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-{

- "cells": [

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "#3: Crystal planes, X-ray diffraction and defects in solids"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "##Example number 3.1, Page number 3.19"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 13,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "glancing angle is 21 degrees\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "#importing modules\n",

-    "import math\n",

-    "from __future__ import division\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Variable declaration\n",

-    "lamda=0.071*10**-9;     #wavelength(m)\n",

-    "a=0.28*10**-9;    #lattice constant(m)\n",

-    "h=1;\n",

-    "k=1;\n",

-    "l=0;\n",

-    "n=2;    #order of diffraction\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Calculation\n",

-    "d=a/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2);\n",

-    "x=n*lamda/(2*d);     \n",

-    "theta=math.asin(x);     #angle(radian)\n",

-    "theta=theta*180/math.pi;    #glancing angle(degrees)\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Result\n",

-    "print \"glancing angle is\",int(theta),\"degrees\""

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "##Example number 3.2, Page number 3.19"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 14,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "wavelength is 0.0842 nm\n",

-      "maximum order of diffraction is 7.0\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "#importing modules\n",

-    "import math\n",

-    "from __future__ import division\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Variable declaration\n",

-    "n=1;    #order of diffraction\n",

-    "theta1=8+(35/60);    #angle(degrees)\n",

-    "d=0.282;     #spacing(nm)\n",

-    "theta2=90;\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Calculation\n",

-    "theta1=theta1*math.pi/180;    #angle(radian)\n",

-    "lamda=2*d*math.sin(theta1)/n;    #wavelength(nm)\n",

-    "theta2=theta2*math.pi/180;    #angle(radian)\n",

-    "nmax=2*d/lamda;     #maximum order of diffraction\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Result\n",

-    "print \"wavelength is\",round(lamda,4),\"nm\"\n",

-    "print \"maximum order of diffraction is\",round(nmax)"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "##Example number 3.3, Page number 3.20"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 15,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "fraction of vacancy sites is 8.466 *10**-7\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "#importing modules\n",

-    "import math\n",

-    "from __future__ import division\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Variable declaration\n",

-    "T1=500+273;    #temperature(K)\n",

-    "T2=1000+273;   #temperature(K)\n",

-    "f=1*10**-10;   #fraction\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Calculation\n",

-    "x=round(T1/T2,5);\n",

-    "y=round(math.log(f),3);\n",

-    "w=round(x*y,3);\n",

-    "F=math.exp(w);    #fraction of vacancy sites\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Result\n",

-    "print \"fraction of vacancy sites is\",round(F*10**7,3),\"*10**-7\""

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "##Example number 3.4, Page number 3.21"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 16,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "ratio is math.sqrt( 6.0 ): math.sqrt( 3.0 ): math.sqrt( 2.0 )\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "#importing modules\n",

-    "import math\n",

-    "from __future__ import division\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Variable declaration\n",

-    "a=1;    #assume\n",

-    "h1=1;\n",

-    "k1=0;\n",

-    "l1=0;\n",

-    "h2=1;\n",

-    "k2=1;\n",

-    "l2=0;\n",

-    "h3=1;\n",

-    "k3=1;\n",

-    "l3=1;\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Calculation\n",

-    "d100=a*6/(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2);\n",

-    "d110=a*6/(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2);\n",

-    "d111=a*(6)/(h3**2+k3**2+l3**2);\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Result\n",

-    "print \"ratio is math.sqrt(\",d100,\"): math.sqrt(\",d110,\"): math.sqrt(\",d111,\")\""

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "##Example number 3.5, Page number 3.21"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 17,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "lattice parameter of nickel is 3.522 angstrom\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "#importing modules\n",

-    "import math\n",

-    "from __future__ import division\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Variable declaration\n",

-    "n=1;    #order of diffraction\n",

-    "theta=38.2;    #angle(degrees)\n",

-    "lamda=1.54;    #wavelength(angstrom)\n",

-    "h=2;\n",

-    "k=2;\n",

-    "l=0;\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Calculation\n",

-    "theta=theta*math.pi/180;    #angle(radian)\n",

-    "d=n*lamda/(2*math.sin(theta));\n",

-    "a=d*math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2);    #lattice parameter of nickel(angstrom)\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Result\n",

-    "print \"lattice parameter of nickel is\",round(a,3),\"angstrom\""

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "##Example number 3.6, Page number 3.22"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 18,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "order of diffraction is 2\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "#importing modules\n",

-    "import math\n",

-    "from __future__ import division\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Variable declaration\n",

-    "theta=90;    #angle(degrees)\n",

-    "lamda=1.5;    #wavelength(angstrom)\n",

-    "d=1.6;    #spacing(angstrom)\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Calculation\n",

-    "theta=theta*math.pi/180;    #angle(radian)\n",

-    "n=2*d*math.sin(theta)/lamda;    #order of diffraction\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Result\n",

-    "print \"order of diffraction is\",int(n)"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "##Example number 3.7, Page number 3.22"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 19,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "length of unit cell is 0.287 *10**-9 m\n",

-      "volume of unit cell is 0.02366 *10**-27 m**3\n",

-      "radius of the atom is 0.1243 *10**-9 m\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "#importing modules\n",

-    "import math\n",

-    "from __future__ import division\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Variable declaration\n",

-    "h=1;\n",

-    "k=1;\n",

-    "l=0;\n",

-    "d=0.203*10**-9;    #spacing(m)\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Calculation\n",

-    "a=d*math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2);    #length of unit cell(m)\n",

-    "V=a**3;    #volume of unit cell(m**3)\n",

-    "r=math.sqrt(3)*a/4;    #radius of the atom(m)\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Result\n",

-    "print \"length of unit cell is\",round(a*10**9,3),\"*10**-9 m\"\n",

-    "print \"volume of unit cell is\",round(V*10**27,5),\"*10**-27 m**3\"\n",

-    "print \"radius of the atom is\",round(r*10**9,4),\"*10**-9 m\""

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "##Example number 3.8, Page number 3.22"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 20,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "order of diffraction is 2\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "#importing modules\n",

-    "import math\n",

-    "from __future__ import division\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Variable declaration\n",

-    "theta=90;    #angle(degrees)\n",

-    "lamda=1.5;    #wavelength(angstrom)\n",

-    "d=1.6;    #spacing(angstrom)\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Calculation\n",

-    "theta=theta*math.pi/180;    #angle(radian)\n",

-    "n=2*d*math.sin(theta)/lamda;    #order of diffraction\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Result\n",

-    "print \"order of diffraction is\",int(n)"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "##Example number 3.9, Page number 3.23"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 21,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "glancing angle is 20 degrees 42 minutes 17 seconds\n",

-      "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "#importing modules\n",

-    "import math\n",

-    "from __future__ import division\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Variable declaration\n",

-    "lamda=0.065;    #wavelength(nm)\n",

-    "a=0.26;      #edge length(nm)\n",

-    "h=1;\n",

-    "k=1;\n",

-    "l=0;\n",

-    "n=2;\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Calculation\n",

-    "d=a/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2);      \n",

-    "x=n*lamda/(2*d);     \n",

-    "theta=math.asin(x);        #glancing angle(radian)\n",

-    "theta=theta*180/math.pi;    #glancing angle(degrees)\n",

-    "theta_d=int(theta);       \n",

-    "theta_m=(theta-theta_d)*60;\n",

-    "theta_s=(theta_m-int(theta_m))*60;\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Result\n",

-    "print \"glancing angle is\",theta_d,\"degrees\",int(theta_m),\"minutes\",int(theta_s),\"seconds\"\n",

-    "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "##Example number 3.10, Page number 3.23"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 22,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "cube edge of unit cell is 4.055 angstrom\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "#importing modules\n",

-    "import math\n",

-    "from __future__ import division\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Variable declaration\n",

-    "lamda=1.54;    #wavelength(angstrom)\n",

-    "h=1;\n",

-    "k=1;\n",

-    "l=1;\n",

-    "n=1;\n",

-    "theta=19.2;    #angle(degrees)\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Calculation\n",

-    "theta=theta*math.pi/180;    #angle(radian)\n",

-    "d=n*lamda/(2*math.sin(theta));     \n",

-    "a=d*math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2);      #cube edge of unit cell(angstrom)\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Result\n",

-    "print \"cube edge of unit cell is\",round(a,3),\"angstrom\""

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "##Example number 3.11, Page number 3.24"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 23,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "lattice parameter of nickel is 3.522 angstrom\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "#importing modules\n",

-    "import math\n",

-    "from __future__ import division\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Variable declaration\n",

-    "lamda=1.54;    #wavelength(angstrom)\n",

-    "h=2;\n",

-    "k=2;\n",

-    "l=0;\n",

-    "n=1;\n",

-    "theta=38.2;    #angle(degrees)\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Calculation\n",

-    "theta=theta*math.pi/180;    #angle(radian)\n",

-    "d=n*lamda/(2*math.sin(theta));     \n",

-    "a=d*math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2);    #lattice parameter of nickel(angstrom)\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Result\n",

-    "print \"lattice parameter of nickel is\",round(a,3),\"angstrom\""

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "##Example number 3.12, Page number 3.24"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 24,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "interplanar spacing for (111) is 0.208 nm\n",

-      "interplanar spacing for (321) is 0.096 nm\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "#importing modules\n",

-    "import math\n",

-    "from __future__ import division\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Variable declaration\n",

-    "a=0.36;      #edge length(nm)\n",

-    "h1=1;\n",

-    "k1=1;\n",

-    "l1=1;\n",

-    "h2=3;\n",

-    "k2=2;\n",

-    "l2=1;\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Calculation\n",

-    "d1=a/math.sqrt(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2);    #interplanar spacing for (111)(nm)\n",

-    "d2=a/math.sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2);    #interplanar spacing for (321)(nm)\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Result\n",

-    "print \"interplanar spacing for (111) is\",round(d1,3),\"nm\"\n",

-    "print \"interplanar spacing for (321) is\",round(d2,3),\"nm\""

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "##Example number 3.13, Page number 3.25"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 25,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "glancing angle is 16 degrees 27 minutes\n",

-      "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "#importing modules\n",

-    "import math\n",

-    "from __future__ import division\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Variable declaration\n",

-    "lamda=0.675;    #wavelength(angstrom)\n",

-    "n=3;    #order of diffraction\n",

-    "theta=5+(25/60);    #angle(degrees)\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Calculation\n",

-    "theta=theta*math.pi/180;    #angle(radian)\n",

-    "d=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta));   \n",

-    "theta3=math.asin(3*lamda/(2*d));    #glancing angle(radian)\n",

-    "theta3=theta3*180/math.pi;    #glancing angle(degrees)\n",

-    "theta_d=int(theta3);       \n",

-    "theta_m=(theta3-theta_d)*60;\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Result\n",

-    "print \"glancing angle is\",theta_d,\"degrees\",int(theta_m),\"minutes\"\n",

-    "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "##Example number 3.14, Page number 3.25"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 26,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "glancing angle is 22 degrees 56 minutes 31 seconds\n",

-      "answer given in the book is wrong\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "#importing modules\n",

-    "import math\n",

-    "from __future__ import division\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Variable declaration\n",

-    "lamda=0.79;    #wavelength(angstrom)\n",

-    "n=3;    #order of diffraction\n",

-    "d=3.04;    #spacing(angstrom)\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Calculation\n",

-    "x=round(n*lamda/(2*d),4);\n",

-    "theta=math.asin(x);         #glancing angle(radian)\n",

-    "theta=theta*180/math.pi;    #glancing angle(degrees)\n",

-    "theta_d=int(theta);       \n",

-    "theta_m=(theta-theta_d)*60;\n",

-    "theta_s=(theta_m-int(theta_m))*60;\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#Result\n",

-    "print \"glancing angle is\",theta_d,\"degrees\",int(theta_m),\"minutes\",int(theta_s),\"seconds\"\n",

-    "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\""

-   ]

-  }

- ],

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