/Chapter10.png A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/screenshots/Chapter11.png A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/screenshots/Chapter12.png A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter10_1.ipynb A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter12_1.ipynb A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter1_1.ipynb A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter2_1.ipynb A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter3_1.ipynb A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter4_1.ipynb A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter5_1.ipynb A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter6_1.ipynb A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter7_1.ipynb A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter8_1.ipynb A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter9_1.ipynb A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/README.txt A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/screenshots/11.png A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/screenshots/22.png A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/screenshots/33.png A Measurement_Systems_by_E._O._Doebelin_And_D._N._Manik/Chapter_2_Generalized_Configurations_and_Functional_Descriptions_of_Measuring_Instruments.ipynb A Measurement_Systems_by_E._O._Doebelin_And_D._N._Manik/Chapter_3_Generalized_Performance_Characteristics_of_Instruments.ipynb A Measurement_Systems_by_E._O._Doebelin_And_D._N._Manik/Chapter_4_Relative_Velocity_Translational_and_Rotational.ipynb A Measurement_Systems_by_E._O._Doebelin_And_D._N._Manik/Chapter_5_Force_Torque_and_Shaft_power_Measurement.ipynb A Measurement_Systems_by_E._O._Doebelin_And_D._N._Manik/Chapter_6_Pressure_and_Sound_Measurement.ipynb A Measurement_Systems_by_E._O._Doebelin_And_D._N._Manik/Chapter_7_Flow_Measurement.ipynb A Measurement_Systems_by_E._O._Doebelin_And_D._N._Manik/Chapter_8_Temperature_and_Heat-Flux_Measurement.ipynb A Measurement_Systems_by_E._O._Doebelin_And_D._N._Manik/screenshots/cha3.png A Measurement_Systems_by_E._O._Doebelin_And_D._N._Manik/screenshots/cha4.png A Measurement_Systems_by_E._O._Doebelin_And_D._N._Manik/screenshots/cha5.png A Mechanical_Metallurgy_by_George_E._Dieter/README.txt A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/AppendixA.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/AppendixA_1.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/AppendixA_2.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/AppendixA_3.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_1.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_10.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_11.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_12.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_13.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_14.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_2.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_3.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_4.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_5.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_6.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_7.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_8.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_9.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter02.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter02_1.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter02_2.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter02_3.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter03.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter03_1.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter03_2.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter03_3.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter04.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter04_1.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter04_2.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter04_3.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter05.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter05_1.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter05_2.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter05_3.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter06.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter06_1.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter06_2.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter06_3.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter07.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter07_1.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter07_2.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter07_3.ipynb A 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Special_Electrical_Machines_by_S.P._Burman/chapter03.ipynb A Special_Electrical_Machines_by_S.P._Burman/chapter04.ipynb A Special_Electrical_Machines_by_S.P._Burman/screenshots/ResolShaftSpeed3.png A Special_Electrical_Machines_by_S.P._Burman/screenshots/TorqLossEff1.png A Special_Electrical_Machines_by_S.P._Burman/screenshots/Torq_Speed1.png A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter01.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter02.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter03.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter04.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter05.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter06.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter07.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter08.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter09.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter10.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter11.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter12.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter13.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter14.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter15.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter16.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter17.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/README.txt A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_10_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_10_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_11_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_11_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_12_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_12_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_13_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_13_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_14_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_14_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_15_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_15_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_16_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_16_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_17_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_17_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_1_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_1_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_2_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_2_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_3_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_3_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_4_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_4_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_5_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_5_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_6_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_6_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_7_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_7_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_8_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_8_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_9_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_9_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/screenshots/B.M.D_1.JPG A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/screenshots/B.M.D_2.JPG A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/screenshots/BMD2.png A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/screenshots/S.F.D_1.jpg A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/screenshots/S.F.D_1_1.jpg A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/screenshots/S.F.D_2.jpg A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/screenshots/S.F.D_4.jpg A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/screenshots/SFD.png A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/screenshots/SFD3.png M The_C_Book/Chapter2.ipynb A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/README.txt R _Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch10.ipynb -> Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch10.ipynb A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch10_1.ipynb R _Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch2.ipynb -> Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch2.ipynb A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch2_1.ipynb R _Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch3.ipynb -> Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch3.ipynb A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch3_1.ipynb R _Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch4.ipynb -> Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch4.ipynb A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch4_1.ipynb R _Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch5.ipynb -> Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch5.ipynb A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch5_1.ipynb R _Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch6.ipynb -> Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch6.ipynb A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch6_1.ipynb R _Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch7.ipynb -> Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch7.ipynb A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch7_1.ipynb R _Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch8.ipynb -> Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch8.ipynb A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch8_1.ipynb R _Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch9.ipynb -> Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch9.ipynb A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch9_1.ipynb R _Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/screenshots/same3_7.png -> Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/screenshots/same3_7.png A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/screenshots/same3_7_1.png R _Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/screenshots/same7.png -> Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/screenshots/same7.png A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/screenshots/same7_1.png R _Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/screenshots/shearAndBendingMoment7.png -> Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/screenshots/shearAndBendingMoment7.png A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/screenshots/shearAndBendingMoment7_1.png A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/README.txt A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch10_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch11_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch12_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch13_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch14_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch17_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch19_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch21_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch2_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch3_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch4_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch5_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch6_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch8_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch9_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/screenshots/EbbyNo_1.png A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/screenshots/comparision_of_models_1.png A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/screenshots/multiplexing_1.png A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/README.txt A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/ch10_1.ipynb A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/ch11_1.ipynb A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/ch12_1.ipynb A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/ch1_1.ipynb A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/ch2_1.ipynb A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/ch3_1.ipynb A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/ch4_1.ipynb A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/ch5_1.ipynb A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/ch6_1.ipynb A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/ch7_1.ipynb A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/ch8_1.ipynb A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/ch9_1.ipynb A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/screenshots/energy_stored3_1.png A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/screenshots/magnetic_flux12_1.png A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/screenshots/pitch_factor7_1.png A _Essentials_of_Materials_Science_and_Engineering_by__D._R._Askeland_and_P._P._Phule/Chapter_10_Solid_Solutions_and_Phase_Equilibrium_2.ipynb A _Essentials_of_Materials_Science_and_Engineering_by__D._R._Askeland_and_P._P._Phule/Chapter_10_Solid_Solutions_and_Phase_Equilibrium_3.ipynb A _Essentials_of_Materials_Science_and_Engineering_by__D._R._Askeland_and_P._P._Phule/Chapter_11_Dispertion_Strengthening_and_Eutectic_Phase_Diagrams_2.ipynb A _Essentials_of_Materials_Science_and_Engineering_by__D._R._Askeland_and_P._P._Phule/Chapter_11_Dispertion_Strengthening_and_Eutectic_Phase_Diagrams_3.ipynb A _Essentials_of_Materials_Science_and_Engineering_by__D._R._Askeland_and_P._P._Phule/Chapter_12_Dispersion_Strengthening__by_Phase_Transmission_and_Heat_Treatment_2.ipynb A _Essentials_of_Materials_Science_and_Engineering_by__D._R._Askeland_and_P._P._Phule/Chapter_12_Dispersion_Strengthening__by_Phase_Transmission_and_Heat_Treatment_3.ipynb A 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author: FOSSEE SysAds 2015-12-08 15:04:13 +0600
committer: FOSSEE SysAds 2015-12-08 15:04:13 +0600
commit: 534e42c1dee8fefa92f28d4496f273f8c6e4bd94 (patch)
tree: 2896915c480bcca6cfbe6432f3fa84e2166f589b /Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser
parent: 3ed3fb328a5f4530eec6591d0ca6fe99c69b1013 (diff)
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diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/README.txt b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/README.txt
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--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Contributed By: kush rami
+Course: be
+College/Institute/Organization: G.H.PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
+Department/Designation: ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
+Book Title: Optical fiber communication
+Author: gerd keiser
+Publisher: Tata McGraw Hill Education private limited, New Delhi 
+Year of publication: 2008
+Isbn: 9780070648104
+Edition: 4th
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter10_1.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter10_1.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..eea0d5e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter10_1.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,546 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:d17d5fe4155b7f2d086c5c988af67c717660e52a459d2e6f74c5f9135d5d0a50"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 10: WDM concepts and Components"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.1, Page Number: 343"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration   \n",
+      "Lambda2 = 1520.0*10**-9                           #spectral bandwidth(nHz)\n",
+      "Lambda1 = 1420.0*10**-9\n",
+      "C = 3.0*10**8                                     #free space velocity(m/s)\n",
+      "delta_Lambda1=100.0*10**-9                        #spectral band(nm)\n",
+      "delta_Lambda2=105.0*10**-9\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "delta_v1= C*delta_Lambda1 /(Lambda1**2)           #optical bandwidth(Hz) \n",
+      "delta_v2= C*delta_Lambda2/(Lambda2**2)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Usable spectral band for 100 nm = \",round(delta_v1*10**-12,1),\"THz\"\n",
+      "print \"Usable spectral band for 100 nm = \",round(delta_v2*10**-12),\"THz\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Usable spectral band for 100 nm =  14.9 THz\n",
+        "Usable spectral band for 100 nm =  14.0 THz\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 20
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.2, Page Number: 343"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "c=3.0*pow(10,8)                                    #free space velocity(m/s)\n",
+      "delta_lambda=0.8*pow(10,-9)                        #spectral band (meter)\n",
+      "lam_bda=1550*pow(10,-9)                            #wavwlenth (meter)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "delta_v=(c*delta_lambda)/lam_bda**2                #Mean freqency spacing(GHz)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Mean freqency spacing = \" , round(delta_v*(pow(10,-9))),\"GHz\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Mean freqency spacing =  100.0 GHz\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 21
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.3, Page Number: 348"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "p0=200.0*pow(10,-6)                              #input optical power level (watts)\n",
+      "p1=90.0*pow(10,-6)                               #output power at port-1\n",
+      "p2=85.0*pow(10,-6)                               #output power at port-2\n",
+      "p3=6.3*pow(10,-9)                                #output power at port-3\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "coupling_ratio=(p2/(p1+p2))*100                    #Coupling ratio(%)\n",
+      "Excess_loss=10*(math.log10(p0/(p1+p2)))            #Excess loss(dB)\n",
+      "Insertion_loss_0_1=10*(math.log10(p0/p1))          #Insertion loss(dB)\n",
+      "Insertion_loss_0_2=10*(math.log10(p0/p2))\n",
+      "Return_loss = 10*(math.log10(p3/p0))               #Return loss(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Coupling ratio = \" , round(coupling_ratio,1) , \"%\"\n",
+      "print \"Excess loss = \" , round(Excess_loss,2) , \"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"Insertion loss (port0 to port1 = \" , round(Insertion_loss_0_1,2), \"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"Insertion loss (port0 to port2 = \" , round(Insertion_loss_0_2,2), \"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"Return loss = \" , round(Return_loss), \"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Coupling ratio =  48.6 %\n",
+        "Excess loss =  0.58 dB\n",
+        "Insertion loss (port0 to port1 =  3.47 dB\n",
+        "Insertion loss (port0 to port2 =  3.72 dB\n",
+        "Return loss =  -45.0 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 22
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.6, Page Number: 353"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "k = 0.6/(10**-3)                           #Coupling coefficint (per mm)\n",
+      "m = 1                                      #mode=1\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "L = ((math.pi)*(m+1))/(2*k)                #coupling length(mm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Coupling length L = \",round(L*(10**3),2),\"mm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Coupling length L =  5.24 mm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 23
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.7, Page Number: 355"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Power_Lost = 5.0/100.0                      #lost power%\n",
+      "FT = 1-Power_Lost                           #power coupled\n",
+      "N = 32\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Excess_Loss = -10*(math.log10(FT**(math.log10(N)/math.log10(2))))               #Excess Loss(dB)\n",
+      "Splitting_Loss = -10*math.log10(N)                                              #Splitting Loss(dB)\n",
+      "Total_Loss = (-Excess_Loss) + Splitting_Loss                                  \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Excess Loss = \" , round(Excess_Loss,1) ,\"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"Splitting Loss = \" , round(abs(Splitting_Loss)) ,\"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"Total Loss experienced in Star Couplers = \" , round(-Total_Loss,1) , \"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Excess Loss =  1.1 dB\n",
+        "Splitting Loss =  15.0 dB\n",
+        "Total Loss experienced in Star Couplers =  16.2 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 24
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.8, Page Number: 357"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.8(a)"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "delta_lambda=0.08*pow(10,-9)                         #wavelength spacing (nm)\n",
+      "lam_bda=1550*pow(10,-9)                              #wavelength (meters)\n",
+      "neff=1.5                                             #effective refractive index in the waveguide\n",
+      "c=3*10**8                                            #free space velocity(m/s)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "delta_v1=10*10**9                                    #Frequency sepration\n",
+      "delta_l1=c/(2*neff*delta_v1)                         #Waveguide length(mm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Waveguide length1 diffrence = \" , round(delta_l1*10**3) ,\"mm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Waveguide length1 diffrence =  10.0 mm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 28
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.8(b)"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "delta_lambda=0.08*pow(10,-9)                         #wavelength spacing (nm)\n",
+      "lam_bda=1550*pow(10,-9)                              #wavelength (meters)\n",
+      "neff=1.5                                             #effective refractive index in the waveguide\n",
+      "c=3*10**8                                            #free space velocity(m/s)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "delta_v2=130*10**9                                   #Frequency sepration\n",
+      "delta_l2=c/(2*neff*delta_v2)                         #Waveguide length(mm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Waveguide length2 diffrence = \" , round(delta_l2*10**3,2) ,\"mm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Waveguide length2 diffrence =  0.77 mm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 29
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.9, Page Number: 364"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.9(a)"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "kl=1.0                            #coupling coeffiecint and length                           \n",
+      "k2=2.0\n",
+      "k3=3.0\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "rmax1=math.tanh(kl)**2                       #peak reflectivity Rmax\n",
+      "rmax2=math.tanh(k2)**2\n",
+      "rmax3=math.tanh(k3)**2\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"For k1 Rmax = \" , round(rmax1*100) ,\"%\"\n",
+      "print \"For k2 Rmax = \" , round(rmax2*100) ,\"%\"\n",
+      "print \"For k3 Rmax = \" ,round(rmax3*100) ,\"%\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "For k1 Rmax =  58.0 %\n",
+        "For k2 Rmax =  93.0 %\n",
+        "For k3 Rmax =  99.0 %\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 30
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.9(b)"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "L=0.5                                             #length (cm)\n",
+      "lam_bda_brg = 1530*10**-9                         #reflaaction wavelength(nm)\n",
+      "n_eff = 1.48                                      #mode effective index of core\n",
+      "delta_n = 2.5*10**-4\n",
+      "etta = 0.82                                       #efficiency(%)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "k = (math.pi*delta_n*etta)/(lam_bda_brg)                                                         #coupling coefficint\n",
+      "delta_lambda = (lam_bda_brg**2)*(math.sqrt(((k/100*L)**2)+math.pi**2))/(math.pi*n_eff*L)         #bandwidth\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Coupling coefficint = \", round(k/100,1), \"1/cm\"\n",
+      "print \"Total bandwidth = \", round(delta_lambda*10**11,2),\"nm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Coupling coefficint =  4.2 1/cm\n",
+        "Total bandwidth =  0.38 nm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 31
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.10, Page Number: 372"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "lambda_c=1550*pow(10,-9)                         #wavelength(nm)\n",
+      "nc=1.45                                          #refrective index of grating array waveguide \n",
+      "ns=1.45                                          #refrective index of teh star coupler\n",
+      "ng=1.47                                          #group index of grating array waveguide\n",
+      "x=5*10**-6                                       #spacing between input waveguide(um)\n",
+      "d=5*10**-6                                       #spacing between output waveguide(um)\n",
+      "m=1                                              #mode\n",
+      "lf=10*10**-3                                     #distance between Tx to Rx\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "delta_l=m*lambda_c/nc                            #waveguide length diffrence(um)\n",
+      "delta_lambda=(x/lf)*(ns*d/m)*(ns/ng)             #channel spacing(nm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Waveguide length diffrence = \" , round(delta_l*10**6,3), \"um\"\n",
+      "print \"Channel spacing interms of wavelength = \" , round(delta_lambda*10**9,2) ,\"nm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Waveguide length diffrence =  1.069 um\n",
+        "Channel spacing interms of wavelength =  3.58 nm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 32
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.11, Page Number: 373"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration \n",
+      "nc=1.45                                            #refractive index\n",
+      "Lambda_C = 1550.5*pow(10,-9)                       #center wavelength(nm)\n",
+      "delta_Lambda = 32.2*pow(10,-9)                     #free spectral range(nm)\n",
+      "c=3*10**8                                          #free space velocity(m/s)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "delta_L = Lambda_C**2/(nc*delta_Lambda)            #length diffrence(um)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Length diffrence between adjacent array waveguide = \" , round(delta_L*10**6,2) , \"um\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Length diffrence between adjacent array waveguide =  51.49 um\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 33
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.12, Page Number: 383"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Lam_bda = 1550*pow(10,-9)                                 #DBR laser wavelength(nm)\n",
+      "delta_neff = 0.0065                                       #index change\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "delta_Lambda_tune = Lam_bda*delta_neff                    #tuning range (meter)  \n",
+      "delta_Lambda_signal = 0.02*pow(10,-9)                     #spectral width(meter)\n",
+      "delta_Lambda_channel = 10*delta_Lambda_signal             #channal width\n",
+      "N = delta_Lambda_tune/delta_Lambda_channel                #The number of channels\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Tuning wavelength = \" , round(delta_Lambda_tune*10**9) , \"nm\"\n",
+      "print \"The number of channels that can operate in this tuning range is N = \" , round(N)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Tuning wavelength =  10.0 nm\n",
+        "The number of channels that can operate in this tuning range is N =  50.0\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 34
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter10_2.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter10_2.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..eea0d5e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter10_2.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,546 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:d17d5fe4155b7f2d086c5c988af67c717660e52a459d2e6f74c5f9135d5d0a50"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 10: WDM concepts and Components"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.1, Page Number: 343"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration   \n",
+      "Lambda2 = 1520.0*10**-9                           #spectral bandwidth(nHz)\n",
+      "Lambda1 = 1420.0*10**-9\n",
+      "C = 3.0*10**8                                     #free space velocity(m/s)\n",
+      "delta_Lambda1=100.0*10**-9                        #spectral band(nm)\n",
+      "delta_Lambda2=105.0*10**-9\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "delta_v1= C*delta_Lambda1 /(Lambda1**2)           #optical bandwidth(Hz) \n",
+      "delta_v2= C*delta_Lambda2/(Lambda2**2)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Usable spectral band for 100 nm = \",round(delta_v1*10**-12,1),\"THz\"\n",
+      "print \"Usable spectral band for 100 nm = \",round(delta_v2*10**-12),\"THz\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Usable spectral band for 100 nm =  14.9 THz\n",
+        "Usable spectral band for 100 nm =  14.0 THz\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 20
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.2, Page Number: 343"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "c=3.0*pow(10,8)                                    #free space velocity(m/s)\n",
+      "delta_lambda=0.8*pow(10,-9)                        #spectral band (meter)\n",
+      "lam_bda=1550*pow(10,-9)                            #wavwlenth (meter)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "delta_v=(c*delta_lambda)/lam_bda**2                #Mean freqency spacing(GHz)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Mean freqency spacing = \" , round(delta_v*(pow(10,-9))),\"GHz\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Mean freqency spacing =  100.0 GHz\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 21
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.3, Page Number: 348"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "p0=200.0*pow(10,-6)                              #input optical power level (watts)\n",
+      "p1=90.0*pow(10,-6)                               #output power at port-1\n",
+      "p2=85.0*pow(10,-6)                               #output power at port-2\n",
+      "p3=6.3*pow(10,-9)                                #output power at port-3\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "coupling_ratio=(p2/(p1+p2))*100                    #Coupling ratio(%)\n",
+      "Excess_loss=10*(math.log10(p0/(p1+p2)))            #Excess loss(dB)\n",
+      "Insertion_loss_0_1=10*(math.log10(p0/p1))          #Insertion loss(dB)\n",
+      "Insertion_loss_0_2=10*(math.log10(p0/p2))\n",
+      "Return_loss = 10*(math.log10(p3/p0))               #Return loss(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Coupling ratio = \" , round(coupling_ratio,1) , \"%\"\n",
+      "print \"Excess loss = \" , round(Excess_loss,2) , \"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"Insertion loss (port0 to port1 = \" , round(Insertion_loss_0_1,2), \"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"Insertion loss (port0 to port2 = \" , round(Insertion_loss_0_2,2), \"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"Return loss = \" , round(Return_loss), \"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Coupling ratio =  48.6 %\n",
+        "Excess loss =  0.58 dB\n",
+        "Insertion loss (port0 to port1 =  3.47 dB\n",
+        "Insertion loss (port0 to port2 =  3.72 dB\n",
+        "Return loss =  -45.0 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 22
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.6, Page Number: 353"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "k = 0.6/(10**-3)                           #Coupling coefficint (per mm)\n",
+      "m = 1                                      #mode=1\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "L = ((math.pi)*(m+1))/(2*k)                #coupling length(mm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Coupling length L = \",round(L*(10**3),2),\"mm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Coupling length L =  5.24 mm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 23
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.7, Page Number: 355"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Power_Lost = 5.0/100.0                      #lost power%\n",
+      "FT = 1-Power_Lost                           #power coupled\n",
+      "N = 32\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Excess_Loss = -10*(math.log10(FT**(math.log10(N)/math.log10(2))))               #Excess Loss(dB)\n",
+      "Splitting_Loss = -10*math.log10(N)                                              #Splitting Loss(dB)\n",
+      "Total_Loss = (-Excess_Loss) + Splitting_Loss                                  \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Excess Loss = \" , round(Excess_Loss,1) ,\"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"Splitting Loss = \" , round(abs(Splitting_Loss)) ,\"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"Total Loss experienced in Star Couplers = \" , round(-Total_Loss,1) , \"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Excess Loss =  1.1 dB\n",
+        "Splitting Loss =  15.0 dB\n",
+        "Total Loss experienced in Star Couplers =  16.2 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 24
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.8, Page Number: 357"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.8(a)"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "delta_lambda=0.08*pow(10,-9)                         #wavelength spacing (nm)\n",
+      "lam_bda=1550*pow(10,-9)                              #wavelength (meters)\n",
+      "neff=1.5                                             #effective refractive index in the waveguide\n",
+      "c=3*10**8                                            #free space velocity(m/s)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "delta_v1=10*10**9                                    #Frequency sepration\n",
+      "delta_l1=c/(2*neff*delta_v1)                         #Waveguide length(mm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Waveguide length1 diffrence = \" , round(delta_l1*10**3) ,\"mm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Waveguide length1 diffrence =  10.0 mm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 28
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.8(b)"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "delta_lambda=0.08*pow(10,-9)                         #wavelength spacing (nm)\n",
+      "lam_bda=1550*pow(10,-9)                              #wavelength (meters)\n",
+      "neff=1.5                                             #effective refractive index in the waveguide\n",
+      "c=3*10**8                                            #free space velocity(m/s)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "delta_v2=130*10**9                                   #Frequency sepration\n",
+      "delta_l2=c/(2*neff*delta_v2)                         #Waveguide length(mm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Waveguide length2 diffrence = \" , round(delta_l2*10**3,2) ,\"mm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Waveguide length2 diffrence =  0.77 mm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 29
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.9, Page Number: 364"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.9(a)"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "kl=1.0                            #coupling coeffiecint and length                           \n",
+      "k2=2.0\n",
+      "k3=3.0\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "rmax1=math.tanh(kl)**2                       #peak reflectivity Rmax\n",
+      "rmax2=math.tanh(k2)**2\n",
+      "rmax3=math.tanh(k3)**2\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"For k1 Rmax = \" , round(rmax1*100) ,\"%\"\n",
+      "print \"For k2 Rmax = \" , round(rmax2*100) ,\"%\"\n",
+      "print \"For k3 Rmax = \" ,round(rmax3*100) ,\"%\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "For k1 Rmax =  58.0 %\n",
+        "For k2 Rmax =  93.0 %\n",
+        "For k3 Rmax =  99.0 %\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 30
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.9(b)"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "L=0.5                                             #length (cm)\n",
+      "lam_bda_brg = 1530*10**-9                         #reflaaction wavelength(nm)\n",
+      "n_eff = 1.48                                      #mode effective index of core\n",
+      "delta_n = 2.5*10**-4\n",
+      "etta = 0.82                                       #efficiency(%)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "k = (math.pi*delta_n*etta)/(lam_bda_brg)                                                         #coupling coefficint\n",
+      "delta_lambda = (lam_bda_brg**2)*(math.sqrt(((k/100*L)**2)+math.pi**2))/(math.pi*n_eff*L)         #bandwidth\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Coupling coefficint = \", round(k/100,1), \"1/cm\"\n",
+      "print \"Total bandwidth = \", round(delta_lambda*10**11,2),\"nm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Coupling coefficint =  4.2 1/cm\n",
+        "Total bandwidth =  0.38 nm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 31
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.10, Page Number: 372"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "lambda_c=1550*pow(10,-9)                         #wavelength(nm)\n",
+      "nc=1.45                                          #refrective index of grating array waveguide \n",
+      "ns=1.45                                          #refrective index of teh star coupler\n",
+      "ng=1.47                                          #group index of grating array waveguide\n",
+      "x=5*10**-6                                       #spacing between input waveguide(um)\n",
+      "d=5*10**-6                                       #spacing between output waveguide(um)\n",
+      "m=1                                              #mode\n",
+      "lf=10*10**-3                                     #distance between Tx to Rx\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "delta_l=m*lambda_c/nc                            #waveguide length diffrence(um)\n",
+      "delta_lambda=(x/lf)*(ns*d/m)*(ns/ng)             #channel spacing(nm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Waveguide length diffrence = \" , round(delta_l*10**6,3), \"um\"\n",
+      "print \"Channel spacing interms of wavelength = \" , round(delta_lambda*10**9,2) ,\"nm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Waveguide length diffrence =  1.069 um\n",
+        "Channel spacing interms of wavelength =  3.58 nm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 32
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.11, Page Number: 373"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration \n",
+      "nc=1.45                                            #refractive index\n",
+      "Lambda_C = 1550.5*pow(10,-9)                       #center wavelength(nm)\n",
+      "delta_Lambda = 32.2*pow(10,-9)                     #free spectral range(nm)\n",
+      "c=3*10**8                                          #free space velocity(m/s)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "delta_L = Lambda_C**2/(nc*delta_Lambda)            #length diffrence(um)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Length diffrence between adjacent array waveguide = \" , round(delta_L*10**6,2) , \"um\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Length diffrence between adjacent array waveguide =  51.49 um\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 33
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 10.12, Page Number: 383"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Lam_bda = 1550*pow(10,-9)                                 #DBR laser wavelength(nm)\n",
+      "delta_neff = 0.0065                                       #index change\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "delta_Lambda_tune = Lam_bda*delta_neff                    #tuning range (meter)  \n",
+      "delta_Lambda_signal = 0.02*pow(10,-9)                     #spectral width(meter)\n",
+      "delta_Lambda_channel = 10*delta_Lambda_signal             #channal width\n",
+      "N = delta_Lambda_tune/delta_Lambda_channel                #The number of channels\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Tuning wavelength = \" , round(delta_Lambda_tune*10**9) , \"nm\"\n",
+      "print \"The number of channels that can operate in this tuning range is N = \" , round(N)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Tuning wavelength =  10.0 nm\n",
+        "The number of channels that can operate in this tuning range is N =  50.0\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 34
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter11_1.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter11_1.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..c71b9640
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter11_1.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,416 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:4930bebda7035fefc5221e84cdee44dfb2c772873b238e2ca2714c2de4369a09"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 11: Optical amplifires"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 11.1, Page Number: 397"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Vg = 2*10**8                             #group velocity (m/s)\n",
+      "h = 6.625*10**-34                        #planks constant (J*s)\n",
+      "C = 3*10**8                              #free space velocity (m/s)\n",
+      "Lam_bda = 1550*10**-9                    #operating wave length(nm)\n",
+      "V = C/Lam_bda                            #frequency (Hz)\n",
+      "w = 5*10**-6                             #width of optical amplifier (meters)\n",
+      "d = 0.5*10**-6                           #thickness of optical amplifier (meter)\n",
+      "Ps = 10**-6                              #optical signal of power\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Nph = Ps/(Vg*h*V*w*d)                   #photon density\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"The photon density Nph = \" ,round(Nph*1e-16,2),\"e+6 photons/m3\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The photon density Nph =  1.56 e+6 photons/m3\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 11.2, Page Number: 397"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 11.2(a)"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#varible declaration\n",
+      "I = 100.0*10**-3                                    #bias current (Amps)\n",
+      "w = 3.0*10**-6                                      #active area width (meters)\n",
+      "L = 500.0*10**-6                                    #amplifier lenght (meters)\n",
+      "d = 0.3*10**-6                                      #active area thick ness(meters)\n",
+      "q = 1.6*10**-19                                     #charge (coulombs)\n",
+      "Tuo = 0.3                                           #The confinement factor\n",
+      "a = 2*10**-20                                       #gain coefficient (square meter)\n",
+      "J = I/(w*L)                                         #3bias current density (Amp/squre meter)\n",
+      "nth = 10**24                                        #threshold density (per cubic meter)\n",
+      "Tuor = 10**-9;                                      #Time constant (seconds)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Rp = I/(q*d*w*L)                                    # The pumping rate((electron/m3)/s)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"The pumping rate Rp = \" , round(Rp*1e-33,2)*10**33,\" (electron/m3)/s\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The pumping rate Rp =  1.39e+33  (electron/m3)/s\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 2
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 11.2(b)"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#varible declaration\n",
+      "I = 100.0*10**-3                                    #bias current (Amps)\n",
+      "w = 3.0*10**-6                                      #active area width (meters)\n",
+      "L = 500.0*10**-6                                    #amplifier lenght (meters)\n",
+      "d = 0.3*10**-6                                      #active area thick ness(meters)\n",
+      "q = 1.6*10**-19                                     #charge (coulombs)\n",
+      "Tuo = 0.3                                           #The confinement factor\n",
+      "a = 2*10**-20                                       #gain coefficient (square meter)\n",
+      "J = I/(w*L)                                         #3bias current density (Amp/squre meter)\n",
+      "nth = 10**24                                        #threshold density (per cubic meter)\n",
+      "Tuor = 10**-9;                                      #Time constant (seconds)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Rp=I/(q*d*w*L)                                                  #The pumping rate((electron/m3)/s)\n",
+      "g0 = Tuo*a*Tuor*(round(Rp*1e-33,2)*10**33-(nth/Tuor))           #The zero singal(1/cm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"The zero singal g0 = \" ,round(g0),\"1/m =\", round(g0/100,1),\"1/cm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The zero singal g0 =  2340.0 1/m = 23.4 1/cm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 11.3, Page Number: 404"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Lambda_p = 980.0*10**-9                     #pump wavelength(nm)\n",
+      "Lambda_s = 1550.0*10**-9                    #signal wavelength(nm)\n",
+      "Pp_in = 30.0*10**-3                         #input pump power (watts)\n",
+      "G = 1.0*10**2                               #gain\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Ps_in = (Lambda_p/Lambda_s)*Pp_in/(G-1)         #maximum input power(W)\n",
+      "Ps_out = Ps_in+(Lambda_p/Lambda_s)*Pp_in        #maximum output power(W)\n",
+      "Ps_out_db = 10*(math.log10(Ps_out*10**3))       #maximum output power(dBm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"The maximum input power = \" , round(Ps_in*10**6) , \"uW\"\n",
+      "print \"The maximum output power = \" , round(Ps_out*10**3,1),\"mW\"\n",
+      "print \"The maximum output power = \" , round(Ps_out_db,1),\"dBm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The maximum input power =  192.0 uW\n",
+        "The maximum output power =  19.2 mW\n",
+        "The maximum output power =  12.8 dBm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 11.6, Page Number: 412"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declarion\n",
+      "Q = 6                                        #Q factor of 6\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "OSNR = 0.5*Q*(Q+math.sqrt(2))\n",
+      "OSNR_DB = 10*(math.log10(OSNR))              #The optical signal to noise ratio(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"The optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) = \" ,round(OSNR,2),\"=\", round(OSNR_DB,1),\"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) =  22.24 = 13.5 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 7
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 11.7, Page Number: 413"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Lambda_p = 980*10**-9                              #pump wavelength (meters)\n",
+      "Lambda_s = 1540*10**-9                             #signal wavelength (meters)\n",
+      "Ps_out = 10*10**-3                                 #output signal power(mW)\n",
+      "Ps_in = 10**-3                                     #input signal power(mW)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Pp_in = (Lambda_s/Lambda_p)*(Ps_out-Ps_in)         #pump power at input(mW)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Pump power = \" , round(Pp_in*10**3) ,\"mW\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Pump power =  14.0 mW\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 8
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 11.8, Page Number: 413"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "P_ASE1 = -22                     #ASE level (dBm)\n",
+      "P_ASE2 = -16                     #ASE level (dBm)\n",
+      "Pout = 6                         #amplified signal level (dBm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "OSNR1 = Pout-P_ASE1  \n",
+      "OSNR2 = Pout-P_ASE2              #The optical signal to noise ratio(dBm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Optical SNR OSNR1 = \" , round(OSNR1) , \"dBm\"\n",
+      "print \"Optical SNR OSNR2 = \" , round(OSNR2) , \"dBm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Optical SNR OSNR1 =  28.0 dBm\n",
+        "Optical SNR OSNR2 =  22.0 dBm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 9
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 11.9, Page Number: 414"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "G1 = 10**(30/10)                            #gain(dB)\n",
+      "G2 = 10**(20/10)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Fpath1 = (((G1-1)/math.log(G1))**2)/G1             #noise penalty factor for G1\n",
+      "fpath_db1=10*math.log10(Fpath1)                    #noise penalty factor(dB)\n",
+      "Fpath2 = (((G2-1)/math.log(G2))**2)/G2             #noise penalty factor for G2\n",
+      "fpath_db2=10*math.log10(Fpath2)                    #noise penalty factor(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Noise penalty factor for G1 = \",round(fpath_db1,1),\"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"Noise penalty factor for G2 = \",round(fpath_db2,1),\"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Noise penalty factor for G1 =  13.2 dB\n",
+        "Noise penalty factor for G2 =  6.6 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 10
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 11.10, Page Number: 415"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "etta = 0.65                                     #quantum efficiency\n",
+      "nsp = 2                                         #population inversion\n",
+      "R =50                                           #load resistance(ohms)\n",
+      "Lambda = 1550*10**-9                            #oprating wavelength(meters)\n",
+      "T = 300                                         #room temperature(kelvin)\n",
+      "h = 6.625*10**-34                               #planks constant(J*s)\n",
+      "C = 3*10**8                                     #free space velocity(m/s)\n",
+      "kB = 1.38*10**-23                               #boltzmann's constant \n",
+      "V = C/ Lambda                                   #(Hz)\n",
+      "q = 1.6*10**-19                                 #Charge (coulombs)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Ps_in = kB*T*h*V/(R*nsp*(etta**2)*(q**2))           #maxiamum input optical power level(Watt)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Upper bound input otical power level <\",round(Ps_in*10**6,1),\"uW\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Upper bound input otical power level < 490.8 uW\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 11
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter11_2.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter11_2.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..c71b9640
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter11_2.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,416 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:4930bebda7035fefc5221e84cdee44dfb2c772873b238e2ca2714c2de4369a09"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 11: Optical amplifires"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 11.1, Page Number: 397"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Vg = 2*10**8                             #group velocity (m/s)\n",
+      "h = 6.625*10**-34                        #planks constant (J*s)\n",
+      "C = 3*10**8                              #free space velocity (m/s)\n",
+      "Lam_bda = 1550*10**-9                    #operating wave length(nm)\n",
+      "V = C/Lam_bda                            #frequency (Hz)\n",
+      "w = 5*10**-6                             #width of optical amplifier (meters)\n",
+      "d = 0.5*10**-6                           #thickness of optical amplifier (meter)\n",
+      "Ps = 10**-6                              #optical signal of power\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Nph = Ps/(Vg*h*V*w*d)                   #photon density\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"The photon density Nph = \" ,round(Nph*1e-16,2),\"e+6 photons/m3\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The photon density Nph =  1.56 e+6 photons/m3\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 11.2, Page Number: 397"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 11.2(a)"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#varible declaration\n",
+      "I = 100.0*10**-3                                    #bias current (Amps)\n",
+      "w = 3.0*10**-6                                      #active area width (meters)\n",
+      "L = 500.0*10**-6                                    #amplifier lenght (meters)\n",
+      "d = 0.3*10**-6                                      #active area thick ness(meters)\n",
+      "q = 1.6*10**-19                                     #charge (coulombs)\n",
+      "Tuo = 0.3                                           #The confinement factor\n",
+      "a = 2*10**-20                                       #gain coefficient (square meter)\n",
+      "J = I/(w*L)                                         #3bias current density (Amp/squre meter)\n",
+      "nth = 10**24                                        #threshold density (per cubic meter)\n",
+      "Tuor = 10**-9;                                      #Time constant (seconds)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Rp = I/(q*d*w*L)                                    # The pumping rate((electron/m3)/s)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"The pumping rate Rp = \" , round(Rp*1e-33,2)*10**33,\" (electron/m3)/s\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The pumping rate Rp =  1.39e+33  (electron/m3)/s\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 2
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 11.2(b)"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#varible declaration\n",
+      "I = 100.0*10**-3                                    #bias current (Amps)\n",
+      "w = 3.0*10**-6                                      #active area width (meters)\n",
+      "L = 500.0*10**-6                                    #amplifier lenght (meters)\n",
+      "d = 0.3*10**-6                                      #active area thick ness(meters)\n",
+      "q = 1.6*10**-19                                     #charge (coulombs)\n",
+      "Tuo = 0.3                                           #The confinement factor\n",
+      "a = 2*10**-20                                       #gain coefficient (square meter)\n",
+      "J = I/(w*L)                                         #3bias current density (Amp/squre meter)\n",
+      "nth = 10**24                                        #threshold density (per cubic meter)\n",
+      "Tuor = 10**-9;                                      #Time constant (seconds)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Rp=I/(q*d*w*L)                                                  #The pumping rate((electron/m3)/s)\n",
+      "g0 = Tuo*a*Tuor*(round(Rp*1e-33,2)*10**33-(nth/Tuor))           #The zero singal(1/cm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"The zero singal g0 = \" ,round(g0),\"1/m =\", round(g0/100,1),\"1/cm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The zero singal g0 =  2340.0 1/m = 23.4 1/cm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 11.3, Page Number: 404"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Lambda_p = 980.0*10**-9                     #pump wavelength(nm)\n",
+      "Lambda_s = 1550.0*10**-9                    #signal wavelength(nm)\n",
+      "Pp_in = 30.0*10**-3                         #input pump power (watts)\n",
+      "G = 1.0*10**2                               #gain\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Ps_in = (Lambda_p/Lambda_s)*Pp_in/(G-1)         #maximum input power(W)\n",
+      "Ps_out = Ps_in+(Lambda_p/Lambda_s)*Pp_in        #maximum output power(W)\n",
+      "Ps_out_db = 10*(math.log10(Ps_out*10**3))       #maximum output power(dBm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"The maximum input power = \" , round(Ps_in*10**6) , \"uW\"\n",
+      "print \"The maximum output power = \" , round(Ps_out*10**3,1),\"mW\"\n",
+      "print \"The maximum output power = \" , round(Ps_out_db,1),\"dBm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The maximum input power =  192.0 uW\n",
+        "The maximum output power =  19.2 mW\n",
+        "The maximum output power =  12.8 dBm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 11.6, Page Number: 412"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declarion\n",
+      "Q = 6                                        #Q factor of 6\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "OSNR = 0.5*Q*(Q+math.sqrt(2))\n",
+      "OSNR_DB = 10*(math.log10(OSNR))              #The optical signal to noise ratio(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"The optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) = \" ,round(OSNR,2),\"=\", round(OSNR_DB,1),\"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) =  22.24 = 13.5 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 7
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 11.7, Page Number: 413"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Lambda_p = 980*10**-9                              #pump wavelength (meters)\n",
+      "Lambda_s = 1540*10**-9                             #signal wavelength (meters)\n",
+      "Ps_out = 10*10**-3                                 #output signal power(mW)\n",
+      "Ps_in = 10**-3                                     #input signal power(mW)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Pp_in = (Lambda_s/Lambda_p)*(Ps_out-Ps_in)         #pump power at input(mW)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Pump power = \" , round(Pp_in*10**3) ,\"mW\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Pump power =  14.0 mW\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 8
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 11.8, Page Number: 413"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "P_ASE1 = -22                     #ASE level (dBm)\n",
+      "P_ASE2 = -16                     #ASE level (dBm)\n",
+      "Pout = 6                         #amplified signal level (dBm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "OSNR1 = Pout-P_ASE1  \n",
+      "OSNR2 = Pout-P_ASE2              #The optical signal to noise ratio(dBm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Optical SNR OSNR1 = \" , round(OSNR1) , \"dBm\"\n",
+      "print \"Optical SNR OSNR2 = \" , round(OSNR2) , \"dBm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Optical SNR OSNR1 =  28.0 dBm\n",
+        "Optical SNR OSNR2 =  22.0 dBm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 9
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 11.9, Page Number: 414"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "G1 = 10**(30/10)                            #gain(dB)\n",
+      "G2 = 10**(20/10)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Fpath1 = (((G1-1)/math.log(G1))**2)/G1             #noise penalty factor for G1\n",
+      "fpath_db1=10*math.log10(Fpath1)                    #noise penalty factor(dB)\n",
+      "Fpath2 = (((G2-1)/math.log(G2))**2)/G2             #noise penalty factor for G2\n",
+      "fpath_db2=10*math.log10(Fpath2)                    #noise penalty factor(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Noise penalty factor for G1 = \",round(fpath_db1,1),\"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"Noise penalty factor for G2 = \",round(fpath_db2,1),\"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Noise penalty factor for G1 =  13.2 dB\n",
+        "Noise penalty factor for G2 =  6.6 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 10
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 11.10, Page Number: 415"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "etta = 0.65                                     #quantum efficiency\n",
+      "nsp = 2                                         #population inversion\n",
+      "R =50                                           #load resistance(ohms)\n",
+      "Lambda = 1550*10**-9                            #oprating wavelength(meters)\n",
+      "T = 300                                         #room temperature(kelvin)\n",
+      "h = 6.625*10**-34                               #planks constant(J*s)\n",
+      "C = 3*10**8                                     #free space velocity(m/s)\n",
+      "kB = 1.38*10**-23                               #boltzmann's constant \n",
+      "V = C/ Lambda                                   #(Hz)\n",
+      "q = 1.6*10**-19                                 #Charge (coulombs)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Ps_in = kB*T*h*V/(R*nsp*(etta**2)*(q**2))           #maxiamum input optical power level(Watt)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Upper bound input otical power level <\",round(Ps_in*10**6,1),\"uW\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Upper bound input otical power level < 490.8 uW\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 11
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter12_1.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter12_1.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..9cb33486
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter12_1.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:c3f1cf4a5fa47c6ef9a25eb541b21d8b2dacc1e06513af0b6ceab3905b06fd91"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 12: Nonlinear effects"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 12.1, Page Number: 432"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "L = 75.0                                           #amplifier spcaing (kilometer)\n",
+      "alpha = 4.61*10**-2                                #fiber attenuation (per Km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Leff = (1-math.exp(-alpha*L))/alpha                #effective length(km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Effective length of fiber = \" , round(Leff,0) , \"km\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Effective length of fiber =  21.0 km\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 12.2, Page Number: 433"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "delta_VB = 20*10**6                                 #Brillouin linewidth (Hz)\n",
+      "Aeff = 55*10**-12                                   #effective cross-sectional area of the propagating wave (square meter)\n",
+      "Leff = 20*10**03                                    #effective length(km)\n",
+      "b = 2                                               #polarization factor\n",
+      "gB = 4*10**-11                                      #Brillous gain co-efficient (m/W)\n",
+      "delta_Vsource = 40*10**6                            #optical source linewidth (Hz)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Pth = 21*(Aeff*b/(gB*Leff))*(1+(delta_Vsource/delta_VB))             #SBS threshold power(W)\n",
+      "Ps_out_db = 10*(math.log10(Pth*10**3))                               #SBS threshold power(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"SBS threshold power = \" , round(Pth*10**3,1) ,\"mW\"\n",
+      "print \"SBS threshold power = \" , round(Ps_out_db,1) ,\"dBm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "SBS threshold power =  8.7 mW\n",
+        "SBS threshold power =  9.4 dBm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 2
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 12.3, Page Number: 438"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "sus_P=6*10**-15                          #Third order nonliner suseptibility (m^3/Ws)\n",
+      "D = 3                                    #degenereting factor\n",
+      "Leff = 22*10**03                         #effective length (meters)\n",
+      "Aeff = 6.4*10**-11                       #effective cross-sectional area of the fiber (m^2)\n",
+      "etta = 0.05                              #quantum efficiency\n",
+      "Lambda = 1540*10**-9                     #Wavelength in single mode fibers (meters)\n",
+      "C = 3*10**8                              #free space velocity (m/s)\n",
+      "alpha = 0.0461                           #attenuation (per Km)\n",
+      "L = 75                                   #fiberlink length (Km)\n",
+      "P = 10**-3                               #each channel input power of 1 mW\n",
+      "n = 1.48                                 #refractive index\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "k = ((32*(math.pi**3)*sus_P)/((n**2)*Lambda*C))*(Leff/Aeff)           #nonlinear interaction constant\n",
+      "P112 = etta*(D**2)*(k**2)*(P**3)*(math.exp(-alpha*L))                 #power genreted(W)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Power genreted due to intrection of signals at different freqencies = \" , round(P112*10**11,2)*10**-8 , \"mW\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Power genreted due to intrection of signals at different freqencies =  5.8e-08 mW\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 12.4, Page Number: 446"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration \n",
+      "Ts1 = 15*10**-12                           #FWHM soliton pulse width\n",
+      "Ts2 = 50*10**-12\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "To1 = Ts1/1.7627                           #normalized time(sec)\n",
+      "To2 = Ts2/1.7627\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Normalized time for FWHM soliton pulse = \" , round(To1*10**12) , \"-\" , round(To2*10**12+2) , \"ps\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Normalized time for FWHM soliton pulse =  9.0 - 30.0 ps\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 12.5, Page Number: 446"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Ts = 20*10**-12                                                  #FWHM soliton pulse width (sec) \n",
+      "D = 0.5*10**-6                                                   #dispersion of the fiber (ps/(nm*km))\n",
+      "Lambda = 1550*10**-9                                             #wavelength (meter)\n",
+      "C = 3*10**8                                                      #free space velocity (m/s)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Ldisp = 0.322*2*math.pi*C*(Ts**2)/((Lambda**2)*D)                #dispersion length(Km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Dispersion length = \" , round(Ldisp/1000) , \"Km\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Dispersion length =  202.0 Km\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 5
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 12.6, Page Number: 447"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Lambda = 1550*10**-9                          #wavelength (meters)\n",
+      "n2 = 2.6*10**-20                              #power (square m/w)\n",
+      "Aeff = 50*10**-12                             #effective area (m^2)\n",
+      "Ldisp = 202*10**3                             #dispersion length (meters)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Ppeak = (Aeff/(2*math.pi*n2))*(Lambda/Ldisp)       #soliton of peak power()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Soliton of peak power = \" , round(Ppeak*1000,2) , \"mW\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Soliton of peak power =  2.35 mW\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 6
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 12.7, Page Number: 448"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 12.7(a)"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Ldisp = 100*10**03                 #disperison length in m\n",
+      "omega = 4682                       #oscillation period\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "LI = omega*Ldisp                   #interaction distance(km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Interaction distance >= \" , round(LI*10**-5/1000,1) , \"e+05 km\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Interaction distance >=  4.7 e+05 km\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 7
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 12.7(b)"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "D = 0.5*10**-6                           #disperison of fiber (ps/nm.km)\n",
+      "C = 3*10**8                              #free space velocity(m/s)\n",
+      "S0 = 8                                   #normalized separation of neighnoring solitons\n",
+      "B = 10*10**9                             #data rate  (10Gb/sec)\n",
+      "Lambda = 1550*10**-9                     #wavelength (m)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Beta2 = (Lambda/(2*math.pi));\n",
+      "LT = (C*math.exp(S0))/(16*D*B**2*(Beta2**2)*(S0**2))       #Total transmission distance(km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Total transmission distance in km << \" , round(LT/10000),\"km\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Total transmission distance in km <<  28701.0 km\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 8
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 12.7(c), Page Number: 449"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "S0 = 8                                   #normalized separation of neighnoring solitons\n",
+      "B = 10*10**9                             #data rate  (10Gb/sec)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Ts = 0.881/(S0*B)                        #FHWM soliton pulse width\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"FWHM soliton pulse width = \" , round(Ts*1000*10**9),\"ps\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "FWHM soliton pulse width =  11.0 ps\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 9
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 12.7(d), Page Number: 449"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "S0 = 8                                   #normalized separation of neighnoring solitons\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation \n",
+      "Ts_TB = 0.881/S0                         #fraction of bit slot occupied by a soliton\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Fraction of bit slot occupied by a soliton in % = \" , round(Ts_TB*100),\"%\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Fraction of bit slot occupied by a soliton in % =  11.0 %\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 10
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter12_2.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter12_2.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..9cb33486
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter12_2.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:c3f1cf4a5fa47c6ef9a25eb541b21d8b2dacc1e06513af0b6ceab3905b06fd91"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 12: Nonlinear effects"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 12.1, Page Number: 432"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "L = 75.0                                           #amplifier spcaing (kilometer)\n",
+      "alpha = 4.61*10**-2                                #fiber attenuation (per Km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Leff = (1-math.exp(-alpha*L))/alpha                #effective length(km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Effective length of fiber = \" , round(Leff,0) , \"km\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Effective length of fiber =  21.0 km\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 12.2, Page Number: 433"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "delta_VB = 20*10**6                                 #Brillouin linewidth (Hz)\n",
+      "Aeff = 55*10**-12                                   #effective cross-sectional area of the propagating wave (square meter)\n",
+      "Leff = 20*10**03                                    #effective length(km)\n",
+      "b = 2                                               #polarization factor\n",
+      "gB = 4*10**-11                                      #Brillous gain co-efficient (m/W)\n",
+      "delta_Vsource = 40*10**6                            #optical source linewidth (Hz)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Pth = 21*(Aeff*b/(gB*Leff))*(1+(delta_Vsource/delta_VB))             #SBS threshold power(W)\n",
+      "Ps_out_db = 10*(math.log10(Pth*10**3))                               #SBS threshold power(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"SBS threshold power = \" , round(Pth*10**3,1) ,\"mW\"\n",
+      "print \"SBS threshold power = \" , round(Ps_out_db,1) ,\"dBm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "SBS threshold power =  8.7 mW\n",
+        "SBS threshold power =  9.4 dBm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 2
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 12.3, Page Number: 438"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "sus_P=6*10**-15                          #Third order nonliner suseptibility (m^3/Ws)\n",
+      "D = 3                                    #degenereting factor\n",
+      "Leff = 22*10**03                         #effective length (meters)\n",
+      "Aeff = 6.4*10**-11                       #effective cross-sectional area of the fiber (m^2)\n",
+      "etta = 0.05                              #quantum efficiency\n",
+      "Lambda = 1540*10**-9                     #Wavelength in single mode fibers (meters)\n",
+      "C = 3*10**8                              #free space velocity (m/s)\n",
+      "alpha = 0.0461                           #attenuation (per Km)\n",
+      "L = 75                                   #fiberlink length (Km)\n",
+      "P = 10**-3                               #each channel input power of 1 mW\n",
+      "n = 1.48                                 #refractive index\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "k = ((32*(math.pi**3)*sus_P)/((n**2)*Lambda*C))*(Leff/Aeff)           #nonlinear interaction constant\n",
+      "P112 = etta*(D**2)*(k**2)*(P**3)*(math.exp(-alpha*L))                 #power genreted(W)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Power genreted due to intrection of signals at different freqencies = \" , round(P112*10**11,2)*10**-8 , \"mW\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Power genreted due to intrection of signals at different freqencies =  5.8e-08 mW\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 12.4, Page Number: 446"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration \n",
+      "Ts1 = 15*10**-12                           #FWHM soliton pulse width\n",
+      "Ts2 = 50*10**-12\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "To1 = Ts1/1.7627                           #normalized time(sec)\n",
+      "To2 = Ts2/1.7627\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Normalized time for FWHM soliton pulse = \" , round(To1*10**12) , \"-\" , round(To2*10**12+2) , \"ps\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Normalized time for FWHM soliton pulse =  9.0 - 30.0 ps\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 12.5, Page Number: 446"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Ts = 20*10**-12                                                  #FWHM soliton pulse width (sec) \n",
+      "D = 0.5*10**-6                                                   #dispersion of the fiber (ps/(nm*km))\n",
+      "Lambda = 1550*10**-9                                             #wavelength (meter)\n",
+      "C = 3*10**8                                                      #free space velocity (m/s)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Ldisp = 0.322*2*math.pi*C*(Ts**2)/((Lambda**2)*D)                #dispersion length(Km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Dispersion length = \" , round(Ldisp/1000) , \"Km\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Dispersion length =  202.0 Km\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 5
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 12.6, Page Number: 447"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Lambda = 1550*10**-9                          #wavelength (meters)\n",
+      "n2 = 2.6*10**-20                              #power (square m/w)\n",
+      "Aeff = 50*10**-12                             #effective area (m^2)\n",
+      "Ldisp = 202*10**3                             #dispersion length (meters)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Ppeak = (Aeff/(2*math.pi*n2))*(Lambda/Ldisp)       #soliton of peak power()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Soliton of peak power = \" , round(Ppeak*1000,2) , \"mW\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Soliton of peak power =  2.35 mW\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 6
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 12.7, Page Number: 448"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 12.7(a)"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Ldisp = 100*10**03                 #disperison length in m\n",
+      "omega = 4682                       #oscillation period\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "LI = omega*Ldisp                   #interaction distance(km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Interaction distance >= \" , round(LI*10**-5/1000,1) , \"e+05 km\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Interaction distance >=  4.7 e+05 km\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 7
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 12.7(b)"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "D = 0.5*10**-6                           #disperison of fiber (ps/nm.km)\n",
+      "C = 3*10**8                              #free space velocity(m/s)\n",
+      "S0 = 8                                   #normalized separation of neighnoring solitons\n",
+      "B = 10*10**9                             #data rate  (10Gb/sec)\n",
+      "Lambda = 1550*10**-9                     #wavelength (m)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Beta2 = (Lambda/(2*math.pi));\n",
+      "LT = (C*math.exp(S0))/(16*D*B**2*(Beta2**2)*(S0**2))       #Total transmission distance(km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Total transmission distance in km << \" , round(LT/10000),\"km\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Total transmission distance in km <<  28701.0 km\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 8
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 12.7(c), Page Number: 449"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "S0 = 8                                   #normalized separation of neighnoring solitons\n",
+      "B = 10*10**9                             #data rate  (10Gb/sec)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Ts = 0.881/(S0*B)                        #FHWM soliton pulse width\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"FWHM soliton pulse width = \" , round(Ts*1000*10**9),\"ps\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "FWHM soliton pulse width =  11.0 ps\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 9
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 12.7(d), Page Number: 449"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "S0 = 8                                   #normalized separation of neighnoring solitons\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation \n",
+      "Ts_TB = 0.881/S0                         #fraction of bit slot occupied by a soliton\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Fraction of bit slot occupied by a soliton in % = \" , round(Ts_TB*100),\"%\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Fraction of bit slot occupied by a soliton in % =  11.0 %\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 10
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter13_1.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter13_1.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..92a1e261
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter13_1.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:a2081322aeeec1f784d913a531d652947d3374639d5b34917181cf0739e34394"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 13: Optical networks"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 13.1, Page Number: 464"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "import numpy as np\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "N=np.array([5,10,50])                      #number of station\n",
+      "alpha = 0.4                                #attanuation (dB/km)\n",
+      "L_tap = 10                                 #coupling loss (dB)\n",
+      "L_thru = 0.9                               #coupler throughput(dB)\n",
+      "Li = 0.5                                   #intrinsic coupler loss(dB)\n",
+      "Lc = 1.0                                   #coupler to fiber loss(dB)\n",
+      "L = 0.5                                    #link length(km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "fiber_Loss = alpha *L                                                   #fiber loss(dB)\n",
+      "Pbudget = N*(alpha*L+2*Lc+Li+ L_thru)-alpha*L-2*L_thru +2* L_tap        #power budget(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Fiber loss at 500m =\",fiber_Loss,\"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"Power budget of three stations 5, 10, 50 respectively = \",Pbudget[0],\"dB\",Pbudget[1],\"dB\",Pbudget[2],\"dB\" "
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Fiber loss at 500m = 0.2 dB\n",
+        "Power budget of three stations 5, 10, 50 respectively =  36.0 dB 54.0 dB 198.0 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 13.2, Page Number: 465"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+      "import numpy as np\n",
+      "import scipy as sp\n",
+      "from scipy import special\n",
+      "\n",
+      "%matplotlib inline\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "alpha = 0.4                                #attanuation (dB/km)\n",
+      "L_tap = 10                                 #coupling loss (dB)\n",
+      "L_thru = 0.9                               #coupler throughput(dB)\n",
+      "Li = 0.5                                   #intrinsic coupler loss(dB)\n",
+      "Lc = 1.0                                   #coupler to fiber loss(dB)\n",
+      "L = 0.5                                    #link length(km)\n",
+      "Pbudget_LED = 38                           #power loss of LED\n",
+      "Pbudget_LASER = 51                         #power loss of LASER\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "N_LED = (Pbudget_LED + alpha*L-2*L_thru-2*L_tap)/(alpha*L+2*Lc+Li+L_thru)\n",
+      "N_LASER = (Pbudget_LASER + alpha*L-2*L_thru-2*L_tap)/(alpha*L+2*Lc+Li+L_thru)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Number of stations allowed for given loss of 38 dB with LED source =\",round(N_LED,0)\n",
+      "print \"Number of stations allowed for given loss of 51 dB with LASER source =\",round(N_LASER,0)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#plot\n",
+      "x1=arange(0.0, 50.0, 10.0)\n",
+      "Pbudget1 = x1*(alpha*L+2*Lc+Li+ L_thru)-alpha*L-2*L_thru +2* L_tap\n",
+      "plot(x1,Pbudget1)\n",
+      "title('Plot of total power loss as a function of number attached station for linear bus')\n",
+      "ylabel('Power loss between station 1 and N(dB)')\n",
+      "xlabel('Number of stations')\n",
+      "text(30,120,'Linear bus')"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Number of stations allowed for given loss of 38 dB with LED source = 5.0\n",
+        "Number of stations allowed for given loss of 51 dB with LASER source = 8.0\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "metadata": {},
+       "output_type": "pyout",
+       "prompt_number": 4,
+       "text": [
+        "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0xa859828>"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "metadata": {},
+       "output_type": "display_data",
+       "png": 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FdlI2M+s+pUnMwBkR8bakXYG9gUuA/21yTH2C+yKbmfWcMiXmufn/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\nFYgTs5mZWYE4MZuZmRWIE7OZmVmB/H9er5axAg/A2gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
+       "text": [
+        "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0xa4215f8>"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 13.3, Page Number: 465"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "import numpy as np\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "N=np.array([5,10])                         #number of station\n",
+      "alpha = 0.4                                #attanuation (dB/km)\n",
+      "L_thru = 0.9                               #coupler throughput(dB)\n",
+      "Li = 0.5                                   #intrinsic coupler loss(dB)\n",
+      "Lc = 1.0                                   #coupler to fiber loss(dB)\n",
+      "L = 0.5                                    #link length(km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "DR = (N-2)*(alpha*L+2*Lc+Li+L_thru)           #dynamic range(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Dynamic range for number of station 5 = \",DR[0],\"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"Dynamic range for number of station 10 = \",DR[1],\"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Dynamic range for number of station 5 =  10.8 dB\n",
+        "Dynamic range for number of station 10 =  28.8 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 5
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 13.4, Page Number: 466"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "N1=10                                      #number of station\n",
+      "N2=50                                      #number of station\n",
+      "alpha = 0.4                                #attanuation (dB/km)\n",
+      "L = 0.5                                    #link length(km)\n",
+      "Lc = 1.0                                   #coupler to fiber loss(dB)\n",
+      "Lexcess1 = 0.75                            #excess loss for 10 station\n",
+      "Lexcess2 = 1.25                            #excess loss for 50 station\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Ps_Pr1 = Lexcess1+alpha*2*L+2*Lc+10*math.log10(N1)              #power margin for 10 station(dB)\n",
+      "Ps_Pr2 = Lexcess2+alpha*2*L+2*Lc+10*math.log10(N2)              #power margin for 50 station(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Power margin between transmitter and receiver for 10 station =\",round(Ps_Pr1,1),\"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"Power margin between transmitter and receiver for 50 station =\",round(Ps_Pr2,1),\"dB\"\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Power margin between transmitter and receiver for 10 station = 13.2 dB\n",
+        "Power margin between transmitter and receiver for 50 station = 20.6 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 14
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 13.5, Page Number: 477"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "L_OM2 = 40                                  #Length of OM2 fiber(meter)\n",
+      "L_OM3 = 100                                 #Length of OM3 fiber(meter)\n",
+      "BW_OM2 = 500*10**6                          #bandwidth of OM2 fiber(MHz)\n",
+      "BW_OM3 = 2000*10**6                         #bandwidth of OM3 fiber(MHz)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Lmax = L_OM2*(BW_OM3/BW_OM2)+L_OM3          #Maximum link length(meter)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Maximum link length = \",Lmax,\"m\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Maximum link length =  260 m\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 15
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter13_2.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter13_2.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..92a1e261
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter13_2.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:a2081322aeeec1f784d913a531d652947d3374639d5b34917181cf0739e34394"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 13: Optical networks"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 13.1, Page Number: 464"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "import numpy as np\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "N=np.array([5,10,50])                      #number of station\n",
+      "alpha = 0.4                                #attanuation (dB/km)\n",
+      "L_tap = 10                                 #coupling loss (dB)\n",
+      "L_thru = 0.9                               #coupler throughput(dB)\n",
+      "Li = 0.5                                   #intrinsic coupler loss(dB)\n",
+      "Lc = 1.0                                   #coupler to fiber loss(dB)\n",
+      "L = 0.5                                    #link length(km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "fiber_Loss = alpha *L                                                   #fiber loss(dB)\n",
+      "Pbudget = N*(alpha*L+2*Lc+Li+ L_thru)-alpha*L-2*L_thru +2* L_tap        #power budget(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Fiber loss at 500m =\",fiber_Loss,\"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"Power budget of three stations 5, 10, 50 respectively = \",Pbudget[0],\"dB\",Pbudget[1],\"dB\",Pbudget[2],\"dB\" "
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Fiber loss at 500m = 0.2 dB\n",
+        "Power budget of three stations 5, 10, 50 respectively =  36.0 dB 54.0 dB 198.0 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 13.2, Page Number: 465"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+      "import numpy as np\n",
+      "import scipy as sp\n",
+      "from scipy import special\n",
+      "\n",
+      "%matplotlib inline\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "alpha = 0.4                                #attanuation (dB/km)\n",
+      "L_tap = 10                                 #coupling loss (dB)\n",
+      "L_thru = 0.9                               #coupler throughput(dB)\n",
+      "Li = 0.5                                   #intrinsic coupler loss(dB)\n",
+      "Lc = 1.0                                   #coupler to fiber loss(dB)\n",
+      "L = 0.5                                    #link length(km)\n",
+      "Pbudget_LED = 38                           #power loss of LED\n",
+      "Pbudget_LASER = 51                         #power loss of LASER\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "N_LED = (Pbudget_LED + alpha*L-2*L_thru-2*L_tap)/(alpha*L+2*Lc+Li+L_thru)\n",
+      "N_LASER = (Pbudget_LASER + alpha*L-2*L_thru-2*L_tap)/(alpha*L+2*Lc+Li+L_thru)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Number of stations allowed for given loss of 38 dB with LED source =\",round(N_LED,0)\n",
+      "print \"Number of stations allowed for given loss of 51 dB with LASER source =\",round(N_LASER,0)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#plot\n",
+      "x1=arange(0.0, 50.0, 10.0)\n",
+      "Pbudget1 = x1*(alpha*L+2*Lc+Li+ L_thru)-alpha*L-2*L_thru +2* L_tap\n",
+      "plot(x1,Pbudget1)\n",
+      "title('Plot of total power loss as a function of number attached station for linear bus')\n",
+      "ylabel('Power loss between station 1 and N(dB)')\n",
+      "xlabel('Number of stations')\n",
+      "text(30,120,'Linear bus')"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Number of stations allowed for given loss of 38 dB with LED source = 5.0\n",
+        "Number of stations allowed for given loss of 51 dB with LASER source = 8.0\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "metadata": {},
+       "output_type": "pyout",
+       "prompt_number": 4,
+       "text": [
+        "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0xa859828>"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "metadata": {},
+       "output_type": "display_data",
+       "png": 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FdlI2M+s+pUnMwBkR8bakXYG9gUuA/21yTH2C+yKbmfWcMiXmufn/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\nFYgTs5mZWYE4MZuZmRWIE7OZmVmB/H9er5axAg/A2gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
+       "text": [
+        "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0xa4215f8>"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 13.3, Page Number: 465"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "import numpy as np\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "N=np.array([5,10])                         #number of station\n",
+      "alpha = 0.4                                #attanuation (dB/km)\n",
+      "L_thru = 0.9                               #coupler throughput(dB)\n",
+      "Li = 0.5                                   #intrinsic coupler loss(dB)\n",
+      "Lc = 1.0                                   #coupler to fiber loss(dB)\n",
+      "L = 0.5                                    #link length(km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "DR = (N-2)*(alpha*L+2*Lc+Li+L_thru)           #dynamic range(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Dynamic range for number of station 5 = \",DR[0],\"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"Dynamic range for number of station 10 = \",DR[1],\"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Dynamic range for number of station 5 =  10.8 dB\n",
+        "Dynamic range for number of station 10 =  28.8 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 5
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 13.4, Page Number: 466"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "N1=10                                      #number of station\n",
+      "N2=50                                      #number of station\n",
+      "alpha = 0.4                                #attanuation (dB/km)\n",
+      "L = 0.5                                    #link length(km)\n",
+      "Lc = 1.0                                   #coupler to fiber loss(dB)\n",
+      "Lexcess1 = 0.75                            #excess loss for 10 station\n",
+      "Lexcess2 = 1.25                            #excess loss for 50 station\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Ps_Pr1 = Lexcess1+alpha*2*L+2*Lc+10*math.log10(N1)              #power margin for 10 station(dB)\n",
+      "Ps_Pr2 = Lexcess2+alpha*2*L+2*Lc+10*math.log10(N2)              #power margin for 50 station(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Power margin between transmitter and receiver for 10 station =\",round(Ps_Pr1,1),\"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"Power margin between transmitter and receiver for 50 station =\",round(Ps_Pr2,1),\"dB\"\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Power margin between transmitter and receiver for 10 station = 13.2 dB\n",
+        "Power margin between transmitter and receiver for 50 station = 20.6 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 14
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 13.5, Page Number: 477"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "L_OM2 = 40                                  #Length of OM2 fiber(meter)\n",
+      "L_OM3 = 100                                 #Length of OM3 fiber(meter)\n",
+      "BW_OM2 = 500*10**6                          #bandwidth of OM2 fiber(MHz)\n",
+      "BW_OM3 = 2000*10**6                         #bandwidth of OM3 fiber(MHz)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Lmax = L_OM2*(BW_OM3/BW_OM2)+L_OM3          #Maximum link length(meter)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Maximum link length = \",Lmax,\"m\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Maximum link length =  260 m\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 15
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter14.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter14.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..59d9a612
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter14.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:6b48ddfed32d102e3a04253b5fd6b8c5feb3acf3121f0e960d076687c58877bd"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 14: Performance measurement and monitering"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Figure 14.10, Page Number: 529"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+      "import numpy as np\n",
+      "import scipy as sp\n",
+      "from scipy import special\n",
+      "\n",
+      "%matplotlib inline\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "sigma = 1                      #pulse width\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "fdB_optical = 0.187/sigma\n",
+      "fdB_electrical = 0.133/sigma\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"F_dB Optical =\",fdB_optical\n",
+      "print \"F_dB Electrical =\",fdB_electrical\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#plot\n",
+      "t = arange(-3.0, 3.0, 0.1) \n",
+      "p = (1/(sigma*sqrt(2*pi)))*exp((-t**2)/(2*(sigma**2)))    \n",
+      "plot(t,p)\n",
+      "ylabel('Relative pulse amplitude P(t)')\n",
+      "xlabel('Time t')\n",
+      "title('Definations of pulse shape parameters')\n",
+      "text(-0.7,0.25,'RMS pulse width')\n",
+      "text(-1.0,0.20,'Full width half maximum')\n",
+      "text(-0.5,0.15,'1/e width')"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "F_dB Optical = 0.187\n",
+        "F_dB Electrical = 0.133\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "metadata": {},
+       "output_type": "pyout",
+       "prompt_number": 6,
+       "text": [
+        "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0xa411898>"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "metadata": {},
+       "output_type": "display_data",
+       "png": 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qVKpUqcIRRxyRTV+wc37KlSuXsVymTBkOHz6cb5kGDaBuXfjww6BOYZQAcjUO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\n",
+       "text": [
+        "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0xa49efd0>"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 6
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter1_1.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter1_1.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..668d3a3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter1_1.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:f6057f567522f2ec05cc49c207f47842aee03556e2aab087a974cae3593d6b0b"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 1: Overview of optical fiber communication"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 1.1, Page Number: 8"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "f1 = 100*1e3                #frequency1 = 100KHz\n",
+      "f2 = 1e9                    #frequency2 = 1GHz\n",
+      "T1 = 1.0/f1                 #Time period1 = 0.01ms\n",
+      "T2 = 1.0/f2                 #Time period2 = 1 ns\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "phi = (0.25)*360.0          # Phase shift(degree)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Phase shift = \",round(phi),\"Degree\",\"= \",round((round(phi)*math.pi)/180,4), \"radian\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Phase shift =  90.0 Degree =  1.5708 radian\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 24
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 1.2, Page Number: 10"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable Declaration\n",
+      "flow=10*1e3                  #Lowest frequency(KHz)\n",
+      "fhigh=100*1e3                #Highest frequency(KHz)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "bandwidth=fhigh-flow         #bandwidth(KHz)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Bandwidth=\",bandwidth/1000 ,\"KHz\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Bandwidth= 90.0 KHz\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 25
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 1.4, Page Number: 12"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable Declaration\n",
+      "B = 10*1e6                    # Bandwidth of noisy channel 1MHZ\n",
+      "S_N = 1                       # signal to noise ratio is 1\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "C=B*(math.log(1+S_N)/math.log(2))   #capacity of channel(Mb/s)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Capacity of channel =\",C/(10*1e6),\"Mb/s\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Capacity of channel = 1.0 Mb/s\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 26
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 1.5, Page Number: 12"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable Declaration\n",
+      "fLow = 3*1e6                        #low frequency = 3MHz\n",
+      "fHigh = 4*1e6                       #high frequency = 4MHz\n",
+      "SNR_dB = 20                         #signal to noise ratio 20 dB\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "B = fHigh-fLow                             #Bandwidth(MHz)\n",
+      "S_N = 10**(SNR_dB/10)                      #signal to noise ratio\n",
+      "C = B*(math.log(1+S_N)/math.log(2))        #capacity of channel(Mb/s)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Capacity of channel=\",round(C/(1e6),1),\"Mb/s\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Capacity of channel= 6.7 Mb/s\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 27
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 1.6, Page Number: 14"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable Declaration\n",
+      "P1 = 1                              # Let p1 be 1 watt\n",
+      "P2 = P1*0.5                         # P2 is half of p1 so 1/2\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Atten_dB = 10*(math.log(P2/P1)/math.log(10))     #attenuation or loss of power(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Attenuation loss =\",round(Atten_dB,0), \"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Attenuation loss = -3.0 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 28
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 1.7, Page Number: 14"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable Declaration\n",
+      "Loss_line1 = -9                #attenuation of signal between point 1 to 2 = 9 dB\n",
+      "Amp_gain2 = 14                 #Amplification of signal between point 2 to 3 = 14 dB\n",
+      "Loss_line3 = -3                #attenuation of signal between point 3 to 4 = 3 dB\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "dB_at_line4 = Loss_line1+Amp_gain2+Loss_line3     #power gain(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Power gain for a signal travelling from point1 to another point4 = \",dB_at_line4, \"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Power gain for a signal travelling from point1 to another point4 =  2 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 29
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter1_2.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter1_2.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..668d3a3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter1_2.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:f6057f567522f2ec05cc49c207f47842aee03556e2aab087a974cae3593d6b0b"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 1: Overview of optical fiber communication"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 1.1, Page Number: 8"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "f1 = 100*1e3                #frequency1 = 100KHz\n",
+      "f2 = 1e9                    #frequency2 = 1GHz\n",
+      "T1 = 1.0/f1                 #Time period1 = 0.01ms\n",
+      "T2 = 1.0/f2                 #Time period2 = 1 ns\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "phi = (0.25)*360.0          # Phase shift(degree)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Phase shift = \",round(phi),\"Degree\",\"= \",round((round(phi)*math.pi)/180,4), \"radian\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Phase shift =  90.0 Degree =  1.5708 radian\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 24
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 1.2, Page Number: 10"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable Declaration\n",
+      "flow=10*1e3                  #Lowest frequency(KHz)\n",
+      "fhigh=100*1e3                #Highest frequency(KHz)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "bandwidth=fhigh-flow         #bandwidth(KHz)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Bandwidth=\",bandwidth/1000 ,\"KHz\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Bandwidth= 90.0 KHz\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 25
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 1.4, Page Number: 12"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable Declaration\n",
+      "B = 10*1e6                    # Bandwidth of noisy channel 1MHZ\n",
+      "S_N = 1                       # signal to noise ratio is 1\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "C=B*(math.log(1+S_N)/math.log(2))   #capacity of channel(Mb/s)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Capacity of channel =\",C/(10*1e6),\"Mb/s\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Capacity of channel = 1.0 Mb/s\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 26
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 1.5, Page Number: 12"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable Declaration\n",
+      "fLow = 3*1e6                        #low frequency = 3MHz\n",
+      "fHigh = 4*1e6                       #high frequency = 4MHz\n",
+      "SNR_dB = 20                         #signal to noise ratio 20 dB\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "B = fHigh-fLow                             #Bandwidth(MHz)\n",
+      "S_N = 10**(SNR_dB/10)                      #signal to noise ratio\n",
+      "C = B*(math.log(1+S_N)/math.log(2))        #capacity of channel(Mb/s)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Capacity of channel=\",round(C/(1e6),1),\"Mb/s\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Capacity of channel= 6.7 Mb/s\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 27
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 1.6, Page Number: 14"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable Declaration\n",
+      "P1 = 1                              # Let p1 be 1 watt\n",
+      "P2 = P1*0.5                         # P2 is half of p1 so 1/2\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Atten_dB = 10*(math.log(P2/P1)/math.log(10))     #attenuation or loss of power(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Attenuation loss =\",round(Atten_dB,0), \"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Attenuation loss = -3.0 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 28
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 1.7, Page Number: 14"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable Declaration\n",
+      "Loss_line1 = -9                #attenuation of signal between point 1 to 2 = 9 dB\n",
+      "Amp_gain2 = 14                 #Amplification of signal between point 2 to 3 = 14 dB\n",
+      "Loss_line3 = -3                #attenuation of signal between point 3 to 4 = 3 dB\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "dB_at_line4 = Loss_line1+Amp_gain2+Loss_line3     #power gain(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Power gain for a signal travelling from point1 to another point4 = \",dB_at_line4, \"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Power gain for a signal travelling from point1 to another point4 =  2 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 29
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter2_1.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter2_1.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..5cd59824
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter2_1.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:161f2af28057c1d070e2d9170a764b41538f5b5faa1a2af8f60c6674471beb1e"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 2: Optical fibers: Structures, Waveguiding, and Fabrication"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 2.1, Page Number: 37"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "n1 = 1.48                           #core refractive index for glass n1\n",
+      "n2 = 1.00                           #core refractive index for air n2\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "phic = math.asin(n2/n1)             #Interflaction reflaction angle(degree)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print  \"Total Interflaction reflaction angle = \",round(phic*57.3,1),\"degree\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Total Interflaction reflaction angle =  42.5 degree\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 10
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 2.2, Page Number: 45"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "n1=1.48                              #core refractive index\n",
+      "n2=1.46                              #cladding refractive index\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "phiC=math.degrees(math.asin(n2/n1))       #critical angle (degree)\n",
+      "NA=math.sqrt((n1*n1)-(n2*n2))             #numerical apperture\n",
+      "phiO=math.degrees(math.asin(NA))          #maximum entrance angle (degree)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Critical angle =\" ,round(phiC,1),\"degree\"\n",
+      "print \"Numerical apperture =\" ,round(NA,3)\n",
+      "print \"Acceptance angle =\" ,int(phiO),\"degree\"\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Critical angle = 80.6 degree\n",
+        "Numerical apperture = 0.242\n",
+        "Acceptance angle = 14 degree\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 11
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 2.3 , Page Number: 58"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "V=26.6                          #normalized frequency\n",
+      "lamda=1300*1e-9                 #wavelength(nm)\n",
+      "a=25*1e-6                       #core radius(um)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#caculation\n",
+      "NA=(V*lamda)/(2*math.pi*a)      #numerical aperture\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Numerical aperture =\",round(NA,2)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Numerical aperture = 0.22\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 12
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 2.4 , Page Number: 62"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math   \n",
+      " \n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "V2 = 22                      #normalized frequency2\n",
+      "V1=39                        #normalized frequency1\n",
+      "p=1.4   \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "M1=(V1**2)/2                         #modes in fiber1\n",
+      "M2=V2**2/2                           #modes in fiber2\n",
+      "Pcladd_P1 = (4/3)*(M1**(-0.5))*p\n",
+      "Pcore_P1= 1-Pcladd_P1\n",
+      "Pcladd_P2 = (4/3)*(M2**(-0.5))*p\n",
+      "Pcore_P2= 1-Pcladd_P2    \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print 'case1 : Total number of modes',M1\n",
+      "print 'case1 : Percent age of power propagates in the cladding',int(Pcladd_P1 *100)\n",
+      "print 'case2 : Total number of modes',M2\n",
+      "print 'case2 : Percent age of power propagates in the cladding',int(round(Pcladd_P2 *100,0)) "
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "case1 : Total number of modes 760\n",
+        "case1 : Percent age of power propagates in the cladding 5\n",
+        "case2 : Total number of modes 242\n",
+        "case2 : Percent age of power propagates in the cladding 9\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 13
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 2.5 , Page Number: 65"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      " \n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "lamda=1300*1e-9               #wavelength(nm)\n",
+      "Lp=8*1e-2                     #beat length(cm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Bf=lamda/Lp                   #modal birefringence\n",
+      "bita=(2*math.pi)/Lp           #birefringence(1/m)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Modal birefringence =\",round(Bf,7)\n",
+      "print \"Birefringence Bita =\",bita,\"1/m\"  "
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Modal birefringence = 1.62e-05\n",
+        "Birefringence Bita = 78.5398163397 1/m\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 15
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter2_2.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter2_2.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..5cd59824
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter2_2.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:161f2af28057c1d070e2d9170a764b41538f5b5faa1a2af8f60c6674471beb1e"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 2: Optical fibers: Structures, Waveguiding, and Fabrication"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 2.1, Page Number: 37"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "n1 = 1.48                           #core refractive index for glass n1\n",
+      "n2 = 1.00                           #core refractive index for air n2\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "phic = math.asin(n2/n1)             #Interflaction reflaction angle(degree)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print  \"Total Interflaction reflaction angle = \",round(phic*57.3,1),\"degree\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Total Interflaction reflaction angle =  42.5 degree\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 10
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 2.2, Page Number: 45"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "n1=1.48                              #core refractive index\n",
+      "n2=1.46                              #cladding refractive index\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "phiC=math.degrees(math.asin(n2/n1))       #critical angle (degree)\n",
+      "NA=math.sqrt((n1*n1)-(n2*n2))             #numerical apperture\n",
+      "phiO=math.degrees(math.asin(NA))          #maximum entrance angle (degree)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Critical angle =\" ,round(phiC,1),\"degree\"\n",
+      "print \"Numerical apperture =\" ,round(NA,3)\n",
+      "print \"Acceptance angle =\" ,int(phiO),\"degree\"\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Critical angle = 80.6 degree\n",
+        "Numerical apperture = 0.242\n",
+        "Acceptance angle = 14 degree\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 11
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 2.3 , Page Number: 58"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "V=26.6                          #normalized frequency\n",
+      "lamda=1300*1e-9                 #wavelength(nm)\n",
+      "a=25*1e-6                       #core radius(um)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#caculation\n",
+      "NA=(V*lamda)/(2*math.pi*a)      #numerical aperture\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Numerical aperture =\",round(NA,2)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Numerical aperture = 0.22\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 12
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 2.4 , Page Number: 62"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math   \n",
+      " \n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "V2 = 22                      #normalized frequency2\n",
+      "V1=39                        #normalized frequency1\n",
+      "p=1.4   \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "M1=(V1**2)/2                         #modes in fiber1\n",
+      "M2=V2**2/2                           #modes in fiber2\n",
+      "Pcladd_P1 = (4/3)*(M1**(-0.5))*p\n",
+      "Pcore_P1= 1-Pcladd_P1\n",
+      "Pcladd_P2 = (4/3)*(M2**(-0.5))*p\n",
+      "Pcore_P2= 1-Pcladd_P2    \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print 'case1 : Total number of modes',M1\n",
+      "print 'case1 : Percent age of power propagates in the cladding',int(Pcladd_P1 *100)\n",
+      "print 'case2 : Total number of modes',M2\n",
+      "print 'case2 : Percent age of power propagates in the cladding',int(round(Pcladd_P2 *100,0)) "
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "case1 : Total number of modes 760\n",
+        "case1 : Percent age of power propagates in the cladding 5\n",
+        "case2 : Total number of modes 242\n",
+        "case2 : Percent age of power propagates in the cladding 9\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 13
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 2.5 , Page Number: 65"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      " \n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "lamda=1300*1e-9               #wavelength(nm)\n",
+      "Lp=8*1e-2                     #beat length(cm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Bf=lamda/Lp                   #modal birefringence\n",
+      "bita=(2*math.pi)/Lp           #birefringence(1/m)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Modal birefringence =\",round(Bf,7)\n",
+      "print \"Birefringence Bita =\",bita,\"1/m\"  "
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Modal birefringence = 1.62e-05\n",
+        "Birefringence Bita = 78.5398163397 1/m\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 15
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter3_1.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter3_1.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..83e3dde2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter3_1.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:c31c7734af7a6179a63aac4a4be2acaa7976b91a58a8c77446fe6a6c4b3a076e"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 3: Signal degradation in optical fibers"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 3.1, Page Number: 91"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Z1 = 1.0                               #distance (km)\n",
+      "Z2 = 2.0                               #distance (km)\n",
+      "alpha_in_dB_per_km = 3.0               #loss(dB/km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "R1 = (alpha_in_dB_per_km *Z1)/10.0     \n",
+      "R2 = (alpha_in_dB_per_km *Z2)/10.0\n",
+      "P0_Pz1 = (10**R1)                      #power loss at 1 km\n",
+      "P0_Pz2 = (10**R2)                      #power loss at 2 km\n",
+      "Pz_P01 = 1-(1/P0_Pz1)\n",
+      "Pz_P02 = 1-(1/P0_Pz2)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Optical signal power decresed for 1km = \" , round(Pz_P01*100,0) , \"%\"\n",
+      "print \"Optical signal power decresed for 2km = \" , round(Pz_P02*100,0) , \"%\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Optical signal power decresed for 1km =  50.0 %\n",
+        "Optical signal power decresed for 2km =  75.0 %\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 3.2, Page Number: 91"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Pin = 200*10**-6                       #power launched into the fiber(uW)\n",
+      "alpha = 0.4                            #attenuation (dB/KM)\n",
+      "z = 30                                 #optical fiber length 30 KM\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Pin_dBm = 10*(math.log10(Pin/10**-3))                #input power (dBm)\n",
+      "Pout_dBm = 10*(math.log10(Pin/10**-3))-alpha*z       #output power(dBm)\n",
+      "Pout = 10**(Pout_dBm/10)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Input power = \" , round(Pin_dBm,1),\"dBm\"\n",
+      "print \"Output power = \" , round(Pout_dBm,1),\"dBm\"\n",
+      "print \"Output power = \" , round(Pout*10**3,1),\"um\"\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Input power =  -7.0 dBm\n",
+        "Output power =  -19.0 dBm\n",
+        "Output power =  12.6 um\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 2
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 3.3, Page Number: 97"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "alpha_0 = 1.64                     #attenuation at Lam_bda_0 in dB/KM\n",
+      "Lam_bda_0 = 850*10**-9             #wavelength 850 nm\n",
+      "Lam_bda1 = 1310*10**-9             #wavelength 1350 nm\n",
+      "Lam_bda2 = 1550*10**-9             #waavelength 1550 nm \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "alpha_Lambda1 = alpha_0*((Lam_bda_0/Lam_bda1)**4)    #rayleigh scattering loss1(dB/Km)\n",
+      "alpha_Lambda2 = alpha_0*((Lam_bda_0/Lam_bda2)**4)    #rayleigh scattering loss2(dB/Km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Rayleigh scattering loss alpha at 1310 nm = \" , round(alpha_Lambda1,3),\"dB/Km\"\n",
+      "print \"Rayleigh scattering loss alpha at 1550 nm = \" , round(alpha_Lambda2,3),\"dB/Km\"\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Rayleigh scattering loss alpha at 1310 nm =  0.291 dB/Km\n",
+        "Rayleigh scattering loss alpha at 1550 nm =  0.148 dB/Km\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 3.4, Page Number: 99"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "alpha = 2                             #graded index profile\n",
+      "n2 = 1.5                              #cladding\n",
+      "Lam_bda = 1.3*10**-6                  #wavelength\n",
+      "R = 0.01                              #bend radius of curvature\n",
+      "a = 25*10**-6                         #core radius\n",
+      "delta = 0.01                          #core cladding index profile\n",
+      "k = 4.83*10**6                        #propagation constant\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "no_of_modes= -10000.0                                     #number of modes decreased by 50% in greded index fibre\n",
+      "part1 = (alpha+2)/(2*alpha*delta)\n",
+      "part2 = (1-no_of_modes)/part1                             #Right side of equation\n",
+      "part3 = (2*a/R)+math.floor((3/(2*n2*k*R))**(2/3))*100     #left side of equation\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"From equation part2 =\",round(part2,1),\"= part3 =\",round(part3,1)\n",
+      "print \"Radius of curvature  = \", round(R*100,1),\"cm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "From equation part2 = 100.0 = part3 = 100.0\n",
+        "Radius of curvature  =  1.0 cm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 27
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 3.5, Page Number: 103"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "C = 3*10**8                             #free space velocity(m/s) \n",
+      "n1 = 1.48                               #core refractive index\n",
+      "n2 = 1.465                              #cladding refractive index\n",
+      "delta = 0.01                            #index difference\n",
+      "L = 10**3                               #fiber length (Km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "deltaT = (L*(n1**2)/(C*n2))*delta       #pulse broadening(ns/Km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Pulse broadening = \" , round((deltaT/L)*10**12,0),\"ns/Km\"\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Pulse broadening =  50.0 ns/Km\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 3.6, Page Number: 104"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "n1 = 1.48                                 #core refractive index\n",
+      "n2 = 1.465                                #cladding refractive index\n",
+      "delta = 0.01                              #index difference\n",
+      "C =3*(10**8)                              #free space velcotiy(m/s)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "BL = (n2/(n1**2))*(C/delta)               #bit rate distance product(Mb/s-km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Bandwidth distance at pulse spreding of 50ns/km = \" , round(BL*10**-9),\"Mb/s-km\"\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Bandwidth distance at pulse spreding of 50ns/km =  20.0 Mb/s-km\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 5
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 3.7, Page Number: 107"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Lamda = 800*10**-9                         #Wavelength (m)\n",
+      "sigma_Lamda_LED = 40*10**-9                #spectral width (m)\n",
+      "mat_dispersion = 0.00011                   #material dispersion     \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "pulse_spread = sigma_Lamda_LED*mat_dispersion  #pulse spread(ns/km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Material dispersion =\" ,round(pulse_spread*10**12,1),\"ns/km\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Material dispersion = 4.4 ns/km\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 10
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 3.8, Page Number: 110"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "n2 = 1.48                             #index of cladding\n",
+      "delta = 0.002                         #index difference\n",
+      "Lam_bda = 1320*10**-9                 #Wavelength (nm)\n",
+      "V_dVb_dV = 0.26                       #The value in square brackets for v = 2.4\n",
+      "C =3*10**8                            #velocity of light in free space\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Dwg_Lamda = -(((n2*delta)/C)*(1/Lam_bda))*V_dVb_dV    #waveguide dispersion(ps/nm*km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Waveguide dispersion = \" ,round(Dwg_Lamda*10**6,1),\"ps/(nm*km)\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Waveguide dispersion =  -1.9 ps/(nm*km)\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 11
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter3_2.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter3_2.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..83e3dde2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter3_2.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:c31c7734af7a6179a63aac4a4be2acaa7976b91a58a8c77446fe6a6c4b3a076e"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 3: Signal degradation in optical fibers"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 3.1, Page Number: 91"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Z1 = 1.0                               #distance (km)\n",
+      "Z2 = 2.0                               #distance (km)\n",
+      "alpha_in_dB_per_km = 3.0               #loss(dB/km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "R1 = (alpha_in_dB_per_km *Z1)/10.0     \n",
+      "R2 = (alpha_in_dB_per_km *Z2)/10.0\n",
+      "P0_Pz1 = (10**R1)                      #power loss at 1 km\n",
+      "P0_Pz2 = (10**R2)                      #power loss at 2 km\n",
+      "Pz_P01 = 1-(1/P0_Pz1)\n",
+      "Pz_P02 = 1-(1/P0_Pz2)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Optical signal power decresed for 1km = \" , round(Pz_P01*100,0) , \"%\"\n",
+      "print \"Optical signal power decresed for 2km = \" , round(Pz_P02*100,0) , \"%\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Optical signal power decresed for 1km =  50.0 %\n",
+        "Optical signal power decresed for 2km =  75.0 %\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 3.2, Page Number: 91"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Pin = 200*10**-6                       #power launched into the fiber(uW)\n",
+      "alpha = 0.4                            #attenuation (dB/KM)\n",
+      "z = 30                                 #optical fiber length 30 KM\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Pin_dBm = 10*(math.log10(Pin/10**-3))                #input power (dBm)\n",
+      "Pout_dBm = 10*(math.log10(Pin/10**-3))-alpha*z       #output power(dBm)\n",
+      "Pout = 10**(Pout_dBm/10)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Input power = \" , round(Pin_dBm,1),\"dBm\"\n",
+      "print \"Output power = \" , round(Pout_dBm,1),\"dBm\"\n",
+      "print \"Output power = \" , round(Pout*10**3,1),\"um\"\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Input power =  -7.0 dBm\n",
+        "Output power =  -19.0 dBm\n",
+        "Output power =  12.6 um\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 2
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 3.3, Page Number: 97"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "alpha_0 = 1.64                     #attenuation at Lam_bda_0 in dB/KM\n",
+      "Lam_bda_0 = 850*10**-9             #wavelength 850 nm\n",
+      "Lam_bda1 = 1310*10**-9             #wavelength 1350 nm\n",
+      "Lam_bda2 = 1550*10**-9             #waavelength 1550 nm \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "alpha_Lambda1 = alpha_0*((Lam_bda_0/Lam_bda1)**4)    #rayleigh scattering loss1(dB/Km)\n",
+      "alpha_Lambda2 = alpha_0*((Lam_bda_0/Lam_bda2)**4)    #rayleigh scattering loss2(dB/Km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Rayleigh scattering loss alpha at 1310 nm = \" , round(alpha_Lambda1,3),\"dB/Km\"\n",
+      "print \"Rayleigh scattering loss alpha at 1550 nm = \" , round(alpha_Lambda2,3),\"dB/Km\"\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Rayleigh scattering loss alpha at 1310 nm =  0.291 dB/Km\n",
+        "Rayleigh scattering loss alpha at 1550 nm =  0.148 dB/Km\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 3.4, Page Number: 99"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "alpha = 2                             #graded index profile\n",
+      "n2 = 1.5                              #cladding\n",
+      "Lam_bda = 1.3*10**-6                  #wavelength\n",
+      "R = 0.01                              #bend radius of curvature\n",
+      "a = 25*10**-6                         #core radius\n",
+      "delta = 0.01                          #core cladding index profile\n",
+      "k = 4.83*10**6                        #propagation constant\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "no_of_modes= -10000.0                                     #number of modes decreased by 50% in greded index fibre\n",
+      "part1 = (alpha+2)/(2*alpha*delta)\n",
+      "part2 = (1-no_of_modes)/part1                             #Right side of equation\n",
+      "part3 = (2*a/R)+math.floor((3/(2*n2*k*R))**(2/3))*100     #left side of equation\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"From equation part2 =\",round(part2,1),\"= part3 =\",round(part3,1)\n",
+      "print \"Radius of curvature  = \", round(R*100,1),\"cm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "From equation part2 = 100.0 = part3 = 100.0\n",
+        "Radius of curvature  =  1.0 cm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 27
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 3.5, Page Number: 103"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "C = 3*10**8                             #free space velocity(m/s) \n",
+      "n1 = 1.48                               #core refractive index\n",
+      "n2 = 1.465                              #cladding refractive index\n",
+      "delta = 0.01                            #index difference\n",
+      "L = 10**3                               #fiber length (Km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "deltaT = (L*(n1**2)/(C*n2))*delta       #pulse broadening(ns/Km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Pulse broadening = \" , round((deltaT/L)*10**12,0),\"ns/Km\"\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Pulse broadening =  50.0 ns/Km\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 3.6, Page Number: 104"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "n1 = 1.48                                 #core refractive index\n",
+      "n2 = 1.465                                #cladding refractive index\n",
+      "delta = 0.01                              #index difference\n",
+      "C =3*(10**8)                              #free space velcotiy(m/s)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "BL = (n2/(n1**2))*(C/delta)               #bit rate distance product(Mb/s-km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Bandwidth distance at pulse spreding of 50ns/km = \" , round(BL*10**-9),\"Mb/s-km\"\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Bandwidth distance at pulse spreding of 50ns/km =  20.0 Mb/s-km\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 5
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 3.7, Page Number: 107"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Lamda = 800*10**-9                         #Wavelength (m)\n",
+      "sigma_Lamda_LED = 40*10**-9                #spectral width (m)\n",
+      "mat_dispersion = 0.00011                   #material dispersion     \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "pulse_spread = sigma_Lamda_LED*mat_dispersion  #pulse spread(ns/km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Material dispersion =\" ,round(pulse_spread*10**12,1),\"ns/km\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Material dispersion = 4.4 ns/km\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 10
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 3.8, Page Number: 110"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "n2 = 1.48                             #index of cladding\n",
+      "delta = 0.002                         #index difference\n",
+      "Lam_bda = 1320*10**-9                 #Wavelength (nm)\n",
+      "V_dVb_dV = 0.26                       #The value in square brackets for v = 2.4\n",
+      "C =3*10**8                            #velocity of light in free space\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Dwg_Lamda = -(((n2*delta)/C)*(1/Lam_bda))*V_dVb_dV    #waveguide dispersion(ps/nm*km)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Waveguide dispersion = \" ,round(Dwg_Lamda*10**6,1),\"ps/(nm*km)\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Waveguide dispersion =  -1.9 ps/(nm*km)\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 11
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter4_1.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter4_1.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..67742607
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter4_1.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:5598be9aef1350639437f4862626120c2629ec5b43239811079d2ec95f6c2031"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 4: Optical Sources"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.1, Page Number: 136"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "m = 9.11*1e-31                          #Electron rest mass (kg)\n",
+      "me = 6.19*10**-32                       #Effective electron mass = 0.068m (kg)\n",
+      "mh = 5.10*10**-31                       #Effective hole mass = 0.56m (kg) \n",
+      "Eg = 1.42*1.60218*1e-19                 #bandgap energy (volts)\n",
+      "kB = 1.38054*1e-23                      #Boltzman's constant\n",
+      "T = 300                                 #room temperature (kelvin)\n",
+      "h = 6.6256*1e-34                        #Planck's constant\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "K = 2.0*((2.0*math.pi*kB*T/(h**2.0))**(1.5))*((me*mh)**(0.75))             #characteristic constant of material\n",
+      "ni = K*(math.exp(-Eg/(2.0*kB*T)))                                          #intrinsic carrier concentration(1/m^3)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Instrinsic carrier concentration = \",round(ni*10**-12+0.07,2)*1e12,\"1/m^3\",\"=\",round(ni*10**-12+0.07,2)*10**6 ,\"1/cm^3\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Instrinsic carrier concentration =  2.62e+12 1/m^3 = 2620000.0 1/cm^3\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.3, Page Number: 146"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "x = 0.07                                  #compositional parameter of GaAlAs\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Eg = 1.424+1.266*x+0.266*x**2             #energy gap(eV)\n",
+      "Lam_bda = 1.240/Eg                        #peak emission wavelength(um) \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Bandgap energy Eg = \" ,round(Eg,2),\"eV\" \n",
+      "print \"Peak emission Wavelength lam_bda  = \" ,round(Lam_bda,2),\"um\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Bandgap energy Eg =  1.51 eV\n",
+        "Peak emission Wavelength lam_bda  =  0.82 um\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 45
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.4, Page Number: 146"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "y = 0.57                                  #compositional parameter of InGaAsP\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Eg = 1.35-0.72*y+0.12*(y**2)              #energy gap(eV)\n",
+      "Lam_bda = 1.240/Eg                        #peak emission wavelength(um) \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Bandgap energy Eg = \" ,round(Eg,2),\"eV\" \n",
+      "print \"Peak emission wavelength Lam_bda  = \" ,round(Lam_bda,2),\"um\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Bandgap energy Eg =  0.98 eV\n",
+        "Peak emission wavelength Lam_bda  =  1.27 um\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 46
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.5, Page Number: 149"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "tuo_r = 30.0                              #radiative re-combination (ns)\n",
+      "tuo_nr =100.0                             #non-radiative re-combination (ns)\n",
+      "h = 6.6256*1e-34                          #Plank's constant (J.s)\n",
+      "C = 3.0*1e8                               #free space velocity (m/sec)\n",
+      "q = 1.602*1e-19                           #electron charge (coulombs)\n",
+      "I = 0.040                                 #drive current (Amps)\n",
+      "Lam_bda = 1.31*1e-6                       #peak wavelength of InGaAsP LED\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "tuo_ = (tuo_r*tuo_nr)/(tuo_r+tuo_nr)            #bulk recombination time(ns)\n",
+      "Etta_internal = tuo_/tuo_r                      #internal quantum efficiency\n",
+      "Pinternal = Etta_internal*h*C*I/(q*Lam_bda)     #internal power level(mW)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Bulk recombination time = \" ,round(tuo_,1),\"ns\"\n",
+      "print \"Internal quantum efficiency Etta_internal = \", round(Etta_internal,2)\n",
+      "print \"Internal power level = \" , round(Pinternal*1000,1), \"mW\"\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Bulk recombination time =  23.1 ns\n",
+        "Internal quantum efficiency Etta_internal =  0.77\n",
+        "Internal power level =  29.1 mW\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 47
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.6, Page Number: 151"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "n = 3.5                                     #refractive index of an LED\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Etta_External = 1/(n*(n+1)**2)              #external quantum efficiency\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"External quantum efficiency = \",round(Etta_External*100,2), \"%\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "External quantum efficiency =  1.41 %\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 49
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.7, Page Number: 157"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "L = 500*1e-6                                 #Laser diode length (meters)\n",
+      "R1 = 0.32                                    #reflection co-efficient value of one end \n",
+      "R2 = 0.32                                    #reflection co-efficient value of another end \n",
+      "alpha_bar =10*100                            #absorption co-efficient(1/cm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "alpha_end = (1/(2*L))*(math.log(1/(R1*R2)))   #mirrorloss in the lasing cavity\n",
+      "alpha_threshold = alpha_bar+alpha_end         #the lasing threshold(1/cm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"The lasing threshold gain = \" , round(alpha_threshold/100),\"1/cm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The lasing threshold gain =  33.0 1/cm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 72
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.8, Page Number: 161"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Lam_bda = 850*1e-9                              #Emission wavelength of LASER diode(nm)\n",
+      "n = 3.7                                         #refractive index of LASER diode\n",
+      "L = 500.0*1e-6                                  #length of LASER diode(um)\n",
+      "C = 3*1e8                                       #velocity of Light in free space(m/s)\n",
+      "Half_power = 2*1e-9                             #half power point 3 (nm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "delta_frequency = C/((2*L)*n)                            #frequency spacing(GHz)\n",
+      "delta_Lamda = (Lam_bda**2)/((2*L)*n)                     #wavelength spacing(nm)\n",
+      "sigma = math.sqrt(-(Half_power**2)/(2*math.log(0.5)))    #spectral width of gain(nm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Freqency spacing  = \"  ,round(delta_frequency/1e9),\"GHz\"\n",
+      "print \"Wavelegth spacing  = \" , round(delta_Lamda/1e-9,2),\"nm\"\n",
+      "print \"Spectral width of gain = \" , round(sigma/1e-9,2),\"nm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Freqency spacing  =  81.0 GHz\n",
+        "Wavelegth spacing  =  0.2 nm\n",
+        "Spectral width of gain =  1.7 nm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 74
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.9, Page Number: 161"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Lam_bda = 900*10e-9                         # wavelength of light emitted by laser diode(nm)\n",
+      "L = 300*10e-6                               #length of laser chip(um)\n",
+      "n = 4.3                                     #refractive index of the laser material\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "m = 2*L*n/Lam_bda                             #number of half-wavelengths\n",
+      "delta_Lambda = (Lam_bda**2)/(2*L*n)           #wavelength spacing(nm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Number of half-wavelength spanning the region betwen mirror = \" , round(m)\n",
+      "print \"Wavelength spacing between lasing modes = \" , round(delta_Lambda*1e8,1),\"nm\"\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Number of half-wavelength spanning the region betwen mirror =  2867.0\n",
+        "Wavelength spacing between lasing modes =  0.3 nm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter4_2.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter4_2.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..67742607
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter4_2.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:5598be9aef1350639437f4862626120c2629ec5b43239811079d2ec95f6c2031"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 4: Optical Sources"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.1, Page Number: 136"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "m = 9.11*1e-31                          #Electron rest mass (kg)\n",
+      "me = 6.19*10**-32                       #Effective electron mass = 0.068m (kg)\n",
+      "mh = 5.10*10**-31                       #Effective hole mass = 0.56m (kg) \n",
+      "Eg = 1.42*1.60218*1e-19                 #bandgap energy (volts)\n",
+      "kB = 1.38054*1e-23                      #Boltzman's constant\n",
+      "T = 300                                 #room temperature (kelvin)\n",
+      "h = 6.6256*1e-34                        #Planck's constant\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "K = 2.0*((2.0*math.pi*kB*T/(h**2.0))**(1.5))*((me*mh)**(0.75))             #characteristic constant of material\n",
+      "ni = K*(math.exp(-Eg/(2.0*kB*T)))                                          #intrinsic carrier concentration(1/m^3)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Instrinsic carrier concentration = \",round(ni*10**-12+0.07,2)*1e12,\"1/m^3\",\"=\",round(ni*10**-12+0.07,2)*10**6 ,\"1/cm^3\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Instrinsic carrier concentration =  2.62e+12 1/m^3 = 2620000.0 1/cm^3\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.3, Page Number: 146"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "x = 0.07                                  #compositional parameter of GaAlAs\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Eg = 1.424+1.266*x+0.266*x**2             #energy gap(eV)\n",
+      "Lam_bda = 1.240/Eg                        #peak emission wavelength(um) \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Bandgap energy Eg = \" ,round(Eg,2),\"eV\" \n",
+      "print \"Peak emission Wavelength lam_bda  = \" ,round(Lam_bda,2),\"um\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Bandgap energy Eg =  1.51 eV\n",
+        "Peak emission Wavelength lam_bda  =  0.82 um\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 45
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.4, Page Number: 146"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "y = 0.57                                  #compositional parameter of InGaAsP\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Eg = 1.35-0.72*y+0.12*(y**2)              #energy gap(eV)\n",
+      "Lam_bda = 1.240/Eg                        #peak emission wavelength(um) \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Bandgap energy Eg = \" ,round(Eg,2),\"eV\" \n",
+      "print \"Peak emission wavelength Lam_bda  = \" ,round(Lam_bda,2),\"um\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Bandgap energy Eg =  0.98 eV\n",
+        "Peak emission wavelength Lam_bda  =  1.27 um\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 46
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.5, Page Number: 149"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "tuo_r = 30.0                              #radiative re-combination (ns)\n",
+      "tuo_nr =100.0                             #non-radiative re-combination (ns)\n",
+      "h = 6.6256*1e-34                          #Plank's constant (J.s)\n",
+      "C = 3.0*1e8                               #free space velocity (m/sec)\n",
+      "q = 1.602*1e-19                           #electron charge (coulombs)\n",
+      "I = 0.040                                 #drive current (Amps)\n",
+      "Lam_bda = 1.31*1e-6                       #peak wavelength of InGaAsP LED\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "tuo_ = (tuo_r*tuo_nr)/(tuo_r+tuo_nr)            #bulk recombination time(ns)\n",
+      "Etta_internal = tuo_/tuo_r                      #internal quantum efficiency\n",
+      "Pinternal = Etta_internal*h*C*I/(q*Lam_bda)     #internal power level(mW)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Bulk recombination time = \" ,round(tuo_,1),\"ns\"\n",
+      "print \"Internal quantum efficiency Etta_internal = \", round(Etta_internal,2)\n",
+      "print \"Internal power level = \" , round(Pinternal*1000,1), \"mW\"\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Bulk recombination time =  23.1 ns\n",
+        "Internal quantum efficiency Etta_internal =  0.77\n",
+        "Internal power level =  29.1 mW\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 47
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.6, Page Number: 151"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "n = 3.5                                     #refractive index of an LED\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Etta_External = 1/(n*(n+1)**2)              #external quantum efficiency\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"External quantum efficiency = \",round(Etta_External*100,2), \"%\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "External quantum efficiency =  1.41 %\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 49
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.7, Page Number: 157"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "L = 500*1e-6                                 #Laser diode length (meters)\n",
+      "R1 = 0.32                                    #reflection co-efficient value of one end \n",
+      "R2 = 0.32                                    #reflection co-efficient value of another end \n",
+      "alpha_bar =10*100                            #absorption co-efficient(1/cm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "alpha_end = (1/(2*L))*(math.log(1/(R1*R2)))   #mirrorloss in the lasing cavity\n",
+      "alpha_threshold = alpha_bar+alpha_end         #the lasing threshold(1/cm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"The lasing threshold gain = \" , round(alpha_threshold/100),\"1/cm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The lasing threshold gain =  33.0 1/cm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 72
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.8, Page Number: 161"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Lam_bda = 850*1e-9                              #Emission wavelength of LASER diode(nm)\n",
+      "n = 3.7                                         #refractive index of LASER diode\n",
+      "L = 500.0*1e-6                                  #length of LASER diode(um)\n",
+      "C = 3*1e8                                       #velocity of Light in free space(m/s)\n",
+      "Half_power = 2*1e-9                             #half power point 3 (nm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "delta_frequency = C/((2*L)*n)                            #frequency spacing(GHz)\n",
+      "delta_Lamda = (Lam_bda**2)/((2*L)*n)                     #wavelength spacing(nm)\n",
+      "sigma = math.sqrt(-(Half_power**2)/(2*math.log(0.5)))    #spectral width of gain(nm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Freqency spacing  = \"  ,round(delta_frequency/1e9),\"GHz\"\n",
+      "print \"Wavelegth spacing  = \" , round(delta_Lamda/1e-9,2),\"nm\"\n",
+      "print \"Spectral width of gain = \" , round(sigma/1e-9,2),\"nm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Freqency spacing  =  81.0 GHz\n",
+        "Wavelegth spacing  =  0.2 nm\n",
+        "Spectral width of gain =  1.7 nm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 74
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.9, Page Number: 161"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Lam_bda = 900*10e-9                         # wavelength of light emitted by laser diode(nm)\n",
+      "L = 300*10e-6                               #length of laser chip(um)\n",
+      "n = 4.3                                     #refractive index of the laser material\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "m = 2*L*n/Lam_bda                             #number of half-wavelengths\n",
+      "delta_Lambda = (Lam_bda**2)/(2*L*n)           #wavelength spacing(nm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Number of half-wavelength spanning the region betwen mirror = \" , round(m)\n",
+      "print \"Wavelength spacing between lasing modes = \" , round(delta_Lambda*1e8,1),\"nm\"\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Number of half-wavelength spanning the region betwen mirror =  2867.0\n",
+        "Wavelength spacing between lasing modes =  0.3 nm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter5_1.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter5_1.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..e65f2645
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter5_1.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:36c911cea36773d62dbfdfd257319508866d11b39912270afd0ba3c55a7245e6"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chepter 5: Power launching and coupling"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.1, Page Number: 192"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declartion\n",
+      "phi = 0                                        #lateral coordinate(degree)\n",
+      "Half_power = 10                                #half power beam width(degree)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "teta = Half_power/2\n",
+      "teta_rad = teta/57.3\n",
+      "L = math.log(0.5)/math.log(math.cos(teta_rad))      #power distribution co-efficient\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Power distribution co-efficient L = \" ,round(L)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Power distribution co-efficient L =  182.0\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 14
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.2, Page Number: 194"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declartion\n",
+      "rs = 35.0*1e-6                                        #the source radius (meter)\n",
+      "a = 25.0*1e-6                                         #the core radius of stepindex fiber (meter)\n",
+      "NA = 0.20                                             #the numerical aperture value\n",
+      "Bo = 150.0*1e4                                        #radiance ( W/cm^2 * sr)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Ps = ((math.pi**2)*(rs**2))*Bo                        #power emitted by the source\n",
+      "PLED_step = Ps*(NA**2)                                #for larger core fiber(W)\n",
+      "PLED_step1 = (((a/rs)**2)*Ps)*(NA**2)                 #for smaller core fiber at the end face(W)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"For larger core fiber optical power emitted from the LED light source = \" , round(PLED_step*1e3,3),\"mW\"\n",
+      "print \"For smaller core fiber then area optical power coupled to step index fiber on W = \" , round(PLED_step1*1e3,3),\"mW\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "For larger core fiber optical power emitted from the LED light source =  0.725 mW\n",
+        "For smaller core fiber then area optical power coupled to step index fiber on W =  0.37 mW\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.3, Page Number: 194"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declartion\n",
+      "n1 = 3.6                                                #refractive index of optical source\n",
+      "n = 1.48                                                #refractive index of silica fiber\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "R = ((n1-n)/(n1+n))**2                                  #fresnel reflection\n",
+      "L = -10*(math.log10(1-R))                               #power loss(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print\"Fresnel reflection = \",round(R,3),\" = \",round(R*100,1),\"%\"\n",
+      "print\"Power loss = \" , round(L,2),\"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Fresnel reflection =  0.174  =  17.4 %\n",
+        "Power loss =  0.83 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 16
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.4, Page Number: 205"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declartion\n",
+      "a =1*1e-6                                #core radii (meters)\n",
+      "d = 0.3*a                                #axial offset\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "PT_P = (2/math.pi)*(math.acos(d/(2*a))-(1-(d/(2*a))**2)**0.5*(d/(6*a))*(5-0.5*(d/a)**2))  \n",
+      "PT_P_dB = 10*(math.log10(PT_P))                                #power coupled between two fibers(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Power coupled between two graded index fibers = \" , round(PT_P_dB,2),\"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Power coupled between two graded index fibers =  -1.26 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 17
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.5, Page Number: 211"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declartion\n",
+      "V = 2.4                                   #normalized frequency\n",
+      "n1 = 1.47                                 #core refractive index\n",
+      "n2 = 1.465                                #cladding refractive index\n",
+      "a = (9.0/2.0)*10**-6                      #core radii (meters)\n",
+      "d = 1*10**-6                              #lateral offset (meters)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "W = a*(0.65+1.619*V**(-1.5)+2.879*V**-6)            #mode field diameter (um)\n",
+      "Lsm = -10*(math.log10(math.exp(-(d/W)**2)))         #Loss between identical fibers(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Mode field diameter = \" , round(W*1e6,2),\"um\"\n",
+      "print \"Loss between single mode fibers due to lateral misalignment = \" , round(Lsm,2),\"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Mode field diameter =  4.95 um\n",
+        "Loss between single mode fibers due to lateral misalignment =  0.18 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 2
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.6, Page Number: 212"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declartion\n",
+      "V = 2.4                                       #normalized frequency\n",
+      "n1 = 1.47                                     #core refractive index\n",
+      "n2 = 1.465                                    #cladding refractive index\n",
+      "a = (9.0/2.0)*1e-6                            #coreradii in meters\n",
+      "d = 1*1e-6                                    #lateral offset (m)\n",
+      "teta = 1                                      #in (degrees)\n",
+      "teta = 1/57.3                                 #in (radaians)                  \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "W = a*(0.65+1.619*V**(-1.5)+2.879*V**-6)                                  #mode field diameter\n",
+      "Lam_bda = 1300.0*10**-9                                                   #wavelength (m)\n",
+      "Lsm_ang = -10*(math.log10(math.exp(-(math.pi*n2*W*teta/Lam_bda)**2)))     #(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Loss between single mode fibers due to angular misalignment = \",round(Lsm_ang,2),\"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Loss between single mode fibers due to angular misalignment =  0.41 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter5_2.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter5_2.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..e65f2645
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter5_2.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:36c911cea36773d62dbfdfd257319508866d11b39912270afd0ba3c55a7245e6"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chepter 5: Power launching and coupling"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.1, Page Number: 192"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declartion\n",
+      "phi = 0                                        #lateral coordinate(degree)\n",
+      "Half_power = 10                                #half power beam width(degree)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "teta = Half_power/2\n",
+      "teta_rad = teta/57.3\n",
+      "L = math.log(0.5)/math.log(math.cos(teta_rad))      #power distribution co-efficient\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Power distribution co-efficient L = \" ,round(L)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Power distribution co-efficient L =  182.0\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 14
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.2, Page Number: 194"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declartion\n",
+      "rs = 35.0*1e-6                                        #the source radius (meter)\n",
+      "a = 25.0*1e-6                                         #the core radius of stepindex fiber (meter)\n",
+      "NA = 0.20                                             #the numerical aperture value\n",
+      "Bo = 150.0*1e4                                        #radiance ( W/cm^2 * sr)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Ps = ((math.pi**2)*(rs**2))*Bo                        #power emitted by the source\n",
+      "PLED_step = Ps*(NA**2)                                #for larger core fiber(W)\n",
+      "PLED_step1 = (((a/rs)**2)*Ps)*(NA**2)                 #for smaller core fiber at the end face(W)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"For larger core fiber optical power emitted from the LED light source = \" , round(PLED_step*1e3,3),\"mW\"\n",
+      "print \"For smaller core fiber then area optical power coupled to step index fiber on W = \" , round(PLED_step1*1e3,3),\"mW\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "For larger core fiber optical power emitted from the LED light source =  0.725 mW\n",
+        "For smaller core fiber then area optical power coupled to step index fiber on W =  0.37 mW\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.3, Page Number: 194"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declartion\n",
+      "n1 = 3.6                                                #refractive index of optical source\n",
+      "n = 1.48                                                #refractive index of silica fiber\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "R = ((n1-n)/(n1+n))**2                                  #fresnel reflection\n",
+      "L = -10*(math.log10(1-R))                               #power loss(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print\"Fresnel reflection = \",round(R,3),\" = \",round(R*100,1),\"%\"\n",
+      "print\"Power loss = \" , round(L,2),\"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Fresnel reflection =  0.174  =  17.4 %\n",
+        "Power loss =  0.83 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 16
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.4, Page Number: 205"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declartion\n",
+      "a =1*1e-6                                #core radii (meters)\n",
+      "d = 0.3*a                                #axial offset\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "PT_P = (2/math.pi)*(math.acos(d/(2*a))-(1-(d/(2*a))**2)**0.5*(d/(6*a))*(5-0.5*(d/a)**2))  \n",
+      "PT_P_dB = 10*(math.log10(PT_P))                                #power coupled between two fibers(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Power coupled between two graded index fibers = \" , round(PT_P_dB,2),\"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Power coupled between two graded index fibers =  -1.26 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 17
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.5, Page Number: 211"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declartion\n",
+      "V = 2.4                                   #normalized frequency\n",
+      "n1 = 1.47                                 #core refractive index\n",
+      "n2 = 1.465                                #cladding refractive index\n",
+      "a = (9.0/2.0)*10**-6                      #core radii (meters)\n",
+      "d = 1*10**-6                              #lateral offset (meters)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "W = a*(0.65+1.619*V**(-1.5)+2.879*V**-6)            #mode field diameter (um)\n",
+      "Lsm = -10*(math.log10(math.exp(-(d/W)**2)))         #Loss between identical fibers(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Mode field diameter = \" , round(W*1e6,2),\"um\"\n",
+      "print \"Loss between single mode fibers due to lateral misalignment = \" , round(Lsm,2),\"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Mode field diameter =  4.95 um\n",
+        "Loss between single mode fibers due to lateral misalignment =  0.18 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 2
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.6, Page Number: 212"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declartion\n",
+      "V = 2.4                                       #normalized frequency\n",
+      "n1 = 1.47                                     #core refractive index\n",
+      "n2 = 1.465                                    #cladding refractive index\n",
+      "a = (9.0/2.0)*1e-6                            #coreradii in meters\n",
+      "d = 1*1e-6                                    #lateral offset (m)\n",
+      "teta = 1                                      #in (degrees)\n",
+      "teta = 1/57.3                                 #in (radaians)                  \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "W = a*(0.65+1.619*V**(-1.5)+2.879*V**-6)                                  #mode field diameter\n",
+      "Lam_bda = 1300.0*10**-9                                                   #wavelength (m)\n",
+      "Lsm_ang = -10*(math.log10(math.exp(-(math.pi*n2*W*teta/Lam_bda)**2)))     #(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Loss between single mode fibers due to angular misalignment = \",round(Lsm_ang,2),\"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Loss between single mode fibers due to angular misalignment =  0.41 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter6_1.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter6_1.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..0d75f992
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter6_1.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:1d457d6d35a4d96cef8f5c393fb2ad194f0093b445ed9ceab1c1a00b3a80e8fa"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 6: Photodetectors"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 6.1, Page Number: 224"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "h = 6.625*10**-34                          #planks constant(J*s)\n",
+      "C = 3*10**8                                #free space velocity(m/s)\n",
+      "Eg = 1.43*1.6*10**-19                      #(joules)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "LambdaC = h*C/Eg                           #wavelength(nm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Maximum wavelength for photodiode GaAs = \", round(LambdaC*10**9,0),\"nm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Maximum wavelength for photodiode GaAs =  869.0 nm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 6.2, Page Number: 226"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Ip_q = 5.4*10**6                     #electron-hole pair generated\n",
+      "Pin_hv = 6*10**6                     #number of incident photons\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "etta = Ip_q / Pin_hv                 #Quantum efficiency\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Quantum efficiency at 1300nm =\" ,etta*100,\"%\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Quantum efficiency at 1300nm = 90.0 %\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 8
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 6.3, Page Number: 226"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "R = 0.65                                  #Responsivity of photodiode(A/W)\n",
+      "Pin = 10*10**-6                           #Optical power level(watts)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Ip = R*Pin                                #Photocurrent(A)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Photocurrent =\",Ip*10**6,\"uA\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Photocurrent = 6.5 uA\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 12
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 6.4, Page Number: 227"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Lambda = 1300*10**-9                #Wavelength (m)\n",
+      "C = 3*10**8                         #freespace velocity(m/s)\n",
+      "q = 1.6*10**-19                     #Charge (coulombs)\n",
+      "etta = 0.9                          #Quantum efficiency\n",
+      "h = 6.625*10**-34                   #planks constant(J*s)\n",
+      "Eg = 0.73                           #energy gap(eV)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "R = (etta*q*Lambda)/(h*C)           #responsivity(A/W)\n",
+      "LambdaC = 1.24/ Eg                  #cut\udbc0\udc00off wavelength(meters)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Responsivity = \",round(R,2),\"A/W\"\n",
+      "print \"Cutoff wavelength = \",round(LambdaC,1),\"um\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Responsivity =  0.94 A/W\n",
+        "Cutoff wavelength =  1.7 um\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 20
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 6.5, Page Number: 230"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "etta = 0.65                         #Quantum efficiency\n",
+      "C = 3*10**8                         #freespace velocity(m/s)\n",
+      "Lambda = 900*10**-9                 #Wavelength (m)\n",
+      "q = 1.6*10**-19                     #Charge (coulombs)\n",
+      "h = 6.625*10**-34                   #planks constant(J*s)\n",
+      "Pin = 0.5*10**-06                   #optical power(W)\n",
+      "Im = 10*10**-06                     #multiplied photocurrent(uA)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Ip = ((etta*q*Lambda)/(h*C))*Pin    #photocurrent(uA)\n",
+      "M = Im/Ip                           #multiplication\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Primary photocurrent = \",round(Ip*10**6,3),\"uA\"\n",
+      "print \"Primary photocurrent is multiplied by \" ,round(M+1,0)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Primary photocurrent =  0.235 uA\n",
+        "Primary photocurrent is multiplied by  43.0\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 26
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 6.6, Page Number: 234"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Lambda = 1330.0*10**-9                  #Wavelength (m)\n",
+      "ID = 4.0*10**-9                         #photdiode current(nA)\n",
+      "etta = 0.90                             #Quantum efficiency\n",
+      "RL = 1000.0                             #load resistance(ohms)\n",
+      "Pin = 300.0*10**-9                      #incident optical power(nW)\n",
+      "Be = 20.0*10**6                         #reciver bandwidth\n",
+      "q = 1.6*10**-19                         #Charge (coulombs)\n",
+      "h = 6.625*10**-34                       #planks constant(J*s)\n",
+      "T = 283.0                               #room temperature(kelvin)\n",
+      "KB = 1.38*10**-23                       #boltzmann's constant\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Ip = (etta*q*Pin*1.3*10**-6)/(h*C)        #primary current(uA)\n",
+      "Ishot = 2*q*Ip*Be                         #mean-squre shot noise current(A^2)\n",
+      "IDB = 2*q*ID*Be                           #mean-squre dark current(A^2)\n",
+      "IT = (4*KB*T)*Be/RL                       #mean-sqare thermal current(A^2)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Primary current = \",round(Ip*10**6,3),\"uA\"\n",
+      "print \"Mean-squre shot noise current = \",round(Ishot*10**18,2)*10**-18,\"A^2  OR = \",round(math.sqrt(Ishot)*10**9,2),\"nA\"\n",
+      "print \"Mean-squre dark current = \",round(IDB*10**20,2)*10**-20,\"A^2  OR = \",round(math.sqrt(IDB)*10**9,2),\"nA\"\n",
+      "print \"Mean-squre thermal current = \",round(math.sqrt(IT)*10**9,0),\"nA\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Primary current =  0.283 uA\n",
+        "Mean-squre shot noise current =  1.81e-18 A^2  OR =  1.34 nA\n",
+        "Mean-squre dark current =  2.56e-20 A^2  OR =  0.16 nA\n",
+        "Mean-squre thermal current =  18.0 nA\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 13
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 6.7, Page Number: 239"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "CP = 3*10**-12                    #photodiode capacitance(pF)\n",
+      "CA = 4*10**-12                    #amplifier capacitance(pF)\n",
+      "CT = CP+CA                        #total capacitance\n",
+      "RT1 = 1000                        #load resistance 1(ohms)\n",
+      "RT2 = 50                          #load resistance 2(ohms)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "BC1 = 1/(2*math.pi*RT1*CT)        #circuit bandwidth 1 (Hz)\n",
+      "BC2 = 1/(2*math.pi*RT2*CT)        #circuit bandwidth 2 (Hz)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Circuit bandwidth  for 1k ohms = \",round(BC1*10**-6,0),\"MHz\"\n",
+      "print \"Circuit bandwidth  for 50 ohms = \",round(BC2*10**-6,0), \"MHz\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Circuit bandwidth  for 1k ohms =  23.0 MHz\n",
+        "Circuit bandwidth  for 50 ohms =  455.0 MHz\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 9
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter6_2.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter6_2.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..0d75f992
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter6_2.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:1d457d6d35a4d96cef8f5c393fb2ad194f0093b445ed9ceab1c1a00b3a80e8fa"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 6: Photodetectors"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 6.1, Page Number: 224"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "h = 6.625*10**-34                          #planks constant(J*s)\n",
+      "C = 3*10**8                                #free space velocity(m/s)\n",
+      "Eg = 1.43*1.6*10**-19                      #(joules)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "LambdaC = h*C/Eg                           #wavelength(nm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Maximum wavelength for photodiode GaAs = \", round(LambdaC*10**9,0),\"nm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Maximum wavelength for photodiode GaAs =  869.0 nm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 6.2, Page Number: 226"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Ip_q = 5.4*10**6                     #electron-hole pair generated\n",
+      "Pin_hv = 6*10**6                     #number of incident photons\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "etta = Ip_q / Pin_hv                 #Quantum efficiency\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Quantum efficiency at 1300nm =\" ,etta*100,\"%\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Quantum efficiency at 1300nm = 90.0 %\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 8
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 6.3, Page Number: 226"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "R = 0.65                                  #Responsivity of photodiode(A/W)\n",
+      "Pin = 10*10**-6                           #Optical power level(watts)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Ip = R*Pin                                #Photocurrent(A)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Photocurrent =\",Ip*10**6,\"uA\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Photocurrent = 6.5 uA\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 12
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 6.4, Page Number: 227"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Lambda = 1300*10**-9                #Wavelength (m)\n",
+      "C = 3*10**8                         #freespace velocity(m/s)\n",
+      "q = 1.6*10**-19                     #Charge (coulombs)\n",
+      "etta = 0.9                          #Quantum efficiency\n",
+      "h = 6.625*10**-34                   #planks constant(J*s)\n",
+      "Eg = 0.73                           #energy gap(eV)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "R = (etta*q*Lambda)/(h*C)           #responsivity(A/W)\n",
+      "LambdaC = 1.24/ Eg                  #cut\udbc0\udc00off wavelength(meters)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Responsivity = \",round(R,2),\"A/W\"\n",
+      "print \"Cutoff wavelength = \",round(LambdaC,1),\"um\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Responsivity =  0.94 A/W\n",
+        "Cutoff wavelength =  1.7 um\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 20
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 6.5, Page Number: 230"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "etta = 0.65                         #Quantum efficiency\n",
+      "C = 3*10**8                         #freespace velocity(m/s)\n",
+      "Lambda = 900*10**-9                 #Wavelength (m)\n",
+      "q = 1.6*10**-19                     #Charge (coulombs)\n",
+      "h = 6.625*10**-34                   #planks constant(J*s)\n",
+      "Pin = 0.5*10**-06                   #optical power(W)\n",
+      "Im = 10*10**-06                     #multiplied photocurrent(uA)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Ip = ((etta*q*Lambda)/(h*C))*Pin    #photocurrent(uA)\n",
+      "M = Im/Ip                           #multiplication\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Primary photocurrent = \",round(Ip*10**6,3),\"uA\"\n",
+      "print \"Primary photocurrent is multiplied by \" ,round(M+1,0)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Primary photocurrent =  0.235 uA\n",
+        "Primary photocurrent is multiplied by  43.0\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 26
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 6.6, Page Number: 234"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Lambda = 1330.0*10**-9                  #Wavelength (m)\n",
+      "ID = 4.0*10**-9                         #photdiode current(nA)\n",
+      "etta = 0.90                             #Quantum efficiency\n",
+      "RL = 1000.0                             #load resistance(ohms)\n",
+      "Pin = 300.0*10**-9                      #incident optical power(nW)\n",
+      "Be = 20.0*10**6                         #reciver bandwidth\n",
+      "q = 1.6*10**-19                         #Charge (coulombs)\n",
+      "h = 6.625*10**-34                       #planks constant(J*s)\n",
+      "T = 283.0                               #room temperature(kelvin)\n",
+      "KB = 1.38*10**-23                       #boltzmann's constant\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Ip = (etta*q*Pin*1.3*10**-6)/(h*C)        #primary current(uA)\n",
+      "Ishot = 2*q*Ip*Be                         #mean-squre shot noise current(A^2)\n",
+      "IDB = 2*q*ID*Be                           #mean-squre dark current(A^2)\n",
+      "IT = (4*KB*T)*Be/RL                       #mean-sqare thermal current(A^2)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Primary current = \",round(Ip*10**6,3),\"uA\"\n",
+      "print \"Mean-squre shot noise current = \",round(Ishot*10**18,2)*10**-18,\"A^2  OR = \",round(math.sqrt(Ishot)*10**9,2),\"nA\"\n",
+      "print \"Mean-squre dark current = \",round(IDB*10**20,2)*10**-20,\"A^2  OR = \",round(math.sqrt(IDB)*10**9,2),\"nA\"\n",
+      "print \"Mean-squre thermal current = \",round(math.sqrt(IT)*10**9,0),\"nA\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Primary current =  0.283 uA\n",
+        "Mean-squre shot noise current =  1.81e-18 A^2  OR =  1.34 nA\n",
+        "Mean-squre dark current =  2.56e-20 A^2  OR =  0.16 nA\n",
+        "Mean-squre thermal current =  18.0 nA\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 13
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 6.7, Page Number: 239"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "CP = 3*10**-12                    #photodiode capacitance(pF)\n",
+      "CA = 4*10**-12                    #amplifier capacitance(pF)\n",
+      "CT = CP+CA                        #total capacitance\n",
+      "RT1 = 1000                        #load resistance 1(ohms)\n",
+      "RT2 = 50                          #load resistance 2(ohms)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "BC1 = 1/(2*math.pi*RT1*CT)        #circuit bandwidth 1 (Hz)\n",
+      "BC2 = 1/(2*math.pi*RT2*CT)        #circuit bandwidth 2 (Hz)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Circuit bandwidth  for 1k ohms = \",round(BC1*10**-6,0),\"MHz\"\n",
+      "print \"Circuit bandwidth  for 50 ohms = \",round(BC2*10**-6,0), \"MHz\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Circuit bandwidth  for 1k ohms =  23.0 MHz\n",
+        "Circuit bandwidth  for 50 ohms =  455.0 MHz\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 9
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter7_1.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter7_1.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..c47a16e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter7_1.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:52945d2ecbd107493bfdff515b21007d6d8bd600f51e01015bc9fd9a03be50eb"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 7: Optical receiver operation"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 7.1, Page Number: 258"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "bon = 1.0                                            #signal on level\n",
+      "boff = 0.0                                           #signal off level\n",
+      "sigma_on = 1.0                                       #variance sigma-on level\n",
+      "sigma_off = 1.0                                      #variance sigma-on level\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Q = (bon - boff)/(sigma_on + sigma_off)              #parameter value\n",
+      "Vth = bon-Q*sigma_on                                 #optimum decision threshold\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Q parameter value = \" ,Q\n",
+      "print \"Optimum decision threshold Vth = \",Vth"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Q parameter value =  0.5\n",
+        "Optimum decision threshold Vth =  0.5\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 69
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 7.2, Page Number: 258"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+      "import numpy as np\n",
+      "import scipy as sp\n",
+      "from scipy import special\n",
+      "\n",
+      "%matplotlib inline\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Q = 6.0                                              #parameter value from figure\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Pe = (1.0/2.0)*(1-math.erf(Q/math.sqrt(2.0)))        #probability of error \n",
+      "S_N_dB = 10*math.log10(2*Q)                          #signal to naoise ratio (dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Probability of error = \" ,round(Pe,10)\n",
+      "print \"Signal to naoise ratio =\",round(S_N_dB,1),\"dB\"\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#plot\n",
+      "q1=arange(0.0, 8.0, 0.5)\n",
+      "Pe1 = (1.0/2.0)*(1-sp.special.erf(q1/sqrt(2.0))) \n",
+      "plot(-q1+8,-Pe1)\n",
+      "ylabel('BER (Pe)')\n",
+      "xlabel('factor Q')\n",
+      "title('Plot of BER (Pe) versus the factor Q')\n",
+      "text(6,-0.3,'Q=5.99 for')\n",
+      "text(6,-0.35,' Pe=10^-9')    "
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Probability of error =  1e-09\n",
+        "Signal to naoise ratio = 10.8 dB\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "metadata": {},
+       "output_type": "pyout",
+       "prompt_number": 4,
+       "text": [
+        "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0xa73bd30>"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "metadata": {},
+       "output_type": "display_data",
+       "png": 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vavcAsDuwAjguTAaFwG3ufriZ9Qf+AeQRdIvd7+4J56spSYhIriorC5YPLy+H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\niIgkpSQhIiJJKUmIiEhS/x8iKeBNY2dz/AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
+       "text": [
+        "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0xa4e30b8>"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 7.3, Page Number: 259"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 7.3(a)"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "s_n=8.5                            #signal-to-noise ratio\n",
+      "s_n_db=18.6                        #signal-to-noise ratio (dB)\n",
+      "tele_rate=1.544                    #telephone rate\n",
+      "v_by_sig=12.0                      #peak signal-to-rms-noise ratio\n",
+      "v_by_sig_db=21.6                   #peak signal-to-rms-noise ratio(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Pe1=(1.0/math.sqrt(2.0*math.pi))*(math.exp(-((s_n**2.0)/8.0))/(s_n/2.0))    #Probability of error 1    \n",
+      "q=v_by_sig/2                                                                #parameter value\n",
+      "ber=(1.0/2.0)*(1.0-math.erf(q/math.sqrt(2.0)))                              #bit error rate or Probability of error 2\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Probability of error for signal-to-noise ratio 8.5 = \", round(Pe1,5)\n",
+      "print \"Probability of error for peak signal-to-rms-noise ratio 12.0 = \", round(ber,10)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Probability of error for signal-to-noise ratio 8.5 =  1e-05\n",
+        "Probability of error for peak signal-to-rms-noise ratio 12.0 =  1e-09\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 71
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 7.3(b)"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "v_by_sig=13.0                      #peak signal-to-rms-noise ratio for SONET\n",
+      "v_by_sig_db=22.3                   #peak signal-to-rms-noise ratio(dB) for SONET\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "q=v_by_sig /2                                       #parameter value\n",
+      "ber=(1.0/(2.0*4.0))*(1.0-math.erf(q/math.sqrt(2.0)))      #bit error rate or Probability of error \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Probability of error for peak signal-to-rms-noise ratio 13.0 = \", round(ber,11), \"OR\",round(ber/10,12)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Probability of error for peak signal-to-rms-noise ratio 13.0 =  1e-11 OR 1e-12\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 7.4, Page Number: 262"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "h = 6.625*10**-34                   #planks constant(J*s)\n",
+      "C = 3*10**8                         #freespace velocity(m/s)\n",
+      "B = 10**6                           #data rate(Mb/s)\n",
+      "Lambda = 850*10**-9                 #Wavelength (m)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "tuo = 2.0/B\n",
+      "E = 20.7*h*C/Lambda                     #Energy of incident photon\n",
+      "Pi = E/tuo                              #Minimum incident optical power(W)\n",
+      "Pi_db = 10.0*(math.log10(Pi))-(-40)     #optical power level with reference 1mW = -40dBm\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Minimum incident optical power = \",round(Pi*10**13,2),\"pW\"\n",
+      "print \"Optical power level with reference 1mW = \",round(Pi_db,1),\"dBm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Minimum incident optical power =  24.2 pW\n",
+        "Optical power level with reference 1mW =  -76.2 dBm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 75
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter7_2.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter7_2.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..c47a16e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter7_2.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:52945d2ecbd107493bfdff515b21007d6d8bd600f51e01015bc9fd9a03be50eb"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 7: Optical receiver operation"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 7.1, Page Number: 258"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "bon = 1.0                                            #signal on level\n",
+      "boff = 0.0                                           #signal off level\n",
+      "sigma_on = 1.0                                       #variance sigma-on level\n",
+      "sigma_off = 1.0                                      #variance sigma-on level\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Q = (bon - boff)/(sigma_on + sigma_off)              #parameter value\n",
+      "Vth = bon-Q*sigma_on                                 #optimum decision threshold\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Q parameter value = \" ,Q\n",
+      "print \"Optimum decision threshold Vth = \",Vth"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Q parameter value =  0.5\n",
+        "Optimum decision threshold Vth =  0.5\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 69
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 7.2, Page Number: 258"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+      "import numpy as np\n",
+      "import scipy as sp\n",
+      "from scipy import special\n",
+      "\n",
+      "%matplotlib inline\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Q = 6.0                                              #parameter value from figure\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Pe = (1.0/2.0)*(1-math.erf(Q/math.sqrt(2.0)))        #probability of error \n",
+      "S_N_dB = 10*math.log10(2*Q)                          #signal to naoise ratio (dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Probability of error = \" ,round(Pe,10)\n",
+      "print \"Signal to naoise ratio =\",round(S_N_dB,1),\"dB\"\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#plot\n",
+      "q1=arange(0.0, 8.0, 0.5)\n",
+      "Pe1 = (1.0/2.0)*(1-sp.special.erf(q1/sqrt(2.0))) \n",
+      "plot(-q1+8,-Pe1)\n",
+      "ylabel('BER (Pe)')\n",
+      "xlabel('factor Q')\n",
+      "title('Plot of BER (Pe) versus the factor Q')\n",
+      "text(6,-0.3,'Q=5.99 for')\n",
+      "text(6,-0.35,' Pe=10^-9')    "
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Probability of error =  1e-09\n",
+        "Signal to naoise ratio = 10.8 dB\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "metadata": {},
+       "output_type": "pyout",
+       "prompt_number": 4,
+       "text": [
+        "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0xa73bd30>"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "metadata": {},
+       "output_type": "display_data",
+       "png": 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Ig9exI0yZEqwQK9G1JJYAo9y93Mw6ACXu3itJ2SLgUbUkRKS+rF4NvXvD/Pmw++5RR1N3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\niIgkpSQhIiJJKUmIiEhS/x8iKeBNY2dz/AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
+       "text": [
+        "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0xa4e30b8>"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 7.3, Page Number: 259"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 7.3(a)"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "s_n=8.5                            #signal-to-noise ratio\n",
+      "s_n_db=18.6                        #signal-to-noise ratio (dB)\n",
+      "tele_rate=1.544                    #telephone rate\n",
+      "v_by_sig=12.0                      #peak signal-to-rms-noise ratio\n",
+      "v_by_sig_db=21.6                   #peak signal-to-rms-noise ratio(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Pe1=(1.0/math.sqrt(2.0*math.pi))*(math.exp(-((s_n**2.0)/8.0))/(s_n/2.0))    #Probability of error 1    \n",
+      "q=v_by_sig/2                                                                #parameter value\n",
+      "ber=(1.0/2.0)*(1.0-math.erf(q/math.sqrt(2.0)))                              #bit error rate or Probability of error 2\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Probability of error for signal-to-noise ratio 8.5 = \", round(Pe1,5)\n",
+      "print \"Probability of error for peak signal-to-rms-noise ratio 12.0 = \", round(ber,10)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Probability of error for signal-to-noise ratio 8.5 =  1e-05\n",
+        "Probability of error for peak signal-to-rms-noise ratio 12.0 =  1e-09\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 71
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 7.3(b)"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "v_by_sig=13.0                      #peak signal-to-rms-noise ratio for SONET\n",
+      "v_by_sig_db=22.3                   #peak signal-to-rms-noise ratio(dB) for SONET\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "q=v_by_sig /2                                       #parameter value\n",
+      "ber=(1.0/(2.0*4.0))*(1.0-math.erf(q/math.sqrt(2.0)))      #bit error rate or Probability of error \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Probability of error for peak signal-to-rms-noise ratio 13.0 = \", round(ber,11), \"OR\",round(ber/10,12)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Probability of error for peak signal-to-rms-noise ratio 13.0 =  1e-11 OR 1e-12\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 7.4, Page Number: 262"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "h = 6.625*10**-34                   #planks constant(J*s)\n",
+      "C = 3*10**8                         #freespace velocity(m/s)\n",
+      "B = 10**6                           #data rate(Mb/s)\n",
+      "Lambda = 850*10**-9                 #Wavelength (m)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "tuo = 2.0/B\n",
+      "E = 20.7*h*C/Lambda                     #Energy of incident photon\n",
+      "Pi = E/tuo                              #Minimum incident optical power(W)\n",
+      "Pi_db = 10.0*(math.log10(Pi))-(-40)     #optical power level with reference 1mW = -40dBm\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Minimum incident optical power = \",round(Pi*10**13,2),\"pW\"\n",
+      "print \"Optical power level with reference 1mW = \",round(Pi_db,1),\"dBm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Minimum incident optical power =  24.2 pW\n",
+        "Optical power level with reference 1mW =  -76.2 dBm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 75
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter8_1.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter8_1.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..7624efd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter8_1.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,335 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:c41fce225679ac457a37b8135a3b4343e35e5bc26e64b35427fb89f090d39c55"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chepter 8: Digital links"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 8.1, Page Number: 287"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "system_margin = 6                           # (dB)\n",
+      "alpha = 3.5                                 #attenuation (dB/Km)\n",
+      "L =6                                        #Length of transmission path (Km)\n",
+      "lc = 1                                      #connector loss (dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "PT = 2*lc+alpha*L+system_margin             #total optical power loss(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Total optical power loss = \" , round(PT) ,\"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Total optical power loss =  29.0 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 34
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 8.2, Page Number: 288"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Ps = 3                                       #laser output (dBm)\n",
+      "APD_sen = -32                                #APD sensitivity (dBm)\n",
+      "lsc = 1                                      #source connectorloss (dB)\n",
+      "ljc = 2*4                                    #two (jumper+connector loss) (dB)\n",
+      "alpha = 0.3                                  #attenuation (dB/Km)\n",
+      "L = 60                                       #cable length (Km)\n",
+      "cable_att = alpha*60                         #cable attenuation (dB)\n",
+      "lrc = 1                                      #receiver connector loss (dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Allowed_Loss = Ps-APD_sen                                  # (dB)\n",
+      "system_margin = Allowed_Loss-lsc-ljc-cable_att-lrc         #system margin(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Allowed loss between light source and photodetector = \",Allowed_Loss,\"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"The Final power margin = \" , round(system_margin) , \"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Allowed loss between light source and photodetector =  35 dB\n",
+        "The Final power margin =  7.0 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 2
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 8.3, Page Number: 291"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "t_tx = 15*10**-9                            #transmitter rise time(ns)\n",
+      "t_mat = 21*10**-9                           #material dispersion related rise time(ns)\n",
+      "t_mod = 3.9*10**-9                          #rise time resulting from modal dispersion(ns)\n",
+      "t_rx = 14*10**-9                            #receiver rise time(ns)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "tsys = math.sqrt(t_tx**2+t_mat**2+t_mod**2+t_rx**2)     #link rise time(ns)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Link rise time = \" , round(tsys*10**9),\"ns\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Link rise time =  30.0 ns\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 8.4, Page Number: 292"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "t_tx = 25*10**-12                             #transmission rise time (sec)\n",
+      "t_GVD = 12*10**-12                            #GVD rise time (sec)\n",
+      "t_rx = 0.14*10**-9                            #receiver rise time (sec)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "tsys = math.sqrt(t_tx**2+t_GVD**2+t_rx**2)    #Link rise time(ns)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"System rise time = \" , round(tsys*10**9,2) , \"ns\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "System rise time =  0.14 ns\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 8.5, Page Number: 306"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "bit_error_dur = 1*10**-3                       #bit-corrupting burst noise duration (ms)\n",
+      "B = 10*10**3                                   #data rate (kb/sec)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "N = B*bit_error_dur                            #number of bits affected by by burst error (MB/s)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Number of bits affected by a burst error = \" , round(N) , \"Mb/s\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Number of bits affected by a burst error =  10.0 Mb/s\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 5
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 8.6, Page Number: 308"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "x=1\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "polynomial = str(x**7)+\"0\"+str(x**5)+\"0\"+\"0\"+str(x**2)+str(x)+\"1\"     #generator polynommial\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"The generator polynomial to 8-bit binary represantation = \",polynomial"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The generator polynomial to 8-bit binary represantation =  10100111\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 39
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 8.8, Page Number: 309"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "N = 32.0                                    #number of CRC\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Ped = 1.0-(1.0/(2.0**N))                    #burst error\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Burst error detected by CRC = \" , round(Ped*100,8), \"%\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Burst error detected by CRC =  99.99999998 %\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 6
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 8.9, Page Number: 309"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "S = 8                                       #Reed-Solomon code with 1 byte\n",
+      "n = (2**S-1)                                #length of coded sequence\n",
+      "k = 239.0                                   #length of message sequence\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "r = n-k                                     #number of redundent bytes\n",
+      "over_head = (r/k)                           #overhead %\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Number of redundent bytes r = \" ,round(r),\"bytes\"\n",
+      "print \"Percent overhead = \" , round(over_head*100) , \"%\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Number of redundent bytes r =  16.0 bytes\n",
+        "Percent overhead =  7.0 %\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 7
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter8_2.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter8_2.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..7624efd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter8_2.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,335 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:c41fce225679ac457a37b8135a3b4343e35e5bc26e64b35427fb89f090d39c55"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chepter 8: Digital links"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 8.1, Page Number: 287"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "system_margin = 6                           # (dB)\n",
+      "alpha = 3.5                                 #attenuation (dB/Km)\n",
+      "L =6                                        #Length of transmission path (Km)\n",
+      "lc = 1                                      #connector loss (dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "PT = 2*lc+alpha*L+system_margin             #total optical power loss(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Total optical power loss = \" , round(PT) ,\"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Total optical power loss =  29.0 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 34
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 8.2, Page Number: 288"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "Ps = 3                                       #laser output (dBm)\n",
+      "APD_sen = -32                                #APD sensitivity (dBm)\n",
+      "lsc = 1                                      #source connectorloss (dB)\n",
+      "ljc = 2*4                                    #two (jumper+connector loss) (dB)\n",
+      "alpha = 0.3                                  #attenuation (dB/Km)\n",
+      "L = 60                                       #cable length (Km)\n",
+      "cable_att = alpha*60                         #cable attenuation (dB)\n",
+      "lrc = 1                                      #receiver connector loss (dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Allowed_Loss = Ps-APD_sen                                  # (dB)\n",
+      "system_margin = Allowed_Loss-lsc-ljc-cable_att-lrc         #system margin(dB)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Allowed loss between light source and photodetector = \",Allowed_Loss,\"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"The Final power margin = \" , round(system_margin) , \"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Allowed loss between light source and photodetector =  35 dB\n",
+        "The Final power margin =  7.0 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 2
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 8.3, Page Number: 291"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "t_tx = 15*10**-9                            #transmitter rise time(ns)\n",
+      "t_mat = 21*10**-9                           #material dispersion related rise time(ns)\n",
+      "t_mod = 3.9*10**-9                          #rise time resulting from modal dispersion(ns)\n",
+      "t_rx = 14*10**-9                            #receiver rise time(ns)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "tsys = math.sqrt(t_tx**2+t_mat**2+t_mod**2+t_rx**2)     #link rise time(ns)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Link rise time = \" , round(tsys*10**9),\"ns\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Link rise time =  30.0 ns\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 8.4, Page Number: 292"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "t_tx = 25*10**-12                             #transmission rise time (sec)\n",
+      "t_GVD = 12*10**-12                            #GVD rise time (sec)\n",
+      "t_rx = 0.14*10**-9                            #receiver rise time (sec)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "tsys = math.sqrt(t_tx**2+t_GVD**2+t_rx**2)    #Link rise time(ns)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"System rise time = \" , round(tsys*10**9,2) , \"ns\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "System rise time =  0.14 ns\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 8.5, Page Number: 306"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "bit_error_dur = 1*10**-3                       #bit-corrupting burst noise duration (ms)\n",
+      "B = 10*10**3                                   #data rate (kb/sec)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "N = B*bit_error_dur                            #number of bits affected by by burst error (MB/s)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Number of bits affected by a burst error = \" , round(N) , \"Mb/s\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Number of bits affected by a burst error =  10.0 Mb/s\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 5
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 8.6, Page Number: 308"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "x=1\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "polynomial = str(x**7)+\"0\"+str(x**5)+\"0\"+\"0\"+str(x**2)+str(x)+\"1\"     #generator polynommial\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"The generator polynomial to 8-bit binary represantation = \",polynomial"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The generator polynomial to 8-bit binary represantation =  10100111\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 39
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 8.8, Page Number: 309"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "N = 32.0                                    #number of CRC\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "Ped = 1.0-(1.0/(2.0**N))                    #burst error\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Burst error detected by CRC = \" , round(Ped*100,8), \"%\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Burst error detected by CRC =  99.99999998 %\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 6
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 8.9, Page Number: 309"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "S = 8                                       #Reed-Solomon code with 1 byte\n",
+      "n = (2**S-1)                                #length of coded sequence\n",
+      "k = 239.0                                   #length of message sequence\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "r = n-k                                     #number of redundent bytes\n",
+      "over_head = (r/k)                           #overhead %\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Number of redundent bytes r = \" ,round(r),\"bytes\"\n",
+      "print \"Percent overhead = \" , round(over_head*100) , \"%\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Number of redundent bytes r =  16.0 bytes\n",
+        "Percent overhead =  7.0 %\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 7
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter9_1.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter9_1.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..393ba56c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter9_1.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:9cbde2192d4d6413345bc42e22f07c27c74ab50c952d19ad97876c0eed323258"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 9: Analog links"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 9.1, Page Number: 320"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+      "import numpy as np\n",
+      "import scipy as sp\n",
+      "from scipy import special\n",
+      "\n",
+      "%matplotlib inline\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable decalration\n",
+      "ib_by_ith1=1.5                         #injection current1 > 1.2\n",
+      "ib_by_ith2=1.6                         #injection current2\n",
+      "ib_by_ith3=1.7                         #injection current3\n",
+      "f = 100.0*10**6                          #frequency (hz)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "RIN1 = ((ib_by_ith1-1)**-3)/f\n",
+      "RIN2 = ((ib_by_ith2-1)**-3)/f\n",
+      "RIN3 = ((ib_by_ith3-1)**-3)/f\n",
+      "RIN_dB1 = 20*math.log10(RIN1)             #noise to signal power ratio1(dB/Hz)\n",
+      "RIN_dB2 = 20*math.log10(RIN2)             #noise to signal power ratio2(dB/Hz)\n",
+      "RIN_dB3 = 20*math.log10(RIN3)             #noise to signal power ratio3(dB/Hz)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Index guided lasers lies between \",round(RIN_dB1,0),\"dB/Hz\",round(RIN_dB2,0),\"dB/Hz\",round(RIN_dB3,1),\"dB/Hz\"\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#plot\n",
+      "f1=1.0*10**8                                   # several hundrede MHz\n",
+      "ib_by_ith = arange(0.0, 2.5, 0.1)\n",
+      "RIN12 = ((ib_by_ith-1.0)**-3)/f1\n",
+      "plot(ib_by_ith,20*log10(RIN12))\n",
+      "ylabel('RIN(dB/Hz)')\n",
+      "xlabel('Ib/Ith')\n",
+      "title('Plot of relative intensity. The noise level=100MHz ')"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Index guided lasers lies between  -142.0 dB/Hz -147.0 dB/Hz -150.7 dB/Hz\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "metadata": {},
+       "output_type": "pyout",
+       "prompt_number": 10,
+       "text": [
+        "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x12a82e10>"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "metadata": {},
+       "output_type": "display_data",
+       "png": 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kQcAhpGFnoGCYmhozGFgrK64/JGl83gG14v+ArSQtAGYAX8s5HiRt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\n",
+       "text": [
+        "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0xa0e70b8>"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 10
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 9.3, Page Number: 323"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+      "import numpy as np\n",
+      "import scipy as sp\n",
+      "from scipy import special\n",
+      "\n",
+      "%matplotlib inline\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "T =300.0                               #room temperature(kelvin)\n",
+      "kB = 1.38054*10**-23                   #boltzmann's constant\n",
+      "m =0.25                                #modulation index\n",
+      "RIN_dB = -143                          \n",
+      "RIN = 10.0**( RIN_dB /10)              #relative intensity(db/Hz)\n",
+      "Pc = (10**(0/10) )*10**-3              #power coupled(dB)\n",
+      "R = 0.6                                #responsivity(A/w)\n",
+      "Be = 10**6                             #bandwidth(hz)                            \n",
+      "ID = 10**-9                            #dark current(nA)\n",
+      "Req = 750                              #equialent resistance(ohm) \n",
+      "Ft = 10**(3/10)                        #(dB)\n",
+      "M = 1                                  #multiplication factor\n",
+      "q = 1.602*10**-19                      #Charge (coulombs)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "p = arange(0.0, -20.0, -1.0)\n",
+      "P = (10**(p/10) )*10**-3\n",
+      "C_N_1 = 0.5*((m*R*P)**2) /(4* kB*T*Be*Ft/ Req )       #limit of carrier-to-noise ratio\n",
+      "C_N_3 = 0.5* (m**2)/( RIN *Be)\n",
+      "C_N_2 = 0.5* (m**2)*R*P /(2* q*Be)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Decrese in received optical power at 1-db drop of C/N = 1 dB \"\n",
+      "print \"Receiver thermal noise yields a 2-dB C/N roll off per 1-dB drop in received power at low light levels\"\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#plot\n",
+      "plot(p,10*log10( C_N_1 ))\n",
+      "plot(p,10*log10( C_N_2 ))\n",
+      "plot (p,10*log10( C_N_3-30.6*10**6)*ones(len(p)))\n",
+      "ylim((46,70))\n",
+      "ylabel('Carrier-to-noise ratio(dB)')\n",
+      "xlabel('Received optical power(dBm)')\n",
+      "title('Plot of Carrier-to-noise ratio as a function of receiver optical power level')\n",
+      "text(-10,57,'RIN limit')\n",
+      "text(-17,67,'Quantum noise limit')\n",
+      "text(-17,51,'Receiver noise limit')"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Decrese in received optical power at 1-db drop of C/N = 1 dB \n",
+        "Receiver thermal noise yields a 2-dB C/N roll off per 1-dB drop in received power at low light levels\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "metadata": {},
+       "output_type": "pyout",
+       "prompt_number": 11,
+       "text": [
+        "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x12d79b70>"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "metadata": {},
+       "output_type": "display_data",
+       "png": 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XXAynnQbXXms3upv0keotwKSqAKvLKsDktmnnJsa8M4ZpH01jeJfhjDx1JA3q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\nHAiNG1uWF2PSiWWCib4mwGc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RCMwYYxKYVYApIBoVYEkJDBwIjRtblhdjTHpI9Qow2e4D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\n",
+       "text": [
+        "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0xa288b70>"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 11
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter9_2.ipynb b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter9_2.ipynb
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..393ba56c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/chapter9_2.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:9cbde2192d4d6413345bc42e22f07c27c74ab50c952d19ad97876c0eed323258"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 9: Analog links"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 9.1, Page Number: 320"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+      "import numpy as np\n",
+      "import scipy as sp\n",
+      "from scipy import special\n",
+      "\n",
+      "%matplotlib inline\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable decalration\n",
+      "ib_by_ith1=1.5                         #injection current1 > 1.2\n",
+      "ib_by_ith2=1.6                         #injection current2\n",
+      "ib_by_ith3=1.7                         #injection current3\n",
+      "f = 100.0*10**6                          #frequency (hz)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "RIN1 = ((ib_by_ith1-1)**-3)/f\n",
+      "RIN2 = ((ib_by_ith2-1)**-3)/f\n",
+      "RIN3 = ((ib_by_ith3-1)**-3)/f\n",
+      "RIN_dB1 = 20*math.log10(RIN1)             #noise to signal power ratio1(dB/Hz)\n",
+      "RIN_dB2 = 20*math.log10(RIN2)             #noise to signal power ratio2(dB/Hz)\n",
+      "RIN_dB3 = 20*math.log10(RIN3)             #noise to signal power ratio3(dB/Hz)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Index guided lasers lies between \",round(RIN_dB1,0),\"dB/Hz\",round(RIN_dB2,0),\"dB/Hz\",round(RIN_dB3,1),\"dB/Hz\"\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#plot\n",
+      "f1=1.0*10**8                                   # several hundrede MHz\n",
+      "ib_by_ith = arange(0.0, 2.5, 0.1)\n",
+      "RIN12 = ((ib_by_ith-1.0)**-3)/f1\n",
+      "plot(ib_by_ith,20*log10(RIN12))\n",
+      "ylabel('RIN(dB/Hz)')\n",
+      "xlabel('Ib/Ith')\n",
+      "title('Plot of relative intensity. The noise level=100MHz ')"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Index guided lasers lies between  -142.0 dB/Hz -147.0 dB/Hz -150.7 dB/Hz\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "metadata": {},
+       "output_type": "pyout",
+       "prompt_number": 10,
+       "text": [
+        "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x12a82e10>"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "metadata": {},
+       "output_type": "display_data",
+       "png": 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kQcAhpGFnoGCYmhozGFgrK64/JGl83gG14v+ArSQtAGYAX8s5HiRt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\n",
+       "text": [
+        "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0xa0e70b8>"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 10
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 9.3, Page Number: 323"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math\n",
+      "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+      "import numpy as np\n",
+      "import scipy as sp\n",
+      "from scipy import special\n",
+      "\n",
+      "%matplotlib inline\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "T =300.0                               #room temperature(kelvin)\n",
+      "kB = 1.38054*10**-23                   #boltzmann's constant\n",
+      "m =0.25                                #modulation index\n",
+      "RIN_dB = -143                          \n",
+      "RIN = 10.0**( RIN_dB /10)              #relative intensity(db/Hz)\n",
+      "Pc = (10**(0/10) )*10**-3              #power coupled(dB)\n",
+      "R = 0.6                                #responsivity(A/w)\n",
+      "Be = 10**6                             #bandwidth(hz)                            \n",
+      "ID = 10**-9                            #dark current(nA)\n",
+      "Req = 750                              #equialent resistance(ohm) \n",
+      "Ft = 10**(3/10)                        #(dB)\n",
+      "M = 1                                  #multiplication factor\n",
+      "q = 1.602*10**-19                      #Charge (coulombs)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "p = arange(0.0, -20.0, -1.0)\n",
+      "P = (10**(p/10) )*10**-3\n",
+      "C_N_1 = 0.5*((m*R*P)**2) /(4* kB*T*Be*Ft/ Req )       #limit of carrier-to-noise ratio\n",
+      "C_N_3 = 0.5* (m**2)/( RIN *Be)\n",
+      "C_N_2 = 0.5* (m**2)*R*P /(2* q*Be)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print \"Decrese in received optical power at 1-db drop of C/N = 1 dB \"\n",
+      "print \"Receiver thermal noise yields a 2-dB C/N roll off per 1-dB drop in received power at low light levels\"\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#plot\n",
+      "plot(p,10*log10( C_N_1 ))\n",
+      "plot(p,10*log10( C_N_2 ))\n",
+      "plot (p,10*log10( C_N_3-30.6*10**6)*ones(len(p)))\n",
+      "ylim((46,70))\n",
+      "ylabel('Carrier-to-noise ratio(dB)')\n",
+      "xlabel('Received optical power(dBm)')\n",
+      "title('Plot of Carrier-to-noise ratio as a function of receiver optical power level')\n",
+      "text(-10,57,'RIN limit')\n",
+      "text(-17,67,'Quantum noise limit')\n",
+      "text(-17,51,'Receiver noise limit')"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Decrese in received optical power at 1-db drop of C/N = 1 dB \n",
+        "Receiver thermal noise yields a 2-dB C/N roll off per 1-dB drop in received power at low light levels\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "metadata": {},
+       "output_type": "pyout",
+       "prompt_number": 11,
+       "text": [
+        "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0x12d79b70>"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "metadata": {},
+       "output_type": "display_data",
+       "png": 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XXAynnQbXXms3upv0keotwKSqAKvLKsDktmnnJsa8M4ZpH01jeJfhjDx1JA3q\nxq7b5fbt0KsX9OgBDz4Ys2KNibtUrwBjegpURI4BLga6A0cBO4BPgNeBf6vq3ljGYxJbPDq4hLIs\nL8akrpi1AEXkKeBo4DVgMS5zy0FAW6An0Bn4s6q+VQtlWwswiYR2cHn4rIfp2KxjHOKAoUNh7VqY\nNctudDfpJ9VbgLGsALNUtdwOKiJyIHCMqn5dC2VbBZgkgju4jO09NmYdXMIZNcrd6pCfbze6m/Rk\nFWAKsAow8QV3cLmn5z0MyR4Ssw4u4UydCuPHuywvdqO7SVepXgHGLBOMiLQVkeki8oiIHCMi/xaR\nbT6Dy69iFYdJLMEZXFof3ro0g0s8K7+8PMvyYkw6iGUqtKeAd4Hvgff9+yOAkcDkGMZhEsDuPbuZ\nvGgybSe3Zf229Sy7dhl397w7pr07w1mwAK67Dl5/3bK8GJPqYnkN8GNVzfavv1bVNuHG1VLZdgo0\nQSRKB5dwli1zWV5mzLAb3Y2B1D8FGsvzTME10JYKxpkUFa8MLpEoKoJ+/WDSJKv8jEkXsWwB7gAC\nPTxb4zK5BLRW1YP3nytqZVsLMI7imcElEsXF0K2bS3BtWV6M2cdagNHTLoZlmQQQnMHl+l9dz1/7\n/zXu1/hCbdsG/fvDwIFW+RmTbmJWAarqqliVZeIrETK4RMKyvBiT3mJWAYrIVsq/1qeqekisYjG1\nI7SDy5zL5iRMB5dQqnDNNbBnDzzxBCTIpUhjTAzFsgXYAEBE7gPWAs/6UZfi8oKaJJbIHVzCGTXK\nPdsvP99SnBmTrmKeCUZElqlqh8qGRblM6wRTSxItg0skpkyBCRMsy4sxlUn1TjCxvBE+YJuIXCYi\nmf7vUmBrHOIwNRCcwaVNozYJkcElEnl58MADluXFGBOfCvC3wIXAOv93oR9mksDuPbuZsmgKJ0w+\noTSDy+jc0QnXuzOcggLL8mKM2ceSYZuIBDq4/PnNP3PsoccytvdYOjSttbPWUWdZXoypulQ/BRrL\nXqCjgCmquqGc8b2Ag1X1tVjFZCIT6OCyYccGxvcdT982feMdUpUUFcE551iWF2NMWbG8YLMceE1E\n/gd8xL4H4rYBcoA3gQdiGI+pRGgHlyuyryAzIzPeYVVJcTH06QM33eTu+TPGmIB49AJtC3QDmgE7\ngBXA26q6vRbLtFOgVRCcwWV4l+GMPHVkUlzjC7Vtmzvt2aMHPPhgvKMxJvmk+inQuF0DFJGGAKoa\nmhi7NsrGYytdAAAgAElEQVSyCjACoRlc7j3jXo5qmJy3aJaUuPRmjRvD9Ol2o7sx1ZHqFWDM+6yL\nSBbwNNDYv18PDFbVT2Idi3FCM7jMvXxuUnVwCWVZXowxkYjHTVuPA39S1fkAIpLrh50ah1jS3odr\nPmTk3JFs2LGBiX0n0qdNn3iHVGOW5cUYE4l4VIAHByo/AFUtEJH6cYgjrRVtLOK2/NuYv3J+0nZw\nCWfKFHjxRZflpUHyXbY0xsRQPG6EXykio0SkpYi0EpE7gP/GIY60tGnnJv489890erwTxzc6vjSD\nSypUfpblxRhTFfGoAK8EjgReAV4Gmvhhphbt3rObyYsm03ZyW37a/lNSZXCJhGV5McZUlWWCSXGq\nyj+/+Cc3z72Zloe1TLoMLpGwLC/G1A7rBRolIjJBVUeISLhML6qq58UqlnQR3MFl0tmTUqKDS6ii\nIujXz7K8GGOqLpadYJ72/8eFGZeezbNakqodXEIFsryMHGlZXowxVReza4CqusS/zFbVguA/XCo0\nU0Op3MEl1Pbt0L+/u9l9xIh4R2OMSUbx6AQzOMywIbEOIpWkegeXUCUlrsXXti2MGRPvaIwxySqW\n1wAvwT33r1XIdcCGQHGs4kgloR1ckj2DSyQCWV5KSizLizGmZmJ5DfBd4HvcbQ9jgcCuawuwNIZx\npIR06OASzp13WpYXY0x02G0QSSZdOriEM3UqjB/vsrzYje7G1L5Uvw0i5tcARaSriHwoIltFZLeI\n7BWRzbGOI9mkUweXcPLy4P77LcuLMSZ64pELdDJwMfAicDLwO+CEOMSRFIIfUdTv+H4su3YZzQ9p\nHu+wYmrBApflZfZsy/JijImeeFSAqOpXIpKpqnuAp0TkY+CWeMSSqFLtEUXVtWwZDBrksrzk2M0y\nxpgoikcFuE1EDgSWisj/A35gX4eYconIYcATwEm4G+evAL4CXgBaAKuAC1V1Yy3FHTOp+Iii6rAs\nL8aY2hSP+wAv9+VeD2wHjgb+vwjmmwD8S1XbAR2Az3Gtxrmq2haYR5K3Ios2FnHpK5cyYMYALu9w\nOR9f83HaVn7FxdC3r2V5McbUnpj2AhWRA4C/q+qlVZzvUKBQVY8LGf450ENV14lIM6BAVX8ZZv6E\n7gW6aecmxrwzhmkfTWN4l+GMPHVkyt7EHont26FXL+jRAx58MN7RGJO+rBdoFKlqCdDCnwKtilbA\nehF5SkQ+EpFp/iG6TVV1nZ9mHdA0mvHWtuAMLuu3rU/5DC6RsCwvxphYicc1wJXAOyIyC3cKFNzT\nIB6pYJ4DgE7A9ar6oYiMJ+R0p6qqiCRuMy+IdXAJz7K8GGNiKR4V4Df+LwOItKmzGlitqh/693nA\nrcAPItJMVX8QkV8AP5a3gNGjR5e+zs3NJTc3t+qRR8HitYu5cc6NFG8vZkLfCfRp3QexPT0Ao0ZZ\nlhdj4qmgoICCgoJ4hxEzSZMJRkTeAoaq6pciMho42I8qVtWHROQW4DBV3a8jTCJcAyzaWMTt+beT\nvzKfe3rew5DsIRyQEZe7UBLSlCkwYYJleTEmkaT6NcBkqgA74m6DqItrQV4BZOJuqD+WCm6DiGcF\naB1cKpeX5x5p9PbbcNxxlU9vjIkNqwBTQDwqwOAMLv2P7889Pe9JuwwukViwwN3oPnu23ehuTKJJ\n9QrQzsFFWWgHlzmXzaFjs47xDishBbK8PP+8VX7GmNiLeQUoIicAU4FmqnqSiHQAzlPV+2IdS7RZ\nB5fIBbK8TJzo7vkzxphYi0cmmGnAbcAu/345cEkc4oiaoo1FXPbKZZz3/Hkug8u1H9O3TV+r/MpR\nXAx9+rgsLxdfHO9ojDHpKh4V4MGq+kHgjb84tzsOcdTYpp2buOXNW+j0eCdaH9669BFF1ruzfNu3\nQ//+MGCA6/hijDHxEo899XoRaRN4IyK/wT0pPmmEdnBJx0cUVUcgy8vxx1uKM2NM/MWjArweeBw4\nQUTW4jLDVCk3aLxYB5fqC2R52b0bnnzSsrwYY+IvbrdBiEgDX/6WGJRV49sgAo8oKt5ezNjeY62D\nSxXdcQfMmeOyvDSw2yCNSQqpfhtEzK8BisgfROQQYBsw3ie3Tthn/mzbta3sI4qsg0uVTZkCL74I\nb7xhlZ8xJnHE4xTolao63ld6jYDfAc8As+MQS6UOrnMw3Y/tzmP9H7MMLtWQlwcPPOCyvFiKM2NM\nIon5KVARWa6qWSIyEff8vldEpFBVa+1W6ETIBZqOLMuLMcnNToFG3xIRmQOcA8z2p0P3xiEOU4sC\nWV5mzLDKzxiTmOLRAswAcoBvVHWjiDQGmqvqslos01qAMVRUBKedBmPHutsejDHJKdVbgDG7Bigi\n7VR1BZANKHCc70gi/r1JAcFZXqzyM8Ykspi1AEVkmqpeJSIFhKnwVLVnLZZdsxag9fg0xqQhgZRu\nAdrjkExUlJTA+edDo0YwfbodMxiTCuwUaJSJSF1gGHC6H1QA/FVVkzIfqNmX5aWkBJ54wio/Y0xy\niEcv0EeBTsAU3GOROvthJkmNGgXLl8NLL0GdOvGOJvlkZmaSk5NDVlYW5513Hps2bQJg1apVZGVl\nAVBQUEBGRgavv/566Xz9+/dnwYIF+y1vyJAhvPzyywBcddVVrFixIuJYlixZwgifpXzBggW89957\n1f5cxiS6eFSAv1LVwaqar6rzVHUI0CUOcZgosCwvNXfwwQdTWFjI8uXLadSoEVOmTAk73dFHH839\n999f+l5EwmYkCh4+bdo02rVrF3EsnTt3ZsKECQDMnz+fd999tyofxZikEo8KsCTkaRCtgZI4xGFq\nKJDlZfZsy/ISLV27dmXNmjVhx3Xs2JHDDjuMN998M+Ll5ebm8tFHHwHQoEEDbr75Ztq3b89ZZ53F\nokWLyM3NpXXr1rz22muAa2mee+65FBUV8dhjj/GXv/yFnJwc3nnnnZp/OGMSTDwqwJuAfBFZICIL\ngHxgZBziMDWwYAFcdx28/jq0ahXvaFLDnj17mDdvHgMGDCh3mttuu4377rsv4mUGtxC3b99Or169\n+OSTT2jYsCGjRo1i3rx5zJw5kzvvvLPMfC1atODaa6/lT3/6E4WFhZx22mlV/0DGJLiYd4JR1Xki\n0hY4AXc7xBeq+r9Yx2Gqz7K8RNeOHTvIyclhzZo1tGvXjjPPPLPcabt37w7AwoULAfeIrkjVrVuX\nPn1c3vmsrCwOOuggMjMzad++PatWrQo7j/WeNqksHi1AcJ1g2uMywlwkIr+LUxymioqKoF8/mDQJ\nzjgj3tGkhnr16lFYWEhRURGqWu41wIDbb7+de++9t8rl1AnqoZSRkUHdunVLX5eU2FUIk37i8Tik\nZ4GxQDfgZOBX/s8kuOJi6NsXbrrJsrzUhnr16jFx4kTGjRvHnj17yp3urLPOYuPGjSxbtqxWH8vV\nsGFDtmyp9cd1GhM38WgBdga6qep1qjo88BeHOEwVbNsG/fvDgAFwww3xjia1BFdi2dnZdOjQgRkz\nZuzXyzP49e23387q1aurXU7o+3Cvzz33XGbOnElOTk7pKVdjUkk8kmG/BIxQ1bUxLNMywdRASQkM\nHAiNG1uWF2PSiWWCib4mwGc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+       "text": [
+        "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0xa288b70>"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 11
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
+\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/screenshots/plot1.png b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/screenshots/plot1.png
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..5fe1930f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/screenshots/plot1.png
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/screenshots/plot1_1.png b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/screenshots/plot1_1.png
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..5fe1930f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/screenshots/plot1_1.png
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/screenshots/plot2.png b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/screenshots/plot2.png
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..7b2898e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/screenshots/plot2.png
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/screenshots/plot2_1.png b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/screenshots/plot2_1.png
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..7b2898e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/screenshots/plot2_1.png
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/screenshots/plot3.png b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/screenshots/plot3.png
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..a3925be9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/screenshots/plot3.png
diff --git a/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/screenshots/plot3_1.png b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/screenshots/plot3_1.png
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..a3925be9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser/screenshots/plot3_1.png
author	FOSSEE SysAds	2015-12-08 15:04:13 +0600
committer	FOSSEE SysAds	2015-12-08 15:04:13 +0600
commit	534e42c1dee8fefa92f28d4496f273f8c6e4bd94 (patch)
tree	2896915c480bcca6cfbe6432f3fa84e2166f589b /Optical_fiber_communication_by_gerd_keiser
parent	3ed3fb328a5f4530eec6591d0ca6fe99c69b1013 (diff)
download	Python-Textbook-Companions-534e42c1dee8fefa92f28d4496f273f8c6e4bd94.tar.gz Python-Textbook-Companions-534e42c1dee8fefa92f28d4496f273f8c6e4bd94.tar.bz2 Python-Textbook-Companions-534e42c1dee8fefa92f28d4496f273f8c6e4bd94.zip