Added(A)/Deleted(D) following books

 A  Fundamentals_Of_Electronic_Devices_by_J._B._Gupta/Ch1.ipynb
A  Fundamentals_Of_Electronic_Devices_by_J._B._Gupta/Ch2.ipynb
A  Fundamentals_Of_Electronic_Devices_by_J._B._Gupta/Ch3.ipynb
A  Fundamentals_Of_Electronic_Devices_by_J._B._Gupta/Ch4.ipynb
A  Fundamentals_Of_Electronic_Devices_by_J._B._Gupta/Ch5.ipynb
A  Fundamentals_Of_Electronic_Devices_by_J._B._Gupta/Ch6.ipynb
A  Fundamentals_Of_Electronic_Devices_by_J._B._Gupta/Ch7.ipynb
A  Fundamentals_Of_Electronic_Devices_by_J._B._Gupta/Ch8.ipynb
A  Fundamentals_Of_Electronic_Devices_by_J._B._Gupta/README.txt
A  Fundamentals_Of_Electronic_Devices_by_J._B._Gupta/screenshots/6.1.png
A  Fundamentals_Of_Electronic_Devices_by_J._B._Gupta/screenshots/6.png
A  Fundamentals_Of_Electronic_Devices_by_J._B._Gupta/screenshots/7.png
A  OpAmps_And_Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_Gayakwad/Chapter1.ipynb
A  OpAmps_And_Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_Gayakwad/Chapter2.ipynb
A  OpAmps_And_Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_Gayakwad/Chapter3.ipynb
A  OpAmps_And_Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_Gayakwad/Chapter4.ipynb
A  OpAmps_And_Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_Gayakwad/Chapter5.ipynb
A  OpAmps_And_Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_Gayakwad/Chapter6.ipynb
A  OpAmps_And_Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_Gayakwad/Chapter7.ipynb
A  OpAmps_And_Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_Gayakwad/Chapter8.ipynb
A  OpAmps_And_Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_Gayakwad/Chapter9.ipynb
A  OpAmps_And_Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_Gayakwad/README.txt
A  OpAmps_And_Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_Gayakwad/screenshots/1.png
A  OpAmps_And_Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_Gayakwad/screenshots/2.png
A  OpAmps_And_Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_Gayakwad/screenshots/8.png
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter10_6.ipynb
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter11_6.ipynb
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter12_6.ipynb
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter13_6.ipynb
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter14_6.ipynb
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter15_6.ipynb
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter16_6.ipynb
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter17_6.ipynb
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter18_6.ipynb
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter19_6.ipynb
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter1_6.ipynb
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter20_6.ipynb
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter21_6.ipynb
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter22_6.ipynb
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter23_6.ipynb
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter24_6.ipynb
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter25_6.ipynb
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter26_6.ipynb
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter2_6.ipynb
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter6_6.ipynb
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter7_6.ipynb
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter8_6.ipynb
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/chapter9_6.ipynb
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/screenshots/chapter10_ac_load_line_5.png
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/screenshots/chapter18_clipping_ckt_output_6.png
A  Principles_of_Electronics_____by_V.K._Mehta_and_Rohit_Mehta/screenshots/chapter8_dc_load_line_6.png

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diff --git a/Fundamentals_Of_Electronic_Devices_by_J._B._Gupta/Ch4.ipynb b/Fundamentals_Of_Electronic_Devices_by_J._B._Gupta/Ch4.ipynb
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+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter 4:  Junction Properties"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Example 4.1 page No. 146"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 14,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Majority carrier electron concentration is  5.97e+13 cm**-3\n",
+      "Minority carrier hole concentration is  9.7e+12  cm**-3\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Exa4.1\n",
+    "#find the Majority  and Minority carrier hole concentration\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "T=300\t\t\t    #in Kelvin\n",
+    "ND=5*10**13\t\t     #in cm**-3\n",
+    "NA=0\t\t\t     #in cm**-3\n",
+    "ni=2.4*10**13\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "no=ND/2.0+math.sqrt((ND/2.0)**2+ni**2)\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "po=ni**2/no\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print\"Majority carrier electron concentration is \",round(no,-11),\"cm**-3\"\n",
+    "print\"Minority carrier hole concentration is \",round(po,-11),\" cm**-3\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Example 4.2 Page No.146"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 16,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Majority carrier electron concentration is  1e+16 cm**-3\n",
+      "Minority carrier hole concentration is  22500.0  cm**-3\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Exa4.2\n",
+    "#find the Majority  and Minority carrier hole concentration\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "T=300\t\t\t#in Kelvin\n",
+    "ND=10**16\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "NA=0\t\t\t #in cm**-3\n",
+    "ni=1.5*10**10\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "no=ND/2.0+math.sqrt((ND/2.0)**2+ni**2)\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "po=ni**2/no\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#result\n",
+    "print\"Majority carrier electron concentration is \",no,\"cm**-3\"\n",
+    "print\"Minority carrier hole concentration is \",round(po,0),\" cm**-3\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Example 4.3 Page No. 147"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 19,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Majority carrier hole concentration is 7e+15  cm**-3\n",
+      "Minority carrier electron concentration is  36571.0  cm**-3\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Exa4.3\n",
+    "#find the Majority  and Minority carrier hole concentration\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "T=300\t\t\t#in Kelvin\n",
+    "ND=3*10**15\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "NA=10**16\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "ni=1.6*10**10\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "po=(NA-ND)/2+math.sqrt(((NA-ND)/2.0)**2+ni**2.0)\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "no=ni**2/po\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print\"Majority carrier hole concentration is\",round(po,-8),\" cm**-3\"\n",
+    "print\"Minority carrier electron concentration is \",round(no,0),\" cm**-3\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Example 4.4 Page No. 147"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 45,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "The maximum Temprature is  642.0 K\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Example 4.4\n",
+    "#What is maximum Temprature\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Given \n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "ND=3*10**15\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "Eg=1.12             #eV\n",
+    "k=8.62*10**-5        #eV/k\n",
+    "Nc=2.8*10**19\n",
+    "Nv=1.04*10**19\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "# from the equation po=(NA-ND)/2+math.sqrt(((NA-ND)/2.0)**2+ni**2.0)\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "No=1.05*ND\n",
+    "ni=math.sqrt((No-ND/2.0)**2-0.25*ND**2)\n",
+    "#From ni**2=Nc*Nv*exp(-Eg/(k*t))\n",
+    "T=Eg/(-math.log(ni**2/(Nc*Nv))*k)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"The maximum Temprature is \",round(T,1),\"K\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Example 4.5 Page No. 151"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 47,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Built in potential barrier is 0.7532 V\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Exa4.5\n",
+    "#determine the built in potential\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "T=300\t\t#in Kelvin\n",
+    "ND=10**15\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "NA=10**18\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "ni=1.5*10**10\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "VT=T/11600.0\t#in Volts\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "Vbi=VT*math.log(NA*ND/ni**2)\t#in Volts\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#result\n",
+    "print\"Built in potential barrier is\",round(Vbi,4),\"V\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Example 4.6 Page No.151"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Contact potential is 0.5745 V\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Exa4.6\n",
+    "#What is Contact Potential.\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "T=300\t\t  #in Kelvin\n",
+    "ND=10**21\t  #in m**-3\n",
+    "NA=10**21\t  #in m**-3\n",
+    "ni=1.5*10**16  #in m**-3\n",
+    "VT=T/11600.0\t#in Volts\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "Vo=VT*math.log(NA*ND/ni**2)\t#in Volts\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#result\n",
+    "print\"Contact potential is\",round(Vo,4),\"V\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Example 4.7 Page No. 154"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Space charge width is 0.95 micro meter\n",
+      "At metallurgical junction, i.e for x=0 the electric field is  -13345.0 V\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Exa4.7\n",
+    "#Determine the space charge.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "T=300\t\t\t#in Kelvin\n",
+    "ND=10**15\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "NA=10**16\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "ni=1.5*10**10\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "VT=T/11600.0\t\t#in Volts\n",
+    "e=1.6*10**-19\t   #in Coulamb\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation\n",
+    "epsilon=11.7*8.854*10**-14\t      #constant\n",
+    "Vbi=VT*math.log(NA*ND/ni**2)\t\t#in Volts\n",
+    "SCW=math.sqrt((2*epsilon*Vbi/e)*(NA+ND)/(NA*ND))#in cm\n",
+    "SCW=SCW*10**4   #in uMeter\n",
+    "xn=0.864\t\t#in uM\n",
+    "xp=0.086\t\t#in uM\n",
+    "Emax=-e*ND*xn/epsilon\t#in V/cm\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#result\n",
+    "print\"Space charge width is\",round(SCW,2),\"micro meter\"\n",
+    "print\"At metallurgical junction, i.e for x=0 the electric field is \",round(Emax/10000,0),\"V\"#Note : Ans in the book is wrong"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Example 4.8 Page No.160"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "New position of fermi level is  0.328 V\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Exa4.8\n",
+    "#Find the new position of fermi level\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "Ecf=0.3               #in Volts\n",
+    "T=27.0+273.0              #in Kelvin\n",
+    "delT=55               #in degree centigrade\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation\n",
+    "#formula : Ecf=Ec-Ef=K*T*math.log(nc/ND)\n",
+    "#let K*math.log(nc/ND)=y\n",
+    "#Ecf=Ec-Ef=T*y\n",
+    "y=Ecf/T               #assumed\n",
+    "Tnew=273+55           #in Kelvin\n",
+    "EcfNEW=y*Tnew         #in Volts\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#result\n",
+    "print\"New position of fermi level is \",round(EcfNEW,4),\"V\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Example 4.9 Page No. 161"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Contact potential is  0.19 V\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Exa4.9\n",
+    "#Determine the Contact Potential\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "T=300\t\t\t#in Kelvin\n",
+    "ND=8*10**14\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "NA=8*10**14\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "ni=2*10**13\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "k=8.61*10**-5\t\t#in eV/K\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation\n",
+    "Vo=k*T*math.log(NA*ND/ni**2)\t#in Volts\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print\"Contact potential is \",round(Vo,2),\"V\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Example 4.10 page No.161"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Hole concentration in cm**-3 : 1.3e+04 /cm**3\n",
+      "electron concentration in cm**-3 :5.3e+04 /cm**3\n",
+      "\n",
+      "NOTE:\n",
+      "Slight Variation in answer due to wrong value of ni in book as 1.6*10**16 instead of 1.63166259315e+16\n",
+      "\n",
+      "The given Si is of N-type\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Example 4.10\n",
+    "#(i)Find the hole and electron concentration \n",
+    "#Is this Silicon P or N type\n",
+    "from math import e\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "ND=2*10**16          #in cm**-3\n",
+    "NA=5*10**15          #in cm**-3\n",
+    "Ao=4.83*10**21   \t#constant\n",
+    "T=300.0\t\t\t    #in Kelvin\n",
+    "EG=1.1\t \t  \t    #in eV\n",
+    "kT=0.026     \t\t#in eV\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "ni=Ao*T**(1.5)*math.exp(-EG/(2*kT))\t\t#in m**-3\n",
+    "p=(ni/10**6)**2/ND\t\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "n=((ni/10**6)**2)/NA\t\t\t#in cm**-3\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print\"Hole concentration in cm**-3 : %.1e\"%round(p,0),\"/cm**3\"\n",
+    "print\"electron concentration in cm**-3 :%.1e\"%round(n,0),\"/cm**3\"\n",
+    "print\"\\nNOTE:\\nSlight Variation in answer due to wrong value of ni in book as 1.6*10**16 instead of\",ni\n",
+    "if n < e:\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    print\"\\n\\nthe given Si is of P-type\" \n",
+    "else:\n",
+    "    print \"\\nThe given Si is of N-type\"\n",
+    "    "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Example 4.11 Page No. 168"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Current flowing through the circuit is 43.0 mA\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Exa4.11\n",
+    "#Determine current\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#In given circuit \n",
+    "V=5\t\t  #in volts\n",
+    "Vo=0.7\t   #in Volts\n",
+    "R=100\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "I=(V-Vo)/R\t#in Ampere\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#result\n",
+    "print\"Current flowing through the circuit is\",round(I*1000,0),\"mA\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Example 4.12 Page No. 168"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 20,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Voltagee VA is  13.6 V\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Exa4.12\n",
+    "#Find the Voltage VA\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#In given circuit \n",
+    "V=15\t\t\t  #in volts\n",
+    "Vo=0.7\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
+    "R=7\t  \t \t#in Kohm\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "I=(V-2*Vo)/R\n",
+    "I=(V-2*Vo)/R\t\t#in mAmpere\n",
+    "VA=I*R\t  \t\t#in Volts\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#result\n",
+    "print\"Voltagee VA is \",VA,\"V\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Example 4.13 Page No.169"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 23,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "The Voltage VA is  14.7 V\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Example 4.13\n",
+    "#Determine the Voltage VA\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Given\n",
+    "V=15       #V, voltage\n",
+    "Vb=0.3     #V, Barrier Potential #When supply is switched on\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "VA=V-Vb\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print\"The Voltage VA is \",VA,\"V\"\n",
+    "\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Example 4.14 Page No.172"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 22,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Temperature coefficient f zener diode is  -0.053 percent\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Exa4.14\n",
+    "#find Temperature coefficient f zener diode\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "Vz=5\t\t\t#in volts\n",
+    "to=25\t\t\t#in degree centigrade\n",
+    "t=100\t\t\t#in degree centigrade\n",
+    "Vdrop=4.8\t\t#in Volts\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation\n",
+    "delVz=Vdrop-Vz\t\t#in Volts\n",
+    "delt=t-to\t\t#in degree centigrade\n",
+    "TempCoeff=delVz*100/(Vz*delt)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#result\n",
+    "print\"Temperature coefficient f zener diode is \",round(TempCoeff,3),\"percent\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Example 4.15 Page No. 174"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 47,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "(a)Output voltage will be equal to Vout= 8.0  Volts\n",
+      "(b)Voltage across Rs is Rs= 4.0 V\n",
+      "(c)Current through zener diode is Iz= 0.0 mA\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Exa4.15\n",
+    "#Find (a)output Voltage (b) Voltage across Rs (c) Current\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "Vz=8.0\t\t\t#in volts\n",
+    "VS=12.0\t\t\t#in volts\n",
+    "RL=10.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+    "Rs=5.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#part (a)\n",
+    "Vout=Vz\t\t\t#in volts\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#part (b)\n",
+    "Vrs=VS-Vout\t\t#in volts\n",
+    "IL=Vout/RL \t\t#in mAmpere\n",
+    "Is=(VS-Vout)/Rs\t#in mAmpere\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#part c\n",
+    "Iz=Is-IL\t   \t#in mAmpere\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#result\n",
+    "print\"(a)Output voltage will be equal to Vout=\",Vout,\" Volts\"\n",
+    "print\"(b)Voltage across Rs is Rs=\",Vrs,\"V\"\n",
+    "print\"(c)Current through zener diode is Iz=\",round(Iz,1),\"mA\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Example 4.16 Page No. 175"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 32,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Maximum zener diode current is  9.0 mA\n",
+      "Minimum zener diode current is  1.0 mA\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Exa4.16\n",
+    "#Find the min and max value of zener diode current\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "Vz=50.\t\t\t#in volts\n",
+    "VSmax=120.0\t\t#in volts\n",
+    "VSmin=80.0\t\t#in volts\n",
+    "RL=10.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+    "Rs=5.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "Vout=Vz\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
+    "IL=Vout/RL\t\t#in mAmpere\n",
+    "\n",
+    "ISmax=(VSmax-Vout)/Rs\t#in mAmpere\n",
+    "Izmax=ISmax-IL\t\t#in mA\n",
+    "Ismin=(VSmin-Vout)/Rs#in mAmpere\n",
+    "Izmin=Ismin-IL#in mA\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print\"Maximum zener diode current is \",Izmax,\"mA\"\n",
+    "print\"Minimum zener diode current is \",Izmin,\"mA\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Example 4.17 Page No. 175"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 48,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "sereis Resistance is  192.3 ohm\n",
+      "The zener current will be minimum i.e. Izk = 6mA when load current is maximum i.e. ILmax = 20mA\n",
+      "when the load current will decrease and become 10 mA, the zener current will increase and become 6+10 i.e. 16 mA. \n",
+      "Thus the current through series resistance Rs will remain unchanged at 6+20 i.e. 26 mA. \n",
+      "Thus voltage drop in series resistance Rs will remain constant. Consequently, the output voltage will also remain constant. \n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Exa4.17\n",
+    "#Design a regulator\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "Vz=15\t\t#in volts\n",
+    "Izk=6.0\t\t#in mA\n",
+    "Vout=15\t\t#in Volts\n",
+    "Vs=20\t\t#in Volts\n",
+    "ILmin=10.0\t#in mA\n",
+    "ILmax=20.0\t#in mA\n",
+    "RS=(Vs-Vz)*1000/(ILmax+Izk)\t#in ohm\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#result\n",
+    "print\"sereis Resistance is \",round(RS,1),\"ohm\"\n",
+    "print\"The zener current will be minimum i.e. Izk = 6mA when load current is maximum i.e. ILmax = 20mA\"\n",
+    "print\"when the load current will decrease and become 10 mA, the zener current will increase and become 6+10 i.e. 16 mA. \\nThus the current through series resistance Rs will remain unchanged at 6+20 i.e. 26 mA. \\nThus voltage drop in series resistance Rs will remain constant. Consequently, the output voltage will also remain constant. \""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Example 4.18 Page No. 175"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 52,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "When zener open circuited Voltage across load is  8.73 V\n",
+      "Zener current is  0 mA\n",
+      "Power is 0.0 watt\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Exa4.18\n",
+    "#Determine Vl,Iz,Pz\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "Vs=16.0\t\t   #in volts\n",
+    "RL=1.2\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+    "Rs=1.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation\n",
+    "#If zener open circuited\n",
+    "VL=Vs*RL/(Rs+RL)\t#in Volts\n",
+    "Iz=0\t\t\t#in mA\n",
+    "Pz=VL*Iz\t\t#in watts\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#result\n",
+    "print\"When zener open circuited Voltage across load is \",round(VL,2),\"V\"\n",
+    "print\"Zener current is \",Iz,\"mA\"\n",
+    "print\"Power is\",Pz,\"watt\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Example 4.19 Page No. 126"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 64,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Zener diode will not conduct and VL= 9.5 V\n",
+      "When RL=200 ohm\n",
+      "IL is 47.62 mA\n",
+      "IR is 47.62 mA\n",
+      "Iz in mA:  0.0 mA\n",
+      "Zener diode will not conduct and VL= 3.7 V\n",
+      "When RL=50 ohm\n",
+      "IL is 74.07 mA\n",
+      "IR is 74.07 mA\n",
+      "Iz in mA:  0 mA\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Exa4.19\n",
+    "#determine VL,IL,IZ,IR\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "Vin=20\t\t\t#in volts\n",
+    "Rs=220.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+    "Vz=10\t\t \t#in volts\n",
+    "RL2=50.0\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+    "RL1=200\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation\n",
+    "# part (i) RL=50\t#in Kohm\n",
+    "VL1=Vin*RL1/(RL+Rs)\n",
+    "IR=Vin/(Rs+RL)\t#in mA\n",
+    "IL=IR\t\t \t#in mA\n",
+    "IZ=0\t\t\t  #in mA\n",
+    "\n",
+    "if VL1< Vz:\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    print\"Zener diode will not conduct and VL=\",round(VL1,1),\"V\" \n",
+    "else:\n",
+    "    print \"Zener diode will conduct\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print\"When RL=200 ohm\"\n",
+    "print\"IL is\",round(IL*1000,2),\"mA\"\n",
+    "print\"IR is\",round(IR*10**3,2),\"mA\"\n",
+    "print\"Iz in mA: \",round(IZ,0),\"mA\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# part (ii) RL=200#in Kohm\n",
+    "RL=200\t\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+    "VL2=Vin*RL2/(RL2+Rs)\n",
+    "IR=Vin/(Rs+RL2)\t\t#in mA\n",
+    "IL=IR\t\t\t#in mA\n",
+    "IZ=0\t\t\t#in mA\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#result\n",
+    "if VL2< Vz:\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    print\"Zener diode will not conduct and VL=\",round(VL2,1),\"V\" \n",
+    "else:\n",
+    "    print \"Zener diode will conduct\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print\"When RL=50 ohm\"\n",
+    "print\"IL is\",round(IL*1000,2),\"mA\"\n",
+    "print\"IR is\",round(IR*10**3,2),\"mA\"\n",
+    "print\"Iz in mA: \",IZ,\"mA\"\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Example 4.20 Page No. 176"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 67,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "zener diode is ON state\n",
+      "Hence the voltage dropp across the 5 Kohm resistor in Volts is  50 V\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Exa4.20\n",
+    "#Find the voltage drop across the resistance\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "RL=10.0\t\t\t  #in Kohm\n",
+    "Rs=5.0               #in Kohm\n",
+    "Vin=100\t\t\t  #in Volts\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "V=Vin*RL/(RL+Rs)\t#in Volt\n",
+    "VZ=50\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
+    "VL=VZ\t\t\t#in volts\n",
+    "#Apply KVL\n",
+    "VR=100-50\t\t#in Volts\n",
+    "VR=50\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
+    "\n",
+    "if V< VZ:\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    print\"Zener diode is OFF state\" \n",
+    "else:\n",
+    "    print \"zener diode is ON state\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print\"Hence the voltage dropp across the 5 Kohm resistor in Volts is \",VR,\"V\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Example 4.21 Page No. 176"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 72,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "The resistance Ri is  25.0 ohm\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Exa 4.21\n",
+    "#Find the input resistance\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "RL=120.0\t\t\t#in ohm, load resistance\n",
+    "Izmin=20\t\t#in mA min. diode current\n",
+    "Izmax=200\t\t#in mA max. diode current\n",
+    "VL=12\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
+    "VDCmin=15\t\t#in Volts\n",
+    "VDCmax=19.5\t\t#in Volts\n",
+    "Vz=12\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
+    "IL=VL/RL\t\t#in Ampere\n",
+    "IL=IL*1000\t\t#in mAmpere\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#calculation\n",
+    "#For VDCmin = 15 volts\n",
+    "VSmin=VDCmin-Vz\t\t#in Volts\n",
+    "#For VDCmax = 19.5 volts\n",
+    "VSmax=VDCmax-Vz\t\t#in Volts\n",
+    "ISmin=Izmin+IL\t\t#in mA\n",
+    "Ri=VSmin/ISmin\t\t#in Kohm\n",
+    "Ri=Ri*10**3\t\t#in ohm\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#result\n",
+    "print\"The resistance Ri is \",Ri,\"ohm\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Example 4.22 Page No. 177"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 71,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Range of RL in Kohm : From  250.0 ohm to  1.25 kohm\n",
+      "Range of IL in mA : From  8.0 mA to  40.0 mA\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#Exa4.22\n",
+    "#Determine the range of Rl and Il\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#given data\n",
+    "VRL=10\t\t\t#in Volts  Diode resistance\n",
+    "Vi=50\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
+    "R=1.0\t\t\t#in Kohm  Resistance\n",
+    "Vz=10\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
+    "VL=Vz\t\t\t#in Volts\n",
+    "Izm=32\t\t\t#in mA\n",
+    "IR=(Vi-VL)/R\t\t#in mA\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Izmin=0\t\t\t   #in mA\n",
+    "ILmax=IR-Izmin\t\t#in mA\n",
+    "RLmin=VL/ILmax\t\t#in Ohm\n",
+    "Izmax=32\t\t      #in mA\n",
+    "ILmin=IR-Izmax\t\t#in mA\n",
+    "VL=Vz\t\t\t     #in Volts\n",
+    "RLmax=VL/ILmin\t\t#in Ohm\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print\"Range of RL in Kohm : From \",RLmin*1000,\"ohm to \",RLmax,\"kohm\"\n",
+    "print\"Range of IL in mA : From \",ILmin,\"mA to \",ILmax,\"mA\""
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 2",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python2"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 2
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+   "version": "2.7.6"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}