Removed Problem Statements Completely

1 files changed, 611 insertions, 615 deletions

diff --git a/Microwave_and_Radar_Engineering/Chapter_9.ipynb b/Microwave_and_Radar_Engineering/Chapter_9.ipynb
index 99126c13..9e0e63f1 100644
--- a/Microwave_and_Radar_Engineering/Chapter_9.ipynb
+++ b/Microwave_and_Radar_Engineering/Chapter_9.ipynb
@@ -1,616 +1,612 @@
-{

- "metadata": {

-  "name": "Chapter 9"

- },

- "nbformat": 3,

- "nbformat_minor": 0,

- "worksheets": [

-  {

-   "cells": [

-    {

-     "cell_type": "heading",

-     "level": 1,

-     "metadata": {},

-     "source": [

-      "Chapter 9:Solid State Microwave devices"

-     ]

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "heading",

-     "level": 2,

-     "metadata": {},

-     "source": [

-      "Example 9.1, Page number 411"

-     ]

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "code",

-     "collapsed": false,

-     "input": [

-      "\n",

-      "#Variable declaration\n",

-      "L = 2*10**-6          #drift length(m)\n",

-      "Vd = 10**7*10**-2      #dfrift velocit(m/s)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Calculations\n",

-      "f = Vd/(2*L)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Results\n",

-      "print \"Frequncy of IMPATT diode is\",round((f/1E+9),2),\"GHz\""

-     ],

-     "language": "python",

-     "metadata": {},

-     "outputs": [

-      {

-       "output_type": "stream",

-       "stream": "stdout",

-       "text": [

-        "Frequncy of IMPATT diode is 25.0 GHz\n"

-       ]

-      }

-     ],

-     "prompt_number": 6

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "heading",

-     "level": 2,

-     "metadata": {},

-     "source": [

-      "Example 9.2, Page number 411"

-     ]

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "code",

-     "collapsed": false,

-     "input": [

-      "\n",

-      "#Variable declaration\n",

-      "f = 10*10**9         #operating frequency(Hz)\n",

-      "L = 75*10**-6        #device length(m)\n",

-      "V = 25.              #voltage pulse amplified(V)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Calculations\n",

-      "Eth = V/(L)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Result\n",

-      "print \"The threshold electric field is\",round((Eth/1E+5),2),\"KV/cm\"\n"

-     ],

-     "language": "python",

-     "metadata": {},

-     "outputs": [

-      {

-       "output_type": "stream",

-       "stream": "stdout",

-       "text": [

-        "The threshold electric field is 3.33 KV/cm\n"

-       ]

-      }

-     ],

-     "prompt_number": 20

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "heading",

-     "level": 2,

-     "metadata": {},

-     "source": [

-      "Example 9.3, Page number 411"

-     ]

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "code",

-     "collapsed": false,

-     "input": [

-      "a)power gain in dB\n",

-      "\n",

-      "import math\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Variable declaration\n",

-      "fs = 2*10**9          #signal frequency(Hz)\n",

-      "fp = 12*10**9         #pump frequency(Hz)\n",

-      "Ri = 16               #output resistance of signal generator(Ohms)\n",

-      "Rs = 1*10**3          #resistance of signal generator(Ohms)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Calculations\n",

-      "#Part a \n",

-      "P = 10*math.log10((fp-fs)/fs)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Part b\n",

-      "Pc = 10*math.log10((fp+fs)/fs)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Results\n",

-      "print \"Please note that there are calculation mistakes in the textbook. Hence, the difference in answers.\\n\"\n",

-      "print \"Power gain =\",round(P,2),\"dB\"\n",

-      "print \"Power gain as USB converter =\",round(Pc,2),\"dB\""

-     ],

-     "language": "python",

-     "metadata": {},

-     "outputs": [

-      {

-       "output_type": "stream",

-       "stream": "stdout",

-       "text": [

-        "Please note that there are calculation mistakes in the textbook. Hence, the difference in answers.\n",

-        "\n",

-        "Power gain = 6.99 dB\n",

-        "Power gain as USB converter = 8.45 dB\n"

-       ]

-      }

-     ],

-     "prompt_number": 10

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "heading",

-     "level": 2,

-     "metadata": {},

-     "source": [

-      "Example 9.4, Page number 411"

-     ]

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "code",

-     "collapsed": false,

-     "input": [

-      "a)critical voltage\n",

-      "b)breakdown voltage\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Variable declaration\n",

-      "Es = 12.5             #relative dielectric constant\n",

-      "N = 3.2*10**22        #donor concentration(/m**3)\n",

-      "L = 8*10**-6          #length(m)\n",

-      "Eo = 8.854*10**-12    #dielectric constant\n",

-      "q = 1.6*10**-19\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Calculations\n",

-      "#Part a\n",

-      "Vc = (q*N*L**2)/(2*Eo*Es)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Part b\n",

-      "Vbd = 2*Vc\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Part c\n",

-      "Ebd = Vbd/L\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Results\n",

-      "print \"Critical voltage =\",round((Vc/1E+3),2),\"kV\"\n",

-      "print \"Breakdown voltage =\",round((Vbd/1E+3),2),\"kV\"\n",

-      "print \"Breakdown electric field =\",round((Ebd/1E+8),2),\"*10**8 V/cm\""

-     ],

-     "language": "python",

-     "metadata": {},

-     "outputs": [

-      {

-       "output_type": "stream",

-       "stream": "stdout",

-       "text": [

-        "Critical voltage = 1.48 kV\n",

-        "Breakdown voltage = 2.96 kV\n",

-        "Breakdown electric field = 3.7 *10**8 V/cm\n"

-       ]

-      }

-     ],

-     "prompt_number": 15

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "heading",

-     "level": 2,

-     "metadata": {},

-     "source": [

-      "Example 9.5, Page number 412"

-     ]

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "code",

-     "collapsed": false,

-     "input": [

-      "\n",

-      "#Variable declaration\n",

-      "Na = 2.5*10**16       #doping concentration(/cm**3)\n",

-      "J = 33*10**3          #current density(A/cm**2)\n",

-      "q = 1.6*10**-19\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Calculations\n",

-      "Vz = J/(q*Na)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Results\n",

-      "print \"The avalanche zone velocity is\",round((Vz/1E+6),2),\"*10**6 cm/s\""

-     ],

-     "language": "python",

-     "metadata": {},

-     "outputs": [

-      {

-       "output_type": "stream",

-       "stream": "stdout",

-       "text": [

-        "The avalanche zone velocity is 8.25 *10**6 cm/s\n"

-       ]

-      }

-     ],

-     "prompt_number": 17

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "heading",

-     "level": 2,

-     "metadata": {},

-     "source": [

-      "Example 9.6, Page number 412"

-     ]

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "code",

-     "collapsed": false,

-     "input": [

-      "\n",

-      "#Variable declaration\n",

-      "Rd = -25      #negative resistance(Ohms)\n",

-      "Rl = 50       #load resistance(Ohms)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Calculations\n",

-      "G = ((Rd-Rl)/(Rd+Rl))**2\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Results\n",

-      "print \"Power gain =\",G"

-     ],

-     "language": "python",

-     "metadata": {},

-     "outputs": [

-      {

-       "output_type": "stream",

-       "stream": "stdout",

-       "text": [

-        "Power gain = 9\n"

-       ]

-      }

-     ],

-     "prompt_number": 20

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "heading",

-     "level": 2,

-     "metadata": {},

-     "source": [

-      "Example 9.7, Page number 412"

-     ]

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "code",

-     "collapsed": false,

-     "input": [

-      "\n",

-      "#Variable declaration\n",

-      "L = 5.*10**-6    #drift length(m)\n",

-      "V = 3.3*10**3    #voltagradient(V/cm)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Calculation\n",

-      "Vmin = V*L\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Result\n",

-      "print \"The minimum voltage required is\",round(Vmin,4),\"V\""

-     ],

-     "language": "python",

-     "metadata": {},

-     "outputs": [

-      {

-       "output_type": "stream",

-       "stream": "stdout",

-       "text": [

-        "The minimum voltage required is 0.0165 V\n"

-       ]

-      }

-     ],

-     "prompt_number": 37

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "heading",

-     "level": 2,

-     "metadata": {},

-     "source": [

-      "Example 9.8, Page number 412"

-     ]

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "code",

-     "collapsed": false,

-     "input": [

-      "\n",

-      "#Variable declaration\n",

-      "Vd = 2*10**7      #drift velocity(cm/s)\n",

-      "L = 20*10**-6     #active lengh(m)\n",

-      "Ec = 3.3*10**3    #crtical field(GaAs)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Calculations\n",

-      "f = Vd/L\n",

-      "V = L*Ec\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Results\n",

-      "print \"Please note that there are calculation mistakes in the textbook. Hence, the difference in answers.\\n\"\n",

-      "print \"Rational frequency =\",round((f/1E+9),2),\"GHz\"\n",

-      "print \"Critical voltage =\",round(V,3),\"V\""

-     ],

-     "language": "python",

-     "metadata": {},

-     "outputs": [

-      {

-       "output_type": "stream",

-       "stream": "stdout",

-       "text": [

-        "Please note that there are calculation mistakes in the textbook. Hence, the difference in answers.\n",

-        "\n",

-        "Rational frequency = 1000.0 GHz\n",

-        "Critical voltage = 0.066 V\n"

-       ]

-      }

-     ],

-     "prompt_number": 40

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "heading",

-     "level": 2,

-     "metadata": {},

-     "source": [

-      "Example 9.9, Page number 412"

-     ]

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "code",

-     "collapsed": false,

-     "input": [

-      "\n",

-      "from math import pi,sqrt\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Variable declaration\n",

-      "Cj = 0.5*10**-12       #capacitance of IMPATT diode(F)\n",

-      "Lp = 0.5*10**-9        #Inductance of IMPATT diode(H)\n",

-      "Vbd = 100              #breakdown voltage(V)\n",

-      "Ib = 100*10**-3        #dc bias current(A)\n",

-      "Ip = 0.8               #peak current(A)\n",

-      "Rl = 2                 #load resistance(Ohms)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Calculations\n",

-      "f = 1/(2*pi*sqrt(Lp*Cj))\n",

-      "Pl = ((Ip**2)*Rl)/2\n",

-      "Pdc = Vbd*Ib\n",

-      "N = (Pl/Pdc)*100\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Results\n",

-      "print \"The resonant frequency is\",round((f/1E+9),1),\"GHz\"\n",

-      "print \"Efficiency is\",round(N,2),\"%\""

-     ],

-     "language": "python",

-     "metadata": {},

-     "outputs": [

-      {

-       "output_type": "stream",

-       "stream": "stdout",

-       "text": [

-        "The resonant frequency is 10.1 GHz\n",

-        "Efficiency is 6.4 %\n"

-       ]

-      }

-     ],

-     "prompt_number": 3

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "heading",

-     "level": 2,

-     "metadata": {},

-     "source": [

-      "Example 9.10, Page number 413"

-     ]

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "code",

-     "collapsed": false,

-     "input": [

-      "a)drift time\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Variable declaration\n",

-      "Vd = 10**5     #carrier dirft velocity(cm/s)\n",

-      "L = 2*10**-6   #drift length(m)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Calculations\n",

-      "#Part a\n",

-      "tou = L/Vd\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Part b\n",

-      "f = 1/(2*tou)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Results\n",

-      "print \"Drift time of the carrier is\",round((tou/1E-11),2),\"*10**-11 sec\"\n",

-      "print \"Operating frequency of diode is\",(f/1E+9),\"GHz\""

-     ],

-     "language": "python",

-     "metadata": {},

-     "outputs": [

-      {

-       "output_type": "stream",

-       "stream": "stdout",

-       "text": [

-        "Drift time of the carrier is 2.0 *10**-11 sec\n",

-        "Operating frequency of diode is 25.0 GHz\n"

-       ]

-      }

-     ],

-     "prompt_number": 6

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "heading",

-     "level": 2,

-     "metadata": {},

-     "source": [

-      "Example 9.11, Page number 413"

-     ]

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "code",

-     "collapsed": false,

-     "input": [

-      "a)breakdown voltage\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Variable declaration\n",

-      "Er = 11.8          #relative dielectric constant\n",

-      "N = 3*10**21       #donor concentration(m^-3)\n",

-      "L = 6.2*10**-6     #Si length(m)\n",

-      "q = 1.6*10**-19    #charge of an electron(C)\n",

-      "Eo = 8.854*10**-12 #dielctric constant\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Calculations\n",

-      "#Part a\n",

-      "Vbd = (q*N*L**2)/(Eo*Er)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Part b\n",

-      "Ebd = Vbd/L\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Results\n",

-      "print \"Breakdown voltage =\",round(Vbd,1),\"V\"\n",

-      "print \"Breakdown electric field =\",round((Ebd/1E+7),2),\"*10**7 V/m\""

-     ],

-     "language": "python",

-     "metadata": {},

-     "outputs": [

-      {

-       "output_type": "stream",

-       "stream": "stdout",

-       "text": [

-        "Breakdown voltage = 176.6 V\n",

-        "Breakdown electric field = 2.85 *10**7 V/m\n"

-       ]

-      }

-     ],

-     "prompt_number": 7

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "heading",

-     "level": 2,

-     "metadata": {},

-     "source": [

-      "Example 9.12, Page number 413"

-     ]

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "code",

-     "collapsed": false,

-     "input": [

-      "a)Maximum power gain\n",

-      "b)Noise figure\n",

-      "\n",

-      "import math\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Variable declaration\n",

-      "rQ = 8.        #figure of merit\n",

-      "fo_fs = 8.     #ratio of o/p to i/p frequency\n",

-      "Td = 300.      #diode temperatur(K)\n",

-      "To = 300.      #ambient temperature(K)\n",

-      "r = 0.2\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Calculations\n",

-      "#Part a\n",

-      "X = rQ**2/fo_fs\n",

-      "G = (X/((1+math.sqrt(1+X))**2))*fo_fs\n",

-      "g = 10*math.log10(G)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Part b\n",

-      "F = 1+((2*Td)/To)*((1/rQ)+(1/rQ**2))\n",

-      "f = 10*math.log10(F)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Part c\n",

-      "BW = 2*r*math.sqrt(fo_fs)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Results\n",

-      "print \"Maximum power gain =\",round(g,2),\"dB\"\n",

-      "print \"Noise figure =\",round(f,2),\"dB\"\n",

-      "print \"Bandwidth =\",round(BW,2)"

-     ],

-     "language": "python",

-     "metadata": {},

-     "outputs": [

-      {

-       "output_type": "stream",

-       "stream": "stdout",

-       "text": [

-        "Maximum power gain = 6.02 dB\n",

-        "Noise figure = 1.08 dB\n",

-        "Bandwidth = 1.13\n"

-       ]

-      }

-     ],

-     "prompt_number": 41

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "heading",

-     "level": 2,

-     "metadata": {},

-     "source": [

-      "Example 9.13, Page number 414"

-     ]

-    },

-    {

-     "cell_type": "code",

-     "collapsed": false,

-     "input": [

-      "a)Equivalent noise resistance\n",

-      "b)Gain\n",

-      "c)Noise figure\n",

-      "\n",

-      "import math\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Variable declaration\n",

-      "fs = 2*10**9       #signal frequency(Hz)\n",

-      "fp = 12*10**9      #amplifier frquency(Hz)\n",

-      "fi = 10*10**9      #input frequency(Hz)\n",

-      "fd = 5*10**9       #diode frequency(Hz)\n",

-      "Ri = 1*10**3       #input resistance(Ohms)\n",

-      "Rg = 1*10**3       #gate resistance(Ohms)\n",

-      "RTs = 1*10**3      #resistance(Ohms)\n",

-      "RTi = 1*10**3      #resistance(Ohms)\n",

-      "r = 0.35           #resistane(Ohms)\n",

-      "rQ = 10.            #figure of merit\n",

-      "rd = 300           #diode temperature(K)\n",

-      "C = 0.01*10**-12   #capacitance(F)\n",

-      "Td = 300\n",

-      "To = 300\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Calculations\n",

-      "#Part a\n",

-      "ws = 2*pi*fs\n",

-      "wi = 2*pi*fi\n",

-      "R = (r**2)/(ws*wi*C**2*RTi)\n",

-      "a = R/RTs\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Part b\n",

-      "G = (4*fi*Rg*Ri*a)/(fs*RTs*RTi*(1-a)**2)\n",

-      "g = 10*math.log10(G)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Part c\n",

-      "F = 1+((2*Td)/To)*((1/rQ)+(1/rQ**2))\n",

-      "f = 10*math.log10(F)\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Part d\n",

-      "BW = (r/2)*math.sqrt(fd/(fs*G))\n",

-      "\n",

-      "#Results\n",

-      "print \"Equivalent noise resistance =\",round(a,2),\"Ohms\"\n",

-      "print \"Gain =\",round(g,2),\"dB\"\n",

-      "print \"Noise figure =\",round(f,2),\"dB\"\n",

-      "print \"Bandwidth =\",round(BW,3),\"(Calculation error in the textbook)\"\n"

-     ],

-     "language": "python",

-     "metadata": {},

-     "outputs": [

-      {

-       "output_type": "stream",

-       "stream": "stdout",

-       "text": [

-        "Equivalent noise resistance = 1.55 Ohms\n",

-        "Gain = 20.09 dB\n",

-        "Noise figure = 0.86 dB\n",

-        "Bandwidth = 0.027 (Calculation error in the textbook)\n"

-       ]

-      }

-     ],

-     "prompt_number": 5

-    }

-   ],

-   "metadata": {}

-  }

- ]

+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:f43deb1cbcb6a316216c1fc44f3f241bda49709364f3041975049a823ac19904"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 9:Solid State Microwave devices"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 9.1, Page number 411"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "L = 2*10**-6          #drift length(m)\n",
+      "Vd = 10**7*10**-2      #dfrift velocit(m/s)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculations\n",
+      "f = Vd/(2*L)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Results\n",
+      "print \"Frequncy of IMPATT diode is\",round((f/1E+9),2),\"GHz\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Frequncy of IMPATT diode is 25.0 GHz\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 6
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 9.2, Page number 411"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "f = 10*10**9         #operating frequency(Hz)\n",
+      "L = 75*10**-6        #device length(m)\n",
+      "V = 25.              #voltage pulse amplified(V)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculations\n",
+      "Eth = V/(L)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Result\n",
+      "print \"The threshold electric field is\",round((Eth/1E+5),2),\"KV/cm\"\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The threshold electric field is 3.33 KV/cm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 20
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 9.3, Page number 411"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "fs = 2*10**9          #signal frequency(Hz)\n",
+      "fp = 12*10**9         #pump frequency(Hz)\n",
+      "Ri = 16               #output resistance of signal generator(Ohms)\n",
+      "Rs = 1*10**3          #resistance of signal generator(Ohms)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculations\n",
+      "#Part a \n",
+      "P = 10*math.log10((fp-fs)/fs)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Part b\n",
+      "Pc = 10*math.log10((fp+fs)/fs)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Results\n",
+      "print \"Please note that there are calculation mistakes in the textbook. Hence, the difference in answers.\\n\"\n",
+      "print \"Power gain =\",round(P,2),\"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"Power gain as USB converter =\",round(Pc,2),\"dB\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Please note that there are calculation mistakes in the textbook. Hence, the difference in answers.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "Power gain = 6.99 dB\n",
+        "Power gain as USB converter = 8.45 dB\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 10
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 9.4, Page number 411"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "Es = 12.5             #relative dielectric constant\n",
+      "N = 3.2*10**22        #donor concentration(/m**3)\n",
+      "L = 8*10**-6          #length(m)\n",
+      "Eo = 8.854*10**-12    #dielectric constant\n",
+      "q = 1.6*10**-19\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculations\n",
+      "#Part a\n",
+      "Vc = (q*N*L**2)/(2*Eo*Es)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Part b\n",
+      "Vbd = 2*Vc\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Part c\n",
+      "Ebd = Vbd/L\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Results\n",
+      "print \"Critical voltage =\",round((Vc/1E+3),2),\"kV\"\n",
+      "print \"Breakdown voltage =\",round((Vbd/1E+3),2),\"kV\"\n",
+      "print \"Breakdown electric field =\",round((Ebd/1E+8),2),\"*10**8 V/cm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Critical voltage = 1.48 kV\n",
+        "Breakdown voltage = 2.96 kV\n",
+        "Breakdown electric field = 3.7 *10**8 V/cm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 15
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 9.5, Page number 412"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "Na = 2.5*10**16       #doping concentration(/cm**3)\n",
+      "J = 33*10**3          #current density(A/cm**2)\n",
+      "q = 1.6*10**-19\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculations\n",
+      "Vz = J/(q*Na)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Results\n",
+      "print \"The avalanche zone velocity is\",round((Vz/1E+6),2),\"*10**6 cm/s\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The avalanche zone velocity is 8.25 *10**6 cm/s\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 17
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 9.6, Page number 412"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "Rd = -25      #negative resistance(Ohms)\n",
+      "Rl = 50       #load resistance(Ohms)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculations\n",
+      "G = ((Rd-Rl)/(Rd+Rl))**2\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Results\n",
+      "print \"Power gain =\",G"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Power gain = 9\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 20
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 9.7, Page number 412"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "L = 5.*10**-6    #drift length(m)\n",
+      "V = 3.3*10**3    #voltagradient(V/cm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculation\n",
+      "Vmin = V*L\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Result\n",
+      "print \"The minimum voltage required is\",round(Vmin,4),\"V\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The minimum voltage required is 0.0165 V\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 37
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 9.8, Page number 412"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "Vd = 2*10**7      #drift velocity(cm/s)\n",
+      "L = 20*10**-6     #active lengh(m)\n",
+      "Ec = 3.3*10**3    #crtical field(GaAs)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculations\n",
+      "f = Vd/L\n",
+      "V = L*Ec\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Results\n",
+      "print \"Please note that there are calculation mistakes in the textbook. Hence, the difference in answers.\\n\"\n",
+      "print \"Rational frequency =\",round((f/1E+9),2),\"GHz\"\n",
+      "print \"Critical voltage =\",round(V,3),\"V\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Please note that there are calculation mistakes in the textbook. Hence, the difference in answers.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "Rational frequency = 1000.0 GHz\n",
+        "Critical voltage = 0.066 V\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 40
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 9.9, Page number 412"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "from math import pi,sqrt\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "Cj = 0.5*10**-12       #capacitance of IMPATT diode(F)\n",
+      "Lp = 0.5*10**-9        #Inductance of IMPATT diode(H)\n",
+      "Vbd = 100              #breakdown voltage(V)\n",
+      "Ib = 100*10**-3        #dc bias current(A)\n",
+      "Ip = 0.8               #peak current(A)\n",
+      "Rl = 2                 #load resistance(Ohms)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculations\n",
+      "f = 1/(2*pi*sqrt(Lp*Cj))\n",
+      "Pl = ((Ip**2)*Rl)/2\n",
+      "Pdc = Vbd*Ib\n",
+      "N = (Pl/Pdc)*100\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Results\n",
+      "print \"The resonant frequency is\",round((f/1E+9),1),\"GHz\"\n",
+      "print \"Efficiency is\",round(N,2),\"%\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The resonant frequency is 10.1 GHz\n",
+        "Efficiency is 6.4 %\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 9.10, Page number 413"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "Vd = 10**5     #carrier dirft velocity(cm/s)\n",
+      "L = 2*10**-6   #drift length(m)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculations\n",
+      "#Part a\n",
+      "tou = L/Vd\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Part b\n",
+      "f = 1/(2*tou)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Results\n",
+      "print \"Drift time of the carrier is\",round((tou/1E-11),2),\"*10**-11 sec\"\n",
+      "print \"Operating frequency of diode is\",(f/1E+9),\"GHz\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Drift time of the carrier is 2.0 *10**-11 sec\n",
+        "Operating frequency of diode is 25.0 GHz\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 6
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 9.11, Page number 413"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "Er = 11.8          #relative dielectric constant\n",
+      "N = 3*10**21       #donor concentration(m^-3)\n",
+      "L = 6.2*10**-6     #Si length(m)\n",
+      "q = 1.6*10**-19    #charge of an electron(C)\n",
+      "Eo = 8.854*10**-12 #dielctric constant\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculations\n",
+      "#Part a\n",
+      "Vbd = (q*N*L**2)/(Eo*Er)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Part b\n",
+      "Ebd = Vbd/L\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Results\n",
+      "print \"Breakdown voltage =\",round(Vbd,1),\"V\"\n",
+      "print \"Breakdown electric field =\",round((Ebd/1E+7),2),\"*10**7 V/m\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Breakdown voltage = 176.6 V\n",
+        "Breakdown electric field = 2.85 *10**7 V/m\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 7
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 9.12, Page number 413"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "rQ = 8.        #figure of merit\n",
+      "fo_fs = 8.     #ratio of o/p to i/p frequency\n",
+      "Td = 300.      #diode temperatur(K)\n",
+      "To = 300.      #ambient temperature(K)\n",
+      "r = 0.2\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculations\n",
+      "#Part a\n",
+      "X = rQ**2/fo_fs\n",
+      "G = (X/((1+math.sqrt(1+X))**2))*fo_fs\n",
+      "g = 10*math.log10(G)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Part b\n",
+      "F = 1+((2*Td)/To)*((1/rQ)+(1/rQ**2))\n",
+      "f = 10*math.log10(F)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Part c\n",
+      "BW = 2*r*math.sqrt(fo_fs)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Results\n",
+      "print \"Maximum power gain =\",round(g,2),\"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"Noise figure =\",round(f,2),\"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"Bandwidth =\",round(BW,2)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Maximum power gain = 6.02 dB\n",
+        "Noise figure = 1.08 dB\n",
+        "Bandwidth = 1.13\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 41
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 9.13, Page number 414"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "fs = 2*10**9       #signal frequency(Hz)\n",
+      "fp = 12*10**9      #amplifier frquency(Hz)\n",
+      "fi = 10*10**9      #input frequency(Hz)\n",
+      "fd = 5*10**9       #diode frequency(Hz)\n",
+      "Ri = 1*10**3       #input resistance(Ohms)\n",
+      "Rg = 1*10**3       #gate resistance(Ohms)\n",
+      "RTs = 1*10**3      #resistance(Ohms)\n",
+      "RTi = 1*10**3      #resistance(Ohms)\n",
+      "r = 0.35           #resistane(Ohms)\n",
+      "rQ = 10.            #figure of merit\n",
+      "rd = 300           #diode temperature(K)\n",
+      "C = 0.01*10**-12   #capacitance(F)\n",
+      "Td = 300\n",
+      "To = 300\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculations\n",
+      "#Part a\n",
+      "ws = 2*pi*fs\n",
+      "wi = 2*pi*fi\n",
+      "R = (r**2)/(ws*wi*C**2*RTi)\n",
+      "a = R/RTs\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Part b\n",
+      "G = (4*fi*Rg*Ri*a)/(fs*RTs*RTi*(1-a)**2)\n",
+      "g = 10*math.log10(G)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Part c\n",
+      "F = 1+((2*Td)/To)*((1/rQ)+(1/rQ**2))\n",
+      "f = 10*math.log10(F)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Part d\n",
+      "BW = (r/2)*math.sqrt(fd/(fs*G))\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Results\n",
+      "print \"Equivalent noise resistance =\",round(a,2),\"Ohms\"\n",
+      "print \"Gain =\",round(g,2),\"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"Noise figure =\",round(f,2),\"dB\"\n",
+      "print \"Bandwidth =\",round(BW,3),\"(Calculation error in the textbook)\"\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Equivalent noise resistance = 1.55 Ohms\n",
+        "Gain = 20.09 dB\n",
+        "Noise figure = 0.86 dB\n",
+        "Bandwidth = 0.027 (Calculation error in the textbook)\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 5
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
 }
\ No newline at end of file