removing problem statements

1 files changed, 449 insertions, 422 deletions

diff --git a/Industrial_Instrumentation/Chapter_2.ipynb b/Industrial_Instrumentation/Chapter_2.ipynb
index f6c4dada..41a457ab 100644
--- a/Industrial_Instrumentation/Chapter_2.ipynb
+++ b/Industrial_Instrumentation/Chapter_2.ipynb
@@ -1,603 +1,630 @@
 {
  "metadata": {
-  "name": "Chapter_2"
- }, 
- "nbformat": 2, 
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:e12000c40c7eba5fb38d72e0bdbc08735899d3485eb0ecea04e85215c845b6b8"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
  "worksheets": [
   {
    "cells": [
     {
-     "cell_type": "markdown", 
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
      "source": [
       "<h1>Chapter 2: Pressure<h1>"
      ]
-    }, 
+    },
     {
-     "cell_type": "markdown", 
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
      "source": [
       "<h3>Example 2.1, Page Number: 116<h3>"
      ]
-    }, 
+    },
     {
-     "cell_type": "code", 
-     "collapsed": false, 
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
-      "'''Pressure conversion'''", 
-      "", 
-      "#(a)", 
-      "", 
-      "#variable declaration", 
-      "#1kg/cm^2=10000 mmWG", 
-      "x=10000.0*10.0            #equivalnt to 10kg/cm^2", 
-      "", 
-      "#result", 
-      "print('(a)\\n 10kg/cm^2 = %.0f mmWG' %x)", 
-      "", 
-      "#(b)", 
-      "", 
-      "#variable declaration", 
-      "onemm_Hg=13.546                #pressure  of 1 mm Hg", 
-      "", 
-      "#calculation", 
-      "y=10.0**5/onemm_Hg", 
-      "y=y/10.0**3", 
-      "", 
-      "#result", 
-      "print('\\n(b)\\n10kg/cm^2 = 10^5 mmWG = %.2f * 10^3 mmHg' %y)", 
-      "", 
-      "#(c)", 
-      "", 
-      "#variable declaration", 
-      "onebar=1.03                   # 1 Bar presssure in kg/cm^2", 
-      "#calculation", 
-      "z=10.0/onebar", 
-      "", 
-      "#result", 
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#(a)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "#1kg/cm^2=10000 mmWG\n",
+      "x=10000.0*10.0            #equivalnt to 10kg/cm^2\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print('(a)\\n 10kg/cm^2 = %.0f mmWG' %x)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#(b)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "onemm_Hg=13.546                #pressure  of 1 mm Hg\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "y=10.0**5/onemm_Hg\n",
+      "y=y/10.0**3\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print('\\n(b)\\n10kg/cm^2 = 10^5 mmWG = %.2f * 10^3 mmHg' %y)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#(c)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "onebar=1.03                   # 1 Bar presssure in kg/cm^2\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "z=10.0/onebar\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
       "print('\\n(c)\\n10kg/cm^2 = %.2f bars' %z)"
-     ], 
-     "language": "python", 
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
-       "output_type": "stream", 
-       "stream": "stdout", 
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
        "text": [
-        "(a)", 
-        " 10kg/cm^2 = 100000 mmWG", 
-        "", 
-        "(b)", 
-        "10kg/cm^2 = 10^5 mmWG = 7.38 * 10^3 mmHg", 
-        "", 
-        "(c)", 
+        "(a)\n",
+        " 10kg/cm^2 = 100000 mmWG\n",
+        "\n",
+        "(b)\n",
+        "10kg/cm^2 = 10^5 mmWG = 7.38 * 10^3 mmHg\n",
+        "\n",
+        "(c)\n",
         "10kg/cm^2 = 9.71 bars"
        ]
       }
-     ], 
+     ],
      "prompt_number": 1
-    }, 
+    },
     {
-     "cell_type": "markdown", 
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
      "source": [
       "<h3>Example 2.2, Page Number: 116<h3>"
      ]
-    }, 
+    },
     {
-     "cell_type": "code", 
-     "collapsed": false, 
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
-      "'''Gauge and absolute pressure'''", 
-      "", 
-      "#(a)", 
-      "", 
-      "#variable Declaration", 
-      "gamm=1000.0               # density of water", 
-      "d=35.0                    # depth of water ", 
-      "dens_Hg=13.546            # density of Hg", 
-      "", 
-      "#calculation", 
-      "press_in_kg_cm=gamm*d*10**-4", 
-      "press_in_mmHg=gamm*d/dens_Hg", 
-      "press_in_mmHg=press_in_mmHg/10**3", 
-      "", 
-      "#result", 
-      "print('(a)\\nThe pressure at depth of %d meters in a water tank=%.1f kg/cm^2 = %.2f*10^3 mmHg'%(d, press_in_kg_cm, press_in_mmHg))", 
-      "", 
-      "#(b)", 
-      "", 
-      "#varible declaration", 
-      "press_atm=1.03            #atmospheric pressure", 
-      "", 
-      "#calculation", 
-      "abspress=press_in_kg_cm+press_atm", 
-      "abspress_mmHg=press_in_mmHg*1000.0+760.0", 
-      "abspress_mmHg=abspress_mmHg/1000.0", 
-      "", 
-      "#result", 
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#(a)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable Declaration\n",
+      "gamm=1000.0               # density of water\n",
+      "d=35.0                    # depth of water \n",
+      "dens_Hg=13.546            # density of Hg\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "press_in_kg_cm=gamm*d*10**-4\n",
+      "press_in_mmHg=gamm*d/dens_Hg\n",
+      "press_in_mmHg=press_in_mmHg/10**3\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print('(a)\\nThe pressure at depth of %d meters in a water tank=%.1f kg/cm^2 = %.2f*10^3 mmHg'%(d, press_in_kg_cm, press_in_mmHg))\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#(b)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#varible declaration\n",
+      "press_atm=1.03            #atmospheric pressure\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "abspress=press_in_kg_cm+press_atm\n",
+      "abspress_mmHg=press_in_mmHg*1000.0+760.0\n",
+      "abspress_mmHg=abspress_mmHg/1000.0\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
       "print('\\n(b)\\nAbsolute Pressure= %.2f kg/cm^2 Abs = %.2f*10^3 mmHg Abs'%(abspress, abspress_mmHg))"
-     ], 
-     "language": "python", 
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
-       "output_type": "stream", 
-       "stream": "stdout", 
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
        "text": [
-        "(a)", 
-        "The pressure at depth of 35 meters in a water tank=3.5 kg/cm^2 = 2.58*10^3 mmHg", 
-        "", 
-        "(b)", 
+        "(a)\n",
+        "The pressure at depth of 35 meters in a water tank=3.5 kg/cm^2 = 2.58*10^3 mmHg\n",
+        "\n",
+        "(b)\n",
         "Absolute Pressure= 4.53 kg/cm^2 Abs = 3.34*10^3 mmHg Abs"
        ]
       }
-     ], 
+     ],
      "prompt_number": 2
-    }, 
+    },
     {
-     "cell_type": "markdown", 
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
      "source": [
       "<h3>Example 2.3, Page Number:116<h3>"
      ]
-    }, 
+    },
     {
-     "cell_type": "code", 
-     "collapsed": false, 
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
-      "''' Gauge and absolute pressure'''", 
-      "", 
-      "#varible declaration", 
-      "egp=260.0                  # equivalent gauge pressure", 
-      "", 
-      "#calculation", 
-      "abspress=760.0-egp", 
-      "", 
-      "#result", 
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#varible declaration\n",
+      "egp=260.0                  # equivalent gauge pressure\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "abspress=760.0-egp\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
       "print('Absolute Presssure = %d mmHg' %abspress)"
-     ], 
-     "language": "python", 
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
-       "output_type": "stream", 
-       "stream": "stdout", 
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
        "text": [
         "Absolute Presssure = 500 mmHg"
        ]
       }
-     ], 
+     ],
      "prompt_number": 3
-    }, 
+    },
     {
-     "cell_type": "markdown", 
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
      "source": [
       "<h3>Example 2.4,Page Number:117<h3>"
      ]
-    }, 
+    },
     {
-     "cell_type": "code", 
-     "collapsed": false, 
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
-      "'''pressure measurement using U tube manometer'''", 
-      "", 
-      "#(a)", 
-      "", 
-      "#variable declaration", 
-      "p_diff=500.0                #pressure difference in mmHg", 
-      "", 
-      "#calculations", 
-      "pdiff=p_diff*13.546/10000", 
-      "", 
-      "#Result", 
-      "print('(a)\\np1-p2 = %.3f kg/cm^2' %pdiff)", 
-      "", 
-      "", 
-      "#(b)", 
-      "", 
-      "#variable declaration", 
-      "p1=6770.0                  # Gauge pressure in mmWG", 
-      "p_atm=10300.0              # atmospheric pressure ", 
-      "", 
-      "#calculation", 
-      "abs_p1=p1+p_atm", 
-      "", 
-      "#result", 
-      "print('\\n(b)If p2 is open to atmosphere:\\nAbsolute Pressure P1 = %d mmWG abs.' %abs_p1)", 
-      "", 
-      "#(c)", 
-      "", 
-      "#variable declaration", 
-      "P1=500.0                 #mmHg absolute pressure", 
-      "", 
-      "#calculations", 
-      "P1_gauge=P1-760.0", 
-      "", 
-      "#result", 
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#(a)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "p_diff=500.0                #pressure difference in mmHg\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculations\n",
+      "pdiff=p_diff*13.546/10000\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Result\n",
+      "print('(a)\\np1-p2 = %.3f kg/cm^2' %pdiff)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#(b)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "p1=6770.0                  # Gauge pressure in mmWG\n",
+      "p_atm=10300.0              # atmospheric pressure \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "abs_p1=p1+p_atm\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print('\\n(b)If p2 is open to atmosphere:\\nAbsolute Pressure P1 = %d mmWG abs.' %abs_p1)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#(c)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "P1=500.0                 #mmHg absolute pressure\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculations\n",
+      "P1_gauge=P1-760.0\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
       "print('\\n(c)If p2 is evacuated and sealed:\\np1= %d mmHg gauge Pressure' %P1_gauge)"
-     ], 
-     "language": "python", 
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
-       "output_type": "stream", 
-       "stream": "stdout", 
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
        "text": [
-        "(a)", 
-        "p1-p2 = 0.677 kg/cm^2", 
-        "", 
-        "(b)If p2 is open to atmosphere:", 
-        "Absolute Pressure P1 = 17070 mmWG abs.", 
-        "", 
-        "(c)If p2 is evacuated and sealed:", 
+        "(a)\n",
+        "p1-p2 = 0.677 kg/cm^2\n",
+        "\n",
+        "(b)If p2 is open to atmosphere:\n",
+        "Absolute Pressure P1 = 17070 mmWG abs.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "(c)If p2 is evacuated and sealed:\n",
         "p1= -260 mmHg gauge Pressure"
        ]
       }
-     ], 
+     ],
      "prompt_number": 4
-    }, 
+    },
     {
-     "cell_type": "markdown", 
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
      "source": [
       "<h3>Example 2.5, Page Number: 117<h3>"
      ]
-    }, 
+    },
     {
-     "cell_type": "code", 
-     "collapsed": false, 
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
-      "'''Specific Gravity and weight density'''", 
-      "", 
-      "#variable declaration", 
-      "spe_grav_water=1.0             # specific gravity of water", 
-      "", 
-      "#calculation", 
-      "spe_grav_X=spe_grav_water*100.0/50.0", 
-      "wt_dens_water=1000.0", 
-      "wt_dens_X=wt_dens_water*2.0", 
-      "", 
-      "#result", 
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "spe_grav_water=1.0             # specific gravity of water\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "spe_grav_X=spe_grav_water*100.0/50.0\n",
+      "wt_dens_water=1000.0\n",
+      "wt_dens_X=wt_dens_water*2.0\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
       "print('Weight Density of X = %d kg/m^3' %wt_dens_X)"
-     ], 
-     "language": "python", 
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
-       "output_type": "stream", 
-       "stream": "stdout", 
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
        "text": [
         "Weight Density of X = 2000 kg/m^3"
        ]
       }
-     ], 
+     ],
      "prompt_number": 5
-    }, 
+    },
     {
-     "cell_type": "markdown", 
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
      "source": [
       "<h3>Example 2.6, Page Number: 117<h3>"
      ]
-    }, 
+    },
     {
-     "cell_type": "code", 
-     "collapsed": false, 
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
-      "'''water flow rate using mercury manometer'''", 
-      "", 
-      "#variable declaration", 
-      "A=1.0/20.0                      # Area ratio", 
-      "p_diff=1500.0                   # pressure difference in mmWG", 
-      "", 
-      "#result", 
-      "print('(a)\\nAs Delta_h=A2/A1*h << h and normally negligible for well type manometer')", 
-      "print('hence, p1-p2 = h = %d =111 mmHg' %p_diff)", 
-      "print('\\n(b)\\nh measured above the oriinal reference will be half of H, i.e. 111/2=55.5 mmHg')", 
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "A=1.0/20.0                      # Area ratio\n",
+      "p_diff=1500.0                   # pressure difference in mmWG\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print('(a)\\nAs Delta_h=A2/A1*h << h and normally negligible for well type manometer')\n",
+      "print('hence, p1-p2 = h = %d =111 mmHg' %p_diff)\n",
+      "print('\\n(b)\\nh measured above the oriinal reference will be half of H, i.e. 111/2=55.5 mmHg')\n",
       "print('(Since area of both legs are same)')"
-     ], 
-     "language": "python", 
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
-       "output_type": "stream", 
-       "stream": "stdout", 
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
        "text": [
-        "(a)", 
-        "As Delta_h=A2/A1*h << h and normally negligible for well type manometer", 
-        "hence, p1-p2 = h = 1500 =111 mmHg", 
-        "", 
-        "(b)", 
-        "h measured above the oriinal reference will be half of H, i.e. 111/2=55.5 mmHg", 
+        "(a)\n",
+        "As Delta_h=A2/A1*h << h and normally negligible for well type manometer\n",
+        "hence, p1-p2 = h = 1500 =111 mmHg\n",
+        "\n",
+        "(b)\n",
+        "h measured above the oriinal reference will be half of H, i.e. 111/2=55.5 mmHg\n",
         "(Since area of both legs are same)"
        ]
       }
-     ], 
+     ],
      "prompt_number": 6
-    }, 
+    },
     {
-     "cell_type": "markdown", 
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
      "source": [
       "<h3>Example 2.7, Page Number: 119<h3>"
      ]
-    }, 
+    },
     {
-     "cell_type": "code", 
-     "collapsed": false, 
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
-      "'''readings and errors in Bourdon gauge reading'''", 
-      "", 
-      "print('1 kg/cm^2 = 10 mWG\\n')", 
-      "", 
-      "#(a)", 
-      "", 
-      "#variable declaration", 
-      "press=10+2              #pressure read by the gauge", 
-      "", 
-      "#result", 
-      "print('\\n(a)Bourdon Gauge is mounted 20 meters below water line:')", 
-      "print('\\nPressure read by the Gauge = %d kg/cm^2'%press)", 
-      "", 
-      "", 
-      "#(b)", 
-      "", 
-      "#variable declaration", 
-      "press2=10-3            #pressure read by the gauge", 
-      "", 
-      "#result", 
-      "print('\\n\\n(b)Bourdon Gauge is located 30 meters above the water line:')", 
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print('1 kg/cm^2 = 10 mWG\\n')\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#(a)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "press=10+2              #pressure read by the gauge\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print('\\n(a)Bourdon Gauge is mounted 20 meters below water line:')\n",
+      "print('\\nPressure read by the Gauge = %d kg/cm^2'%press)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#(b)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "press2=10-3            #pressure read by the gauge\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print('\\n\\n(b)Bourdon Gauge is located 30 meters above the water line:')\n",
       "print('\\nPressure read by the Gauge = %d kg/cm^2'%press2)"
-     ], 
-     "language": "python", 
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
-       "output_type": "stream", 
-       "stream": "stdout", 
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
        "text": [
-        "1 kg/cm^2 = 10 mWG", 
-        "", 
-        "", 
-        "(a)Bourdon Gauge is mounted 20 meters below water line:", 
-        "", 
-        "Pressure read by the Gauge = 12 kg/cm^2", 
-        "", 
-        "", 
-        "(b)Bourdon Gauge is located 30 meters above the water line:", 
-        "", 
+        "1 kg/cm^2 = 10 mWG\n",
+        "\n",
+        "\n",
+        "(a)Bourdon Gauge is mounted 20 meters below water line:\n",
+        "\n",
+        "Pressure read by the Gauge = 12 kg/cm^2\n",
+        "\n",
+        "\n",
+        "(b)Bourdon Gauge is located 30 meters above the water line:\n",
+        "\n",
         "Pressure read by the Gauge = 7 kg/cm^2"
        ]
       }
-     ], 
+     ],
      "prompt_number": 7
-    }, 
+    },
     {
-     "cell_type": "markdown", 
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
      "source": [
       "<h3>Example 2.8, Page Number: 120<h3>"
      ]
-    }, 
+    },
     {
-     "cell_type": "code", 
-     "collapsed": false, 
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
-      "'''Specific Gravity and density of liquid'''", 
-      "", 
-      "#Variable declaration", 
-      "dens_water=1000.0                 # water Density", 
-      "h1=125.0                          # height1 mm", 
-      "h2=250.0                          # height2 mm", 
-      "d2=h1*dens_water/h2", 
-      "", 
-      "#result", 
-      "", 
-      "#a", 
-      "print('(a)\\nDensity of Liquid = %d kg/m^3' %d2)", 
-      "print('\\nSpecific Density of the liquid = %.1f' %(h1/h2))", 
-      "", 
-      "#(b)", 
-      "print('\\n\\n(b)\\nIf Values of water and liquid interchanged:\\n')", 
-      "d3=h2*dens_water/h1", 
-      "print('\\nDensity of Liquid = %d kg/m^3' %d3)", 
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "dens_water=1000.0                 # water Density\n",
+      "h1=125.0                          # height1 mm\n",
+      "h2=250.0                          # height2 mm\n",
+      "d2=h1*dens_water/h2\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#a\n",
+      "print('(a)\\nDensity of Liquid = %d kg/m^3' %d2)\n",
+      "print('\\nSpecific Density of the liquid = %.1f' %(h1/h2))\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#(b)\n",
+      "print('\\n\\n(b)\\nIf Values of water and liquid interchanged:\\n')\n",
+      "d3=h2*dens_water/h1\n",
+      "print('\\nDensity of Liquid = %d kg/m^3' %d3)\n",
       "print('\\nSpecific Density of the liquid = %.1f' %(h2/h1))"
-     ], 
-     "language": "python", 
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
-       "output_type": "stream", 
-       "stream": "stdout", 
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
        "text": [
-        "(a)", 
-        "Density of Liquid = 500 kg/m^3", 
-        "", 
-        "Specific Density of the liquid = 0.5", 
-        "", 
-        "", 
-        "(b)", 
-        "If Values of water and liquid interchanged:", 
-        "", 
-        "", 
-        "Density of Liquid = 2000 kg/m^3", 
-        "", 
+        "(a)\n",
+        "Density of Liquid = 500 kg/m^3\n",
+        "\n",
+        "Specific Density of the liquid = 0.5\n",
+        "\n",
+        "\n",
+        "(b)\n",
+        "If Values of water and liquid interchanged:\n",
+        "\n",
+        "\n",
+        "Density of Liquid = 2000 kg/m^3\n",
+        "\n",
         "Specific Density of the liquid = 2.0"
        ]
       }
-     ], 
+     ],
      "prompt_number": 8
-    }, 
+    },
     {
-     "cell_type": "markdown", 
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
      "source": [
       "<h3>Example 2.9, Page Number: 120<h3>"
      ]
-    }, 
+    },
     {
-     "cell_type": "code", 
-     "collapsed": false, 
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
-      "'''strain gauge wire length and cross section area'''", 
-      "", 
-      "import math", 
-      "#variable Declaration", 
-      "R=120.0                        #resistance", 
-      "l=122.0                        #length", 
-      "a=0.1                          #area", 
-      "R1=140.0                       #resistance in ohm", 
-      "", 
-      "#calculation", 
-      "rho=R*a/l", 
-      "l1=math.sqrt(R1*a*l/rho)", 
-      "l1=round(l1,0)", 
-      "", 
-      "#Result", 
-      "print('Length l1 = %d meters' %l1)", 
-      "A1=a*l/l1", 
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "import math\n",
+      "#variable Declaration\n",
+      "R=120.0                        #resistance\n",
+      "l=122.0                        #length\n",
+      "a=0.1                          #area\n",
+      "R1=140.0                       #resistance in ohm\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "rho=R*a/l\n",
+      "l1=math.sqrt(R1*a*l/rho)\n",
+      "l1=round(l1,0)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Result\n",
+      "print('Length l1 = %d meters' %l1)\n",
+      "A1=a*l/l1\n",
       "print('\\nArea A1 = %.4f mm^2' %A1)"
-     ], 
-     "language": "python", 
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
-       "output_type": "stream", 
-       "stream": "stdout", 
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
        "text": [
-        "Length l1 = 132 meters", 
-        "", 
+        "Length l1 = 132 meters\n",
+        "\n",
         "Area A1 = 0.0924 mm^2"
        ]
       }
-     ], 
+     ],
      "prompt_number": 1
-    }, 
+    },
     {
-     "cell_type": "markdown", 
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
      "source": [
       "<h3>Example 2.10, Page Number: 121<h3>"
      ]
-    }, 
+    },
     {
-     "cell_type": "code", 
-     "collapsed": false, 
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
-      "'''Capacitance calculation for variable dielectric'''", 
-      "", 
-      "c=0.57                   #Constant", 
-      "", 
-      "#(a)", 
-      "", 
-      "#variable declaration", 
-      "d=0.1                    #distance between plates", 
-      "di1=100.0                #Dielectric constant", 
-      "di2=1000.0               #Dielectric constant", 
-      "", 
-      "#calculation", 
-      "c1=c*di1*10.0/d", 
-      "c1=round(c1,0)", 
-      "", 
-      "#result", 
-      "print('(a)\\nC1=%d pf' %c1)", 
-      "", 
-      "", 
-      "#(b)", 
-      "", 
-      "#calculation", 
-      "c2=c*di2*10/d", 
-      "", 
-      "#result", 
-      "print('\\n(b)\\nC2=%d pf' %c2)", 
-      "", 
-      "", 
-      "#(c)", 
-      "", 
-      "#calculation", 
-      "ds=0.09", 
-      "c11=c*di1*10/ds", 
-      "c12=c*di2*10/ds", 
-      "", 
-      "#result", 
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "c=0.57                   #Constant\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#(a)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable declaration\n",
+      "d=0.1                    #distance between plates\n",
+      "di1=100.0                #Dielectric constant\n",
+      "di2=1000.0               #Dielectric constant\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "c1=c*di1*10.0/d\n",
+      "c1=round(c1,0)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print('(a)\\nC1=%d pf' %c1)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#(b)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "c2=c*di2*10/d\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
+      "print('\\n(b)\\nC2=%d pf' %c2)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#(c)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "ds=0.09\n",
+      "c11=c*di1*10/ds\n",
+      "c12=c*di2*10/ds\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#result\n",
       "print('\\n(c)\\nC1 = %.1f pf\\nC2 = %d pf'%(c11,c12))"
-     ], 
-     "language": "python", 
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
-       "output_type": "stream", 
-       "stream": "stdout", 
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
        "text": [
-        "(a)", 
-        "C1=5700 pf", 
-        "", 
-        "(b)", 
-        "C2=57000 pf", 
-        "", 
-        "(c)", 
-        "C1 = 6333.3 pf", 
+        "(a)\n",
+        "C1=5700 pf\n",
+        "\n",
+        "(b)\n",
+        "C2=57000 pf\n",
+        "\n",
+        "(c)\n",
+        "C1 = 6333.3 pf\n",
         "C2 = 63333 pf"
        ]
       }
-     ], 
+     ],
      "prompt_number": 10
-    }, 
+    },
     {
-     "cell_type": "markdown", 
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
      "source": [
       "<h3>Example 2.11, Page Number: 121<h3>"
      ]
-    }, 
+    },
     {
-     "cell_type": "code", 
-     "collapsed": false, 
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
-      "'''pressure gauge caliberation'''", 
-      "", 
-      "#variable Declaration", 
-      "A=1.0                       #area", 
-      "p1=10.0                     #pressure", 
-      "", 
-      "#calculation", 
-      "W1=A*p1", 
-      "", 
-      "#Result", 
-      "print('W1 = %d kg' %W1)", 
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#variable Declaration\n",
+      "A=1.0                       #area\n",
+      "p1=10.0                     #pressure\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#calculation\n",
+      "W1=A*p1\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Result\n",
+      "print('W1 = %d kg' %W1)\n",
       "print('\\nWith the 4 standard weights of 10kg, 20kg, 30kg and 40kg')"
-     ], 
-     "language": "python", 
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
-       "output_type": "stream", 
-       "stream": "stdout", 
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
        "text": [
-        "W1 = 10 kg", 
-        "", 
+        "W1 = 10 kg\n",
+        "\n",
         "With the 4 standard weights of 10kg, 20kg, 30kg and 40kg"
        ]
       }
-     ], 
+     ],
      "prompt_number": 11
-    }, 
+    },
     {
-     "cell_type": "markdown", 
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
      "source": [
       "<h3>Example 2.12, Page Number: 122<h3>"
      ]
-    }, 
+    },
     {
-     "cell_type": "code", 
-     "collapsed": false, 
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
-      "'''pressure calculation using McLeod gauge'''", 
-      "", 
-      "#varable declaration", 
-      "p1=10**-2                 #pressure in torr", 
-      "h1=20.0                   #height in mm", 
-      "", 
-      "#xalculation", 
-      "K=p1/h1**2", 
-      "p2=K*30**2", 
-      "p2=p2*100.0", 
-      "", 
-      "#Result", 
+      "\n",
+      "#varable declaration\n",
+      "p1=10**-2                 #pressure in torr\n",
+      "h1=20.0                   #height in mm\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#xalculation\n",
+      "K=p1/h1**2\n",
+      "p2=K*30**2\n",
+      "p2=p2*100.0\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Result\n",
       "print('The unknown pressure p2 = %.2f * 10^-2 torr' %p2)"
-     ], 
-     "language": "python", 
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
-       "output_type": "stream", 
-       "stream": "stdout", 
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
        "text": [
         "The unknown pressure p2 = 2.25 * 10^-2 torr"
        ]
       }
-     ], 
+     ],
      "prompt_number": 12
     }
-   ]
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
   }
  ]
 }
\ No newline at end of file