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diff --git a/ELECTRICAL_ENGINEERING_MATERIALS_by_R.K.Shukla/Chapter4_4.ipynb b/ELECTRICAL_ENGINEERING_MATERIALS_by_R.K.Shukla/Chapter4_4.ipynb
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-{

- "cells": [

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "# Chapter 4:Behaviour of Dielectric Materials in ac and dc Fields"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "## Example 4.1,Page No:4.8"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 1,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "dielectric constant of argon = 1.0005466\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "import math\n",

-    "\n",

-    "alpha      = 1.8*10**-40;           #polarisability of argon in Fm**2\n",

-    "e0         = 8.85*10**-12;          #dielectric constant F/m\n",

-    "N1         = 6.02*10**23;           #avagadro number in mol**-1\n",

-    "x          = 22.4*10**3;            #volume in m**3\n",

-    " \n",

-    "#formula\n",

-    "#er-1=N*p/e0*E=(N/e0)*alpha\n",

-    "#calculation\n",

-    "N          = N1/float(x);                             #number of argon atoms in per unit volume in cm**3\n",

-    "N2         = N*10**6;                                 #number of argon atoms in per unit volume in m**3\n",

-    "er         = 1+((N2/float(e0)))*(alpha);              #dielectric constant F/m\n",

-    "\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#result\n",

-    "print'dielectric constant of argon = %3.7f'%er;"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "## Example 4.2,Page No:4.9"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 2,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "displacement = 1.25e-17 m\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "import math\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#variable declaration\n",

-    "alpha       = 1.8*10**-40;       #polarisability of argon in F*m^2\n",

-    "E           = 2*10**5;           # in V/m\n",

-    "z           = 18;\n",

-    "e           = 1.6*10**-19;\n",

-    " \n",

-    " \n",

-    "#formula\n",

-    "#p=18*e*x\n",

-    "#calculation\n",

-    "p       = alpha*E;\n",

-    "x       = p/float(18*e);           #displacement in m\n",

-    "\n",

-    "  \n",

-    "#result\n",

-    "print'displacement = %3.2e'%x,'m';"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "## Example 4.3,Page No:4.9"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 3,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "local field of benzene=4.40e+03 V/m\n",

-      "local field of water=-1.570e+06 V/m\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "import math\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#variable declaration\n",

-    "E0    = 300*10**2;                  #local field in V/m\n",

-    "P1  = 3.398*10**-7;                 #dipole moment Coulomb/m\n",

-    "P2  = 2.124*10**-5;                 #dipole moment Coulomb/m\n",

-    "e0  = 8.85*10**-12;                 #permittivity in F/m\n",

-    " \n",

-    " \n",

-    "#formula\n",

-    "#E10Ci=E0-(2*Pi/3*e0)\n",

-    "#calculation\n",

-    "E10C1  = E0-((2*P1)/float(3*e0));       #local field of benzene in V/m\n",

-    "E10C2  = E0-((2*P2)/float(3*e0));      #local field of water in V/m\n",

-    " \n",

-    "#result\n",

-    "print'local field of benzene=%3.2e'%E10C1,'V/m';\n",

-    "print'local field of water=%3.3e'%E10C2,'V/m';"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "## Example 4.4,Page No:4.9"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 5,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "polarisability of benzene = 1.16e-37 F*m**2\n",

-      "polarisability of water  = 4.04e-40 F*m**2\n",

-      "Note: mistake in textbok,alpha1 value is printed as 1.16*10**-38 instead of 1.16*10**-37\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "import math\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#variable declaration\n",

-    "p1 = 5.12*10**-34;          #p of benzene kg/m**3\n",

-    "p2 = 6.34*10**-34;          #p of water kg/m**3\n",

-    "e10C1  = 4.4*10**3;         #local field of benzene in V/m\n",

-    "e10C2  = 1570*10**3;        #local field of water in V/m\n",

-    " \n",

-    " \n",

-    "#formula\n",

-    "#p=alphai*e10Ci\n",

-    "#calculation\n",

-    "alpha1 = p1/float(e10C1);       #polarisability of benzene in F*m**2\n",

-    "alpha2 = p2/float(e10C2);       #polarisability of water in F*m**2\n",

-    "  \n",

-    "\n",

-    "#result\n",

-    "print'polarisability of benzene = %3.2e'%alpha1,'F*m**2';\n",

-    "print'polarisability of water  = %3.2e'%alpha2,'F*m**2';\n",

-    "print'Note: mistake in textbok,alpha1 value is printed as 1.16*10**-38 instead of 1.16*10**-37';"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "## Example 4.5,Page No:4.10"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 7,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "polarisation of benzene = 6.80e-07 c/m**2\n",

-      "polarisation of water = 4.25e-05. c/m**2\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "import math\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#variable declaration\n",

-    "e0     = 8.85*10**-12;          #abslute permitivity in (m**-3)*(kg**-1)*(s**4)*(A**2)\n",

-    "E      = 600*10**2;             #strength in V/cm\n",

-    "er1    = 2.28;                  #dielectric constant of benzene in coulomb/m\n",

-    "er2    = 81;                    #dielectric constant of water in coulomb/m\n",

-    "\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#fomula\n",

-    "#p=e0*E*(er-1)\n",

-    "#calculation\n",

-    "pB     = e0*E*(er1-1);        #polarisation of benzene in c/m**2\n",

-    "pW     = e0*E*(er2-1);        #polarisation of water in c/m**2\n",

-    " \n",

-    "\n",

-    "#result\n",

-    "print'polarisation of benzene = %3.2e'%pB,'c/m**2';\n",

-    "print'polarisation of water = %3.2e.'%pW,'c/m**2';"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "## Example 4.6,Page No:4.10"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 8,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "percentage contribution from ionic polaristion = 59.82 %\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "import math\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#variable declaration\n",

-    "er0  = 5.6;              #static dielectric cnstant of NaCl \n",

-    "n    = 1.5;               #optical index of refraction\n",

-    " \n",

-    "\n",

-    "#calculation\n",

-    "er = er0-n**2;\n",

-    "d  = ((er/float(er0))*100);   #percentage contribution from ionic polaristion in %\n",

-    " \n",

-    "#result \n",

-    "print'percentage contribution from ionic polaristion = %3.2f'%d,'%';\n"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "## Example 4.7,Page No:4.10"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 9,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "separation=1.69e-17 m\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "import math\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#variable declaration\n",

-    "alpha       = 0.18*10**-40;         #polarisability of He in F *m**2\n",

-    "E           = 3*10**5;               #constant in V/m\n",

-    "N           = 2.6*10**25;            #number of atoms in per m**3\n",

-    "e           = 1.6*10**-19;\n",

-    " \n",

-    " \n",

-    "#formula\n",

-    "#P=N*p\n",

-    "#charge of He=2*electron charge\n",

-    "#p=2(e*d)\n",

-    "#calculation\n",

-    "P      = N*alpha*E;                   #in coul/m**2\n",

-    "p      = P/float(N);                  #polarisation of He in coul.m\n",

-    "d      = p/float(2*e);                #separation between charges in m\n",

-    " \n",

-    " \n",

-    "#result \n",

-    "print'separation=%3.2e'%d,'m';\n"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": true

-   },

-   "source": [

-    "## Example 4.8,Page No:4.10"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 11,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "oriental polarisation=9.66e-08 coul/m**2\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "import math\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#variable declaration\n",

-    "N      = 10**27;                     #number of HCl molecules in molecules/m**3\n",

-    "E      = 10**5;                      #electric field in V/m\n",

-    "P      = 1.04*3.33*10**-30;          #permanent dipole moment in coul.m\n",

-    "T      = 300;                        #temperature in kelvin\n",

-    "K      = 1.38*10**-23;\n",

-    " \n",

-    " \n",

-    "#calculation\n",

-    "P0     = (N*(P**2)*E)/float(3*K*T);        #oriental polarisation in coul/m^2\n",

-    "\n",

-    " \n",

-    "#result\n",

-    "print'oriental polarisation=%3.2e'%P0,'coul/m**2';"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": true

-   },

-   "source": [

-    "## Example 4.9,Page No:4.11"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 12,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "relative dielectric constant =1.0\n",

-      " Note: calculation mistake in text book in calculating relative dielectric constant\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "import math\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#variable declaration\n",

-    "N      = 6.023*10**26;      #avagadro number  (lb-mol)**-1\n",

-    "alpha  = 3.28*10**-40;      #polarisability in F*m**2\n",

-    "M      = 32;               #molecular weight in kilograms\n",

-    "p      = 2.08*10**3;        #density of sulphur in g/cm**3\n",

-    "e0     = 8.85*10**12;       #permitivity in F/m\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#calculation\n",

-    "er = ((2*N*p*alpha)+(3*M*e0))/float((3*M*e0)-(N*p*alpha));          \n",

-    "\n",

-    "#result\n",

-    "\n",

-    "print'relative dielectric constant =%3.1f'%er;\n",

-    "print' Note: calculation mistake in text book in calculating relative dielectric constant';"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "## Example 4.10,Page No:4.12"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 13,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "ratio of electronic and ionic probabilities =1.6\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "import math\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#variable declaration\n",

-    "er         = 4.94;\n",

-    "n          = 1.64;\n",

-    "\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#calculation\n",

-    "#(alphae)/(alphai) =x\n",

-    "x       = ((er-1)/float(er+2))*(((n**2)+2)/float((n**2)-1));    #ratio of electronic and ionic probabilities\n",

-    "\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#result\n",

-    "print'ratio of electronic and ionic probabilities =%3.1f'%x;"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "## Example 4.11,Page No:4.17"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 14,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "dielectric constant=16.43\n",

-      "electrical suseptibility=1.3711e-10 c**2*N**-1*M**-2\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "import math\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#variable declartion\n",

-    "E      = 1.46*10**-10;             #permitivity in c**2*N**-1*m**-2\n",

-    "E0      = 8.885*10**-12;           #permitivity in c**2*N**-1*m**-2\n",

-    "\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#calculation\n",

-    "Er         = E/float(E0);\n",

-    "sighe      = E0*(Er-1);         #electrical susceptbility in c**2*N**-1*M**-2\n",

-    " \n",

-    " \n",

-    "#result\n",

-    "print'dielectric constant=%3.2f'%Er;\n",

-    "print'electrical suseptibility=%3.4e'%sighe,'c**2*N**-1*M**-2';"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "## Example 4.12,Page No:4.17"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 15,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "polarisation=8.4e-07 cm**2\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "import math\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#variable declaration\n",

-    "r       = 0.1;                    #radius in  m\n",

-    "pw      = 1;                     #density of water in  g/ml\n",

-    "Mw      = 18;                    # molecular mass of water \n",

-    "E       = 6.0*10**-30;           #dipole moment of water in cm\n",

-    "N       = 6.0*10**26;           #avagadro constant in (lb-mol)−1\n",

-    " \n",

-    " \n",

-    "#calculation\n",

-    "n  = N*(4*(math.pi)*(r**3)*pw)/(Mw*3);      #number of water molecules in a water drop \n",

-    "p  = n*E;                               #polarisation in cm**2\n",

-    "\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#result\n",

-    "print'polarisation=%3.1e'%p,'cm**2';"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "## Example 4.13,Page No:4.18"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 16,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "dielectric susceptibility=0.000074\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "import math\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#variable declaration\n",

-    "Er     = 1.000074;                 #dielectric constant for a gas at 0°C\n",

-    "\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#calculation\n",

-    "sighe      = Er-1;               #dielectric susceptibility\n",

-    " \n",

-    " \n",

-    "#result\n",

-    "print'dielectric susceptibility=%3.6f'%sighe;\n",

-    " "

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "## Example 4.14,Page No:4.18"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 17,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "free charge=2.65e-05 Coul/m**2\n",

-      "polarisation=5.31e-05 Coul/m\n",

-      "displacement=7.96e-05\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "import math\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#variable declaration\n",

-    "E        = 10**6;               #dielectric in volts/s\n",

-    "er       = 3;                  #dielectric in mm\n",

-    "e0       = 8.85*10**-12;\n",

-    "\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#calculation\n",

-    "E0      = er*E;                  #electric field in V/m\n",

-    "sigma   = e0*E0;                 #free charge in Coul/m^2\n",

-    "P       = e0*(er-1)*E0;          #polarisation in coul/m\n",

-    "D       = e0*er*E0;              #displacement in in dielectric\n",

-    " \n",

-    " \n",

-    "#result\n",

-    "print'free charge=%3.2e'%sigma,'Coul/m**2';\n",

-    "print'polarisation=%3.2e'%P,'Coul/m';\n",

-    "print'displacement=%3.2e'%D; "

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {},

-   "source": [

-    "## Example 4.15,Page No:4.19"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 18,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "capacitance = 3.42e-11 Farad\n",

-      "charge =3.42e-10 coulomb\n",

-      "displacement =5.31e-07 c/m**2\n",

-      "polarisation =4.42e-07 c/m**2\n",

-      "Note:error in calculation of P,E value is taken as 5000 instead of 10**4\n",

-      "\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "import math\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#variable declaration\n",

-    "d     = 1.0*10**-3;             #separation between plates in m\n",

-    "A     = 6.45*10**-4;            # surface area in m^2\n",

-    "e0     = 8.85*10**-12;          #permitivity of electron in (m**-3)*(kg**-1)*(s**4)*(A**2)\n",

-    "er    = 6.0;                    #relative permitivity in (m**-3)*(kg**-1)*(s**4)*(A**2)\n",

-    "V     = 10;                     #voltage in V\n",

-    "E     = 10;                    \n",

-    " \n",

-    " \n",

-    "#calculation\n",

-    "C      = (e0*er*A)/float(d);             #capacitance in Farad\n",

-    "q      = C*V;                            #charge in coulomb\n",

-    "D      = (e0*er*E)/float(10**-3);        #displacement vector in c/m**2\n",

-    "P      = D-(e0*E/float(10**-3));         #polarisation vector in c/m**2\n",

-    "\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#result\n",

-    "print'capacitance = %3.2e'%C,'Farad';\n",

-    "print'charge =%3.2e'%q,'coulomb';\n",

-    "print'displacement =%3.2e'%D,'c/m**2';\n",

-    "print'polarisation =%3.2e'%P,'c/m**2';\n",

-    "print'Note:error in calculation of P,E value is taken as 5000 instead of 10**4\\n';\n",

-    " "

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "markdown",

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": true

-   },

-   "source": [

-    "## Example 4.16,Page No:4.30"

-   ]

-  },

-  {

-   "cell_type": "code",

-   "execution_count": 19,

-   "metadata": {

-    "collapsed": false

-   },

-   "outputs": [

-    {

-     "name": "stdout",

-     "output_type": "stream",

-     "text": [

-      "frequency = 8.84 KHz\n",

-      "phase difference = 45 °\n"

-     ]

-    }

-   ],

-   "source": [

-    "import math\n",

-    "\n",

-    "#variable declaration\n",

-    "t       = 18*10**-6;            #relaxation time in s\n",

-    "er1     = 1;                   #permitivity in F/m\n",

-    "er      = 1;                   #permitivity in F/m\n",

-    "t       = 18*10**-6;            #relaxation time in s\n",

-    " \n",

-    "#calculation\n",

-    "f                = 1/float(2*math.pi*t);               #frequency in Hz\n",

-    "theta_c          = math.atan(er1/float(er));\n",

-    "#theta_c_deg      = (theta_c*180)/float(math.pi);\n",

-    "#phi              = 90-theta_c_deg;             #phase difference in degrees\n",

-    " \n",

-    " \n",

-    "#result\n",

-    "print'frequency = %3.2f'%(f*10**-3),'KHz';\n",

-    "print'phase difference =%3.0f'%((theta_c*180)/float(math.pi)),'°';\n",

-    " "

-   ]

-  }

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-   "language": "python",

-   "name": "python2"

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-    "name": "ipython",

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